Putting History on Track Using Heritage as a Tool for Downtown Rejuvenation in by Benjamin M. Gillies

February 2011 ISBN: 978-1-926888-53-8

Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives– About the Author

Benjamin Gillies is a recent graduate of the entation of Canadian culture and heritage, global political economy program at the Uni- having worked at a number of historic sites versity of Manitoba, where he focused on en- managed by Parks , Veterans Affairs ergy policy and urban development. He is Canada, and the Library of Parliament. He also a supporter of the preservation and pres- lives in Winnipeg.

Cover photo: A streetcar ambles down Avenue in Winnipeg in the early 20th century, with the gorgeous Hotel (built 1913) visible through the trees. Photo: Archives of Manitoba, Winnipeg—Streets—Broadway 11 (N4567)

This report is available free of charge from the CCPA website at http://www.policyalternatives.ca. Printed copies may be ordered through the Manitoba Office for a $10 fee. i Putting History on Track: Heritage as a Tool for Downtown Rejuvination in Winnipeg Putting History on Track Using Heritage as a Tool for Downtown Rejuvenation in Winnipeg by Benjamin M. Gillies

The history of Winnipeg is a fascinating story to curb urban sprawl and pollution, and es- of social and economic change. In the heart of tablish a more compact, efficient urban space. the country, the city’s locale has been a tradi- tional gathering place for Aboriginal groups, To encourage future development, Manitoba’s a focal point of the fur trade, and a gateway capital city should take advantage of its down- to the development of the West. In the 21st town’s strengths and unique attributes. While century, , housing the often overlooked, it is my opinion the afore- Forks National Historic Site of Canada mentioned historical significance is one of the (NHSC), the remains of Upper Fort Garry, and area’s greatest assets. In the remainder of this the buildings that make up the Exchange Dis- proposal, therefore, I outline how, by build- trict NHSC, is a testament to the various as- ing on its past, Winnipeg can rejuvenate the pects of the city’s growth. inner city and showcase itself as a fascinating and forward-looking place to live and visit. Today, Winnipeg is a modern city with all the attendant challenges such urban centres face. Bringing History to Life In 2001, the City of Winnipeg produced Plan Winnipeg 2020 Vision, a document designed to After incorporation in 1873, the new city of guide urban planning in the city over a pe- Winnipeg quickly flourished. The Canadian riod of 20 years. While replete with ambitious Pacific Railway completed the first direct link goals, one of the municipal government’s ma- from in 1881, making Winni- jor intentions is to rejuvenate the city’s core, peg the gateway to the Canadian Prairies as by reducing the number of vacant properties the federal government encouraged immigra- and increasing residential development in the tion out west. The provincial capital expanded downtown, while also providing realistic al- rapidly, going from a city of 25,000 people in ternatives to single-occupant auto use and in- 1891 to one of almost 180,000 by the begin- creasing pedestrian activity in the area (Plan ning of the 1920s. With new Canadians arriv- Winnipeg 2020 Vision 2001: 11-12, 22). These ing from across , during this period are positive objectives—for the city, its resi- Winnipeg also took on a distinctly dents, and the natural environment—but multicultural character. As an indication of the while there have been a few excellent revitali- optimism exuded by many in the young city, zation projects carried out in the downtown the Manitoba Legislature, completed in 1920, since this document was published, such as was built to accommodate enough provincial the MTS Centre or the new Canadian Museum representatives for an expected future popu- for Human Rights, more can be done to gen- lation of three million people. erate development in the city centre in order

Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives–Manitoba 1 During this period of growth, the city at the most every year, more of these testaments to heart of the country earned the moniker ‘Chi- Winnipeg’s past are torn down, with their lots cago of the North’, as, beginning in the 1880s, paved over for parking. Consequently, the city American architects headed across the border is losing some of its most valuable historical to leave their mark on Winnipeg’s expanding assets, and often it can be difficult to generate skyline. Much of their work was carried out investment in this part of the downtown. in the 20-block area of the downtown known as the , which housed the This regrettable situation is contrary to the per- Winnipeg Grain Exchange, banks, lavish thea- spective laid out in Plan Winnipeg 2020 Vision, tres, business enterprises, and even some of which notes that: the tallest skyscrapers in the British Empire. given the challenge of municipal govern- However, due to the opening of the Panama ment to deliver livable cities with an Canal—a more efficient trade route linking increasing quality of life in the face of Europe and the East Coast to the Pacific Coast shrinking resources, it becomes clear that and the Far East—in 1913, Winnipeg’s growth new approaches to land use, urban devel- slowed quite drastically after World War I. opment, transportation planning, and This abated expansion meant few of the financing are in order. In doing so, mainte- buildings in the Exchange were demolished nance of existing infrastructure must be to accommodate new development, with recognized as more important than building many of these structures preserved right up new (2001: 29, emphasis added). to the 21st century. To counteract such inner-city decay, the City In 2010, Winnipeg’s Exchange District is an of Winnipeg is committed to ‘thoughtful de- exciting and slightly Bohemian area of the city, velopment’, in order to “take maximum ad- filled with numerous local restaurants and vantage of existing infrastructure through in- shops. Declared a National Historic Site of creased densities and compact form, [and] to Canada in 1997, the Exchange also contains a commit to inner-city revitalization and herit- range of preserved, architecturally significant age conservation” (Plan Winnipeg 2020 Vision resources illustrating Winnipeg’s economic 2001: 10). Taking this as inspiration, I have and social role in the evolution of Western come up with a plan I believe will: Canada, as a centre of grain and wholesale trade, finance, and manufacturing from 1880- • Protect and present Winnipeg’s social 1914. Moreover, during the summer the neigh- and architectural heritage. bourhood comes alive, playing host to the Jazz • Create incentives for, and interest in, Winnipeg Festival, the Winnipeg Fringe Fes- development ventures across the tival, and other smaller events. city centre. • Encourage sustainable urban planning Unfortunately, the situation in the Exchange practices in development. is far from ideal. The iconic Portage Avenue and Main Street intersection has its back to Furthermore, as it is evident from the multi- the area, and a majority of the recent city cen- tude of references in Plan Winnipeg 2020 Vi- tre development initiatives have focused on sion that future city evolution must move away the portion of downtown south of Portage from auto-centric design, one of my major Avenue, ignoring the Exchange District. This objectives is to stimulate support for public has left many of its approximately 150 herit- transportation alternatives in Winnipeg. age buildings unoccupied and decaying. Al-

2 Putting History on Track: Heritage as a Tool for Downtown Rejuvination in Winnipeg Preserving and promoting herit- age assets has worked in other cit- ies to rejuvenate the downtown, and Winnipeg should capitalize on its own dynamic history and beautiful heritage architecture to generate a sense of pride and ap- preciation for the city centre. The Exchange District NHSC, like an arena or museum, can itself be a major attraction that draws peo- ple and investment to the city’s core. This neighbourhood can be- come an interactive living history museum, which showcases one of ’s best examples of preserved early 20th century ur- ban architecture. The lifeline of this living museum would be a streetcar system that, by linking the Exchange District to the other historic sites in the downtown, along a route known as the ‘Her- itage Line’, takes its passengers on a journey through 6,000 years of Winnipeggers enjoy the festivities in the Exchange Canadian history. District in summer 2009, while the stately Union Bank Tower (built 1903) and Confederation Life Building (built 1912) stand tall overhead. Photo: The Heritage Line Bryan Scott (winnipeglovehate.com) In Winnipeg, debate over urban rail transit has thus far been largely focused the Exchange District to the Manitoba Mu- on the feasibility of a light rail rapid transit seum, and finally down Main Street back to corridor from the into the Forks. Not only would this streetcar line the downtown. An attractive rail system al- be an integrated part of ’s ternative, however, is a slower streetcar line routes, similar to the Downtown Spirit already running through the city centre itself. As available; it would be the focal point of the streetcar tracks were a prominent feature of living urban museum, with animators, ven- urban design in the early 1900s, when many dors, and other services (described below) of the Exchange District’s buildings were con- found along the track. structed, re-establishing a heritage tramline using traditional-style streetcars could unify A streetcar system would benefit the city far these rather scattered structures into a collec- beyond simply consolidating Winnipeg’s his- tive historical whole. Taking this idea further, toric sites, however. As noted above, the mu- a longer route—the Heritage Line— could be nicipal government is committed to breath- laid, carrying passengers from the Forks, past ing new life into the downtown. This is not the former site of Upper Fort Garry, through unlike the ambitions of other North Ameri-

Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives–Manitoba 3 can governments, many of which are using Streetcar Report 2008: 2). Table 1 shows the urban rail transit for just this purpose—with amount of new development generated after promising results. As the Wall Street Journal the implementation of urban rail initiatives in reported in 2007: four American cities. Each one enjoyed high returns on the original venture in terms of new like stadiums, convention centers, and construction surrounding their rail lines; and, aquariums, streetcars have emerged as a encouragingly, studies indicate businesses popular tool in the effort to revitalize found along such lines actually enjoy greater downtowns in the United States. About a economic stability than those established else- dozen cities, from Madison, Wis., to where (IBI Group 2006: 13). Miami, are planning lines. But while research shows that big-ticket projects What makes this project even more appeal- such as ballparks largely fail to spawn ing is that, done strategically, a heritage economic development, evidence is streetcar system could be constructed and in- mounting that streetcars are indeed a tegrated into Winnipeg Transit’s services at a magnet (Herrick 2007). lower cost than many other proposed down- town revitalization initiatives. Unlike light rail Urban railways have been such strong cata- rapid transit trains, heritage streetcars cost lysts for increased efforts at designing an en- approximately the same as the $600,000 buses ergized downtown because the profile of a rail currently purchased by Winnipeg Transit, at track makes it clear the municipal government between $200,000 and $800,000 each (Weyrich is taking inner-city rejuvenation seriously. A and Lind 2002: 18). While the track is obvi- rail system is different than other public trans- ously the larger expense, it too can be put in portation initiatives in its sense of permanency. place in an economic fashion. Kenosha, Wis- Though more expensive than a bus line, the consin installed its two-mile vintage line for railway becomes a symbol of a lasting com- around $6 million, which included the cost of mitment by the city government to encourage five restored streetcars. Similarly, San Pedro, development along the transit corridor. Citi- California’s line, including three streetcars, zens, businesses, and other investors see that was put down for $4 million per mile (Weyrich commitment, and in turn focus their own ef- and Lind 2002: 18). forts on these areas. In Portland, for example, since the original construction of a streetcar Once in place, costs per passenger mile for line, properties along its length have experi- many rail systems are 25-75% lower than for enced $2.3 billion in new investment, 10,212 buses through a combination of greater car- new housing units, and the construction of 5.4 rying capacity, higher levels of ridership, more million square feet of office space (Portland efficient grid-connected power, and lower

Table 1: Development Return on Investment for Urban Rail Systems (in millions of dollars) Initial Capital Cost Total Development Return on Expansions Track Miles per Mile Capital Cost Investment Investment Planned Kenosha, Wis. 2.0 $3.00 $6.00 $150 2,400% Yes Little Rock, Ark. 2.5 $7.84 $19,60 $200 920% Yes Tampa, Fla. 2.3 $24.35 $56.00 $1,000 1,686% Yes Portland, Ore. 4.8$11.38$54.60 $2,300 4,112% Yes Source: Hamilton Light Rail.

4 Putting History on Track: Heritage as a Tool for Downtown Rejuvination in Winnipeg At its peak, Winnipeg’s streetcar system had over 193 kilometres of track running throughout the city. The above photo illustrates some of this streetcar traffic on Main Street, circa 1914. (Note the Union Bank Tower and Confederation Life Building in the background.) Photo: Archives of Manitoba, Winnipeg—Streets—Main c1914 1 (N908) maintenance costs per vehicle (Hamilton Light tional-style rail systems. City planners in these Rail: 2). It is also possible the streetcar could municipalities recognize that vintage trams permanently replace the Downtown Spirit (or offer a look and feel that fit well into a down- at least one of the three Downtown Spirit town made up of elegant historical buildings, lines), leaving Winnipeg Transit employees helping to provide a pleasant journey which available to drive the streetcars. Finally, as US is a major draw for passengers in and of it- transportation consultant John Schneider has self. Though therefore not the first to build a said, “building a streetcar system is partly heritage streetcar line, Winnipeg would be the about transportation, but it’s mostly about eco- first Canadian city to implement such a new nomic development” (quoted in Hamilton approach to its transportation system, and is Light Rail: 1). When such returns have been in a unique position to capitalize on the fact it so high elsewhere, and are in line with a saw such rapid urban growth around the turn number of the City of Winnipeg’s most impor- of the last century when the streetcar was in tant goals, it is likely the initial expense of a its heyday. While the new streetcars would be streetcar line is quite justified. properly insulated and heated for winter, al- Already, a number of streetcar cities—perhaps lowing them to be a year-round feature of most famously, New Orleans—have tradi- regular public transit, during the summer

Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives–Manitoba 5 months they would also become an integral Canadians, and business people—would part of the living urban museum program in stroll about the area, sharing their stories and the downtown. From June to August, in addi- discussing the above events and their impact tion to normal service, special cars would be on early 20th century Canada. They would used to offer hour-long tram tours through- educate visitors as to the historical signifi- out the day, with a costumed conductor act- cance of the various buildings around them, ing as a guide through 6,000 years of history and what was taking place in Winnipeg in as the streetcar made its way from the Abo- the summer of 1919. As well, they could act riginal gathering place at the Forks, past the out short 20-25 minute plays throughout the Hudson’s Bay Company trading post of Up- day around the Exchange along the streetcar per Fort Garry, and through the early post-in- line, with times and locations posted at corporation buildings of the Exchange District. streetcar stops. During streetcar tours, they While this streetcar line is easily the largest would board the trams to speak with passen- and most permanent investment of this herit- gers and interact with the guide. Having age project, though, it is only one aspect of these costumed staff wandering about the bringing Winnipeg’s history to life. Exchange District speaking with visitors would not only help share Winnipeg’s role in Canadian history with locals and out-of- Creating a Living Urban Museum towners alike, but these animators would be To truly turn the Exchange District NHSC available to provide information on the serv- into an urban museum, the new streetcar ices and other attractions found in the down- would be complemented by a number of town—and linked by the Heritage Line. other initiatives. Much like what is available As noted above, it was during the migration at certain other national historic sites (such boom after 1880 that Winnipeg further diver- as Lower Fort Garry or Riel House), in the sified its multicultural population. With new three summer months a team of costumed citizens coming from Ukrainian, Anglo-Scot- interpreters could be deployed around the tish, French, Jewish, and other European back- Old Market Square, portraying characters liv- grounds, ethnic communities sprang up across ing in the summer of 1919. I have chosen this the city. These communities had, of course, year in particular, as it would allow the his- many restaurants offering traditional fare for torical figures to easily discuss a number of the new arrivals. A corresponding gastro- events and themes relevant to Winnipeg and nomic feature could be incorporated into the Canada’s evolution: the First World War; the Exchange District site, with historical food construction of the Panama Canal; the Span- carts set up along the streetcar line selling ish Influenza; the Winnipeg-based women’s foods—perogies, latkes, and the like—such suffrage movement and the establishment of as would have been available back in 1919. universal suffrage at the provincial level A number of restaurants in the city still make (Manitoba, 1916) and national level (1918); traditional dishes, and they could be in the construction of the Manitoba Legislature; charge of the two or three carts placed along immigration; and, of course, the 1919 Winni- the route. It would be excellent promotion for peg General Strike. their businesses, and would enhance the Ex- From 10:00 am to 6:00 pm, eight to ten ani- change District visit. mators—as war veterans, nurses, newspaper It might even be possible to establish a his- carriers, railway workers, suffragettes, new torical newspaper or magazine stand along the

6 Putting History on Track: Heritage as a Tool for Downtown Rejuvination in Winnipeg As part of the Exchange District NHSC living urban museum, actors could teach visitors about the events that shaped Winnipeg in the first decades of the 20th century, including the 1919 Winnipeg General Strike (above). Photo: Archives of Manitoba, Winnipeg Strike 12 (N12303) route. While it would sell current newspapers Riding Into History: An Overview and magazines, it would look traditional and of the Streetcar Tour have period publications on display for visi- Climbing on at the Forks, visitors are wel- tors to view. As well, by working with the comed aboard the Heritage Line by the ‘con- University of Manitoba Faculty of Music, a ductor’ (the guide) and driver, both dressed jazz ensemble near the Old Market Square for the year 1919. As they set off, the guide could perform music appropriate to the era. informs his or her passengers that for thou- Other ventures, such as putting up histori- sands of years, people have been coming to cally-accurate flyers and posters throughout the natural meeting place at the Red and the neighbourhood, could also be undertaken. Assiniboine Rivers, and talks about the dif- Even if visitors chose not to take the formal ferent Aboriginal groups that have lived here streetcar tour, with so many supplementary for millennia. Passing the Upper Fort Garry attractions available they could easily hop on gate on Main Street, they point out that when and off the streetcar as it wove through the the Hudson’s Bay Company moved into west- Exchange, exploring both the historical and ern Canada, this fork in the river would prove st 21 century features of downtown Winnipeg to be a central point for exchange, and one of by themselves. their largest trading posts was eventually constructed on this land. It was out of this

Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives–Manitoba 7 fort that the city of Winnipeg would develop the area, conveniently hopping on and off as and, as it had been for centuries, after the suited them. 1880s the area remained an important junc- ture along a transportation route—though Many cities offer bus tours of their most im- now people were moving on steel rails instead portant sites, but the above plan goes beyond of a waterway. a guided tour. It is an interactive historical experience, where visitors ride through the As the streetcar heads up Fort Street to the city’s past on a vintage, environmentally- Exchange District, a soldier of the Canadian friendly streetcar, meeting characters from Expeditionary Force climbs aboard. While early 20th century Canada while seeing, hear- speaking with visitors, he loudly claims that, ing (and potentially tasting) Winnipeg’s his- with the construction of the Panama Canal, tory. Ultimately though, the goal of this ven- the boom in Winnipeg has ended; he lost his ture is not only to showcase some of the most job back in 1915, which is why he enlisted to interesting aspects of Winnipeg’s evolution, go overseas. As the guide points out the his- but to spur development in the downtown and torical significance of various buildings out- help accomplish many of the goals laid out in side the window, an agitated man and woman Plan Winnipeg 2020 Vision. This new attraction get on at the Old Market Square. They hold will draw both Winnipeggers and other visi- out flyers to visitors and make quite a racket. tors alike to the downtown. Unlike a conven- When the guide asks them to quiet down, they tional museum or arena, however, the Herit- shout back that the whole city is in an uproar. age Line tour will not be a feature in isolation; Just last month, on June 21st, large crowds rather, it will introduce passengers to the city gathered in Winnipeg demanding labour and centre in its entirety. They will be able to see union reforms. The woman explains that the many shops, restaurants, and attractions women, too, were involved in these actions, located along the tram route, while the vi- especially now that they had the right to gnettes and other historical activities in the vote—thanks to the determination and dem- Exchange District encourage them to descend onstrations of Nellie McClung and many oth- from the streetcar and wander about the ers in Winnipeg and across Canada. neighbourhood to see what is available— hopefully convincing them to return in the While the tram ambles down Main Street back future to enjoy these amenities. With urban to the Forks, the guide discusses the evolu- rail lines already appealing to businesses be- tion of the city up to the present century, and cause of their permanence, this influx of po- encourages visitors to continue exploring the tential customers makes investment in the area attractions in the area on their own. The skits even more attractive. and other historical activities available are mentioned at this point as well. Ending back Perhaps an even more critical consideration where they began and armed with this over- for downtown revitalization is the need to view, passengers are free to use the streetcar increase the area’s residential population. transportation to explore the Forks, Upper Running the length of Fort Street, the Fort Garry, and the Exchange District living streetcar line will connect the Forks to the museum, or carry on to other shopping and Exchange District. This route is designed to dining options in the downtown. If the stimulate the construction of apartment com- streetcar, like the Downtown Spirit, were free plexes along Fort Street, which is currently of charge, they could easily spend all day in bordered by a multitude of surface parking

8 Putting History on Track: Heritage as a Tool for Downtown Rejuvination in Winnipeg A new approach to urban development can help Winnipeggers view their downtown, especially the Exchange District (above), as a beautiful and significant part of Canada’s heritage landscape. Photo: Bryan Scott (winnipeglovehate.com) lots. A permanent streetcar system provides “continued growth in the proportion of ur- the occupants of any new Fort Street high-rises ban trips made by the automobile is not sus- with access to the shops, restaurants, theatres, tainable financially or environmentally, [so] and other amenities found in the two herit- future direction must be toward the provi- age areas. As a part of the Downtown Spirit sion of positive incentives to reduce the reli- system, the streetcars will be frequent, and the ance on automobiles and encourage alterna- route limited to no more than five kilometers, tive modes of travel” (Plan Winnipeg 2020 to ensure passengers can easily travel from Vision 2001: 29). The Heritage Line provides one site to the other in under ten minutes. With a unique way to introduce Winnipeggers to the ability to access various dining, shopping, alternative transportation systems, while si- and entertainment facilities a critical consid- multaneously helping them envision a city eration when choosing where to live, a reli- that is less car-dependent. Even citizens not able public transit system—that is quite liter- normally interested in public transit may take ally set in stone—assures both developers and the tour; if this proves to be a positive expe- potential residents such services will be con- rience, they might be encouraged to use Win- veniently available to any downtown tenants nipeg Transit with greater frequency. With a living along the streetcar line. It is hoped this streetcar line running through the Exchange will offer a compelling incentive to transform District and conveniently connecting it to the the collection of Fort Street surface parking lots parking lots and other transit routes avail- into a community of new residential towers. able at the Forks, it could even be feasible to make a number of city blocks in the Exchange According to the municipal government, car-free during the summer months. This

Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives–Manitoba 9 would benefit pedestrians who could enjoy By emphasizing the area as an attraction the car-free streets, and might help encour- worth exploring, a living urban museum will age a reduction in personal vehicle traffic in bring people to the city’s core. It can change Winnipeg more generally, assisting with the public perception of Winnipeg’s downtown, municipal government’s desire to create a encouraging Winnipeggers and their visitors more pedestrian-friendly city. to view the city centre as a beautiful part of Canada’s heritage landscape, and as a site of Finally, the City of Winnipeg is committed to significance in the evolution of our national “supporting and encouraging affordable ac- social fabric. Simultaneously, it will nurture tivities in the downtown that foster a spirit business and residential development in the of celebration and festivity and that promote inner city, using the rail line to unify three the participation of all residents and visi- distinct parts of the downtown: the Forks tors” (Plan Winnipeg 2020 Vision 2001: 13). NHSC, the area between Broadway Avenue Not only is the streetcar tour directly related and Portage Avenue, and the Exchange Dis- to this goal, but learning about the history trict NHSC. Lastly, it will promote alternative of the neighbourhood in an exciting man- modes of transportation by offering passen- ner will familiarize Winnipeggers with their gers an informative and fun historical tour, or city, making them feel connected to the simply a pleasant ride past a gorgeous early downtown and more interested in helping 20th century streetscape. to ensure its preservation. Furthermore, a number of themes appropriate for the tour— Too often, development in Winnipeg has been including Aboriginal heritage, ’s uncoordinated and has failed to look towards struggle for Metis rights, the women’s suf- the future. This report attempts to encourage frage movement, and the Winnipeg General a new plan for Winnipeg, one that capitalizes Strike—are directly related to human rights. on its existing assets. Building a streetcar track These themes will strongly complement the is certainly an achievable ambition, as has exhibits found in the new national museum been proven by other cities that have under- under construction at the Forks, by illustrat- taken similar ventures. The heritage streetcar ing Manitoba’s critical role in the develop- line and living urban museum would be ment of human rights in Canada. unique in Canada, helping to showcase an earlier time in Winnipeg’s history. They could The authors of Plan Winnipeg 2020 Vision revitalize the city and make it clear report that Winnipeg’s: Winnipeggers want their city centre to be a sustainable place that is attractive and excit- reputation as a city rests largely with [its] ing for both citizens and visitors. The oppor- downtown. The streets and buildings, the tunity is at hand to turn Winnipeg into a capi- people, the businesses, the activities, tal that employs innovation and vision to the merge to fashion the image that visitors benefit of all involved. take home with them. It also influences how Winnipeggers feel about their city. After one hundred years, it is time to put They want to see a revitalized downtown Winnipeg back on track. where people want to live, work, play, and invest (2001: 11).

10 Putting History on Track: Heritage as a Tool for Downtown Rejuvination in Winnipeg Works Cited

City of Winnipeg. 2001. Plan Winnipeg 2020 Office of Transportation and Portland Vision: A Long Range Policy Plan for City Coun- Streetcar, Inc. 2008. “Portland Streetcar Devel- cil. : Winnipeg, MB. opment Oriented Transit.” Portland, OR.

Hamilton Light Rail. “An Economic Case for Herrick, Thaddeus. 2007. “A Streetcar Named Light Rail in Hamilton.” Available at: http:/ Aspire: Lines Aim to Revive Cities.” Wall Street /hamiltonlightrail.com/files/ Journal, June 20th. lrt_economic_development.pdf (accessed July 12th 2010). Weyrich, Paul M. and William S. Lind. 2002. “Bringing Back Streetcars!: A Conservative IBI Group. 2006. “Streetcar and Local Bus Vision of Tomorrow’s Urban Transporta- Comparative Review: A Technical Memoran- tion.” The Free Congress Foundation: Wash- dum for the City of Vancouver’s Downtown ington, DC. Streetcar Project Update.” City of Vancouver: Vancouver, BC.

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