ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

For the Proposed Sewage Treatment Plant in

Maayaafushi Tourist Resort, ,

Proponent: Maayaafushi Tourist Resort

Sndcys

September 2014 EMP for the Proposed Sewage Treatment Plant at Maayaafushi Tourist Resort

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... I

TABLE OF FIGURES ...... III

TABLE OF TABLES ...... III

CONSULTANTS DECLARATION ...... IV

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.2 BACKGROUND TO THE EMP ...... 1

1.3 SCOPE OF THE EMP AND APPROACH ...... 2

2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 3

2.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 3

2.2 PROPONENT ...... 3

2.3 PROJECT LOCATION AND BOUNDARIES ...... 3

2.4 THE PROJECT ...... 4 2.4.1 Environmental design consideration ...... 5 2.4.2 Construction materials...... 5 2.5 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE ...... 5

2.6 CONSTRUCTION PHASE ACTIVITIES ...... 5 2.6.1 Site preparations ...... 5 2.6.2 Mobilization of equipment and materials ...... 6 2.6.3 Workforce and services ...... 6 2.6.4 Material transport ...... 6 2.6.5 Waste management ...... 7 2.6.6 Health and Safety ...... 7 2.7 OPERATIONAL PHASE ACTIVITIES ...... 7 2.7.1 Sewage Treatment ...... 7 2.7.2 Effluent disposal ...... 10 2.8 PROJECT DURATION ...... 10

2.9 NEED AND JUSTIFICATION ...... 10

3 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT ...... 12

4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 25

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4.1 GENERAL ...... 25

4.2 EMP FOR CONSTRUCTION PHASE ...... 25 4.2.1 Mobilization, Machineries and Materials ...... 25 4.2.2 Waste Management ...... 26 4.2.3 Human Environment ...... 27 4.2.4 Restoration and landscaping of project site ...... 27 4.2.5 Health facilities during construction phase ...... 27 4.2.6 Noise control measures ...... 28 4.2.7 Safety practices during construction ...... 28 4.3 EMP FOR OPERATIONAL PHASE ...... 29 4.3.1 Greenbelt development ...... 29 4.3.2 STP operation ...... 29 4.4 EMP IMPLEMENTATION ...... 30

5 MONITORING ...... 35

5.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 35

5.2 RECOMMENDED MONITORING PROGRAMME ...... 35

5.3 MONITORING REPORT ...... 35

6 REFERENCES ...... 38

7 APPENDICES ...... 41

APPENDIX 1: PROJECT CONCEPT PLANS ...... 41

APPENDIX 2: CVS OF ASSISTING CONSULTANTS ...... 41

Proponent: Maayaafushi Tourist Resort Page | ii Consultant: Sandcays EMP for the Proposed Sewage Treatment Plant at Maayaafushi Tourist Resort

Table of Figures

Figure 2-1: Location of Maayaafushi Tourist Resort ...... 4 2-2: Left: proposed area for extension, Right: proposed area for reallocation of vegetation. 6 Figure 3-1: Attributes of marine environment in Maayaafushi ...... 15 Figure 3-2: Benthic cover of Site 1 ...... 17 Figure 3-3: Benthic cover of Site 2 ...... 19 Figure 3-4: Conceptual Illustration (not to scale) of freshwater lens (after Falkland) ...... 22 Figure 3-5: Survey locations ...... 23 Figure 3-6: Photographic summary of conditions of the project environment ...... 24

Table of Tables

Table 3-1: Fish Abundance of Site 1 ...... 16 Table 3-2: Fish Abundance of Site 2 ...... 18 Table 3-3: Marine water quality results ...... 19 Table 4-1: Waste management plan – construction phase ...... 26 Table 4-2: Maximum Exposure Periods specified by OSHA ...... 28 Table 4-3 Summary Environmental Management Plan ...... 31 Table 5-1: Project specific environmental monitoring programme ...... 37

Proponent: Maayaafushi Tourist Resort Page | iii Consultant: Sandcays EMP for the Proposed Sewage Treatment Plant at Maayaafushi Tourist Resort

Consultants Declaration

This Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been prepared according to the EIA Regulations 2012. I certify that the statements in this Environmental Management Plan are true, complete and correct to the best of my knowledge and abilities.

Ahmed Zahid (EIA 08/07) Hussain Fizah (EIA 01/14)

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1 Introduction

1.1 Introduction

This EMP will identify key aspects of environmental management of the proposed Sewage Treatment Plant to be installed at Maayaafushi Tourist Resort, Alif Alif atoll with emphasis on how to manage environmental impacts and take necessary measures to minimize any impacts that may arise during the construction phase and operational phase of the project. The report will further provide a monitoring plan which can be implemented during and after completion of the proposed development works.

The EMP was compiled based on qualitative and quantitative data collected from Maayaafushi during the site inspections and assessments carried out on 4th of June 2014. It has to be noted, the limitation on collecting and compiling the data on a very short period due to logistical and other issues such as unavailability of long-term base line data has made the consultants to restrict the management plan on data collected recently from the field, personal judgments and experiences gained from similar projects. Similarly, long term data on some aspects such as meteorology and climate were collected from secondary sources through previously published reports.

This EMP report has been compiled in accordance with EIA Regulations 2012, which is enforced by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of the Maldives.

1.2 Background to the EMP

It was initially believed that the proposed project would involve the installation of an outfall for the disposal of treated sewage including an emergency outfall as required by EPA. However, during the scoping meeting the Proponent identified that there would be no additional discharge pipeline but the existing pipeline would be used. Therefore, it was decided by EPA during the Scoping Meeting that this project does not require an EIA and an Environmental Management Plan would suffice.

This EMP is prepared in accordance with the guidelines given in the EIA Regulations of the Maldives. The principal environmental institution that implements the EIA process in the country is the Environmental Protection Agency. Additionally, the Ministry of Environment

Proponent: Maayaafushi Tourist Resort Page | 1 Consultant: Sandcays EMP for the Proposed Sewage Treatment Plant at Maayaafushi Tourist Resort and Energy provides policy guidance and directions while Atoll Councils and Island Councils also provide approvals before projects are implemented.

1.3 Scope of the EMP and Approach

Based on the environmental baseline conditions, planned project activities, discussions carried out with project personnel and Proponent’s personnel at site, Sandcays’ previous experiences in similar projects and other relevant studies, this report outlines the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) enumerating set of measures to be adopted to minimize the adverse impacts. The most reliable way to ensure the implementation of EMP is to integrate the management measures in various phases of project development.

The measures include mitigation or enhancement measures in this project as found appropriate to the nature of impacts and are categorized as below:  Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for construction phase.  Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for operation phase.

In order to prepare this EMP, relevant reports for sewerage system development in the Maldives have been reviewed. These include;  EIA for Water Supply and Sewerage System in HDh. Nolhivaram (Zahid 2012)  EIA for Water Supply and Sewerage System in HDh. Neykurendhoo (Zahid 2012)  EIA for development of a sewerage system in H.Dh. Kumundhoo (Zahid 2012)  EIA for development of a sewerage system in H.Dh. Vaikaradhoo (Zahid 2012)  EIA for Sewerage System in N. (Zahid 2012)  EIA for development of a sewerage system in R. Maduvvari (Saeed 2012)  EIA for development of a sewerage system in K. (Zahir 2012)  EIA for the Proposed Sewerage System in N. (Zahir 2012)  EIA for Sewerage System in HA. Hoarafushi (Zahid 2011)  IEE for Construction of New STP in Meedhupparu (Zahir 2011)  EIA for the Proposed Sewerage System Development in Lh. (Zahid 2010)  EIA for sewerage system in Hoarafushi, Haa Alifu Atoll (Zahid 2010)  EIA for sewerage system in Milandhoo, (Zahid 2010)

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2 Project Description

2.1 Introduction

The purpose of this section is to describe the project in terms of the need and justification of the project, location and boundaries of the project, project schedule, main inputs, project mobilization as well as project construction activities. In addition, this section presents materials and resources that will be used as well as the main output of the project.

2.2 Proponent

The proponent of the proposed sewerage project is Maayaafushi Tourist Resort.

2.3 Project Location and Boundaries

Mayaafushi Island Resort is situated in the middle of the North (Alif Alif) at 4° 4'25.28"N Latitude and 72°53'15.73"E Longitude. It is on the north western side of Halaveli Holiday Village and the nearest inhibited island is Feridhoo, which is on the western rim of the North Ari Atoll. The island has a large and unique sand spit on its south and is covered with lush vegetation.

The protected area “Maayaa thila” is located on the north west of Mayaafushi Island Resort. The Maaya thila is an isolated submerged reef lying in the center of the Atoll, it has several outlying rocks and small overhangs around the sides. The unique features of the site are Grey and White-tip Reef shark and Stonefish (EPA). Other than this protected area, there is the dive site (Halaveli Wreck 1991) on its south.

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Figure 2-1: Location of Maayaafushi Tourist Resort

2.4 The Project

The proposed project involves upgrading of the existing sewerage system in Maayaafushi Tourist Resort, Alif Alif Atoll, Maldives. The proposed project includes upgrading of the treatment system and the connections where ever it is necessary. In the proposed system, the wastewater will be treated through aerobic biological oxidation by a consortium of naturally occurring aerobic microorganisms where the end product would be sludge, water, CO2 and energy. The water will then be subjected to ultra-filtration membranes, after which the treated and filtered water will be used for gardening and toilet flushing while the excess water will be discharged through the outfall beyond the reef line. It will be utilizing the existing network system, collection chambers and the outfall.

The components of the project are; 1. Establishing the new sewage treatment plant 2. Connecting the sewer lines to the new system 3. Connecting the system to the existing sea outfall

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2.4.1 Environmental design consideration

The proposed project has considered the following environmental issues while making the final designs: o Technical and financial feasibility;

o Sustainable resource used including groundwater protection and improvement; and

o Sustainable operation and maintenance.

2.4.2 Construction materials

Construction materials will include PVC pipes, cement, electrical cables, circuit boards, main circuit boards, reinforcing steel bars, river sand, aggregates, PVC conduits, diesel, petrol, tar, PVC adhesive, timber etc. These are the basic materials that are used for such developments.

2.5 Implementation schedule

The implementation of the proposed sewerage system is expected to be started as soon as the approvals including approved EMP have been obtained from concerned government authorities. A detailed schedule has not been made available at this stage. Copies of the detailed schedule will be submitted to EPA before construction begins.

2.6 Construction phase activities

In the construction phase key activities include mobilization of materials, labour and equipment, material transport, site preparation for STP and final pumping station, land surveys for proper levelling, connection to the existing sewer network lines and sewer outfall.

2.6.1 Site preparations

Site preparation considered to be one of the key elements of any such projects which include fixing of secure place (go down) for material storage and administrative work or build a site office attached to material storage facility in an appropriate location. Other important preparation works include:

. Identification of exact locations for the new STP and the related components; . Carry out ground level surveys and build a level profile on each section of the proposed networks; . Appoint staff for site management and material stock control; and

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. Make access to areas where work will be carried out (e.g. locations for pump stations) . The current STP site would be extended to the north, to make the extra space that is needed for the proposed one. In doing so, some minor vegetation would be moved from the site, this includes very young vegetation of sea hibiscus and coconut palms. This vegetation would be moved to the ample free space adjacent to the STP site.

2-2: Left: proposed area for extension, Right: proposed area for reallocation of vegetation.

2.6.2 Mobilization of equipment and materials

Site mobilization involves mobilization of workforce, machineries/equipment and construction materials to Maayaafushi Tourist Resort to begin physical work. Materials, equipment/machineries and all other related items will be transported to the island by sea.

2.6.3 Workforce and services

This is one of the key components that need appropriate management on site during the construction phase. In the proposed sewage treatment plant to be built in Maayaafushi Tourist Resort, an estimated number of 10 staff including labourers, engineers and supervisors will be stationed in the island.

2.6.4 Material transport

All materials that are required for the implementation of the proposed project need to be transported to the island. The transportation will be on landing craft or dhoni. Transportation of materials is considered to be a key activity and is considered to impact the environment mainly due to accidental spills and direct/indirect physical damage to coral reefs as a result of careless boating/mooring activities and emission of greenhouse gases which will be almost negligible for this project.

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2.6.5 Waste management

The waste generated during the construction phase will include construction material wastage such as cement and cut pieces of pipes and iron bars, general waste from staff, and remains of the existing system which will be taken to Thilafushi or disposed otherwise through the existing resort waste management system.

2.6.6 Health and Safety

Health and safety is also an important aspect that needs careful consideration during the implementation from beginning till end. Protection of employees from likely adverse effects will be one of the core duties of the proponent and contractor. All machineries and equipment must be operated by trained and experienced personnel wearing necessary safety gears. In the event, if there is any need an employee to work on a different work site, he/she must be given appropriate training before the work. These elements will be fully applied on workers.

Appropriate measures will be in place to ensure safety of workers and public (tourists and staff). Safety signs including signs of regrets for inconvenience will be placed at necessary work areas. Machinery will be operated with due diligence to safety.

All accidents and incidents will be reported to the Ministry of Tourism as soon as any such event occur using the accident report form provided by the Ministry of Tourism.

2.7 Operational phase activities

Key activities identified throughout the operation of the proposed sewage treatment works would be sewage effluent collection, treatment, sludge disposal and wastewater disposal by operation of pump stations/lift stations.

2.7.1 Sewage Treatment

Maayaafushi Tourist Resort’s sewerage system upgrading works involve installation of an ECOPOD system which utilizes fixed film process while treated effluent is usually discharged to subsurface. In ECOPOD, pre-treatment require grit removal, oil and grease removal and screening to ~3mm.

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2.7.1.1 Wastewater Collection Tank and Primary Screening

The raw sewage will be collected in sewage collection tanks in the existing system whereby the aim of using these tanks would be to collect wastewater from all users point/streams to a single source.

The purpose of screening wastewater is to segregate all offending particles which can cause troubles in smooth flow during various phases of the treatment, damage the system and reduce efficiency of the electro-mechanical equipments where it may increase operational troubles and cost.

From collection tanks, the wastewater will be received at the inlet of the bar screen to trap any particles and debris. Any unwanted materials will be blocked by screen to be manually removed as and when required. The wastewater will then be passed through a bar screen to remove large solid particles. This bar screen will be required to clean on a daily basis to maintain the smooth operations. Furthermore this will protect the damage of subsequent process equipments and improve the reliability and effectiveness of the system.

2.7.1.2 Oil and Grease Removal

Oil and Grease trap based on gravitational separation will be provided after bar screen. This trap would also be required to clean on daily basis for smooth and effective operation.

2.7.1.3 Wastewater Equalization / Primary Digestion Tank

As biological systems are sustained over a particular range of feeding and environmental conditions, flow equalization is done before main treatment. This provides a uniform character of wastewater over a predefined time of feeding. Furthermore some buffer stock of wastewater will always be required to maintain the equalized flow in the system.

In the primary tank, oxygen level will be very low. Facultative microbes will be encouraged to degrade polluting organics present in the wastewater into simpler end products thus some BOD reduction will start here itself. Anoxic reactions will be encouraged by adding microorganisms from main treatment time to time to maintain their population in the holding tank. This step will make wastewater more conducive for the main treatment.

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2.7.1.4 BOD Removal and Nitrification in Reactor Tank

BOD reduction is the first and foremost purpose of the entire treatment. Wastewater will be introduced into the main reactor tank where numerous aerobic bacteria are expected to break complex organic and certain biodegradable inorganic constituents into Carbon di Oxide, Water and new bacteria cells. Aerobic and nitrifying bacteria essentially need oxygen for respiration which is provided by a compressed air blower.

Nitrification will be achieved along with BOD reduction to achieve nitrogen reduction. Nitrogen and phosphorus will also be reduced during aerobic digestion as these are required by bacteria as nutrient to digest BOD or organic pollutants. Nitrification and denitrification would also be achieved in the main reactor by three step bio-chemical reactions which includes; braking nitrogen compound to ammonia and ammonium ions by nitrifying aerobic bacteria in the first step, in the second step ammonium is oxidized to nitrite and in the third step nitrite is further oxidized to nitrate.

The aeration system works on an attached growth activated sludge process. The biological reaction is sustained by maintaining an attached population of bacteria in the reactor tank. The generation of biomass would reduce the incoming BOD and COD to the desired level. Oxygen transfer would be achieved by means of UPVC pipe manifold & air nozzles which has been specially designed and developed to supply uninterrupted atmospheric oxygen from air to reactor. Suitable air blowers will be provided to maintain an adequate flow of air through the reactor tank.

2.7.1.5 De-Nitrification in Reactor (Partial)

In reactor, oxygen level depletes in the inner zone of biological layer. Specially designed and developed bio-growth media will be provided to encourage growth of denitrifying bacteria. Depleted oxygen encourages denitrifying bacteria to use nitrate as its substrate and producing Nitrogen which do not dissolve in water and released in to atmosphere. Reduction of nitrogen and nitrate is thus completed nitrification followed by de-nitrification.

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2.7.2 Effluent disposal

The treated effluent will be subjected to ultra-filtration, where the product water will be used for the purposes of gardening and flushing whereby the excess will discharged through the existing outfall.

2.8 Project Duration

As the proposed development of sewerage system is considerably small in addition to using some of the existing features, the system is expected to be operational within a year of starting the construction work.

2.9 Need and Justification

Lack of improved sewage disposal facilities is a concern for resorts that have been operational for a long time like Maayaafushi resort. Initially, a conventional sewerage system was established on Maayaafushi. In this type of system, sewage is collected in a large underground septic tank and naturally occurring bacteria in the sewage is used to decompose sewage to acceptable levels. Partially treated effluent is finally disposed beyond the reef line. However,

Proponent: Maayaafushi Tourist Resort Page | 10 Consultant: Sandcays EMP for the Proposed Sewage Treatment Plant at Maayaafushi Tourist Resort due to long-term use, the system is greatly damaged. The proposed project entails to improve the conventional system with a modern sewage treatment plant (ECOPOD), in order to minimize the level of contamination in the final effluent and improve the water quality of the receiving environment. As for the outfall, it will remain the same and will be connected to the STP.

Additionally, only sources of freshwater used on the resort are from desalinated water (from the RO plant) and to a smaller extent, rainwater. Use of groundwater for any purpose is restricted by Tourism Regulations. A great amount of desalinated water is used for gardening/landscaping and toilet flushing every day. Therefore, with the implementation of the proposed project, the effluent can also be used for gardening and landscaping thereby assisting water conservation.

Proponent: Maayaafushi Tourist Resort Page | 11 Consultant: Sandcays EMP for the Proposed Sewage Treatment Plant at Maayaafushi Tourist Resort

3 Existing Environment

3.1 Introduction

Conditions of the existing environment of the study area were analysed by using appropriate scientific methods. Field surveys were undertaken to get further understanding of the existing environment of the island. These surveys were carried out during field visit to the island on 3rd June 2014 to collect baseline data.

The following components of the existing environment were assessed;  Terrestrial environment including shoreline and island ground levels  Marine ecology of the housereef at outfall location  Marine water quality  Significant locations of the project site.  Current patterns around the existing outfall

3.2 Methodologies

This section covers methodologies used to collect field data on the existing environment of Maayaafushi Tourist Resort. Existing environment of the study area were analysed using appropriate scientific methods. Field surveys were undertaken with the assumption that an EIA would be required for the project. Hence, detailed field assessments have been carried out. The following components of the existing environment were assessed.

 Terrestrial Environment

- Topographic levels, estimation of groundwater aquifer, estimation of aerial extent of groundwater aquifier, terrestrial flora

 Marine Environment

- shoreline, back reef, fore reef, reef flat, coral cover, fishes, protected species, endangered species etc.

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3.2.1 Topographic levels

Topcon GR-5 integrated GPS were used to measure the island topographic levels and later related to Mean Sea Level (MSL) by relating the tide data provided by National Metereological Center for Malé area.

3.2.2 Marine Water Quality

Marine water quality around the island on selected locations was tested in situ by using YSI water quality logger which can measure pH, electrical conductivity (salinity and TDS) and dissolved oxygen (DO), Turbidity (NTU).

3.2.3 Ocean Currents

Ocean and lagoon current was measured by conducting drogue tests on selected locations around the island. A purpose built drogue with a GPS (Trimble Juno) was made to create spaghetti diagrams of the ocean currents.

3.2.4 Condition of the House Reef

Marine environment was surveyed to assess and obtain baseline data of the existing marine environmental conditions. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to assess the benthic substrate at the survey sites including Manta Tow survey, quadrats and visual assessments were used to quantify benthic types.

This study was complemented with extensive underwater photographs of the areas in question. Methodologies adopted for these surveys are internationally accepted (English et al. 1997) and are widely used to assess the status of coral reefs in the Maldives as well.

3.2.5 Photo-Quadrat Survey

Quadrat surveys were carried out to assess the benthic types and coral species at the survey sites. It was carried on two different sites around the reef line including proposed outfall locations. It is one of the survey technique widely applied for ecological sampling.

Quantitative percent cover data of morphological characteristics of the reef community is obtained using this method and it can be repeated over time to obtain temporal changes. In this EIA study during the field visit made on 26 August 2014, a square shaped quadrat measuring 1m x 1m was used for reef flat sampling.

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3.3 Existing coastal and marine Environment

Reef assessments were conducted at 2 locations within the zone of predicted impacts from the sewerage system. From the surveyed sites, the Mayaafushi house reef was very lively with more than 50% of live coral cover, the rest of the benthic was mostly dead corals covered with algae (21.11%), followed by Sand (16.65%) and Rubble (10.12%)

3.3.1 Drogue Tests

Assessments of the current patterns near the existing outfall location were done using two drogues. These were done at the reef edge on the East and Northeast side of the island. The tests reveal a southerly current which slightly deviates towards northeast around the northern end of the island.

3.3.2 Housereef of Maayaafushi Tourist Resort

As the proposed project and its impacts are spatially constricted, only sections of the house reef were assessed under this EMP, most of these sites were on the eastern side of the island near the current outfall location. The benthic habitat and community assessment including coral cover and other marine species were assessed by taking photographs and video transects. Transect locations are shown in Figure 3-5. These were conducted at 2 locations within the zone of predicted impacts from the proposed sewerage system.

Figure 3-1 shows the general status of the marine habitat in terms of live coral cover and other benthic substrates. In the two sites which were surveyed, live coral was found to be covering more area than any other substrate.

The following sub-sections provide results of the quantitative assessment of the marine environment of Maayaafushi Tourist Resort in terms of percentage benthic cover, fish count and general status of the reef.

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Figure 3-1: Attributes of marine environment in Maayaafushi

3.3.2.1 Site 01

Site 1 was located at the existing outfall location which is on the north to north eastern side of the island. This site was selected as the primary impact zones from sewage disposal. As for the live coral cover of the site, it was the higher of the two sites with 54.4% of live coral cover. There were a few dead corals with algae, which covered 25.5% of transect, followed by almost equal amounts of Sand (10.10%) and Rubble (10%). Most of the live colonies at the site were Acropora digitates (42%), followed by Symphyllia spp. (6.2%) and Acropora submassives (6%). Species of H.Magnifica (0.2%) were also reported from the site. Fish abundance of Site 1 was generally high with a total of 129 individuals recorded during the time of the survey (2 min video transect) which were of 28 different species. Most of the species were recorded in a range of one to six individuals with a few exceptions. The highest number of individuals was recorded for the species Chromis viridis (25), followed by Chromis ternatensis (16) and Odonus niger (16). The Simpson’s Index of Diversity (1-D) for this Site was found to be 0.92, which is higher in comparison to Site 2 which was 0.89.

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Table 3-1: Fish Abundance of Site 1

1 Common Name Scientific Name Abundance Double-saddled Butterflyfish Chaetodon falcula 2 Oriental Sweetlips Plectorhinchus vittatus 2 Indian Triggerfish Melichthys indicus 2 Black Pramid Butterflyfish Hemitaurichthys zoster 4 Oval Butterflyfish Chaetodon trifasciatus 2 Brassy Rudderfish Kyphosus vaigiensis 6 Regal Angelfish Pygoplites diacanthus 1 Powder-blue Surgeonfish Acanthurus leucosternon 4 Maldive Anemonefish Amphiprion nigripes 5 Golden Chromis Chromis ternatensis 16 Blue-green Chromis Chromis viridis 25 Yellowstripe Goatfish Mulloidichthys flavolineatus 6 Yellowfin Goatfish Mulloidichthys vanicolensis 4 Slingjaw Wrasse Epibulus insidiator 1 Roundhead Parrotfish Chlorurus strongylocephalus 1 Redtoothed Triggerfish Odonus niger 16 Orange-striped Triggerfish balistapus undulatus 3 Six-barred Wrasse Thalassoma hardwicke 2 Lined Bristletooth Surgeonfish Ctenochaetus striatus 4 Blackside Hawkfish Paracirrhites forsteri 3 White-chin Surgeonfish Acanthurus leucocheilus 6 Bird Wrasse Gomphosus caeruleus 2 Zigzag Wrasse Halichoeres scapularis 1 Brushtail Tang Zebrasoma scopas 5 Longnose Butterflyfish Forcipiger longirostris 2 Bigeye Bream Monotaxis grandoculis 1 Spotted Porcupinefish Diodon hystrix 1 Coral Rabbitfish Siganus corallinus 2

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Figure 3-2: Benthic cover of Site 1

3.3.2.2 Site 02

Similar to site 1, site 2 was located on the north eastern side of the island near the reef edge, south of the outfall location. The live coral cover in the site were observed to be a bit lower than the site 1 with a percentage of 49.86 .This included colonies of , Acropora Digitates (25%), Acropora Submassives (8.45%) Symphyllia spp. (5.56%), Pocilliopora spp. (4.5%) and H. magnifica (0.35%). The rest were dead corals with algae (16.71%), rubble (10.23%) and Sand (23.2%).

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This site had higher fish abundance in comparison to Site 1 although it had lower overall diversity. However some significant species were recorded from the site such as the Amphiprion nigripes or the Maldivian Anenmonefish which is a species endemic to the Maldivian waters. Furthermore, a Grey Reef Shark was also sighted at the time of the survey, cruising around the drop-off zone. The highest number was recorded for the species Caesio xanthonota (Yellowback Fusilier) with a total of 40 individuals, followed by 20 Parupeneus trifasciatus (Barred Goatfish) and 12 Chromis dimidiata (Chocolate-dip Chromis).

Table 3-2: Fish Abundance of Site 2

2 Common name Scientific name Abundance Powder-blue Surgeonfish Acanthurus leucosternon 4 White-chin Surgeonfish Acanthurus leucocheilus 6 Six-barred Wrasse Thalassoma hardwicke 2 Zigzag Wrasse Halichoeres scapularis 3 Indian Triggerfish Melichthys indicus 2 Lined Bristletooth Surgeonfish Ctenochaetus striatus 8 Roundhead Parrotfish Chlorurus strongylocephalus 2 Oval Butterflyfish Chaetodon trifasciatus 4 Barred Goatfish Parupeneus trifasciatus 20 Collared Butterflyfish Chaetodon collare 1 Oriental Sweetlips Plectorhinchus vittatus 4 Coral Rabbitfish Siganus corallinus 4 Black Pramid Butterflyfish Hemitaurichthys zoster 10 Maldive Anemonefish Amphiprion nigripes 6 Brassy Rudderfish Kyphosus vaigiensis 4 Chocolate-dip Chromis Chromis dimidiata 12 Imperial Anglefish Pomacanthus imperator 1 Chevron Butterflyfish Chaetodon trifascialis 2 Yellowback Fusilier Caesio xanthonota 40 Peacock Rock Cod Cephalopholis argus 1 Sabre Squirrelfish Sargocentron spiniferum 2 Lined Surgeonfish Acanthurus lineatus 6 Grey Reef Shark Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos 1 Bridled Parrotfish Scarus frenatus 2

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Figure 3-3: Benthic cover of Site 2

3.3.3 Marine water quality

Seawater samples were taken and tested in situ from the location of specific relevance to the proposed project. These sample show no remarkable difference from other normal locations. Therefore, it is assumed that water quality is good at the time of investigation.

Table 3-3: Marine water quality results Optimal range / Parameters Units SWQ01 SWQ02 Indicative values Reference WGS8 265662.78E 265661.97E GPS Location 4 450676.34N 450586.51N Temperature oC 30.21 29.84 18 oC and 32 oC IFC EHS Guidelines E. Conductivity uS/cm 54,320 54,214 51,000-68,000 Total Dissolved mg/l 34,650 34,710 32,000-42,000 Solids UNESCO/WHO/UNE Salinity ppt 35.11 35.22 32-42 P, 1996 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 5.12 4.56 >3 GBRMPA, 2009 pH 7.8 7.7 7.1-8.0

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3.4 Terrestrial Environment

The terrestrial environment of Maayaafushi Tourist Resort is similar to other resort islands of similar size across the Maldives.

3.4.1 Flora and Fauna

The current STP site would be slightly extended to the north, to make the extra space that is needed for the proposed one. In doing so, some minor vegetation would be moved from the site, this includes Sea Hibiscus and coconut palms. This vegetation would be moved to the ample free space adjacent to the STP site. The existing wastewater treatment plant area does have not have any vegetation. It is a previously cleared area where the ground consists of soft coralline sand. The vegetation of the surrounding areas comprises mainly of coconut palms (Ruh) and Sea Hibicus (Dhigga).

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3.4.2 Geological setting and hydrogeology

The islands of Maldives are small, low lying with average height of less than 2.5m above mean and flat with common type of vegetation (Riyaz et al. 2010). The groundwater in Maldivian islands occurs in the form of “freshwater lenses”, which are highly susceptible to saline intrusion and vulnerable to pollution from surface and subsurface activities particularly from sanitation practices (Falkland, 2001b). However, the quantity of fresh groundwater in these islands depends on island size, recharge rate and ease of transmission of freshwater through the aquifers (White et al., 2007). Narrow atolls with transmissive aquifers have limited potential for viable fresh groundwater and the only viable option that remains for these islands are rainwater harvesting and desalination (Falkland 2002).

Generally, the islands of the Maldives have superficial groundwater lenses below about a metre of coralline sandy soil with a very narrow humus layer on top. The groundwater lenses so formed are formed due to density differences between percolated rainwater and saltwater beneath the island. The freshwater lens floats on top of the saltwater. This makes it extremely fragile and prone to saltwater intrusion due to over-abstraction.

The depth of the freshwater lens or aquifer depends on the height of the groundwater lens above mean sea level on small islands. The typical ratio between the height of the water lens above mean sea level compared to the depth of freshwater below mean sea level is of the order of 1:20. Groundwater levels above mean sea level on small islands may be 0.10 to 0.50m above sea level, resulting in a freshwater lens depth of 2-10m thick. Measuring absolute water level elevations is difficult in small flat islands, so the investigation techniques used target the thickness of the freshwater lens and its aerial extent. The water lens in small islands is illustrated in Figure 3-4.

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Evapotranspiration Rainfall

2-3m Water table Mean sea level

Lagoon Ocean

Freshwater zone

Seawater 10-20m Unconsolidated Holocene sediments (low permeability) e on n z itio ns Tra

Pleinocene limestone (high permeability) 300-1000m Figure 3-4: Conceptual Illustration (not to scale) of freshwater lens (after Falkland)

The above illustration is typical of most of the islands. Borehole test carried out in Malé (MWSC site) indicates an upper zone with loosely packed sandy soil increasing in permeability until a very permeable zone is reached at about 20m below the surface. The freshwater lens is generally formed up to a depth of about 10m and a brackish transition zone occurs below this depth up to about 20m, below which it is saltwater. The water table would also fluctuate with tide. It has also been established that there is no hydraulic connection between the upper zone and the lower zone and lower zone is hydraulically connected to the sea. Further, the upper zone is observed to be not affected by tides.

Falkland (2001) also observed that there existed a linear relationship between the size of the island and the size of the aquifer. It was observed that as island width gets narrower, the salinity of wells becomes greater and vice versa. At a width of less than 250m, the groundwater salinity is likely to be brackish at the surface.

3.4.3 Existing sewage disposal practices

Initially, a conventional sewerage system was established on Maayaafushi, in which sewage and wastewater is collected in a large underground septic tank and naturally occurring bacteria in the sewage is used to decompose sewage to some extent. Effluent is finally disposed beyond the reef line. However, due to long-term use, the existing sewerage system in Maayaafushi is currently damaged. As such, at present released effluent is close to raw sewage.

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EMP for the Proposed Sewage Treatment Plant at Maayaafushi Tourist Resort

4 Environmental Management Plan

4.1 General

Based on the environmental baseline conditions and planned project activities, this Chapter outlines the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) enumerating set of measures to be adopted to minimize any adverse impacts. The most reliable way to ensure the implementation of EMP is to integrate the management measures in various phases of project development.

The measures include mitigation or enhancement measures in this project as found appropriate to the nature of impacts and are categorized as below:  Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for construction phase.  Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for operation phase.

The various aspects to be covered in the above referred categories are listed in the following paragraphs.

4.2 EMP for Construction Phase

4.2.1 Mobilization, Machineries and Materials

Precautionary measures need to be in place while loading and unloading of materials and machineries at work sites under supervision at all times throughout the cycle of the process.

Efforts must be made to avoid accidental spillages from machinery including overtopping leading to severe spillages. Machines must be operated by experienced operators and make sure machines are clean all the time. Avoid throwing of cleaning materials and changed oils into the environment.

Efforts must be made to avoid any contamination of the environment in particular, while handling of fuel, chemicals, and construction materials. Workers and helpers must be provided information. Other aspects to be considered include to:

 Avoid boating activities in low tide  Avoid damage to coral reefs through proper navigations  Avoid loading, unloading and boating activities at night times.

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4.2.2 Waste Management

Waste management procedures will be implemented to minimize potential impacts to the environment. This may be achieved by consideration and application of the following:  Avoid and/or minimize waste generation wherever practical by altering the site procedures.  Maximize the opportunity for reusing/ recycling/ recovering materials and thereby negate/minimize the disposal requirements (e.g. by waste segregation according to type, separation of recyclable materials such as metal, maximize reuse of timber framework wherever possible, utilization of excavated material for filling or landscaping); and  Ensure that all treatment and disposal options comply with all relevant guidelines and standards.

The following practices will be followed to minimize waste generated from construction activities;  Segregate waste materials according to types to facilitate re-use;  Segregate different materials at source as far as practical;  Co-ordinate material deliveries to minimize storage times on site to avoid damage;  Make project staff aware of the resort’s waste minimization practices;

The following measures will be implemented to mitigate the likely adverse impacts to the environment.  Stockpile material and sites will be covered to prevent washout and erosion during heavy rainfall.  Dust suppression techniques will be adopted;  Designated areas for stockpiling will be fenced.

A temporary refuse collection facility will be set-up by the contractor and wastes will be stored in appropriate containers prior to collection and disposal.

The waste management plan for construction phase has been summarized in Table 4-1.

Table 4-1: Waste management plan – construction phase  minimization of waste generation for disposal (via reduction/ re-use onsite);  segregating waste materials according to type to facilitate re-use;

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 separation of inert construction materials;  co-ordinate material deliveries to site;  training site staff in waste minimization practices;  transport of wastes off site as soon as possible;  maintenance of comprehensive accurate waste records;  use of re-useable metal boarding / signboards;  no on-site burning will be permitted

4.2.3 Human Environment

Considering the nature of work, proper equipment and safety gears will be provided to the workers. To minimize the risks associated with health and safety issues, the project proponent will be responsible to ensure that adequate health care arrangements will be available at the site throughout the construction period.

In order to mitigate noise impacts, it shall be ensured that works carried out close to guest areas or other noise sensitive area shall not be carried out after 1800hrs. Noisy equipment shall not be operated at night at or close to noise sensitive locations. However, lights are not expected to be of concern and floodlights may be used while working at night.

4.2.4 Restoration and landscaping of project site

The construction of the proposed project, would marginally affect the existing topography and physiography. However, minor alteration of the area is expected, as the layout has been so conceived that no major impacts on this account are anticipated. It is proposed to landscape the area, so that it integrates with the natural surroundings. It should be made mandatory for the contractor involved in construction activities to remove all the construction waste and restore the original topography of the area.

4.2.5 Health facilities during construction phase

It is possible that during construction phase, the labour and the technical staff can suffer from various manifestations such as insect bites, fever, diarrhoea, work exhaustion and other diseases. In addition, they may suffer from injuries caused by accidents at the work site. Dispensary is operational at the island. It is recommended to ensure that adequate quantity of medicines and other necessary items are always available at the dispensary.

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4.2.6 Noise control measures

Noise control measures to be considered are:  Noisy construction operations shall be restricted between 8 A.M. to 6 P.M.  Preventive maintenance of construction equipment shall be done prior to mobilization of such equipment and machinery to site in order to minimize noise level.  The effect of high noise levels on the operating personnel, has to be considered as this may be particularly harmful. It is known that continuous exposures to high noise levels above 90 dB(A) affects the hearing acuity of the workers/operators and hence, should be avoided. To prevent these effects, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recommends that the exposure period of affected persons be limited as per the maximum exposure period specified in Table 4-2.

Table 4-2: Maximum Exposure Periods specified by OSHA Maximum equivalent continuous Unprotected exposure period per day for 8 Noise level dB(A) hrs/day and 5 days/week 90 8 95 4 100 2 105 1 110 ½ 115 ¼ 120 No exposure permitted at or above this level

4.2.7 Safety practices during construction

The following safety practices during construction are proposed.  Contractor is required to comply with all the precautions as required for the safety of the workers as per the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No. 62 as far as those are applicable to this project.  Contractor will supply all necessary safety appliances such as safety goggles, helmets, masks, etc., to the workers and staff.  In order to guarantee construction safety, efficient lighting and safety signs shall be installed during construction.

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4.3 EMP for Operational Phase

4.3.1 Greenbelt development

It is proposed to develop greenbelt around the perimeter of various project appurtenances, selected stretches and along the boundary walls of water treatment.

The general consideration involved while developing the greenbelt are:  Plant local mature trees growing (10m or above) in height with perennial foliage.  Generally fast growing trees shall be planted.  Since, the tree trunk area is normally devoid of foliage up to a height of 3 m, it may be useful to have shrubbery in front of the trees so as to give coverage to this portion.

The selection of species for greenbelt development shall be done in consultation with the Resort Management. The plantation and maintenance of the plantation area shall also be done by the project proponents in association with the Resort Management. An amount of US $200 shall be earmarked for this purpose.

4.3.2 STP operation

As there are only a few negative impacts of the system on the environment there is no need of major mitigation measures to be placed which are not already included in the system design. However, the following points should be considered to minimize and avoid unexpected outcomes so that the system functions properly.  Groundwater should be monitored regularly to ensure no pollution from the use of treated water for gardening/landscaping is taking place. If there is a negative change in groundwater quality, STP should be adjusted to reduce the BOD and other pollutants from treated water.  Testing quality of treated water to ensure proper levels of contaminant are achieved before its use should be done regularly by qualified personnel.  Regular maintenance of STP should be done by trained staff.  Ensuring fat and oil content of waste water is at suitable levels before entering biological treatment should be done at all times. Additionally, reduction of oil and fat content from its source would reduce the amount of fats burnt.

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Consistent monitoring of all the components of the STP should be done so that emergency outfall would never have to be used. However, if it does fail, there should be back up plans such as spare components of the STP and trained personnel to make the STP functional as soon as possible

4.4 EMP Implementation

EMP Implementation would be carried out by the contractor and the resort management in assistance with the consultant for the construction phase. For the operational phase of the project, the implementation would be carried out by the respective resort staff and the management.

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Table 4-3 Summary Environmental Management Plan

Activity / Impact Type, spatial extent Mitigation measures Implementing Overall Aspect and significance Planning phase Construction phase Operational phase Responsibility Mitigation Cost (USD) Mobilization Increased costs and Direct and short term Contractor shall plan Ensure all materials and Proponent/ Savings can be pollution due to transport prior to mobilization labour available prior to Contractor achieved of materials and labour mobilization Labour Impact on existing Moderate negative, Identify suitable Identify work areas that  Labour for Included in the management environment due to short term locations for labour require machinery operation/maintenance project costs workforce, machinery and (camps) Develop safety signs appointed the operation of the STP Plan temporary sheds, and operational control  The hired plant etc. operators must be appropriately skilled and experienced for the task  The type of system being proposed has simple operation and require minimal intervention, which lowers the risk of malfunction due to lack of highly trained staff  Good level of technical supervision  Training (technical) the staff for proper operation of the plant  Training for the staff at administrative level for better documentation  Technical support must be available for the plant operator  The plant operator must regularly maintain the plant to minimize the possibility of break down and related impacts

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Activity / Impact Type, spatial extent Mitigation measures Implementing Overall Aspect and significance Planning phase Construction phase Operational phase Responsibility Mitigation Cost (USD)  Occupational health and Minor negative Incorporate • First aid at site • Keep fire extinguishers Included in the safety occupational health and • Arrangements to in working condition. project costs safety requirements in treat at nearest Safety signs, lighting and the design and bid HC/Hospital ventilation documents • Minimize dusty • Training programs for operations and take emergency preparedness appropriate dust and response control measures • Creating operational • Provide protective control for workers in personal equipment. high risk operations • Limit working hours to less than 10 • Efficient lighting and safety signs in place Negative social Minor negative or • Incorporate appropriate • Good level of labour • Good level of labour Included in the interactions negligible impact, hierarchy of workforce supervision. supervision. project costs short term, vicinity of • Informing the workers • Ensuring that the • Establish effective and current the project site on their rights and how workers are provided communication practices to inform if they with sufficient level between the encounter a problem. of basic needs management and employees Civil works • Noise from machinery Direct, short term, • Planned mobilization • Construction heaps  Further civil works too Included in the • Dust and air pollution minor negative • Avoid dusty are to be should be carried out project costs during material delivery operations covered/wetted with the mitigation to site • Good occupational measure proposed at the • Dusty operations health and safety constructional phase. (concrete mixing, measures in place carpentry works, • Works are to be internal finishing performed during the works) day time in order to • Contamination of soil reduce the noise from oil and chemical disturbances spills

Solid waste Waste Direct, short to long  Identify mitigation  Provide appropriate  Appropriate facilities Incorporated in management term, minor negative measures facilities should be provided design and to moderate  Have a waste  Wherever adoptable,  Wherever adoptable, current management plan that prevention of waste prevention of waste practices

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Activity / Impact Type, spatial extent Mitigation measures Implementing Overall Aspect and significance Planning phase Construction phase Operational phase Responsibility Mitigation Cost (USD) satisfies the should be adopted should be adopted requirements of the  Proper collection of  Proper collection of waste management waste waste regulation  Segregation of waste  Segregation of waste  Wherever feasible,  Operational controls materials that are shall be defined recyclable shall be used Fuel and Contribute to global Indirect minor • Incorporate green • Plant trees • Increase no. of Included in the energy use emissions of greenhouse negative, long term, areas in the design to • Adequate planning trees/vegetated areas project costs gases global the greatest possible of work areas, • Planned, energy- extent routes, machinery efficient operations • Design for energy use, etc. • Using renewable efficiency (such as • Machinery technology such as the use of LED maintenance solar panels for lighting lights) • Energy conservation and other uses within • Design for shortest through awareness the STP building travel routes and signage • Plan for the use of renewable technology as far as possible General Incidents, accidents and Direct, minor negative • Design the buildings • Good engineering • Appropriate safety Included in the health and injuries and short term/long to ensure structural supervision signs project costs safety term safety, natural • Appropriate safety • Carrying out and current ventilation and signs environmental practices lighting, energy monitoring regularly efficiency/ • Carry out EMS and conservation environmental auditing • Plan to make an • Awareness programs EMS for the plant for the workers operation Restoring and Poor aesthetics and Direct, site-specific, • Plan the restoration • Remove any • Development of a Included in the landscaping drainage issues short to medium term of the site with remaining waste green belt around the project costs of the project proper consultations from the area once site area and current site with the resort the construction practices management works are done Spillage Soil contamination Indirect minor • Planned routes of • Necessary • Necessary Included in the Ground water negative, transport precautionary precautionary project costs contamination measures taken measures taken place and current

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Activity / Impact Type, spatial extent Mitigation measures Implementing Overall Aspect and significance Planning phase Construction phase Operational phase Responsibility Mitigation Cost (USD) place during the during the transport practices transport and and STP operations fuelling activities • Prevent infiltration of • Prevent spillage of sewage into soil water potentially • Prevent spillage of contaminated by water potentially cement or chemicals contaminated by cement or chemicals • Have proper non- conformity plans for spillage of sewage • Carrying out drills for emergency preparedness and response Storm water Soil erosion Indirect, minor • The earth works • Storm water should • Adequate maintenance Included in the negative, short to long should be proceeded be channeled away of project site project costs term with reference to the from any exposed and current weather as to area practices minimize the • If erosional impacts of soil problems are erosion encountered, the impacts should be mitigated as soon as possible (eg: backfilling, compaction

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5 Monitoring

5.1 Introduction

Environmental monitoring is essential to ensure that potential impacts are minimized and to mitigate unanticipated impacts. The parameters that are most relevant for monitoring the impacts that may arise from the proposed project are included in the monitoring plan. These include water quality, shore dynamics, live coral cover and nektonic fauna.

Monitoring would ensure that the proposed activities are undertaken with caution and appropriative care so as to protect and preserve the built environment of the areas in proximity to the site or those areas and environmental aspects affected by the development.

The purpose of the monitoring is to provide information that will aid impact management, and secondarily to achieve a better understanding of cause‐effect relationship and to improve impact prediction and mitigation methods. This will help to minimize environmental impacts of projects in future.

The monitoring plan shall target to measure:  groundwater quality  odour/air quality  live coral cover and nektonic fauna  water quality and visibility

5.2 Recommended Monitoring Programme

Outlined in Table 5-1 is a project specific monitoring programme. This monitoring programme for the proposed project includes three monthly and six monthly monitoring.

5.3 Monitoring Report

A detailed environmental monitoring report is required to be compiled and submitted to the Environment Protection Agency yearly based on the data collected for monitoring the parameters included in the monitoring programme given in this report. EPA may submit the

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The report will include details of the site, strategy of data collection and analysis, quality control measures, sampling frequency and monitoring analysis and details of methodologies and protocols followed. The report will also include fuel and water consumption data and greenhouse gas emission calculations.

In addition to this, more frequent reporting of environmental monitoring will be communicated among the environmental consultant, project proponent, the contractors and supervisors to ensure possible negative impacts are mitigated appropriately during and after the project works.

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Table 5-1: Project specific environmental monitoring programme

No. Indicator/locations Parameters to be monitored Frequency and duration M1 M4 M7 M10 M12 Total Rate (USD) Total (USD)

1 Every six months 2 2 4 60.00 240.00 Marine water quality (outfall location and Water quality: DO, pH, Turbidity, TSS, Hydrogen

2 Marine life/biodiversity (2 locations) Every six months 2 2 4 35.00 140.00 Live coral cover and fish survey - Photo quadrates/LIT and fish survey

3 Currents/hydrodynamics (2 locations) Drogue tracks 2 2 2 2 8 30.00 240.00 Every three months for one year

Water quality: temperature, pH, salinity/TDS/EC, 4 Groundwater quality dissolved oxygen, hydrogen sulphide, nitrate, Once a year 10 10 75.00 phosphate, total and faecal coliform 750.00

5 Hydrogen sulphide, ammonia (optional) Every three months 3 3 3 3 12 25.00 300.00 Air quality at STP, middle of island and northern end of island (3 locations)

6 Water production data 0 - - Total monthly production (treated effluent and RO planDaily statistics (regularly product water) collected by resort)

7 Fuel and energy data Total monthly fuel use, energy production 0 - - Daily statistics (regularly collected by resort) 8 Annual Monitoring Report 1 1 770.00 770.00 TOTAL 1,075.00 135.00 325.00 135.00 770.00 2,440.00

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6 References

B. Lapointe, M. Littler, & D. Littler, 1993, Modification of benthic community structure by natural eutrophication: The Belize Barrier Reef, Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Coral Reefs, p. 317-328, Guam

Brown, B. E. and J. C. Ogden (2003). Coral bleaching. Scientific American 268:64-70.

Brown, et al (1990), Effects on the degradation of local fisheries in the Maldives. Final Report to Overseas Development Administration.

Choi, B. H., Pelinovsky, E., Kim, K. O., and Lee, J. S. (2003), Simulation of the trans-oceanic tsunami propagation due to the 1883 Krakatau volcanic eruption. In Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 3:321-332

Clark, S., Akester, S. and Naeem, H. (1999). Conservation and Sustainable Use of Coral Reefs: Status of Coral Reef Communities in North Male’ Atoll, Maldives; Recovery Following a Severe Bleaching Event in 1998, MacAlister Elliot and Partners Ltd.

Dawson, B. and Spannagle, M. (2009), The Complete Guide to Climate Change, Routledge

Dean, R. G. (1978), Coastal Structures and their interaction with the shoreline. In Shen and Kikkawa (ed), Application of Stochastic Processes in Sediment Transport, Water Resources Publications, Littletion

Elliott, D., Schwartz, M., Scott, G., Haymes, S., Heimiller, D., George, R (2003), Wind energy resources Atlas of Srilanka and Maldives, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA

English, S., Wilkinson, C. and Baker, V. (1997). Survey Manual for Tropical Marine Resources (2nd edition), Australian Institute of Marine Science

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2009), List of Environmentally Sensitive Areas- Version 1, EPA, Maldives

Falkland,T.(2001) Report on Integrated Water resources management and sustainable sanitation for 4 islands republic of Maldives, Male’: Maldives Water and Sanitation Authority and UNICEF Maldives.

Proponent: Maayaafushi Tourist Resort Page | 38 Consultant: Sandcays EMP for the Proposed Sewage Treatment Plant at Maayaafushi Tourist Resort

Goda, Y. (1988), Causes of high waves at Male' in April 1987, Dept. of Public Works and Labour, Male, Maldives,

GoM (2008), The Strategic Action Plan, National Framework for Development 2009-2013, Government of Maldives

Kenchington, R.A., The Republic of Maldives, pp 184-204. Managing Marine Environment, Taylor and Francis New York Inc. (1990)

Kroon A., Ruessink B.G., Quartel S. (2008), Sediment accretion and erosion patterns of a micro-tidal sandy beach, Journal of Marine Geology, Vol. 250, pp. 19-33.

Loya, Y. 1978. Plotless and transect methods. In: Stoddart, D.R. and R.F. Johannes (eds). Coral Reefs: research methods. UNESCO, Paris: pp197-217.

Luthfee, M.I. (1995) Dhivehi rajjegeh geographygeh vanavaru (Trans: An account on geography of Maldives), Male’: Novelty Printers and Publishers Maldives

Maniku, H. A. (1990) Changes in the Topography of the Maldives, Forum of Writers on Environment (Maldives), Malé

MEE (2012), Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations 2012, Maldives

MEEW (2006), Handbook on Compilation of Laws and Regulations on Protecting the Environment of Maldives, Maldives

Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water (2007), National Waste Management Policy, Maldives

Ministry of Housing, Transport and Environment (2009), Maldives National Sustainable Development Strategy, Maldives

Ministry of Housing, Transport and Environment (2009), Third National Environment Action Plan - 2009-2013, Maldives

Morner et al (2004), New Perspectives for the future of the Maldives. In Global and Planetary Change 40:177–182

Proponent: Maayaafushi Tourist Resort Page | 39 Consultant: Sandcays EMP for the Proposed Sewage Treatment Plant at Maayaafushi Tourist Resort

Naseer, A. (2003), The integrated growth response of coral reefs to environmental forcing: morphometric analysis of coral reefs of the Maldives, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Dalhousie University

P. Bell, 1992, Eutrophication and coral reefs: some examples in the Great Barrier Reef lagoon, Water Research 26: 553-568

Riyaz, M., Park, K.H., Ali, M., and Kan, H. (2010) ‘Influence of geological setting of islands and significance of reefs for tsunami wave impact on the atoll islands, Maldives’, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 69 (3), pp.443-451.

Roe D, Dalal-Clayton & Hughes, R (1995), A Directory of Impact Assessment Guidelines, IIED, Russell Press, Nottingham, UK

Terrados et.al. (1998). Changes in the community structure and biomass of seagrass communities along gradients of siltation in SE Asia, Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 46, 757-68.

Salvat, B (1997). Dredging in Coral Reefs. In Human Impacts on Coral Reefs: Facts and Recommendations. B. Salvat, ed. Antene Museum . E.P.H.E., French Polynesia.

The United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (2005), Admiralty Tide Tables – Indian Ocean and South China Sea, Vol3 (NP203)

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7 Appendices

Appendix 1: Project concept plans

Appendix 2: CVs of Assisting Consultants

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Curriculum Vitae of MOHAMED IBRAHIM JALEEL

1. PROPOSED POSITION Research Assistant : 2. NAME : Mohamed Ibrahim Jaleel

3. DATE OF BIRTH : 9 May 1991

4. CITIZENSHIP : Maldivian

5. PERSONAL ADDRESS : V.Edhuruvehi Male’ TELEPHONE NO. : (960)9768999 E-MAIL ADDRESS : [email protected]

6. EDUCATION : General Certification of Education, (GCE) Ordinary Level. In 2007 (Science stream) General Certification of Education, in Advance Level. In 2010 (Science stream)

Currently completing the last year of Bachelor’s Degree on Environmental Management from the Maldives National University.

7. OTHER TRAINING : Graphics designing short course from IBI Took part in lecture series held by IUCN Maldives on various conservation issues and opportunities in the Maldives

8. LANGUAGE & DEGREE OF : Speaking Writing Reading PROFICIENCY English Excellent Excellent Excellent Dhivehi Mother tongue Mother tongue Mother tongue

9. MEMBERSHIP IN CIVIC AND : - PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES 10. COUNTRIES OF WORK : Maldives EXPERIENCE

11. EMPLOYMENT RECORD :

FROM: Feb 2014 TO: Present EMPLOYER Sandcays Pvt. Ltd. POSITION HELD AND Research assistant. Assisting in environmental research, DESCRIPTION OF DUTIES environmental surveys and monitoring, drafting of EIA/ESIA reports and other documentation.

FROM: 2011 TO: 2011 EMPLOYER Ministry of Health and Gender POSITION HELD AND Child care supervisor (full time). Monitoring and reporting the actions DESCRIPTION OF DUTIES of the child care officers and the needs of the children in Kudakudhinge hiyaa. Carrying out and planning various activities that are necessary for the growth and development of the children. Formulating the annual and the monthly schedule for the children and the child care workers. Attending to emergencies and accidents that FROM: 2011 occur within the kudakudhinge hiya sector. EMPLOYER POSITION HELD AND TO: 2012 DESCRIPTION OF DUTIES Maldives National University Admission and Registration officer. Carrying out the respective works of the admission and registration section of the Maldives National University.

August 2014 Page (1) MOHAMED IBRAHIM JALEEL

12. RELEVANT WORK EXPERIENCE Project Name : Study and EIA for proposed STP for Diggiri Tourist Resort, Client : Dhiggiri Tourist Resort Period : Aug 2014 Time Spent: 1 week to present Position Held : Research assistant Duties : Assisted in surveying activities Project Name : Survey of Ensis RO plant Registration, Hulhumale’ Client : Ensis Pvt. Ltd. Period : Aug 2014 Time Spent: 2 days Position Held : Research assistant Duties : Assisted in surveying activities Project Name : Study and EIA for proposed Resort development project in Kanbaalifaru, Shaviyani Atoll Client : Kanbaalifaru Investments Pvt. Ltd. Period : June 2014 Time Spent: 4 weeks Position Held : Research assistant Duties : Assist in the drafting/compiling of the EIA report based on previous work Project Name : Study and EIA for the proposed Water Supply system in HA. Client : Upper North Province Council Period : June 2014 Time Spent: 3 weeks to present Position Held : Research assistant Duties : Assist in the drafting/compiling of the EIA report based on previous work Project Name : As built Survey of B. Kihaadhufaru Resort Client : Ibsun pvt.ltd Period : May 2014 Time Spent: 1 week Position Held : Research assistant Duties : Responsible for the survey equipment, assisted in all surveying activities Project Name : Survey of H.Marvel EIA Client : Adam Saleem Period : May 2014 Time Spent: 1 day Position Held : Research assistant Duties : Assisted in survey of the EIA report based on previous work Project Name : Study and EIA for proposed Coastal protecton of Paradise Island Resort, North Male’ Atoll Client : Diza Travels and Trade Pvt.Ltd Period : April 2014 Time Spent: 4 weeks Position Held : Research assistant Duties : Assist in the drafting/compiling of the EIA report based on previous work Project Name : Study and EIA for proposed Resort development project in Maareha, Gaaf Alif Atoll Client : Moving International Pvt.Ltd Period : April 2014 Time Spent: 4 weeks Position Held : Research assistant Duties : Assist in the drafting/compiling of the EIA report based on previous work Project Name : ESIA for five schools under Enhancing Education Development Project Client : Ministry of Education Period : February 2014 Time Spent: 4 weeks Position Held : Research assistant Duties : Assist in compiling socio-economic profiles of islands and review of ESIA report Project Name : EIA for proposed harbour rehabilitation in Holudhoo, Client : Maldives Transport and Contacting Company (MTCC) Period : March 2014 Time Spent: 4 weeks Position Held : Research assistant Duties : Assist in the drafting/compiling of the EIA report based on previous work Project Name : EIA for proposed harbour Construction in Dhangethi, Client : Maldives Transport and Contacting Company (MTCC) Period : March 2014 Time Spent: 2 weeks Position Held : Research assistant Duties : Assist in drafting/compiling the EIA report

April 2014 Page (2) MOHAMED IBRAHIM JALEEL

Project Name : EIA for proposed Airport Development at Dh. Client : Reollo Investments Period : March 2014 Time Spent: 4 weeks Position Held : Research assistant Duties : Assist in drafting/compiling the EIA report

13. CERTIFICATION:

I, THE UNDERSIGNED, confirm that to the best of my knowledge, this CV correctly describes me, my qualifications and my experience

Mohamed Ibrahim Jaleel

April 2014 Page (3)