Adams, Gerry, 510, 511, 513, 519, 520, 522, 524, 596, 647 Adonis

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-70946-0 - Blair’s Britain, 1997-2007 Edited by Anthony Seldon Index More information

INDEX

Adams, Gerry, 510, 511, 513, 519, 520, Asquith, Herbert, 12, 291 522, 524, 596, 647 Asylum Appeal Tribunal, 307 Adonis, Andrew, 9, 81–2, 363–6, asylum-seekers 370–1, 475–8, 649, 650 appeal rights, 346 Afghanistan Blair’s preoccupation with, 345–6, Blair approach, 604–5 359 casualties, 629 case-handling system, 344–5 controversy, 616 Conservative legacy, 341 development, 561 control, 342–9 justiﬁcation of war, 627, 646 criminalisation, 331, 344 Labour opposition, 151 deterring, 342 nation building, 607–8, 627, 629 dispersal, 346 NATO campaign, 608, 610, 627, international law obligations, 347–8, 629 356 pressure on armed forces, 631, 635 public hostility, 172, 348–9, 359 Africa, 209, 560, 608–9, 620 rise in numbers, 341 Africa Commission, 555, 564–5, 570 success story, 347–8 Ahern, Bertie, 509, 513, 517, 518, 525, welfare support, 343–4, 347, 348, 526, 643 413 Albania, 594 Atkinson, A., 202 Albarn, Damon, 463 Atlanticism, 13, 533, 540, 549, 596, Alderdice, John, 518 601–2, 625–8, 644 Alexander, Douglas, 248, 263–4 Attlee, Clement, 9, 10, 14, 15, 38, 164, Alliance Party, 518 169, 173, 182, 222, 304, 648, 650 Alverstone, Lord, 296 Attorney-General, 300–1, 316 Amos, Lady, 564, 569 Auld Report, 301 Ancram, Michael, 513 Australia, 189, 197, 474 Andrews, David, 512 aviation, 581–2, 586 Annan, Koﬁ, 621 Aznar, José Maria, 237, 539 Archer, Jeffrey, 62 Arden, Mary, 297 BAE Systems, 301 Argentina, 192 Bagehot, Walter, 200 arms exports, 557 Baldwin, Stanley, 15, 102 Armstrong, Hilary, 55, 78, 478 Balls, Ed, 75, 200, 276, 543 arts, 461–3 Bank of England, 11, 194–6, 198, 547 ASBOs, 324, 331, 332 Barber, Anthony, 200 Ashdown, Paddy, 115, 121, 145, 177 Barber, Brendan, 228 666

index 667

Barber, Michael, 89, 100–1, 363–4, 366, public rating, 442–3 374, 377, 387 religious convictions, 487, 525, 642 Barker Report, 98, 193, 271–2 stature, 3 Barnett formula, 501, 506–7 values, 224, 411, 600, 613 Barro, R., 195 verdict of history, 519, 524, 637–8 Bassett, Philip, 125 Blatcherism, 324 Bates, Malcolm, 253, 258 Blears, Hazel, 154, 158 BBC, 136–8, 269, 460, 461, 640 Blunkett, David, 649 Beatson, Jack, 298 asylum-seekers, 343, 345–6, 347 Beckett, Margaret, 20, 579–80, 587, 591 attacks on judiciary, 312 Belgium, 338 immigration, 350–2, 357 Belmarsh case, 117–18, 312–13 Lords reform, 116 Benn, Hilary, 209, 559, 568, 569 schools, 361, 363, 364, 365, 371, Benn, Tony, 152, 160 373–4, 375, 377, 378 Bennett, David, 9 security, 118, 293–4 Berlusconi, Silvio, 237, 539 stature, 9, 162 Bevan, Aneurin, 9, 160, 177, 178, universities, 470, 474–5, 476, 479 490–1 BNP, 145 Beveridge, William, 172, 410 Boateng, Paul, 96 Bevin, Ernest, 9 Bono, 568 Bichard, Michael, 363 Bosnia, 562, 595, 596, 597, 599, 603, Big Brother, 463, 464 610, 618, 620, 621 Bill of Rights, 105, 106 Bowman, Jeffrey, 303–4 Bingham, Lord, 293, 297, 313 Bradshaw, David, 125 biometrics, 353, 355 Brazil, 197, 580 Birt, John, 8, 81, 268–9, 333, 650 Bremner, Rory, 141 Black Wednesday, 37, 47, 52, 129 Brennan, Dan, 293 Blackie, John Stuart, 506 British Medical Association, 203–4, Blackstone, Tessa, 470, 472 205, 211 Blair, Cherie, 233, 266, 292, 293 ‘Broken Windows’, 331 Blair, Ian, 329 Brooke, Peter, 511 Blair, Tony Brown, Gordon 1st term, 645–6 See also Treasury 2nd term, 646–7 American model, 224 3rd term, 647–8 Bank of England independence, 195 balance sheet, 633–50 business policy, 217, 224 barrister, 291–2 celebrity culture and, 464 departure from ofﬁce, 141–2, 160–1 climate change, 209, 587–8 disappointment, 3–4, 5, 639 development aid, 555, 562, 563, features of premiership, 6–7 565–9, 570, 571, 609 longevity, 144 domestic policy focus, 619, 645 media image, 140 economic policy, 5, 14, 180, 198, 211 moral tone, 221, 526 economic record, 189–90, 637, 641 negotiating skills, 121 electoral legacy, 40 party leadership, 145–9 employment policy, 188, 209, 238, personal popularity, 436, 444 410 populism, 121, 227, 292, 319 euro, 7, 190, 192–3, 210, 534, 543 premiership style, 7, 206, 534, 649 fuel duty, 245, 578–9

668 index

Brown, Gordon (cont.) achievements, 635 gold reserves, 199 Blair and, 6, 13, 134, 438, 516, 540, governance of Treasury, 7, 94–5, 101, 637, 643, 646, 649 102 climate change, 585, 590, 591 ‘Granita pact’, 161 development aid, 553 health service, 387 European policy, 612 ideological terrain, 9, 51–2, 53, 146 humanitarian intervention, 626 immigration, 350 Iraq War, 606, 607, 611, 635, 643 industrial policy, 275, 276, 286 Northern Ireland, 524–5 Labour Party role, 143, 147, 154–5 war on terror, 528 leader in waiting, 151, 152, 161, 162 business London elections and, 62 boardroom excesses, 224–5 New Deal, 221, 410 climate change and, 578, 581–5, 589 Northern Ireland, 526 management, 235 pensions, 202–3 regulation, 279 PFI, 205, 211 skills failure, 235 policymaking, 97–8, 645 vested interests, 238 private v. public sector, 204 business rates, 56, 70, 76 proportional representation and, Butler, Robin, 11, 87 493 Butler-Sloss, Lady, 297 public spending, 410 by-elections, Brent East, 38 running battle with Tony Blair, 5, 6, Byers, Stephen, 162, 242, 246, 248, 249, 8, 94, 101–2, 128, 150, 154, 161–2, 258, 259, 378, 649 209, 251, 643, 650 schools, 362, 366, 376, 378–9 cabinet, by-passing, 7, 11, 80, 84–5, Scottish base, 487 99–100, 121 social justice, 435 Cabinet Ofﬁce, 83–6, 88, 94, 101 soundbite, 319 Callaghan, James, 4, 8, 12, 38, 154, 170, Stalinism, 98 171, 200, 210, 488–9 stature, 9, 644 Cameron, David succession as PM, 6, 160, 162 acceptance of Blair agenda, 14, 418, taxation policy, 14, 200–3 642, 650 transport, 248, 249, 251, 253, climate change, 575, 591–2 255–61, 269, 272, 646 education, 481 trust in government, 12 law and order, 319, 329–30, 339 Unionism, 517 leadership style, 140, 143, 147 universities, 472–4, 476, 477, 478, media and, 149 479, 482–3 move to the centre, 146, 642 Brown, Nick, 20, 477–8 public services, 180, 443, 650 Browne, John, 364 social justice, 418 Brutton, John, 512 WebCameron, 135 Bryson, Alex, 225–6 well-being, 441 Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 611 Campbell, Alistair Bulgaria, 353, 487, 536 Iraq and BBC, 136–7 Bulger, James, 319, 334 media management, 123, 125–7, 149 Burns, Terry, 95 Northern Ireland, 519 Bush, George H., 594, 596 powers, 81, 126, 127 Bush, George W. public opinion, 445, 461

index 669

resignation, 82, 139, 141 integrated approach, 372–3 role, 128–9, 141, 143, 649 international comparisons, 383 Campbell, Colin, 308 poverty, 332, 396, 410–11, 414–18, Canada, 189, 197, 237, 337, 399, 564, 442 608 Chile, 197 Carey, George, 568 China, 189, 194, 209, 553, 588, 591 Carter, Matt, 154, 159 Chirac, Jacques, 534, 539, 540, 544, Carter Review, 305 564, 601, 607, 625, 628, 635, 642, Casey, Louise, 331–2 647 cash for honours, 11–12, 110, 159, 301, Churchill, Winston, 3, 8, 15, 168, 210, 639 609, 649, 650 Castle, Barbara, 553 citizenship, 357, 359, 457 celebrity culture, 441, 463–4 Civil Contingencies Secretariat, 85 central government civil partnerships, 499, 641 See also cabinet; Treasury civil service Cabinet Office, 83–6, 88, 94, 101, ministerial suspicions, 205, 206, 246 461 politicisation, 81 centralisation, 17, 79–86, 99, 102, reduction of numbers, 561 178 reform, 79, 80, 86, 89, 91–3, 103 coordination, 100 retirement age, 203 delivery agenda, 86, 88–91 Clark, David, 116, 617 hyperactivity, 79, 91, 103 Clarke, Charles joined-up government, 87, 96 foreign prisoners fiasco, 162, 358 management, 9, 86–93, 100–1, 204, human rights and security, 118 205–6, 251, 641, 648 immigration, 353 media management, 82–3 Labour Party chairman, 154 Prime Minister’s Office, 6, 8, 58, schools, 365–6, 376 80–3 universities, 470–1, 476–8, 479, 480, special advisers, 80–2, 127, 138, 139, 483 269, 332–3 Clarke, Kenneth, 9, 378 targets, 91 class, 40–2, 226, 239 Ceremonial Secretariat, 85 Clementi Report, 310 Chakrabarti, Suma, 561 climate change Chamberlain, Austin, 144 See also Kyoto Protocol; Stern Report Chamberlain, Neville, 12, 13, 15, 102 1997 agenda, 572–3, 577 Charter ‘88, 105, 116 2007 agenda, 574–5 Chastelain, John de, 527 agenda setting, 209, 587–9, 609 Chechnya, 594, 619, 624–5 assessment, 590–2 Cheney, Dick, 627 Blair leadership, 589–90, 613, 633 Chicago School, 198 Blair years, 576–81 Chilcot, John, 520 Climate Change Levy, 578, 587 children emission targets, 578, 579, 581–4 child benefit, 416 emission trading, 580, 585 childcare, 412, 416, 425 energy policy, 579–80, 584, 586 Children’s Commissioner, 373 industry and, 581–5, 589 criminal justice, 324 limited achievements, 585–7 health care, 429–30 public opinion, 464–7, 575, 585–6 in care, 396 scientific consensus, 577

670 index

climate change (cont.) foreign policy, 593–7, 610 tax instruments, 578–9, 582, 586, 587 governance, 84 Climbié, Victoria, 372 health service, 5 Clinton, Bill immigration, 341, 342 Blair and, 540, 601–2, 641 industrial policy, 279, 285 development aid, 553 international aid, 551, 552, 556 European policy, 596 law and order, 318–19, 320, 329 Kosovo intervention, 624 leaders, 144 Major and, 596 local government, 56, 57, 62 New Labour model, 324, 333 Northern Ireland, 513, 516 Northern Ireland and, 513, 521 poll tax, 489 welfare to work, 208 press support, 129, 130, 131, 132 coalition governments, 497–9, 500 public opinion, 39, 450 Cocker, Jarvis, 464 public services, 436–8, 443 Cohen, Jane, 292 rail privatisation, 247, 250, 252 Coke, Edward, 313 sleaze, 4, 11, 128, 445–6 Collins, Lawrence, 297–8 taxation, 201 Colombia, 197 trade unions, 219 Communism, 167 transport policy, 242 competition universities, 469–70, 477, 480, 481 EU and UK convergence, 545–6 constitutional reform health service, 387, 388, 399, 402, 2005 Act, 293–5 452 assessment, 115–22 importance, 286 Blair detachment, 121–2 policy, 278–9 consensus, 4 Congo (DRC), 560, 608 delivery, 107–14 Conservatives European Union and, 547–8 1950s, 172–3 Labour manifesto, 104–7 1997 legacy, 3, 182 lack of coherence, 119–20 2005 elections, 445 Smith’s legacy, 105–6, 116, 121 accepting New Labour agenda, undelivered promises, 115–16 14–15 unintended consequences, 116–19 arts policy, 461 consultants, 206, 251, 253, 254, 260, backbench rebellions, 27 269, 270 Blair impact on, 163, 642 control orders, 117–18 climate change, 573–4, 575, 592 Conway, Paul, 463 Conference, 155 Cook, Robin, 13, 18, 20, 21, 128, 155, constitutional status quo, 104, 105 160, 553, 619, 620 defence, 617–18, 622 ‘Cool Britannia’, 463 devolution, 489–90, 492, 503 Corn Laws, 26 economic legacy, 171, 223 Corrigan, Paul, 9 economic reputation, 37, 47, 52 Costello, Elvis, 463 education, 361, 362, 366, 369, 371, Cotis, Jean-Philippe, 285, 286 376, 377, 378, 380 Council of Europe, 547 electoral record, 36, 38, 39–40 council tax, 61, 70, 71, 73, 76, 201, 505 energy policy, 580 counter-terrorism. See war on terror EU policy, 192, 530–1, 535, 542, 545, Cranborne, Lord, 109, 516 595, 601, 633 Cridland, John, 230, 233

index 671

criminal justice Dearing Report, 375, 468–72, 473, 478, assessment, 335–40, 647 481, 482, 483 Blair control, 332–3 defence Blair use of media, 334–5 Blair activism, 616, 621, 634 ‘Broken Windows’, 331 Conservative legacy, 617–18 causes of crime, 332, 338, 339 equipment, 630–1 crime as public enemy no. 1, 325 European Union, 539, 548 crime control works, 326 Faslane nuclear submarines, 504–5 crime trends, 320–3, 335–9, 448 funding, 405, 631 deﬁning deviancy up, 330–2 impact of Kosovo, 622–6 foregrounding victims, 325–6 nuclear disarmament, 36, 617 high-crime society, 326–7 pressure on armed forces, 629–32 individual responsibility, 325 Strategic Defence Review, 599–600, initiativitis, 333, 335 619–22, 631 juries, 302 Trident, 27, 617, 622 Labour opposition, 151 war on terror, 626–9 new crimes, 329–30 democratic participation, 39, 120, 146, police powers, 327–8 448, 448–9 policymaking, 330–5 Denmark, 237, 400, 405, 548 politicisation, 323–30 Department of Constitutional Affairs, public opinion, 453–5 120 safeguards, 327–8, 329 Desmond, Richard, 159 sentencing harshness, 336–8 detention and training orders, 324 serious and organised crime, development 328–9 2007 aid contribution, 552–3 spin, 333–4 Blair commitment, 562–5, 608–9, system, 301–3 613 torrential legislation, 302, 324, 327, Blair effect, 569–70 330 debt relief, 552, 562, 565, 568, 576, toughness discourse, 318–19, 340 609, 641 Cripps, Stafford, 9 failures, 561–2 Croatia, 536 funding increases, 565–7, 568 Crossland, Anthony, 165–8, 169, 170, inter-ministerial strategies, 558 171, 172, 174, 474 international comparisons, 556–7, Crossrail, 267–8 558 Cruddas, John, 157 new approach, 570–1 culture, 461–3, 575, 637 policy drivers, 562–9 Cunningham, John, 58 post-1997 changes, 553–8 curfews, 324 pre-1997 aid, 551–2 Cyprus, 536, 595 successes, 558–61 Czech Republic, 535, 548 devolution See also Scottish devolution; Welsh D’Alema, Massimo, 637 devolution Dannatt, Richard, 629 1974–9 failure, 105, 488 Darling, Alistair, 119, 249–50, 263, 272 1994–2007, 488–93 Davies, Gavin, 137 2007 position, 493–504 Davies, Ron, 128, 488, 491, 493, 499 achievement, 14, 107–8, 115, 641 Dayton Peace Accord, 596 assessment, 504–7

672 index

devolution (cont.) growth rate, 186–8, 189, 274, 277–8, Blair’ s detachment from, 487, 491, 283–4 507–8 inflation targeting, 195–8, 277 coalition government, 497–9 macro-economic record, 186–90 containing nationalism, 504–5 neo-liberalism, 144, 158, 168–9, 180, English backlash, 506–7 216, 224, 225, 324 European Union and, 547–8 public opinion, 438, 439, 442 finance, 501–3 public spending, 204–5, 436–8, impact on England, 506 443–4 impact on parties, 145, 153 vested interests, 10 Labour manifesto, 106, 107 Eddington Review, 98, 269–70, 271 natural experiment, 505–6, 508 Eden, Anthony, 12, 13, 15 proportional representation, 111, education 145, 492, 493, 497 See also schools; universities social democracy and, 177–8 crime control and, 331 unintended consequences, 116–17, delivery agenda, 89 177, 493 Leitch Review, 98 West Lothian Question, 503–4, maintenance allowances, 412 506–7 nursery education, 376–7, 412, 425 Dewar, Donald, 488, 490, 491, 493 priority, 243, 361 Diana, Princess, 460, 519 productivity and, 278 disabled, social security, 422 public opinion, 449–50 divorce, 314 social justice, 372–3, 424, 426–8 DNA database, 326 special advisers, 364 Dobbs, Linda, 297 elections Dobson, Frank, 62, 386, 649 See also general elections Dome, 11, 128, 204, 293, 461, 462 Brent East by-election, 38 Donaldson, Jeffrey, 521–2, 524 European elections, 37–38–9, 111, Dromey, Jack, 159 145, 541 drugs, 562 local elections, 37, 39, 53, 77, 157 Duncan-Smith, Ian, 144, 149, 152, voter turnout, 39, 146, 448 481 electoral system. See proportional Dunleavy, Patrick, 146 representation Dunwoody, Gwyneth, 253, 259 Elias, Patrick, 292 DUP, 513, 518, 522, 523, 524, 526, 527, Empey, Reg, 523–4 528 employment Durkan, Mark, 527 See also trade unions Dykes, Greg, 138 1997 policy, 218–22 anti-poverty programmes, 416–17, East Timor, 625 422 Ecclestone, Bernie, 11, 128, 159 Blair as labour lawyer, 291 economic policy employment rate, 223 See also taxation; Treasury family-friendly workplace, 231–3 assessment, 210–11, 637 globalisation, 215, 216, 239 business policy, 217–19 hybrid model, 224, 225, 234–40 continuity, 5 individual rights, 225–34, 239–40 economic efficiency, 14 information technology and, 285 euro, 190–4, 211 international comparisons, 280

index 673

migrants, 349–54 defence, 539, 548, 625–6 modernisation, 214 development aid, 559–60, 566–7, New Deal, 220–1, 223 568 public sector, 286 employment policy, 230 skills shortage, 234–6, 278 energy policy, 579, 580, 584, 585 social inequalities, 237 enlargement, 352–3, 532, 535–7, state role, 214–15, 216, 217 548, 594, 595, 603 stresses, 224–5 environment, 545 Thatcherite continuity, 225 Europeanisation, 545–7 training, 221–2, 234–5 financial planning, 544 women, 233–4 Franco-German axis, 538–9, 594 energy policy, 84, 579–80, 584, 585, immigration policy, 356 586 internal market, 173, 535–6, 537 environment Iraq effect, 534, 549, 607 See also climate change Labour objectives, 532–3 European Union, 545 Lisbon Strategy, 174, 539, 548 public opinion, 464–7, 575 neo-liberalism, 174, 537, 538 Equal Opportunities Commission, 228 policy orientation, 538–42 equality. See social justice poor relations with, 4, 548 Ervine, David, 513 single currency. See euro Essex Man, 41 Social Chapter, 218–19, 531, 532, Ethiopia, 559 533 ethnic minorities, 412, 427 social democracy and, 173, 175–6 euro, 7, 107, 114, 132, 151, 174, 190–4, sovereignty and, 311, 532, 549–50 210, 211, 532, 534, 541, 542–4, trade unions and, 224 612, 644 treaties, 537–8 European Central Bank, 197 UK membership, 36, 104, 105, 541 European Convention of Human Excellence in Cities, 412, 426–7 Rights, 106, 108, 311–12, 547, 641 Exchange Rate Mechanism, 36–7, 129, European elections, 37, 38–9, 111, 145, 188, 192, 595 541 executive. See central government European Union assessment of Blair years, 548–50, Fabians, 167–8 637 Fair Trade, 553, 575 Blair alliances, 539, 548 Falconer, Lord, 118, 120, 292–3, 295–6, Blair approach, 601, 603–4, 612, 633, 300, 308, 413 647–8 Falklands War, 617 Blair failures, 7, 538–44, 636 Faslane, 504–5 Blair successes, 535–8 Faulkner, Brian, 519 Blair years, 531–5 feudalism, 499 climate change, 584–5, 590 Field, Richard, 292 Common Agricultural Policy, 532, finance 544 City of London, 215 competition policy, 545–6 international capital, 215, 217, 238, Conservative legacy, 530–1, 595, 645 279 constitutional reform and, 547–8 Financial Services Authority, 194, 198 Constitutional Treaty, 114, 537–8, fingerprinting, 327, 355 541, 542, 549, 612 Finland, 188, 237

674 index

Firth, John, 225–6 fuel protests, 128, 242, 245–6, 266, 579 Fitt, Gerry, 519 Fulton Report, 79 Fitzgerald, Garret, 510 Flynn, Don, 349, 353 G7/G8, 555, 562, 563, 564, 565, 567, Foley, Michael, 148 568, 570, 575, 577, 580, 588, 590, Foot, Michael, 40, 105 601, 608, 648 foot-and-mouth crisis, 589 Gaber, Ivor, 140 Ford, Peter, 253 Gaitskell, Hugh, 9, 10, 156, 173–4 foreign policy Gamble, Andrew, 13 9/11 aftermath, 604–5 Gates, Bill, 204 Afghanistan. See Afghanistan Geldof, Bob, 564, 568 Atlanticism, 13, 533, 540, 549, 596, gender recognition, 108 601–2, 625–8, 644 general elections Blair worldview, 597–603, 613, 1983, 36, 40 633–5 1992, 36, 37, 171, 448 Conservative legacy, 593–7 1997, 38, 131, 144, 165, 182, 218–19, early successes, 603–5 220, 409–10 ethics, 598–9, 613, 620 2001, 47, 53, 86, 131, 650 evaluation, 609–14 2005, 39, 52, 131–2, 135, 144, 445, failures, 12–13, 609 448, 650 Iraq. See Iraq; Iraq War Blair success, 9–10, 35, 144 Kosovo. See Kosovo perceptions of New Labour, 40–7 leadership, 601, 604, 612, 633, 636 General Teaching Council, 374–5 liberal intervention. See Germany humanitarian interventions asylum-seekers, 346 public opinion, 438, 611 crime trends, 338 realist tradition, 593, 595, 597, 599 economy, 187, 236, 281 Sierra Leone, 601, 604, 616, 625 electoral system, 490 France European Union, 538–9 economy, 187, 236, 281 foreign policy, 594 EU and, 538, 538–9, 594, 625 health care, 388, 398 health care, 398 Iraq War and, 13, 534, 607, 642 Iraq and, 13, 534, 594, 607, 628, 642 Middle East policy, 604 Middle East policy, 604 productivity, 237, 283, 284 productivity, 236, 237, 283, 284 public opinion, 442 Sangatte, 342, 343 social democracy, 173 social democracy, 173 UK Atlanticism and, 596 UK Atlanticism and, 596 unemployment, 193, 543 unemployment, 193, 543 Gershon Review, 96, 97 fraud trials, 302 Ghana, 559 Frayling, Christopher, 462 Gilbert, Christine, 375 freedom of expression, 312 Gilligan, Andrew, 137, 138, 461 freedom of information, 106, 112, Gladstone, William, 179, 487, 503, 115–16, 119, 445 634 Friedman, Milton, 198 Gleneagles Summit, 552, 564, 565, 575, Friends of the Earth, 592 577, 580, 585, 588, 589–90, 608–9, fuel duty, 128, 244, 245, 574, 578–9, 641, 648 582 Global Opportunities Fund, 556

index 675

globalisation, 173–5, 182, 214, 215, health service 216, 239, 275, 279, 556, 598, 613, accident and emergency, 401–2, 405 616 achievements, 389–97 gold reserves, 199, 202 assessment, 404–7 Goldsmith, Peter, 293, 300, 301 Blair policy phases, 385–9 Goody, Jade, 464 choice, 393, 400–1, 405, 406, 452 Gordon, D., 195 competition, 387, 388, 399, 402, 452 Gordon, General, 487 computer project, 204, 207, 211 Gordon Walker, Patrick, 173 devolution, 177, 500, 506 Gore, Al, 465, 575 doctors’ pay, 203, 204, 393 Gould, Bryan, 275 financial deficits, 388–9 Gould, Philip, 10, 144, 333–4 foundation hospitals, 8, 65, 67, 388, government 452 See also devolution funding increase, 179–80, 204, 211, central. See central government 390–3, 404, 405, 444, 641, 642 local. See local government funding pressures, 402–4 trust in, 12, 122, 444–9 health inequalities, 395, 428–30 Grabiner, Tony, 293 immigrant staff, 562 Graham, Alistair, 445–6 improved outcomes, 390, 401–2 Gray, John, 169 independent treatment centres, 387, Greenpeace, 576, 580 388, 392, 403, 404 Greens, 146, 493, 576 information technology, 397 Gulf War (1991), 594, 618 internal market, 5, 404 international comparisons, 397–400 Hague, William, 10, 108, 121, 144, managerialism, 231, 389 149 medication, 441–2 Hain, Peter, 20, 116, 160, 526 NHS University, 479 Haiti, 594 PFI, 391–3, 402–3, 404 Hale, Baroness, 297, 298 primary care, 399–400, 402 Hale, Brenda, 297 private contractors, 156 Hall, R., 204 public health, 395–6 Hallett, Heather, 297 public opinion, 47, 243, 389, 450–2, Hamlyn, Paul, 159 460–1 Hammond, Richard, 241, 264 quality of care, 406 Hampton Review, 96 reorganisations, 11 Hansard Society, 18 spin, 12 happiness, 441–2 staffing increases, 393–4, 406 Harman, Harriet, 300 targets, 387 Hart, Gary, 292 waiting times, 390, 393, 400, 402, Harvie, Christopher, 506 405, 500 Hattersley, Roy, 25, 165 Wanless Review, 98 Hatton, Derek, 504 Heath, Edward, 55, 200, 208, 223, 510, Haughey, Charles, 511 517 Hayek, Friedrich von, 168 Hennessy, Peter, 83, 103 Hayman, Baroness, 113 Heseltine, Michael, 9 Healey, Dennis, 160, 171, 172 Hewart, Lord, 316 Healey, John, 75 Hewitt, Patricia, 333–4, 372 health and safety at work, 231 Heywood, Jeremy, 9, 650

676 index

Hill, David, 139–40, 141 Hughes, Beverley, 353 Hizbollah, 612 Huhne, Chris, 582–3 Hobhouse, Lord, 315 human rights Hobsbawm, Eric, 168 armed forces and, 630 Hodge, Henry, 293 asylum-seekers, 292, 347–8 Hodge, Margaret, 293, 470 criminal justice and, 327–8 Home Office declarations of incompatibility, 108, break-up, 118, 332, 360 311 foreign prisoners fiasco, 162, 334, detention without trial, 312–13, 329 358 executive v. judiciary, 117–19, reorganisation, 11 311–13 honours, cash for, 11–12, 110, 159, Human Rights Act, 108, 115, 292, 301, 639 641 Hoon, Geoff, 20, 461, 626 Labour manifesto, 106 Hoskyns, John, 9 sovereignty and, 641 House of Commons humanitarian interventions, 487, See also Members of Parliament 513–14, 600, 602–4, 610–11, acquiescence, 16, 25 615–16, 618, 626, 634–5, 643, backbench rebellion, 25–8, 34, 645–6 151–2 Hume, David, 510, 511, 519–20 decline, 16, 25, 33 Humphrys, John, 137 legislation timetabling, 22 Hurd, Douglas, 9, 105, 182 Liaison Committee, 23 Hutt, Janet, 500–1 modernisation, 16, 17, 18–22 Hutton, John, 649 Prime Minister’s Questions, 16, 23, Hutton, Will, 254 133 Hutton Inquiry, 137–8, 308, 640 select committees, 20 Hyman, Peter, 8 standing committees, 21 West Lothian Question, 503–4 Iceland, 197 win set of status quo, 497–8 ID cards, 346, 355 House of Lords IMF, 170, 171, 217, 565, 567 abolition, 105 immigration Appellate Committee, 294, 295 See also asylum-seekers Appointments Commission, 110 benefits/threat discourse, 350, 352, government defeats, 31–3 354–6, 359 Labour manifesto, 106 Blair effect, 358–60 reforms, 16–17, 30–1, 106, 108–9, citizenship, 357, 359 115, 116, 119, 120, 641 Conservative legacy, 314, 342 representativeness, 32 criminalisation, 331, 355 Salisbury Convention, 32 Eastern Europeans, 352–3, 536 housing EU policy, 356 crime control policies, 331 family members, 342, 359 prices, 194, 434 healthcare staff, 562 social housing, 65–6 IND, 357–8, 359–60 Howard, Michael, 144, 291–2, 319, integration, 356–7 320, 321, 332, 334, 341, 481, 588 Irish immigrants, 172 Howe, Geoffrey, 9 managed migration, 349–54 Howells, Kim, 471 policing powers, 354–5

index 677

public opinion, 438, 455–8 controversy, 5, 616, 643–4 skills shortage, 236 disaster, 12–13, 605–6, 610–11, 632, students, 354 635–7 terrorism and, 354 dossier, 136, 137, 628 toughness discourse, 341, 359 effect on Blair, 101, 598, 650 India, 189, 553, 580, 588 electoral effect, 47, 53 industrial policy Europe and, 534, 549, 642–3 climate change, 581–5 information to cabinet, 11 competition, 273–4, 278–9, 286 judgment of history, 15 de-industrialisation, 279 Labour opposition, 26, 151, 158, early 1990s Labour policy, 274–5 477, 628 meaning, 273 legal advice, 301 post-1997, 276–7 liberal interventionism, 513–14, productivity policy, 277–81 610–11 productivity record, 236–7, 281–7 manipulation of information, 12, 13, inflation targeting, 195–8, 210, 277 135, 514, 628, 639 information economy, 237 media management, 135, 445 information technology, 11, 204, 207, tarnishing TB’s image, 135, 136, 209, 285, 287, 397 635–7 Ingham, Bernard, 140 US moral authority and, 635 inquiries, 308 Ireland, 188, 487, 489, 503, 509, 511, Intelligence and Security Coordinator, 512, 515, 521, 643 85 Irvine of Lairg, Lord, 109, 116, 119–20, Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate 121, 292, 293–4, 295, 308, 346, Change, 573, 577, 591 645 international aid. See development Islam, 644 International Criminal Court, 540 Israel. See Middle East conflict International Finance Facility, 567 Italy, 187, 193, 596 internet, 134–5, 264, 459–60 investment, 236–7, 277 James, Oliver, 441–2 IRA, 113, 509–10, 511, 512, 513, 514, Japan, 187, 197, 237, 275, 287, 338 516, 518, 520, 521, 522, 524 Jay, Douglas, 173 Iran, 635 Jay, Michael, 590 Iraq Jenkins, Roy, 475–8 bombing campaign, 594, 604, 627–8 Jenkins, Simon, 610 Conservative policy, 596 Jenkins Commission, 111, 115, 145 development, 561 Johnson, Alan, 162, 203, 366, 471, 478 Kurds, 618 Joint Intelligence Committee, 85 no-fly zones, 594 Jolly, Richard, 554 weapons inspections, 621, 623 Jones, C., 204 WMDs, 136, 137, 616, 628 Jones, Janet, 116 Iraq War Jospin, Lionel, 174–5 arts community and, 463, 464 Jowett, Benjamin, 506 Atlanticism, 602, 611, 627–8 Jubilee 2000, 553, 562, 576 BBC and, 136–8 judiciary Blair approach, 600, 605–9, 650 appointments, 298–9 Blair European alliances, 539 attacks on, 118, 292 British forces, 628–9, 631 constitutional values, 313–14

678 index

judiciary (cont.) Kohl, Helmut, 596 ethnic minorities, 297–8 Koizumi, Junichiro, 590 hierarchy, 296 Kosovo human rights and, 117–19, 311–13 development, 562 independence, 294, 315–16 NATO intervention, 134, 603–4, 606, Judges Council, 295 616, 622–6, 634, 636, 643–4, 645 Judicial Appointments Commission, occupation, 634 113, 294, 296, 298 Kuwait, 594 making law, 311–15 Kyoto Protocol, 540, 575, 580, 581, remuneration, 299–300 587, 588 Supreme Court, 296–7 women, 297 labour market. See employment juries, 302 Labour MPs Justice Ministry, 118, 120, 296, 304, attempted coup, 6 315–16, 317 backbench rebellions, 26–8, 34, 151–2, 477 Kaldor, N., 202 Blair’s base, 150–2, 642 Kashmir, 595 women, 16, 28–30, 153 Kavanagh, Trevor, 126 Labour Party Keene, David, 293 Blair leadership, 143–9, 642 Keith, Brian, 292 Blair legacy, 160–2 Kelling, George, 331 cash for honours, 11–12, 110, 159, Kelly, David, 137, 308, 460 301, 639 Kelly, Ruth, 74–6, 366, 471 chairpersons, 154 Kelly, Tom, 521 class, 40–2 Kennedy, Charles, 145, 152 Clause 4, 4, 35, 164, 210, 218, 275 Kennedy, Helena, 293 coalition with Liberal Democrats, Kennedy, J. F., 602 145 Keynes, John Maynard, 501 command party, 143 Keynesianism, 169, 324, 391 Conference, 155, 160 Kilbrandon Report, 104, 117 controversies, 10 Kiley, Bob, 256–9 development aid, 553 Kilmuir, Lord, 293 devolution, 116–17, 153, 497 King, Anthony, 148, 266 education policy, 362 King, David, 589 effect of repositioning, 48–52 King, Tom, 618 electoral record, 35–40, 77 Kinnock, Neil funding, 158–60, 211 battles with the left, 58, 504 general secretaries, 154 Benn challenge, 152 industrial policy, 274–5 devolution, 177–8, 491 law and order, 323–4 EU policy, 105 leadership challenges, 152 legacy, 144, 147, 218 local government, 54 media attacks, 141 London elections, 62 policymaking, 153 marginalisation, 7, 10–11, 153–6 public opinion, 165, 444 membership, 155, 156–8 repositioning Labour, 36, 409 Millbank culture, 124 shadow cabinet, 291–2 mixed economy approach, 221 trade union policy, 220 National Executive Committee, 154

index 679

National Policy Forum, 156 climate change, 592 New Labour project, 35–6, 40–1 devolution, 490 origins, 216 electoral effect of Iraq War, 47 perceptions of New Labour, 40–7 electoral reform, 111 policymaking, 150, 153 Salisbury Convention, 32–3 post-war economic record, 210–11 Scottish devolution, 145, 493, 497 previous leaders, 4 student finance, 177 role of extra-parliamentary party, taxation, 443 147, 156 third party position, 145 social justice tradition, 239 university funding, 477, 481 Welsh devolution, 493 Libya, 612 Ladyman, Stephen, 265 Liddle, Roger, 80, 106, 463 Lafontaine, Oskar, 173 life sentences, 312 Lagos, R., 198 Live 8, 553, 570 Lambert Report, 482 Liverpool, Lord, 144 Lamont, Norman, 195, 200, 201 Livingstone, Ken, 62–3, 110, 128, 151, Lander, Stephen, 328 256, 257, 259, 260, 261–3, 267, law officers, 300–1 466 Lawrence, Stephen, 356 Lloyd George, David, 3, 12 Lawson, Nigel, 195, 200 local elections, 37, 39, 53, 77, 157 lawyers local government Blair and, 292–3 1997–2001, 55–63 immunities, 314 2001–5, 63 increase in numbers, 310–11 2005–7, 73–7 professions, 308–11 beacon council scheme, 59 QCs, 308–9 Best Value regime, 55, 56, 57, 58–9 regulation, 310 bye-laws, 68 training, 309 capital control, 71, 77 Layard, Richard, 220–1, 235 city regions, 74–5 Leadbeater, Charles, 8 community governance, 67–8 Lebanon, 612, 649 elected mayors, 59, 74, 106, 109–10, legal aid, 304–6 119, 255 legal system English regions, 63, 64, 71–3, 74–5, See also criminal justice; judiciary; 106, 111, 116, 178 Justice Ministry; lawyers environmental charges, 76 civil justice system, 303–4 ethics, 56–7 Constitutional Reform Act 2005, funding, 60–1, 69–71, 76, 78 293–5 Local Area Agreements, 66 future, 316–17 Local Public Service Agreements, 59, law officers, 300–1 66 themes, 316 Local Strategic Partnerships, 66–7, tribunals, 307 75 Leggatt Report, 307 London. See London Leitch Review, 98, 234 ministerial responsibilities, 55, 73 Lestor, Joan, 553 negligence, 314 Levy, Lord, 159 Neighbourhood Charters, 68 Liberal Democrats new localism, 64–7 Brent East, 38 objectives, 57–9

680 index

local government (cont.) European Exchange Mechanism, pre-1997, 54 36–7 prudential borrowing, 262 European Union, 531, 535, 538, 645 rate capping, 54, 55, 57, 60, 76 foreign policy, 593, 596–7 reforms, 57–9, 111–12 income inequalities, 432 regional development agencies, 55, law and order, 325, 330 63, 111, 234–5 leadership, 4, 143 unitary councils, 73, 107 legacy, 144, 164, 181, 211 London local government, 54, 73 bombings, 357, 438, 457, 608 media and, 129, 133 congestion charging, 261–3, 466 Northern Ireland, 510, 512, 513, 515, local government, 54, 55, 57, 61–3, 516, 520, 645 76–7, 109–10, 145 parliamentary defeats, 27 London Underground, 246–7, public services, 180 251–61, 271, 272 sleaze, 11, 128, 447 voter turnout, 448 Make Poverty History, 553, 570, 576 Lord Chancellor, 107, 113, 120, 294, Malaysia, 551 295, 298, 299, 316 Mallon, Seamus, 519, 521, 526–7 Lord Chief Justice, 294, 296 Malta, 536 Lovenduski, Joni, 29 Mandelson, Peter Low Pay Commission, 228 Blair and youth, 463 Lucas, R. E., 202 Blair loyalist, 162 Luxembourg, 188 centralisation of government, 80 Lyons Inquiry, 70–1, 73, 76, 78, 96, constitutional reform, 106 272 home loan affair, 125, 334 household name, 445 McCartney, Ian, 154 Labour Party role, 143, 645 McCartney, Robert, 524–5 media management, 149 McDonagh, Margaret, 154 Northern Ireland, 521, 526 Macdonald, Gus, 244, 257 unreliability, 128, 649 Macdonald, Ken, 293 Mansergh, Martin, 512 MacDonald, Ramsay, 167, 172, 222 Marshall, T. H., 239 McDonnell, John, 160 Marx, Karl, 167 McGuiness, Martin, 113, 487, 509, 520, maternity pay, 416–17, 425 634, 640–1 Matthews, R. C. O., 169 McKenzie, Robert, 147 Mayhew, Patrick, 513, 520 Maclean, David, 119 mayors, 59, 74, 106, 109–10, 119, 255 Maclennan, Robert, 18 Mbeki, Thabo, 563 McMichael, Gary, 513 media Macmillan, Harold, 162, 164, 168, 182, See also media management 200, 293 armed forces and, 630 McNally, Lord, 32–3 asylum-seekers, 342, 348–9 Mactaggart, Fiona, 345, 346, 349, 359 Blair departure, 141–2 Major, John celebrity culture, 463–4 Chancellorship, 200 criminal justice, 334–5 constitutional status quo, 105 devolution, 506 defence, 617, 618 European Union, 529, 636 economic legacy, 223, 645 media studies, 474

index 681

migrants, 352, 455, 536 Millennium Dome, 11, 128, 204, 293, Murdoch press, 10, 126, 130 461, 462 personalisation of politics, 149 Millward, Neil, 225–6 media management Milosevic, Slobodan, 603, 622, 623, assessment, 140–2 634, 643 end of honeymoon, 127–9 minimum wage, 14, 208–9, 218, 408, growth of communications 410, 416, 641 machinery, 6, 82–3 Mitchell, George, 518, 519, 520 internet, 134–5 Mittal, Lakshmi, 159 Iraq War, 136–8 Mitterrand, François, 173, 174 keeping media on message, 124–7 modernisation mantra, 55, 460 lobby system, 126–7, 138, 139 Molyneaux, James, 513 mediatisation of Blair’s leadership, monarchy, 460 132–6 Monks, John, 220, 227 obsession with, 123 Montague, Adrian, 257 personal promotion, 149 Moore, Jo, 138, 445 politicisation, 127 moralising, 221, 526 popular shows, 135 Morgan, Rhodri, 151, 493 press partisanship, 129–32 Morris, Bill, 343–4 restructuring, 138–40 Morris, Estelle, 365–6, 369, 470, 476, scandals, 128 649 spin, 12, 82, 123–4, 138–40, 141, Morris, John, 300 149, 613 Morrison, Herbert, 9 spin and trust, 444–9 mortgage interest relief, 202 medication, 441–2 Mottram, Richard, 85 Megan’s Law, 334 Mowlam, Mo, 515, 516, 519, 520–1 Members of Parliament Moynihan, Daniel, 330 backbench rebellion, 25–8, 34, Mozambique, 559 151–2 Mulgan, Geoff, 10 constituency focus, 24–5 multiculturalism, 457–8 expenses, 24, 119 Murdoch, Rupert, 10, 126, 130 women MPs, 16, 28–30, 153 museums, 461–2 mergers, 215, 279, 310 Museveni, Yuweri, 559 Merkel, Angela, 643, 647, 648 Muslims, 13, 38, 644 Metronet, 260–1 Mexico, 189, 197, 580 National College for School MG Rover, 276 Leadership, 375 Michael, Alun, 493 National Health Service. See health Michel, Louis, 559 service Middle East conﬂict, 595, 597, 604, NATO, 595, 607, 608, 617, 620, 625–6, 612, 627, 646, 649 627, 629 Migration Watch, 342 See also Kosovo Milburn, Alan, 154, 162, 388, 649, 650 neo-liberalism, 144, 158, 168–9, 174, Miles Report, 193 180, 216, 224, 225, 324, 538 Miliband, David, 74, 162, 363, 372, Netherlands, 370, 538 376, 650 Network Rail, 249, 250 Millennium Development Goals, 554, New Deal, 220–1, 223, 410, 416, 561, 566, 568 422

682 index

New Local Government Network, Ormerod, Paul, 11 64–5, 74–5 Oslo Peace Accords, 595, 596 New Right, 324 New Zealand, 189, 195, 197, 399, 490 paedophiles, 334 NICE, 386, 399, 404 Paisley, Ian, 113, 487, 509, 518–19, Nolan Report, 57 522–25, 634, 640–1, 647 Norris, Steven, 62 Parliamentary sovereignty, 311 Northern Ireland Part, Anthony, 86 8 May 2007, 113, 487, 509, 634, participation in politics, 39, 120, 146, 640–1 448, 448–9 Anglo-Irish Agreement, 510, 518 Patten, Chris, 9, 522–3 beginning of peace, 5, 645 Patten, John, 105 Belfast Agreement, 112–13, peacekeeping, 615 513–22 Peach, Leonard, 298, 351 Blair commitment, 121, 515, 525 Pearce, Nick, 345, 349, 358 Blair position, 516–17 pensions decommissioning, 520–1, 522, 524, dividend credits, 202–3 527 Pension Credit, 419–21 Labour manifesto, 107 pensioner poverty, 419–21 police service, 522–3 reform, 203, 647 precursors, 509–13 Pergau Dam, 551 public opinion, 117 Perkins, Anne, 29 right and wrong, 526–8 personalisation of politics, 149 spy ring affair, 514 Persson, Torsten, 498–9, 500, 503 St Andrews negotiations, 113, 523 Peru, 197 success, 112–13, 141, 434, 487, 634, PFI, 66, 155, 190, 205–7, 211, 253–5, 640–1, 645, 647 379, 389, 391–3, 402–3, 404 Sunningdale Agreement, 519 Philippines, 197 Norton, Philip, 19 Phillips Inquiry, 110, 160 Norway, 188, 197 Phillips of Worth Matravers, Lord, 118, nuclear energy, 579–80 297 nursery education, 376–7, 412, 425 Phillis Report, 82, 138–40 nutrition, 395–6 Plaid Cymru, 145, 497 Nye, Joseph, 635 planning, 98, 272, 286 Plant, Raymond, 166 O hUiginn, Sean, 511 Plant Report, 106 Oasis, 463 Poguntke, Thomas, 79–80 O’Brien, Mike, 300 Poland, 197, 535, 548 O’Donnell, Gus, 81, 92, 561 police OECD, 551, 552, 554, 555, 556, 557, accountability, 329 558 effect on crime trends, 338 Ofﬁce of the Deputy Prime Minister, powers, 327–8 83 political parties OFSTED, 378 falling participation, 448 Oliver, Jamie, 373, 395, 429 funding, 11–12, 106, 110, 119, ombudsmen, 317 158–60 Ondaatje, Christopher, 159 leadership styles, 143 opinion polls. See public opinion registration, 110

index 683

spectrum, 145–6 policy, 273–4, 276–81 two-party system, 145 record, 236–7, 281–7 poll tax, 54, 61, 489 proportional representation polls. See public opinion achievements, 14, 111 pop culture, 463 bias of present system, 52 Popper, Karl, 168 Blair opposition, 115, 145 Porter, Henry, 17 coalition governments, 497–9, 500 Portillo, Michael, 481 demand for reform, 105 post-ideology, 182 devolution, 111, 145, 490, 491, 492, Potter, Mark, 293 493, 497 Poulter, Tony, 254 European elections, 111, 145, 541 poverty referendum proposal, 105, 107 childless households, 421–4 public health, 395–6 children, 332, 396, 410–11, 414–18, public opinion 442 asylum-seekers, 172, 348–9 decrease, 207–9 Blair government, 442–3 international development and, 559, Blair opposition period, 436 563 Blair’s personal rating, 436 pensioners, 419–21 British institutions, 460–1 Powell, Jonathan, 80, 81, 518–19, climate change, 464–7, 575, 585–6 526–7, 650 coalition-building, 9–10 Power Inquiry, 17 crime, 453–5 Prashat, Baroness, 298 economy, 438, 439, 442 Prescott, John education, 449–50 climate change, 587 euro, 192 Dome decision, 11 foreign policy and defence, 438, 611, energy policy, 580 625, 632 local government reform, 56 geography of Labour support, 45–6 Lords reform, 116 health service, 47, 389, 450–2, 460–1 ministerial responsibilities, 55 immigration, 438, 455–8 northern base, 487 importance of party leaders, 148 regional government, 73, 111 international comparisons, 440 transport, 241, 243–4, 246–7, 251–3, Kosovo intervention, 623 256–8, 271 Labour repositioning and, 48–52 Price, Lance, 10 left-wing attitudes, 49–52 Prime Minister’s Ofﬁce new centre, 48–52 local government and, 58 perceptions of New Labour, 40–7, 53 media management, 82–3 priorities, 438, 585 political direction from, 6 public services, 443–4, 447–8, resources, 8 449–58 special advisers, 80–2 social grading, 44–5 Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit, 83–4, transport, 242–3, 455, 456 90 unemployment, 438, 439 prisons, 11, 337 Public Service Agreements, 91, 95–6, privacy rights, 312 368, 379, 558, 561 privatisations, 210, 252, 271, 274, 481 public services productivity Blair legacy, 648 international comparisons, 282, 287 choice and diversity, 8

684 index

public services (cont.) ministerial mobility, 204–5 consensus, 4 stature, 162 cuts, 171, 172 Rentoul, John, 99 delivery agenda, 86, 88–91 research and development, 274, 277, devolution, 178, 500, 502, 505–6, 278, 279 508 Research and Intelligence Unit, 6 early Blair years, 5, 436–8 Respect agenda, 82, 331–2 employment, 286 retirement age, 203 expansion, 180, 641 Reynolds, Albert, 511–13 internet access, 459–60 Richard, Ivor, 116, 121 New Labour approach, 179 Richard Commission, 499 new localism, 65–7 Richelle, Koos, 566 new paradigm, 443 Ricks, Thomas, 606 PFI. See PFI Riddell, Peter, 534, 540 private v. public delivery, 92, 231, road pricing, 241, 242, 246, 261–6, 272, 248 646 public opinion, 443–4, 447–8, Roberts, Gareth, 482 449–58 Robertson, George, 491, 619, 620, 621, reform, 9, 413 626 responsiveness, 68 Robinson, Geoffrey, 125, 128, 252–3, staff and reform, 458–9 255 targets, 91 Roche, Barbara, 344, 349, 350 trade unions, 230–1 Rocheteau, G., 198 Treasury involvement, 96–7 Rodgers, Ivan, 9 Putin, Vadlimir, 604, 606, 607, 612, Roma, 352 643 Romania, 353, 536 Roosevelt, Franklin, 220, 649 Queen Mother, 136 Rose, Lord Justice, 302 Rose, Richard, 7, 12, 18 Railtrack, 242, 246, 247–9, 267, 271 Ross, Willie, 488 railways, 242, 244, 246–51, 267, 271, Royal Commissions, 5 455 Rumsfeld, Donald, 627 Rammell, Bill, 471 Russell, Justin, 343, 345, 346, 359 Rawls, John, 167 Russia, 199, 588, 591, 599, 612, 619–20, Raynsford, Nick, 55, 70, 71, 72, 78 624–5 referendums, 114, 192 Rutter, Jill, 89 regional development agencies, 55, 63, Rwanda, 559, 594, 597, 599 111, 234–5, 546 Ryan, Conor, 363, 365 Reid, Alec, 511 Ryle, Michael, 21 Reid, John Blair loyalist, 649 Saddam Hussein, 136, 514, 621, 627, defence, 619, 630 640, 643, 644 doctors’ pay, 203, 204, 211 Sainsbury, Lord, 159 human rights and security, 118–19 Sales, Philip, 292 immigration, 353, 355, 358, 537 Salisbury Convention, 32 Labour Party chairman, 154 Salmond, Alex, 117, 492, 497, 504 Leader of the House, 20 Sampson, Anthony, 292 Lords reform, 116 Sangatte, 342, 343

index 685

Sarkozy, Nicolas, 237, 343, 567, 643, Scottish Constitutional Convention, 647 490, 492, 497, 501, 508 Saudi Arabia, 301 Scottish devolution Saville Inquiry, 308 1994–2007, 488–93 Sawyer, Tom, 154 2007 elections, 39, 117 Scanlon, Rosemary, 256 2007 position, 493–504 schools achievement, 107–8 academies, 8, 370, 647 assessment, 504–7 assessment, 379–84 Conservatives and, 176 assisted places schemes, 371 finance, 501–3, 507 autonomy and accountability, Holyrood parliament building, 204, 377–8 211 backbench rebellion, 27, 151, 371 legislative achievements, 499 city technology colleges, 365, 369 natural experiment, 505–6 Conservative legacy, 361, 362, 366, proposals, 106, 107 369, 371, 377, 378 public opinion, 460 curriculum, 375–7 unintended consequences, 116–17 diversity and choice, 362, 365, 369, voter turnout, 448 380 Scottish National Party, 39, 116–17, funding, 65, 69–70, 362, 378–9, 641, 145, 488, 489, 490, 491, 493, 642 496–7, 504–5 grammar schools, 362 SDLP, 512, 519, 521, 524, 527, 528 grant-maintained schools, 363, 371 Seattle protests, 556 independent schools, 371 security. See defence; war on terror inspection, 378 Sefton, Tom, 433 international comparisons, 383 Seldon, Anthony, 121, 245, 246, 270 internet access, 459 select committees, 20 ministerial teams, 363–6 Selwyn-Lloyd, John, 200 organisation, 11, 65, 369–72 sentencing, 312, 336–8 qualifications, 376 Serbia, 603 specialist status, 365, 369–70 Serious and Organised Crime Agency, standards, 361, 362, 364 328–9 statistics, 381 Serious Fraud Office, 300 targets, 363–4, 366–9 Serota, Nicolas, 461, 462 teachers, 373–5, 380, 384 Shanghai Automative Industry truancy, 372, 380, 382–3 Corporation, 276 trust schools, 371 Sherlock, Maeve, 344 Schröder, Gerhard, 173, 534, 539, 540, Shipman, Harold, 323 544, 607, 635, 642–3, 647 Short, Clare, 553–6, 563, 569 Scotland Sierra Leone, 558, 560, 563, 601, 604, crime trends, 337 616, 625, 645 devolution. See Scottish devolution Simon, David, 364 election results, 493–6, 498 Sinn Fein, 113, 512–14, 516, 521–3, immigration, 354 525–8 independence, 491, 497, 504 Skeet, Mavis, 386 Labour support, 46 sleaze, 4, 11–12, 110 universities, 480 Smith, Adam, 316 Scott, Derek, 8, 114, 650 Smith, Janet, 297

686 index

Smith, John public perceptions of New Labour, constitutional reform, 5, 116, 121 43 death, 37, 491 redistributive opinions, 49–52 devolution, 105–6, 177, 488, 492, redistributive taxation, 208, 422, 434 507 social democracy and, 179 electoral reform, 115 targets, 411, 412, 414 legacy, 5, 40, 177, 218, 645 Thatcher legacy, 408, 419 party democracy, 153 trends, 207–9 public opinion, 37, 40, 43 Social Justice Commission, 372 repositioning Labour Party, 165, 409 social security shadow cabinet, 318 child beneﬁt, 416 Smith, Julie, 539 computerisation, 207 smoking bans, 395 decreased funding, 405 Social Contract, 219 disabled, 422 social democracy indexing, 408 Blair and, 165, 175–9, 639 Job Seeker’s Allowance, 223 Blair legacy, 179–82 lone parent beneﬁt, 29 challenge, 169–75 maternity pay, 416–17 collectivist values, 239 pensioners, 412 Crossland, 165–72, 174 unemployed, 48–9, 50, 422–3 devolution and, 177–8 social services, 396 equality, 166–7 sofa government, 11, 99, 121–2, 642 foreign policy, 609 Somalia, 594, 608 globalisation and, 173–5, 182 South Africa, 197, 199, 580 internationalism, 171 South Korea, 189, 197, 237 labour policies, 225, 238–9 Soviet Union, 324 role of state, 169, 177–8 Spain, 188, 388, 400, 405 social solidarity, 171–2, 176 special advisers, 80–2, 127, 138, 139, social exclusion, 180, 338, 339, 356, 396 269, 332–3, 364 Social Exclusion Unit, 410 Spellar, John, 266 social justice Spence, Gusty, 513 See also poverty Spence, Laura, 473–4, 482 Blair legacy, 434–5 spin, 12, 82, 123–4, 138–40, 141, 149, Blair strategy, 53, 408–13 444–9 early years, 424–6 Spring, Dick, 511, 512, 520 education, 372–3, 424, 426–8 Stern Report, 97–8, 209, 271, 575, employment inequalities, 237 580–1, 585, 587, 588, 591 equality, 166–7 Stevens, Robert, 115, 472 golden age for the rich, 215 Stevens, Simon, 9, 650 health inequalities, 395, 428–30 Steyn, Lord, 313 income inequalities, 413, 430–4, 440, Stiglitz, Joseph, 202 442, 641 Strauss-Kahn, Dominique, 174–5 increasing inequality, 180–1, 215–16 Straw, Jack, 20, 21–2, 116, 118, 120, Labour movement tradition, 239 334, 342, 346, 356 life chances, 424–30 students, foreign, 354, 480 New Labour agenda, 14 Sudan, 558, 608 omissions, 413, 434 Suez, 13, 607, 635 programmes, 412 The Sun, 126, 130, 132, 340

index 687

Supreme Court, 107, 113–14, 294, European Exchange Mechanism, 37 296–7 European Union, 531 Sure Start, 332, 412, 425–6 fall, 12–13, 162 Sutherland, Holly, 433 foreign policy, 593, 609 Sweden, 194, 197, 237, 423, 535, 548 income inequalities, 190, 432 Sykes, Richard, 477 industrial policy, 274, 276, 279, 286 judgement of history, 15 Tabellini, Guido, 498–9, 500, 503 law and order, 318, 319, 330 Tanzania, 559 local government, 54, 61, 62 targets, 91, 363–4, 366–9, 387, 411–12, ministers, 8, 9, 200 414, 474, 478–9, 578, 579, 581–4 monetary policy, 195–6 tax havens, 217 Northern Ireland, 510, 511, 518 taxation parliamentary majorities, 28, 313 See also fuel duty party leadership, 143, 148, 149 1992 elections, 36, 37, 171 personal popularity, 436 Brown policy, 200–3 press support, 132 climate change and, 578–9, 582, 586, privatisations, 210 587 public opinion, 442–3 Conservatives, 274 public services, 180, 645 errors and fraud, 208 Reagan and, 649 industrial policy, 275, 277, 279 right-wing shift, 50 limits, 170–1 social justice legacy, 207, 408, 419 pension dividend credits, 202–3 stature, 3, 14, 650 public perceptions of New Labour, trade union reforms, 188, 220, 225–6 43, 44, 47 Third Way, 87, 164, 165, 179, 180, 324, redistribution, 14, 167, 208, 434 411, 539 regressive taxation, 171 Thorneycroft, Peter, 200 tax credits, 11, 207, 208, 362, 410, Tickell, Crispin, 573 411, 412, 416–18, 419–22, 434 Tomlinson Report, 375–6 Thatcher legacy, 408 Tonry, Michael, 329 windfall tax, 410 Toynbee, Polly, 258, 411 Taylor, Ann, 18, 20, 22, 362 trade unions Taylor, Cyril, 363, 365, 369, 370 1970s, 222 teachers, 373–5, 380, 384 Blair policy, 219–20, 223–4, 226–33 Tebbit, Norman, 457 collapse, 238 telephone licences, 199–200, 481 Conservative policy, 219, 220 terrorism. See war on terror European Union and, 224, 547 Thailand, 197 Labour Party and, 155–6, 159, 160, Thatcher, Margaret 211, 219 achievements, 648 marginalisation, 171, 203–4, 211, arts community and, 463 217, 409 constitutional status quo, 105 pre-WWI, 237–8 defence, 617 previous Labour governments, 4, devolution and, 489–90 219 economic legacy, 144, 163, 164, 169, public sector, 230–1 181, 182, 211, 637 recognition agreements, 219 education, 365 Thatcher reforms, 188, 220, 225–6, environment, 573 408

688 index

training, 221–2, 234–5 transport, 242, 247, 248, 249, 252, transport 253–4, 261, 263, 267, 269–70, 271 1998 White Paper, 243–4, 270–1 victory over government machinery, 2000 ten-year transport plan, 244, 102 246, 271 Treisman, David, 154 assessment, 270–2 tribunals, 307 Blair failure, 241–2 Trident, 27, 622 Blair’s growing interest in, 268–70 Trimble, David, 517–24, 527 Blair’s personal interventions, Trotsky, Leon, 504 266–8 trust, 12, 122, 135, 444–9, 460, 461 climate change and, 578, 586 tsunami, 553 fuel protests, 128, 242, 245–6, 266, Turkey, 197, 536, 548, 603 579 Turnbull, Andrew, 98 importance to electorate, 242–3 Turner, Ruth, 159 London congestion charging, 261–3, Turner Report, 203 466 Tymms, Peter, 366–7 London Underground, 246–7, 251–61, 271, 272 Uganda, 559 national road pricing, 241, 246, UKIP, 541 263–6, 272, 646 Ulstein Group, 555 public opinion, 455, 456 Ulster Unionist Party, 518, 520, 522–3, railways, 242, 244, 246–51, 267, 271, 524, 527 455 UN Framework Convention on Treasury Climate Change, 573, 574 See also Brown, Gordon; economic unemployment, 186, 188, 193, 208, policy 220–3, 422–4, 438, 439 civil service reduction, 561 unemployment beneﬁt, 48–9, 50 euro, 543 United Nations governance, 95–9 Iraq War and, 606, 628 health service, 389 military support, 620 higher education, 469, 476 Millennium Development Goals, ID cards, 355 554, 561, 566, 568 immigration, 350, 351 reform, 595 industrial policy, 277, 283, 286 United States international development, 558, 609 See also Atlanticism; Iraq; Iraq War; judicial salaries, 299 war on terror local government, 58, 60, 78 Afghanistan, 605, 627 London devolution, 255 Africa and, 209 macro-economics, 95 capital investment, 224–5, 237 micro-economics, 95, 276 climate change, 209, 585, 590–1, 609 objectives, 94–5, 102 crime trends, 337, 338 pensions, 647 defence, 618, 620, 625 policy reviews, 97–8 development aid, 553 public expenditure control, 95–6 economy, 186–7, 189 public service reform, 96–7 Europe and, 13, 612, 636 recruitment, 560 foreign policy, 627 special advisers, 81 health care, 204, 397–8 splitting, 8 increasing inequality, 207

index 689

Kyoto Protocol, 588 House of Lords defeats, 31 Middle East policy, 595, 597, 604, human rights and, 117–19, 312–13 612, 627, 646, 649 impact, 626–9 Northern Ireland and, 513, 514 Labour opposition, 151 productivity, 236, 237, 281–2, 284, public opinion, 438 285, 287 security reforms, 85 social inequality, 408 September 11 events, 5 transport ﬁnance, 256 Warwick Accords, 230 unilateralism, 540, 594 Watson, David, 471 view of Blair, 636 Watt, Peter, 154 welfare to work, 208 Webb, Paul, 79–80 universities Webb, Sidney, 167–8 1997–2001, 471–5 WebCameron, 135 2001–5, 475–8 welfare state, 172 Blair legacy, 483–4 welfare to work, 188, 410, 412 Blair v. Brown, 482–3 Welsh devolution foreign students, 354, 480 2007 position, 117, 493–504 foundation degrees, 479 assessment, 504–7 funding, 151, 468, 472–3, 475–8 election results, 493–6, 498 ministerial teams, 470–1 ﬁnance, 501–3, 507 new universities, 479 health service, 500–1, 506 NHS University, 479 Labour support, 46 opposition parties, 477, 481 natural experiment, 505–6 Oxbridge, 470, 472–4, 482, 484 popular support, 460 regulation, 480 post-1994, 488–93 research, 480 proposals, 106, 107 Scotland, 500 referendum, 108 targets, 474, 478, 479 universities, 480 teaching universities, 479 West Lothian Question, 503–4, 506–7 Tory legacy, 469–70 Wheelan, Charlie, 125, 445 UKeU, 479 Whitty, Larry, 154 University for Industry, 479 Widdecombe, Ann, 16 vocational degrees, 474 Wilby, Peter, 365 Williams of Mostyn, Lord, 300 Varney Review, 96, 97 Wilson, Alan, 471 Vaz, Keith, 128 Wilson, Harold Vereker, John, 554, 561 civil service and, 86 Verhofstadt, Guy, 647 economy, 222 electoral success, 144 Wakeham Report, 109 expectations from, 4 Walters, Alan, 200 international development, 553, Wanless Review, 98 571 war on terror judgement of history, 15 Blair approach, 604–5, 608, 611, 644 ministers, 4, 8, 200 Blair association with, 6, 134, 438, Northern Ireland, 517 528, 627 party leadership, 154 Blair legacy, 648 social wage, 170–1 civil liberties and, 329 succession, 162

690 index

Wilson, James Q., 331 Woolas, Phil, 78 Wilson, Richard, 6, 86, 93, 103 Woolf, Lord, 297, 303 Winston, Robert, 386 World Bank, 561, 588 Wolfe, Tom, 215 Wright, R., 198 Wolfensohn, James, 555 WTO, 174, 556, 557, 562 women armed forces, 630 Young, Michael, 166 employment rights, 233–4 Yugoslavia, 594, 595, 596, 615, 618 judges, 297 Labour MPs, 16, 28–30, 153 Zedillo, Ernesto, 566, 567 Women’s Institute, 135–6 Zenawi, Meles, 564 Woodhead, Chris, 364, 371, 376 Zimbabwe, 347, 608 Woodward, Bob, 606 Zimring, Franklin, 338