September 2010

FINAL REPORT - VOLUME 1

Public Disclosure Authorized Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the Proposed Zanzibar Urban Services Project (ZUSP), Zanzibar

Public Disclosure Authorized

Submitted to: Zanzibar Urban Services Project Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs First Floor Sea View Wing P O Box 874 ZANZIBAR

Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized R EP O RT

Report Number. 12574-10008-13 Distribution: Zanzibar Urban Services Project Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd.

ZUSP ESIA

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Zanzibar Urban Services Project (ZUSP) is a World Bank funded project that aims to improve the quality of life and the environment for the people of Zanzibar. The current phase of the ZUSP comprises: ¡ Design and construction of surface water drainage in the Ng’ambo area; ¡ Design and implementation of solid waste management collection; and ¡ Upgrading the street lighting in Stone Town. Zanzibar City is densely populated and lacks adequate services to manage stormwater and waste effectively. Flooding is frequent and as a result, houses, furniture and possessions are damaged. Water-borne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and malaria are serious issues amongst residents. Following periods of heavy rain, low- lying areas contain standing water that can remain over long periods of time; in some cases this is permanent.

There is no formal solid waste management system in Zanzibar so people collect waste in containers such as plastic bags, buckets and palm baskets which are then Typical stormwater drainage, Zanzibar City disposed throughout the suburb. Rotting waste attracts scavengers such as rats, which leads to waste being scattered widely, often ending up in rivers and streams. The net result of inadequate stormwater management and waste management is that residents are living in unhealthy conditions, which have a negative impact on their quality of life.

The ZUSP is also planning to upgrade street lighting in Stone Town, a World Heritage Site that attracts visitors from around the world. Street lighting at present is in a poor state of repair and in many cases presents a safety hazard, thus detracting from what is exceptionally beautiful architecture. Upgrading the lighting will support tourism which generates significant income for the island and is likely to increase if services support growth.

In line with Zanzibar legislation, international policy and guidelines, and for World Bank funded projects, an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) is required. The objective is to assess the impacts of the ZUSP project, both positive and negative, and to develop measures to reduce negative impacts and enhance the positive impacts. The Zanzibar Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act of 1996 is the prevailing legislation and states that “A duty is placed on every person to promote the purposes of the Act, which includes inter alia Waste build up in storm maintaining basic ecological processes of land, water and air, ensuring water drainage system, environmentally sound and healthy quality of life for present and future Zanzibar City generations resident in Zanzibar.” In addition, the Act states that every person has a right to a clean and healthy environment, but also places a duty on every person to maintain and enhance their environment. The proponent of this project (ZUSP) is the Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs of Zanzibar who is therefore responsible for appointing independent specialists to undertake the ESIA for the ZUSP. The independent consultant undertaking the ESIA is Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd, an independent earth sciences consultancy that has offices world-wide. The process of undertaking an ESIA includes the following stages: ¡ Screening – to determine if an ESIA is necessary;

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¡ Scoping – to determine the terms of reference for carrying out the ESIA; and ¡ Detailed impact assessment and development of an Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP). This ESIA report and the associated Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP) will be submitted to the authorities for review and a decision on whether the ZUSP may go ahead. If the project is approved, an ESIA certificate will be issued. The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) The ESIA included making an assessment of the key elements of the biophysical and socio-economic environments. The specialist studies indicated that the natural (biophysical) environment has been significantly altered by human activity as Zanzibar City has grown into a dense, urban area, and that development took place with little attention to planning and provision of services. The existing environment has largely lost all sign of the natural environment. In terms of aquatic ecology, the in situ water quality was measured, using field instruments, at Mnazi Mmoja; Kilimani; Botanical Gardens; Binto Amrani; Nyerere; Mtopepo; Mwantenga; Chumbuni; Mwanakwerekwe; Sebleni; Magorneni and Migombani. This information was then used to assess the aquatic habitat. The pH values in the study areas were generally neutral to alkaline and ranged from 7.3 to 9.8. It was noted that pH values > 9.0 were recorded at Mnazi Mmoja, Chumbuni and Mwanakwerekwe and it can be expected that these values would have a limiting effect on aquatic biota. The dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration provides a useful measure of the health of an ecosystem (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, South Africa (DWAF), 1996). The median guideline for DO for the protection of freshwater fish, determined by a variety of fish faunas is > 4 - 5 mg/ℓ. The amount of oxygen that can be dissolved in water is influenced by the temperature; as the temperature increases, so the concentration of dissolved oxygen decreases (Davies and Day, 1998). The DO concentrations ranged from 0.0 mg/ℓ at Mtopepo to 3.30 mg/ℓ at Kilimani. Based on this assessment it can be concluded that DO concentrations are a limiting factor of aquatic biodiversity at all the above sites. It can be expected that the aquatic biota remaining at the sites consists of air-breathing taxa.

The aquatic ecological assessments are of a general and broad scale nature, intended to provide an indication of the condition of river reaches. The reaches chosen for this study were selected as being pertinent on the basis of the ecologist’s experience and indicate that: ¡ The most common (existing) impacts affecting the sites are flow modification, bed modification, channel modification, eutrophication (nutrient enrichment), loss of, indigenous vegetation and the presence of invasive species especially Salvinia molesta (Kariba weed) and Azolla filiculoides (Red water fern); and

¡ Habitat integrity at all the sites ranged from extensively modified (IHIA Class E) to critically modified (IHIA Class F). At these levels of impairment, natural habitat, biota and ecosystem function have largely been lost. It is thus anticipated that the negative impacts on the aquatic environment, associated with the construction and operation of the stormwater drainage system, will be low because the environment is so degraded. During construction impacts will be local and short term e.g. dust generation when drainage channels are excavated. The objectives of the surface water study were to review the Phase III stormwater design report submitted by Gauff Inginieure (2010) in terms of accepted stormwater management practice appropriate for Zanzibar City and identify any knowledge gaps, to assess the impacts associated with the completed and proposed stormwater infrastructure plans to alleviate the flooding in the areas surrounding Zanzibar City and recommend mitigation measures, if required.

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In developing the stormwater management plan, the study area was divided into nine drainage systems (A to l) based on the stormwater drainage systems and contours. The topography in the study area is generally flat. There is an immediate rise at the coast from sea level to an elevation of 18 to 20 mamsl. The ground elevations increase from the 18 mamsl at the coast to about 28 mamsl at the foot of the Masingini Ridge which forms the eastern boundary of the study area. A number of ponds or depressions are present on the natural channels draining these areas where water collects. Dense housing has encroached into the depressions and into many of the natural drainage lines. There can be extensive flooding and sedimentation of the houses that are constructed in the depressions which inevitably leads to damage of property and possessions, and presents significant health risks. Agriculture is carried out in some of the depression areas. There is a grid of unpaved roads/walkways which are used for access into the housing areas. These roads serve as drainage channels for stormwater runoff from the housing areas. The construction of the proposed stormwater drainage system will alleviate flooding and reduce the damage to and loss of property, and is thus, considered to be a long term, positive impact. During the course of the social studies, interviews and questionnaires were undertaken to gauge living conditions and impacts of flooding on life in the area. Householders were asked about the frequency of flooding that had taken place between January and June 2010 to get an indication of the extent of hardship they have to deal with every year. Forty-seven percent of respondents had experienced a single flooding during the period, 33% had experienced flooding twice and 20% more than three times. In addition, 34% of respondents indicated that it took less than a day for the water to recede, 30% said it took between one and two days and 18% indicated they waited up to three days for the water to recede. The remainder indicated longer periods for the water to recede to normal levels, but these could also be confused with their time of absence. Many respondents indicated that they vacated their homes for longer periods when they thought that the rain was going to persist (with intervals) for several days or weeks. Flooding occurs in different ways. Certain streets and pathways become water ways for runoff rainwater. Excessive rain (in some areas even the slightest down pour) transforms narrow paths into torrents that carry along sand and debris which gradually erodes the ground surface as well as the buildings along its path. In some parts, notably Mwatenga, where houses have been built on very steep gradients, residents experience severe runoff during rainfall which occasionally causes flooding for the duration of the downpour. Several householders mentioned the loss of possessions due to the rapid speed with which water rushes down these slopes, through the compound and downstream. The sheer force of water has caused several house walls and stand-alone structures such as latrines to collapse. Structural damage to dwellings and latrines is the most common loss that households suffer as a result of the flooding. It cost the 57 respondents who were able to provide the cost of repairs and replacement of broken furniture and fittings an average of Tsh 411,825 ($305) to repair the structural damage or to replace lost property and damaged furniture. Many mentioned that they had not repaired the damage due to lack of financial means. Currently, street lighting in Stone Town is generally in a poor state of repair with cables and wiring presenting a safety risk. Ad hoc arrangements for light covers range from wire netting to plastic buckets and bowls, detracting from Stone Town’s status as a World Heritage Site. The proposal to upgrade street lighting will enhance the visual environment and be more in line with what is to be expected of such a site. Upgrading street lighting in Zanzibar will allow residents and tourists to appreciate the amenity value of Stone Town and should further serve the needs of visitors, residents and traders. It was concluded that the style and design of street lights that have been developed for the ZUSP will blend well with the existing architecture and historical nature of Stone Town. The results of the impact assessment can be summarised as follows: ¡ The most significant negative impact (high impact) relating to surface water as a result of the upgrades to the drainage system is the presence of deep channels (exceeding 5 m), which people could fall into and drown, particularly during a flood event. This impact could, however, be mitigated by covering the channels, replacing some of the channels with a piped system, and providing safe access points for pedestrians to cross the open channels;

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¡ A number of positive impacts relating to surface water will result from upgrading the drainage system, and sanitation and solid waste systems. These include improved public health, improved water quality and reduced frequency and flooding of urban areas; ¡ Low negative impacts on the aquatic ecology of the study area are anticipated. Concrete drains create a sterile environment in terms of aquatic ecology. However, since the aquatic environment has been extensively altered and degraded by human activity to the extent that all vestige of the original habitat has been destroyed, these impacts are considered to be low; ¡ By employing a combination of soft and hard engineering techniques, such as using vegetation and/or gabion baskets and mattresses to stabilise banks and river beds; this presents an opportunity to restore at least some ecological function to degraded sites. Impact significance can therefore be improved to neutral; ¡ During the construction phase, the most significant negative impacts (moderate impacts) on the social environment will result from temporary loss of parts of dwellings (wall, veranda, and driveway), gardens and fencing, and temporary loss of access to homesteads and properties during excavation. These impacts can, however, be mitigated, by implementing the Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP) that has identified project affected people and measures to avoid, reduce or compensate for loss of access/homesteads. According to OP 4.12, impacts are considered minor if the affected people are not physically displaced and less than 10 percent of their productive assets are lost; ¡ Social impacts after construction will, however, be significantly positive. The reduction in stagnant water as a result of the new and rehabilitated drainage systems and the restriction of solid waste disposal to formalised and managed sites will reduce the incidence of diseases, and will provide improved access to and use of areas (such as the sporting grounds affected by System F) which are presently completely, partially or regularly flooded; ¡ The negative impact on visual aspects during the construction phase will be low. During the operational phase, the installation of lights and upgrading of existing lights will be moderate to high positive impacts. There is, however, the potential for a negative visual impact associated with the waste container points. This negative impact will, however, be limited to the immediate site locations, and could be mitigated by taking sensitive receptors into account during the siting of waste management facilities; and ¡ The results of the Archaeological Assessment indicated that no artefacts or cultural resources are found in the study area or are likely to be affected by the propose project. The overall significance of impacts on cultural resources is therefore negligible. The ZUSP was announced to stakeholders in January 2010 by sending letters, distributing background information documents, placing posters in public places, making telephone calls and holding focus group meetings with the authorities, NGOs and key stakeholders, as well as several community meetings in the project area. Another round of consultation took place in June 2010 when the findings of the ESIA were presented to stakeholders. During the course of the meetings the project was described using posters to illustrate the project and stakeholders were invited to comment on the project and ESIA process. The comments made during the meetings were recorded and incorporated into a report and responses were given. The key comments raised by stakeholders during the consultation process included: ¡ The ZUSP is very welcome as residents want the quality of their lives to be improved; in this light, temporary displacement was not deemed a major concern provided the necessary safeguards for compensation were put in place; ¡ That flooding is a serious and constant problem causing damage to property and ill health;

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¡ Waste management is a significant issue that is in need of urgent attention as waste is disposed throughout the suburbs and presents health risks. It also causes bad odours, and blocks surface water channels and drains (waste commonly dumped in water courses and builds up against potential barriers such as existing litter traps); ¡ Waste management projects have been initiated in the past but have failed due to a lack of resources; ¡ In order for the ZUSP to be successful, it is essential that on-going public awareness and training programmes are implemented; ¡ It is also essential that the authorities maintain the systems; and

¡ The proposed project to improve lighting in Stone Town and some other areas is welcome, but the residents of Zanzibar City would like the upgrading and installation of street lights to be extended throughout the urban areas. Mitigation of the negative impacts and enhancement of the positive impacts as well as actions relating to key issues from stakeholders are addressed in the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). In addition, the specific impacts relating to displacement and loss of access have been addressed through the Focus group discussion, Zanzibar City development of an Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan. It can be concluded that if the project is authorized, the ZUSP will address the immediate needs of waste and stormwater management and will enhance the quality of life for residents. This is in line with prevailing legislation in Zanzibar. In effect, the ZUSP is a means of mitigating the prevailing unhealthy and difficult situation in which residents live. There are opportunities in places to restore the natural environment to some extent, for example the Botanical Gardens could be developed as a significant recreation area. This would further enhance the quality of life for the people of Zanzibar and have a positive impact in terms of sustainability. Mitigation measures to manage impacts of the ZUSP project (during construction and operation) have been included in an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). The measures included in the ESMP address the identified and anticipated impacts. It is intended that the ESMP will be (1) issued to and used by contractors who undertake the construction of the project and (2) will be used throughout the life of the project by the ZUSP team to ensure that environmental and social management standards are upheld. As a “living” document, the ESMP should be updated periodically throughout the life of the project. The responsibility for revising the ESMP will rest with the ZUSP management team who will implement the ESMP.

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KISWAHILI Muhtasari - Maelezo kuhusu mradi Mradi wa Huduma ya Zanzibar Mjini (ZUSP) inafadhiliwa na Benki ya Dunia na inalenga kuboresha maisha na mazingira ya watu wa Zanzibar. Awamu ya sasa ya ZUSP inajumuisha: ¡ Usanifu na ujenzi wa mifereji ya maji ya juu ya ardhi katika eneo la Ng'ambo; ¡ Usanifu na utekelezaji wa usimamizi wa ukusanyaji wa taka ngumu; na ¡ Uboreshaji wa taa za mitaani katika Stone Town. Mji wa Zanzibar ina wakazi wengi lakini haina huduma ya kutosha kusimamia maji ya dhoruba na ufanusi wa kukusanya taka. Kwa sababu hii, mafuriko inatokea mara kwa mara na matokeo ni kuhadhiriwa kwa nyumba, samani na mali. Kadhalika, kuna magonjwa kwa maisha ya wakazi yanayotokana na maji kama vile kipindupindu, homa ya matumbo, na malaria. Baada ya muda wa mvua kubwa maeneo yaliyo chini ya uongo huwa na maji yasiyo nyevuka. Maji haya yanaweza kukaa juu ya ardhi kwa muda mrefu na katika baadhi ya matukio hudumu milele. Hakuna mfumo rasmi wa usimamizi wa taka ngumu katika Zanzibar, hivyo basi wakaazi huyaweka taka kwenye pakiti na vyombo kama vile mifuko ya plastiki, ndoo, vikapu mitende ambayo yanatupwa mahala popote vitongojini. Inapooza, taka huvutia wanyama kama vile panya ambao mara nyingi wanatapakaza taka vitongojini na hata kwenye kozi za maji na mabwawa. Matokeo ya kutokuwa na usanifu na usimamizi wa kutosha ya maji ya dhoruba na taka ni kwamba wakazi wanaoishi katika hali hii mbaya wana atharika. Mradi wa ZUSP pia inamipango ya kuboresha taa za mitaani katika Stone Town, Urithi wa Dunia ambao huvutia wageni kutoka duniani kote. Taa za mitaa kwa sasa zipo katika hali mbaya. Kwa mara nyingi, hii huleta athari ya usalama na kuyaficha uzuri ya usanifu nzuri na ya kipekee iliopo Zanzibar. Uendeleshaji wa taa utasaidia kuongeza mapato ya utalii ambayo ni zalisho muhimu ya kisiwa cha Zanzibar. Utalii unaweza kuongezeka na huduma za msaada zikiboreshwa. Kulingana na sheria za Zanzibar na pia sera na miongozo ya kimataifa, na kama inavyohitajika kwa ajili ya miradi inayofadhiliwa na Benki ya Dunia, tathmini ya athari kwa Mazingira na Jamii (ESIA) inatakiwa kufanyika kwa Mradi ya ZUSP ili kutathmini athari yote chanya na hasi na kuendeleza hatua za kupunguza athari hasi na kuongeza athari chanya zilizotambuliwa. Sheria ya Usimamizi wa Mazingira ya Zanzibar ya Maendeleo Endelevu (1996) ni sheria uliopo na inasema kwamba: “…ni wajibu wa kila mtu kuendeleza malengo ya sheria ambayo ni pamoja na kudumisha michakato ya msingi ya mazingira ya ardhi, maji na hewa, kuhakikisha mazingira mazuri na afya bora ya maisha kwa vizazi vya sasa na vijavyo Zanzibar”. Aidha, Sheria inasema kwamba kila mtu ana haki ya mazingira safi na afya bora. Sheria pia inawajibisha kila mtu kudumisha na kuboresha mazingira yao. Mradi hii ni ya Wizara ya Fedha na Uchumi wa Zanzibar (proponenti) ambao wanawajibika kuteua kampuni ya wataalamu huru kufanya tathmini ya athari kwa mazingira na jamii. Yaani: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA). Wataalamu huru walioteuliwa kutekeleza ESIA ni Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd. Golder ni kampuni huru ya ushauri wa kisayansi na mazingira na ina ofisi duniani kote. Mchakato wa ESIA ina hatua zifuatazo: ¡ Uchunguzi (Screening) - kuamua kama ESIA ni muhimu na inatakikana; ¡ Scoping - kuamua masharti ya rejea na maswala muhimu yatakayo zingatiwa katika tathmini ya ESIA, na;

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¡ Tathmini ya athari kwa undani pamoja na Mpango wa Utekelezaji ya Makazi: Yaani Abreviated Ressetlement Action Plan (ARAP). Ripoti hii ESIA pamoja na ARAP yataletwa kwa mamlaka husika ili kuhakikisha na kuamua iwapo mradi wa ZUSP inaweza kutekelezwa. Ikipitishwa, basi cheti cha ESIA itatolewa na ZUSP itaenedelea. Tathmini ya Athari kwa Mazingira na Jamii (ESIA) ESIA ilihusisha kufanywa kwa utaalamu sifuatazo: ¡ Utaalamu wa maji ya juu ya ardhi (surface water), ¡ Utaalamu wa ikolojia, ¡ Utaalamu wa kijamii, ¡ Utalamu wa kiutamaduni/ akiologia, ¡ Utaalamu wa maono na; ¡ Mchakato wa ushirikishwaji wa umma. Utaalamu maalum iliyofanywa inasisitiza kuwa mazingira ya asili (biophysical) imebadilishwa kwa kiasi kubwa na shughuli za binadamu. Mji wa Zanzibar imepanuka na kuendelea bila kuzingatia mipango na utoaji wa huduma. Mazingira yaliyopo kwa wingi imepoteza alama ya mazingira ya asili. Kwa upande wa ikolojia ya maji, kiwango cha usafi wa maji ilipimwa kwa kutumia vyombo asili vya kazi hiyo. Usafi wa maji ilipimwa sehemu zifuatazo: Mnazi Mmoja, Kilimani, Botanical Gardens, Binto Amrani, Nyerere, Mtopepo, Mwantenga, Chumbuni, Mwanakwerekwe, Sebleni, Magorneni na Migombani. Matokeo kisha ilitumika kutathmini mazingira majini. pH katika maeneo ya utafiti kwa ujumla ilikuwa kati ya nutrali (wastani) na alkali: yaani (7.3 - 9.8). pH zaidi ya 9.0 ilirekodiwa katika Mnazi Mmoja, Chumbuni na Mwanakwerekwe. pH hii ya alkali ya juu inaweza kuleta athari kwa na vikwazo vya maisha kwa mazingira majini. Oksijeni iliyoyeyuka majini: Yaani Dissolved Oxygen (DO) hutoa kipimo muhimu ya afya ya mazingira,

(Idara ya Mambo ya Maji na Misitu, Afrika Kusini: Yaani Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, South Africa (DWAF), 1996 -DWAF, 1996). Mwongozo wastani ya DO kwa ajili ya ulinzi wa samaki majini ni >4 hadi 5 mg / ℓ. Kiasi cha oksijeni ambayo inaweza kuyeyuka majini hulingana na joto. Joto ikiongezeka, DO inapunguka, (Davies and Day, 1998). Viwango vya DO vilikuwa kati ya 0.0 mg / ℓ katika eneo la Mtopeponi hadi 3.30 mg / ℓ katika eneo la Kilimani. Kulingana na tathmini hii inaweza semekana kuwa kiwango cha DO ni kikwazo kwa viumbe hai katika maeneo haya. Inaweza kutarajiwa kwamba viumbe wa majini waliobaki katika maeneo haya ni aina wanaopumua hewa kavu. Utafiti wa ikologia ya majini ni ya ujumla na inalenga kutoa dalili ya hali ya mto. Sehemu ya mto iliochaguliwa kwa ajili ya utafiti huu ilichaguliwa kulingana na uzoefu wa mtafiti wa ikolojia na zinaonyesha kwamba: ¡ Athari ya kawaida (iliyopo) na inayoathiri maeneo yanatokana na marekebisho kwa miundo ya: mtiririko, ardhi ilioko chini ya mto na mitaro. Kadhalika uongezekaji wa virutubishi: Yaani (eutrophication), upungufu wa mimea ya asili katika mazingira na kuongezeka kwa mimea isiyo hasili hasa Salvinia molesta (Kariba weed) na Azolla filiculoides (Red water fern), na; ¡ Uadilifu wa mazingira ya makazi katika maeneo yote ilipatikana kuwa kati ya IHIA Class E: Yaani extensively modified na IHIA Class F (critically modified). Katika ngazi hizi za kuharibika, mazingira ya asili, na kazi ya mazingira inasemekana imepotea kwa kiasi kikubwa tiari.

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Na hivyo inatarajiwa kwamba atahri kwa mazingira ya maji, kutokana na ujenzi na uendeshaji wa mfumo wa maji ya dhoruba, itakuwa ya hali ya chini kwa sababu mazingira tiyari imeharibika. Wakati wa ujenzi, athari itatokea kwa muda mfupi tu kwa mfano, vumbi wakati mitaro yatachimbwa. Malengo ya utafiti wa maji ya juu ya ardhi ilikuwa ni kutathmini Awamu ya III ya reporti ya ukarabati wa maji ya dhoruba, Gauff Inginieure (2010), kulingana na mazoezi ilokubalika na ilo sahihi kwa Mji wa Zanzibar. Kadhalika, kubaini mapungufu yoyote ya elimu ili kutathmini athari zinazohusiana na mipango iliokamilika na miundombinu iliyopendekezwa ya kuondoa mafuriko katika maeneo ya Mji wa Zanzibar, na kupendekeza hatua za kukabiliana, kama inahitajika. Katika kuendeleza mpango wa usimamizi wa maji ya dhoruba, eneo la utafiti uliigawanywa katika mifumo tisa yaani (A na l) kulingana na mifumo ya maji ya dhoruba na contours. Mazingira katika eneo la utafiti kwa ujumla haina milima. Kuna mwinuko wa mamsl 18 hadi mamsl 20 ya pwani kutoka kwa usawa wa bahari. Maeneo ya mwinuko wa ardhi yanaongezeka kutoka mamsl 18 katika pwani hadi mamsl 28 kwenye eneo ya chini kabisa ya Masingini Ridge ambayo ni mpaka ya mashariki ya eneo la utafiti. Kuna mabwawa au unyogovu ambapo maji hukusanyika. Wakazi wamejenga katika maeneo haya. Kunaweza kuwa na mafuriko makubwa ambayo husababisha uharibifu wa mali na hatari inatoa afya kubwa. Ukulima inaendelea kwa baadhi ya maeneo ya unyogovu. Kuna gridi ya barabara isiyo lami/ njia ya kutembea ambayo hutumiwa kwa ajili ya kufikia katika maeneo ya makazi. Barabara hizi hutumika kama njia na maji dhoruba wakati mvua inyeshapo. Ujenzi wa mfumo pendekezo ya maji dhoruba itapunguza mafuriko, uharibifu na hasara ya mali, na hivyo inaweza kuwa na matokeo mazuri kwa kipindi cha muda mrefu. Katika mfululizo wa mahojiano na utaalamu wa kijamii, maswali yaliulizwa ili kupima hali ya maisha na athari za mafuriko ya maisha katika eneo la mradi. Wenyeji waliulizwa juu ya mafuriko yaliyotukia kati ya Januari na Juni 2010 ili kupata dalili ya kiwango cha ugumu wa maisha wanao kukabiliana nayo kila mwaka. Asilimia arobaini na saba ya waliohojiwa walikuwa wamekumbwa na mafuriko mara moja wakati wa muda huo, 33% walikuwa na uzoefu wa mafuriko mara mbili na 20% zaidi ya mara tatu. Aidha, 34% ya waliohojiwa walieleza kwamba ilichukua chini ya siku moja kwa maji inyevuke, 30% walisema ilichukua kati ya siku mmoja na siku mbili na 18% walisema kwamba wao walisubiri hadi siku tatu ili maji inyevuke. Waliobakia walisema inahitajika muda mrefu kwa maji kunyevuka na hali kuwa kawaida. Wahojiwa wengi walieleza kuwa waliwajibika kuhama kotoka kwa makazi yao kwa muda mrefu wakati wa mvua (kwa vipindi, siku kadhaa au wiki). Mafuriko hutokea katika njia tofauti. Baadhi ya barabara na njia za kupitia huwa njia ya maji dhoruba wakati mvua inyeshapo. Mvua nyingi, hata kidogo tu, hufanya njia nyembamba kuwa na maji iliyobeba mchanga na mawe ambayo huchimba ardhi pamoja na majengo njiani. Katika baadhi ya maeneo, hasa Mwatenga, ambapo nyumba imejengwa kwenye miteremko, wakazi walisema mara kwa mara mvua husababisha mafuriko. Wakazi kadhaa walitaja kupoteza mali kutokana na kasi ya haraka ambayo maji inateremka katika meneo yao. Mteremko wa maji kwa kasi imesababisha kuta za nyumba kadhaa na miundo ya kusimama- peke yake kama vile vyoo kuanguka. Uharibifu wa miundo wa nyumba na vyoo imekuwa ni kama kawaida kwa wakazi na ni hasara. Wakazi 57 walohojiwa ambao walikuwa na uwezo wa kutoa gharama za matengenezo na uwekaji wa samani iliyovunjwa walisema gharama wastani wa shilingi 411,825 ($ 305) inatumika kutengeneza uharibifu wa miundo au kuchukua nafasi ya kupoteza mali na samani zilizoharibika. Wengi walisema kwamba hawana fedha ya kurekebisha uharibifu. Hivi sasa, taa za mitaani katika Stone Town kwa ujumla iko katika hali mbaya ya kutengenezwa na waya ziko katika hali ya kuleta hatari. Hii inazuia Stone Town kuonekana kama Urithi Wa Dunia. Pendekezo la kuboresha taa za mitaani itaimarisha mazingira. Kuboreshwa kwa taa za mitaani katika Zanzibar itaruhusu wakazi na watalii kufahamu thamani ya Stone Town na pia kutumikia zaidi mahitaji ya wageni wakazi, na wafanyabiashara. Ilihitimishwa kuwa mtindo na muundo wa taa za mitaani ambayo yamenuiwa na ZUSP itachanganyika vema na usanifu zilizopo na asili ya kihistoria ya Stone Town.

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Matokeo ya tathmini ya athari kwa muhtasari ni kama ifuatavyo: ¡ Athari ya muhimu zaidi zinazohusiana na maji ya juu ya ardhi kutokana na mfumo wa mitaro inayokusudiwa ni kuwepo kwa mitaro kina (kupita 5m), ambayo watu wanaweza kuanguka ndani na kuzama, hasa wakati wa tukio la mafuriko. Hata hivyo, athari hii inaweza, kuzuiwa kwa kufunika mitaro hii, kubadilisha baadhi ya mitaro wazi na kutekeleza mfumo wa mabomba, na kujenga mahala salama za kupita kwa wavuka njia; ¡ Kutakuwepo na baadhi ya athari chanya zinazohusiana na maji ya juu ya ardhi, kuboreshwa kwa mfumo wa mitaro ya maji, na usafi wa mazingira na mifumo ya taka ngumu. Hizi ni pamoja na kuboresha afya ya umma, uboreshaji wa maji na kupunguka kwa mzunguko na mafuriko katika maeneo ya mijini; ¡ Kunatarajiwa athari hasi ya kiwango cha chini kwa viumbe na mazingira ya maji katika eneo la utafiti. Mitaro thabiti inaleta mazingira tasa katika suala la ikolojia ya maji. Hata hivyo, mazingira ya maji imebadilishwa tiari na imeharibika sana kwa sababu ya shughuli za binadamu kwa kiasi kwamba hakuna alama yoyote ya mazingira ya asili. Hivyo basi athari hizi hasi inaonekana itakuwa ya chini; ¡ Kwa kutumia mchanganyiko wa mbinu laini na mgumu za uhandisi, kama vile kutumia mimea na / au vikapu vya mawe na mikeka ilikuleta utulivu kando ya mto, kuna uwezekano wa kurejesha angalau baadhi ya kazi ya mazingira duni mtoni. Athari inayonuiwa hivyo basi inaweza kuboreshwa hadi kuwa wastani; ¡ Wakati wa awamu ya ujenzi, athari hasi muhimu zaidi (athari wastani) ya mazingira ya kijamii ni kupotezwa kwa sehemu ya nyumba (ukuta, veranda, na bara bara) bustani, kupotezwa kwa njia ya kuingilia mashambani na mali wakati wa kuchimba mitaro. Athari hizi hata hivyo, inaweza kupunguzwa kwa kutekeleza kwa ARAP. ARAP imeanisha watu walioathirika na hatua za kuzuia, kupunguza au fidia kwa kupata hasara/ na kuzuiwa kuingia mashambani. Kwa mujibu wa OP 4.12, athari ni ndogo kama watu walioathirika hawaja hamishwa kabisa kutoka kwa makazi yao na chini ya asilimia 10 ya mali yao imepotea. Kwa suala la kuondolewa katika makazi (muda mfupi), kugeuzwa kwa nyumba pamoja na uwezekano wa kelele na athari za vumbi, OP 4.12, inasema ni ndogo kama watu walioathirika hawakuondolewa kabisa kutoka kwa makazi yao na chini ya asilimia 10 ya uzalishaji ya mali zao yamepotea. ¡ Hata hivyo, athari chanya kwa jamii wakati wa ujenzi itakuwa kikubwa. Kupunguka kwa maji isiyo nyevuka kutokana na mfumo mpya na ukarabati wa mitaro ya maji na mfumo wa kusimamia taka ngumu itapunguza matukio ya magonjwa, na kuboresha upatikanaji na matumizi ya maeneo (kama vile uwanja wa michezo ilioathirika na mfumo F) ambayo mara kwa mara imefurikwa; ¡ Athari hasi ya maono wakati wa awamu ya ujenzi itakuwa chini. Kutakua na athari chanya ya hali wastani wakati wa awamu ya operation, na kurehekibishwa kwa taa zilizopo. Hata hivyo, kuna uwezekano wa athari hasi kwa maono kuhusiana na pointi ya kuwekwa kwa vyombo vya taka. Athari hii mbaya, hata hivyo, itakuwa kwa maeneo ya ujenzi tu na inaweza kupunguzwa kwa kuviweka vifaa vya usimamizi wa taka kwa uangalifu ili kuzuia kuonekana adharani; na ¡ Matokeo ya tathmini ya akiolojia imeeleza kuwa hakuna rasilimali za kitamaduni zilipatikana katika eneo la utafiti au uwezekano wa kupatikana kwa rasilmali hizi. Umuhimu jumla ya athari yoyote katika rasilimali hiyo utamaduni ni kidogo.

Mradi wa ZUSP ulitangazwa kwa wadau wa umma na wengine Januari 2010 kwa kutuma barua, hati za kusambaza habari, kuweka mabango katika maeneo ya umma, kutoa wito kwa simu na kufanya mikutano mwelekeo na mamlaka husika, mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali na wadau muhimu, pamoja na mikutano kadhaa ya jamii katika eneo la mradi. Golder waliwaalika wadau kutoa maoni na kuchangia katika mradi huu na mchakato wa ESIA. Mzunguko mwingine wa mashauriano ulifanyika katika Juni 2010 wakati matokeo ya ESIA yaliwasilishwa kwa wadau.

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Wakati wa mfululizo wa mikutano, mabango yalitumiwa kueleza mradi na kuwaalika wadau kutoa maoni juu ya mradi na mchakato wa ESIA. Maoni ilotolewa wakati wa mikutano ilinakiliwa na majibu kutolewa. Matokeo muhimu ya mchakato wa ushirikishwaji wa umma ni kwamba: ¡ ZUSP imekaribishwa kwa sababu wakazi wanataka ubora wa maisha yao kuzidi; ¡ Mafuriko ni tatizo kubwa na mara kwa mara husababisha uharibifu wa mali na afya mbaya; ¡ Usimamizi wa taka ni suala muhimu na la dharura kwa sababu taka inatapakaa kila mahali vitongojini na inasababisha hatari ya afya, harufu mbaya na kufungwa kwa mitaro ya maji; ¡ Miradi kadhaa ya usimamizi wa taka ilianzishwa lakini imeshindikana kutokana na ukosefu wa rasilimali; ¡ Ili ZUSP iwe na mafanikio, ni muhimu kuendelezwa kwa mwamko wa umma na kutekelezwa kwa mipango ya mafunzo; ¡ Pia ni muhimu kuwa na mamlaka husika ya kuendeleza na kutekeleza mfumo huo; na ¡ Pendekezo kwamba taa katika Stone Town iboreshwe ilikubaliwa. Zaidi ya hayo wakaazi wa Jiji la Zanzibar wangependa mfumo huu utekelezwe katika maeneo mengine ya mijini.

Wakati wa ujenzi kutakuwa na athari hasi kwa muda mfupi kwa wakazi wa eneo pamoja na makazi ya watu. Imejanibisha kwamba hathari hizi ni kama kugeuzwa kwa nyumba, upungufu wa mali na huduma, pamoja na kelele na athari za vumbi. Kwa mujibu wa OP 4.12, athari huchukuliwa kuwa ndogo kama watu hawakuhamishwa kabisa kutoka kwa makazi yao na chini ya asilimia 10 ya mali zao imepotea. Kukabiliana na athari hasi na kukuza athari chanya, vitendo vinavyohusiana na masuala muhimu kutoka kwa wadau yameshughulikiwa katika Mpango wa Usimamiaji wa Mazingira na Jamii: Yaani Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). Aidha, athari maalum yanayohusiana na makazi ya wadau na kufungwa kwa njia zinazoelekea kwa makazi yao yamezingatiwa kwa ARAP.

Kwa muhtasari, mradi wa ZUSP ikipewa kibali na mamlaka husika, inatarajiwa kuboresha ufanusi wa taka na usimamizi wa maji ya dhoruba na kuongeza ubora wa maisha kwa wananchi. Hii ni kulingana na sheria uliopo katika Zanzibar. Matokeo ya ZUSP itawezesha kupunguka kwa hali mbaya na ngumu ya maisha ya wakazi. Kuna nafasi katika maeneo kadhaa ya kurejesha mazingira ya asili kwa kiasi fulani; kwa mfano, Botanic Gardens (Bustani Botaniska) inaweza kurehekebishwa iwe sehemu ya burudani. Hii itaongeza ubora wa maisha ya wakazi wa Zanzibar na kuwa na matokeo mazuri ya kudumu. Hatua za kukabiliana na athari za mradi wa ZUSP (wakati wa ujenzi na uendeshaji) yamejumuishwa pamoja katika ESMP. Hatua zilizojumuishwa katika ESMP zinashughulikia matokeo iliyotambuliwa na wadau na iliyotarajiwa. Ni lengo kwamba ESMP: 1) Itatolewa na kutumiwa na wakandarasi ambao watatekeleza ujenzi wa mradi, na

2) Ititatumika katika maisha ya mradi huo na timu ya ZUSP kuhakikisha kwamba mazingira ya kijamii na usimamizi ni wa viwango vya juu. Kama hati ‘hai’, ESMP ni lazima isahihishwe mara kwa mara katika maisha ya mradi huo. Wajibu ya kurekebisha ESMP ni ya timu ya usimamizi ya ZUSP ambao pia wataitekeleza ESMP.

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Table of Contents

1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Structure of the Report ...... 4

2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 4 2.1 Project Context ...... 4 2.1.1 Socio-economic context ...... 6 2.2 Project Motivation ...... 9 2.3 The ZUSP Components ...... 12 2.3.1 Construction and Upgrade of Surface Water Drains ...... 12 2.3.2 Solid Waste Management Collection System ...... 17 2.3.3 Upgrade of Street Lighting in Stone Town...... 18

3.0 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 18 3.1 Zanzibar Law ...... 18 3.2 International Guidelines ...... 19

4.0 THE ESIA PROCESS ...... 20 4.1 Screening ...... 21 4.2 Scoping ...... 21 4.2.1 Specialist Studies ...... 21 4.3 Environmental Impact Assessment ...... 21

5.0 PUBLIC CONSULTATION...... 21 5.1 Objectives of Public Consultation ...... 22 5.2 Identification of Interested and Affected Parties ...... 22 5.3 Announcement of opportunity to comment ...... 23 5.4 Obtaining comment from stakeholders ...... 23 5.4.1 Written contributions ...... 23 5.4.2 Focus Group Meetings and Community Meetings ...... 24 5.5 Public Consultation during the Impact Assessment Phase ...... 24 5.5.1 Announcing opportunity to comment on the findings of the ESIA ...... 24 5.5.2 Open House Meetings ...... 25 5.6 ESIA Report...... 25 5.7 Summary of key issues raised by stakeholders ...... 25

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5.7.1 Stormwater Management ...... 26 5.7.2 Solid Waste Management ...... 26 5.7.3 Street Lighting ...... 27 5.7.4 Health and Safety ...... 27 5.7.5 Socio-Economic Issues ...... 28

6.0 THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT / BASELINE CONDITIONS ...... 28 6.1 Surface Water Baseline Conditions ...... 28 6.1.1 Study approach and Methods...... 30 6.1.2 Baseline Characterisation ...... 30 6.1.2.1 Climatic conditions ...... 30 6.1.3 Background Water Quality ...... 31 6.1.4 General description of study area ...... 31 6.1.5 Review of stormwater report ...... 34 6.1.5.1 Introduction ...... 34 6.1.5.2 Design criteria ...... 34 6.1.5.3 Rainfall Input ...... 35 6.1.5.4 Calculation methods ...... 35 6.1.6 Description of Drainage Systems ...... 36 6.2 Ecological Baseline Conditions ...... 58 6.3 Social Baseline Conditions ...... 61 6.3.1 Flooding and drainage ...... 61 6.3.2 Solid waste management ...... 64 6.4 Visual Baseline Conditions ...... 65 6.5 Archaeological Baseline Conditions ...... 68

7.0 PROJECT IMPACTS ...... 69 7.1 Impacts Associated with Construction and Operation Phases ...... 70 7.2 Decommissioning...... 70 7.3 Surface Water Impact Assessment ...... 71 7.3.1 Impacts ...... 71 7.3.2 Mitigation Measures...... 71 7.4 Aquatic Ecology Assessment...... 72 7.4.1 Impact Assessment ...... 72 7.5 Social Impacts ...... 75

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7.5.1 Impacts during construction ...... 75 7.5.2 Impacts during operations ...... 77 7.6 Visual Assessment ...... 78 7.7 Archaeological Assessment...... 79

8.0 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ...... 80

9.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)...... 81 9.1 Organisational Capacity, Roles and Responsibilities ...... 82 9.1.1 Project Manager (PM) (Developer Representative) ...... 82 9.1.2 Consulting Engineer (CE) ...... 82 9.1.3 Environmental Control Officer (ECO) ...... 82 9.1.4 Community Liaison Officer (CLO) ...... 82 9.2 Training and Capacity Development ...... 83 9.3 MITIGATION...... 83 9.3.1 Register of Environmental and Social Impacts ...... 83 9.4 Environmental and Social Management (ESMP) ...... 87 9.4.1 Purpose of the ESMP ...... 87 9.5 Priorities of the ESMP ...... 87 9.6 ESMP ...... 87 9.7 Linkages to the Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan ...... 113 9.8 Monitoring Evaluation and Reporting ...... 113 9.8.1 Construction Auditing/Inspections...... 113 9.8.2 Methods Statements ...... 114 9.8.3 Record Keeping ...... 114 9.9 NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES ...... 114 9.10 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE PLAN ...... 115 9.11 Implementation Schedule and Costs ...... 115 9.11.1 Planning or Design Phase ...... 115 9.11.2 Construction Phase ...... 115 9.11.3 Operational Phase ...... 115 9.11.4 Finalising the ESMP ...... 116 9.12 Cost Estimates...... 116 9.13 Stakeholder Consultation Plan and Grievance Procedures ...... 116 9.13.1 Public Consultation ...... 116

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9.13.2 Grievance Procedures ...... 117 9.13.2.1 Resettlement Grievances...... 117 9.13.2.2 Public Concerns Regarding Project Impacts ...... 117 9.13.2.3 Employee Grievances ...... 118

10.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 118

TABLES Table 1: Sectors of society represented by I&APs on the direct mailing list...... 23 Table 2: Rainfall Intensities for return periods from 5 years to 100 years as presented in Gauff Ingenieure (2010) ...... 31 Table 3: In situ water quality results recorded during the January 2010 site visit ...... 32 Table 4: Catchment areas of Drainage Systems and the 5 year and 15 year flood peaks as given in Gauff Ingenieure (2010) ...... 34 Table 5: Comparison of rainfall intensities at Kisauni with intensities (in brackets) for a similar area in South Africa ...... 35 Table 6: Description of current status of depressions and proposed drainage system ...... 38 Table 7: Description of drainage routes in Drainage System E ...... 45 Table 8: Description of current status of depressions and proposed drainage system F ...... 50 Table 9: Summary of current situation and proposed upgrades to drainage system G ...... 52 Table 10: Description of current status of depressions and proposed drainage system H ...... 54 Table 11: Description of current and proposed drianage system for drainage area I ...... 58 Table 12: In situ water quality results recorded during the January 2010 results ...... 59 Table 13: Represents the Intermediate Habitat Integrity Assessment classes/categories (Kleynhans, 1996) as per the impact assessment in Section 9.0...... 60 Table 14: Intermediate Habitat Integrity Assessment (IHIA) scores recorded during the January 2010 survey...... 60 Table 15: Summary of Impact Assessment ...... 72 Table 16: Significance of Impacts on Aquatic Ecology...... 73 Table 17: Assessment of impacts during Construction Phase ...... 76 Table 18: Assessment of impacts during Operation Phase ...... 78 Table 19: Impact Summary – Visual ...... 79 Table 20: Impact Summary – Archaeology ...... 80 Table 21: Environmental and Social Impacts Register...... 84 Table 22: Environmental and Social Management Plan ...... 88 Table 23: ESMP Implementation Cost Estimate Action ...... 116

FIGURES Figure 1: Zanzibar is situated in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of Mainland Tanzania ...... 2 Figure 2: Educational attainment in project area ...... 6 Figure 3: Solid waste disposal in urban areas ...... 9

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Figure 4: Canal running alongside residential housing ...... 10 Figure 5: Solid waste entering drainage channel ...... 11 Figure 6: Standing pool of water from flooding. Note the domestic waste scattered alongside and in the water...... 11 Figure 7: System C – area of flooding Figure 8: System C – upgrade of Figure 9: System C – ...... 13 Figure 10: System D – area in flooding in Muungano ...... 14 Figure 11: System D – rehabilitation of existing infrastructure in Mwembenjugu ...... 14 Figure 12: System G – proposed route of drainage pipe in Karakana ...... 14 Figure 13: System E – existing channel in Migombani...... 15 Figure 14: System E – flooded area in Migombani ...... 15 Figure 15: System E – existing system with pedestrian crossing in Jangombe ...... 15 Figure 16: System E – proposed pipeline route in Magomeni ...... 15 Figure 17: System E – affected building (Mosque) by covered channel...... 15 Figure 18: System E – proposed pipeline route in Mpendae (narrow section)...... 15 Figure 19: System F – vast flooding area used as sporting grounds ...... 16 Figure 20: System G – stagnant water in flooding area in Karakana ...... 16 Figure 21: System H – stagnant water in deep flooded area in Mwanakwerekwe ...... 17 Figure 22: System I – existing water course to be lined ...... 17 Figure 23: The ESIA process and public participation ...... 21 Figure 24: Zanzibar Urban Services Project study area showing the existing and proposed stormwater drains, inundated areas, photo locations, wards as well as solid waste collection points ...... 29 Figure 25: Average monthly rainfall depths measured at the Kisauni and Victoria Gardens rain gauges ...... 30 Figure 26: Ponded water in the Binti Amrani depression ...... 32 Figure 27: Houses still showing signs of flooding many months after the rainy season at Mtopepo ...... 33 Figure 28: Houses buried by sediment from the stormwater entering the Mtopepo depression ...... 33 Figure 29: Layout of Drainage System C ...... 37 Figure 30: Upstream view of the canal draining Magogoni A south towards Magogoni B ...... 39 Figure 31: Mwantenga has water in it for most of the year ...... 39 Figure 32: Nyerere wetland area with subsistence farming in the central open area...... 40 Figure 33: Wetland at Jilini showing evacuated houses and sedimentation from stormwater runoff ...... 40 Figure 34: View from outlet culverts at Sebleni, showing the people moving across the depression ...... 41 Figure 35: The upstream and downstream view of the stormwater drainage canal draining Shaurimoyo to the west ...... 41 Figure 36: Layout of Drainage system D ...... 43 Figure 37: Layout of Drainage System E ...... 44 Figure 38: Migombani is host to subsistence farmers ...... 46 Figure 39: Downstream view of the stream in the Botanical Gardens...... 46 Figure 40: The outlet culvert (before joining with the conduits from Jang’ombe) in the Botanical Gardens ...... 47 Figure 41: Location where the stormwater conduit from Binti Amrani overflows into Binti Amrani (Mpendae) ...... 47

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Figure 42: Inundated Binti Amrani wetland ...... 48 Figure 43: Stormwater outfall E at the sea. The domestic refuse trap here has been blocked due to poor maintenance ...... 48 Figure 44: The wide open flats of Mnazi Mmoja Garden were once underwater as tidal coastal flats ...... 49 Figure 45: Canal draining the north-western side of Mnazi Mmoja Garden ...... 49 Figure 46: Canal draining the south-western side of Mnazi Mmoja Garden ...... 50 Figure 47: Layout of Drainage System F ...... 51 Figure 48: Layout of Drainage System G ...... 53 Figure 49: Layout and extent of proposed drainage system H ...... 55 Figure 50: Layout of Drainage System I ...... 57 Figure 51: Construction in wet areas ...... 61 Figure 53: Typical retainer wall around access door ...... 63 Figure 52: Collar around house foundation ...... 63 Figure 54: Existing solid waste management system – Skip at formal site ...... 64 Figure 55: Existing drainage with collection grid ...... 65 Figure 56: Significant buildings and streetscape elements in Stone Town (Siravo, 1996) ...... 67 Figure 57: Typical channel profile for open space conditions. Gabion allows for immediate walkway ...... 74 Figure 58: Typical channel profile for open space. Note the subsistence farming ...... 75 Figure 59: An existing surface water drain in Shaurimoyo ...... 75 Figure 60: Public Participation flow chart ...... 117

APPENDICES APPENDIX A ESIA Terms of Reference APPENDIX B Public Consultation Report, including Comments and Responses Report APPENDIX C Document Limitations

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ARAP Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan BID Background Information Document CBO’s Community Based Organisations DESIAR Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report DO Dissolved Oxygen DWAF Department of Water Affairs and Forestry – South Africa ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESIR Environmental and Social Impact Report ESIS Environmental and Social Impact Study ESMP Environmental and Social Management Programme GAA Golder Associates Africa GDP Gross Domestic Product HBS Household Budget Survey HIA Heritage Impact Assessment I&APs Interested and Affected Parties IHIA Intermediates Habitat Integrity Assessment ISO 14000 International Organisation for Standardisation Environmental Management Systems IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (World Conservation Union) LSA Local Study Area MAMSL Metres above mean sea level NGO Non Governmental Organisation PSA Project Study Area RAP Resettlement Action Plan RWH Rainwater Harvesting SEARNET Southern and East African Rainwater Network SEIA Socio-Economic Impact Assessment STCDA Stone Town Conservation Development Authority STI Sexually Transmitted Infections SMP Stormwater Management Plan TDS Total Dissolved Solids TOR Terms of Reference UN United Nations UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation WBG World Bank Group WHO World Health Organisation WHS World Heritage Site ZDE Zanzibar Department of Environment ZMC Zanzibar Municipal Council ZUSP Zanzibar Urban Services Project

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TERMINOLOGY TERM Description Any watery environment, such as rivers, lakes, wetlands, and estuaries, in Aquatic ecosystems which plants and animals interact with the chemical and physical features of the environment. Refers to the significance of archaeological objects with regards to the areas Archaeological heritage historical background. Refers to how one perceives the object or environment. It includes aspects of Aesthetic appeal sensory perception (sight, touch, sound, taste, smell). Refers to a dam designed to attenuate flows by storing runoff during the peak Attenuation dam flow and releasing it at a controlled rate during and after the peak flow has passed. Refers to basic information gathered before a venture begins which Baseline data characterises the existing conditions of both aquatic and terrestrial environment. The variety of life forms in a given area. It is often categorized in terms of the Biological environment number of species, the variety in the area's plant and animal communities, the genetic variability of the animals, or a combination of these elements. Capacity sizing Refers to wether or not the infrastructure is of an appropriate size or not. Catchment Area from which rainfall flows into river. Contour An imaginary line that connects all points on a surface having the same elevation. Cultural resource Includes any evidence of past human activity, regardless of significance, found in direct association with a geographic location, including tangible properties with intangible traditional cultural values. Erosion The detachment and subsequent removal of either rock or surface material by wind, rain, wave action, freezing, thawing and other processes. Evaporation The physical process by which a liquid is changed into a gas. See also evapotranspiration. Evapo-transpiration The loss of moisture to the atmosphere due to evaporation and transpiration by vegetation. Focus group meetings Refers to meetings held with the public or persons in the area. Focus groups are small forums where specific issues can be discussed with interested and affected parties/ stakeholders. Geology The study of the earth, its history and the changes that have occurred or are occurring, and the rocks and non-lithified materials of which it is composed and their mode of formation and transformation. Groundwater The water contained in interconnected pores located below the water table in an unconfined aquifer or located in a confined aquifer. Habitat integrity Compares’ an areas ‘natural state’ compared to present ‘state’. A habitat will have high integrity if undisturbed or undeveloped, poor integrity if disturbed. Human made character Refers to the man made aspects and features of an area and habitation In situ water quality Refers to the water quality on the site and comprises e.g. Ph levels, dissolved oxygen levels, total dissolved salts, temperature, and a habitat assessment. Intangible heritage This refers to cultural phenomena like social gatherings, traditional dances and religious festivities. Layout The design or pattern of the main system. Macro-invertebrates Invertebrates that can be seen with the naked eye. Mitigation An activity aimed at avoiding, controlling or reducing the severity of adverse physical, chemical, biological and/or socioeconomic impacts of a project activity. Monitoring The regular or routine collection of water data, (water levels, water quality and water use), to provide a record of the aquifer response over time. pH The negative logarithm to the base 10 of the hydrogen ion activity [H+] in solution. List that provides taxonomic, conservation status and distribution information on Red List species that are in any of the IUCN survival categories of concern. Scope of work The extent of the work, what it involves.

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TERM Description Sustainable development Development that is beneficial to both present and future generations. Terms of reference Refers to the purpose and structure of a project. Terrestrial ecology Refers to living things on land. Urban typology Refers to the type of urban environment involved in the study. An estimation of the capacity of the landscape to absorb development Visual absorption capacity without creating a significant change in visual character or producing a reduction in scenic quality Wetland An area that is regularly saturated by surface water or groundwater and is characterised by a presence of vegetation that is adapted for life in saturated soil conditions (e.g. swamps, bogs and fens).

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1.0 INTRODUCTION The Zanzibar Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (ZSGRP) is an interim plan devised by the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar (RGZ). The plan identifies the need to develop institutions and methods to expand services across the islands of Pemba and Ungula (the two main islands that make up Zanzibar) in response to Millennium Development Goal targets. The Zanzibar Urban Services Project (ZUSP) has been developed as a means of implementing the plan. The United Republic of Tanzania approached the World Bank to assist with the preparation of the ZUSP which has three broad components: ¡ Component 1 :Institutional strengthening and infrastructure; ¡ Component 2: Preparing for urban growth and enhancing the physical environment at one location in Stone Town; and ¡ Component 3: Project management. More specifically, the ZUSP has the following components: ¡ Construction and rehabilitation of surface water drainage in the Ng’ambo area; ¡ Solid Waste Management strategy; and ¡ Upgrading of street lighting in Stone Town and some other areas within the Zanzibar Municipal areas, outside of Stone Town. The location of Zanzibar is illustrated in Figure 1. In line with Zanzibar legislation as well as international policy, guidelines, and as required for projects funded by the World Bank, an Environmental and Social Impact assessment (ESIA) is required to be carried out for the ZUSP to assess the impacts of the project (both positive and negative) and to develop measures to reduce negative impacts and enhance the positive impact identified. The Project proponent is the Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs of Zanzibar, represented by the ZUSP. The latter is a department that has been set up to manage the ZUSP; it is dedicated to achieving a series of development goals that will ultimately improve the quality of life for the residents of the study area. Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd (Golder), an earth sciences consultancy with offices world-wide, has been appointed to undertake the ESIA for the ZUSP. The specific objective of the Golder appointment is to assess the environmental and social impacts of the surface water drainage system, the collection of solid waste and street lighting (the latter is with particular reference to Stone Town). A contract for “consulting service for environmental and social impact assessment” was entered into on the 30th November 2009 between the Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs, represented by the ZUSP (the Client”). The Terms of Reference (ToR) for the ESIA are attached in Appendix A. The ESIA has been undertaken in compliance with the World Bank’s Operational Policy (OP)/ Bank Policy (BP) 4.01 (Environmental Assessment), OP 4.11 (Physical Cultural Resources) and OP 4.12 (Involuntary Resettlement) and with reference to Zanzibar legislation (Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act, 1996 and EIA Regulations of Zanzibar, 2002). An Abbreviated Resettlement Plan (ARAP) for the ZUSP has been drafted to address issues of temporary and permanent displacement of people, realignment of houses, loss of assets and loss of access to assets which will occur during construction of the ZUSP. The process of undertaking an ESIA included the following stages: ¡ Screening – to classify the project and determine if an ESIA is necessary; ¡ Scoping – to determine the terms of reference for carrying out the ESIA; and

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¡ Detailed impact assessment - including development of the ESIA report, ARAP and Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). During the screening phase, the ZUSP was classified as a Category “A” project in terms of the World Bank’s environmental and social safeguard policies, specifically, OP/BP 4.01 and OP/BP 4.11. The ZUSP was classified as Category A because Stone Town is a World Heritage Site and thus, is high profile (Y. Tayyab, pers. comm.) and due to the potential displacement of people, realignment of houses, loss of assets and access – human impacts associated with the construction phase of the ZUSP. It should be noted that as a Category A project, baseline studies for the ESIA should take place over a period of one year so that data collection is representative of all seasons. However, due to the urgent need for the implementation of ZUSP, this has not been undertaken and may be a limiting factor to the ESIA.

Figure 1: Zanzibar is situated in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of Mainland Tanzania

In line with international standards, project-affected groups and local non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have been consulted through a public participation process between January and June 2010. The methods of undertaking the consultation process are presented in detail in Section 5.5. In brief, stakeholders were invited to participate and give comment on the ZUSP by attending meetings (focus group, key stakeholder discussions, open houses), and through distribution of background information documents and displaying posters in public places with full contact details of Golder. A database of stakeholders was set up at the outset of the project and maintained throughout the life of the ESIA. Key stakeholders were identified in consultation with the client, ahead of the project team undertaking field work in Zanzibar in January 2010. The database was expanded as more stakeholders were identified during the course of the study.

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The objective of the ESIA was to gather baseline data on the biophysical and socio-economic environments and identify any factors that may influence project design. Using the baseline data, the impacts of the proposed project components were assessed based on a methodology that uses two aspects to assess potential significance i.e. occurrence and severity. Mitigation measures have been proposed to manage the impacts of the project and these are presented in the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) with cost estimates for undertaking the tasks. Monitoring methods are included in the ESMP so that the effectiveness of the measures implemented can be gauged. Deviation from expected outcomes will be identified during monitoring and when required, the ESMP will be revised to incorporate either new measures or modify existing measures (this will be the case throughout the life of the project). For example, it may be necessary to increase or decrease the frequency of clearing litter from watercourses. The ESIA was undertaken for the ESIA included inter alia: ¡ Meetings with the ZUSP team throughout the study period; ¡ Desktop studies using available data, reports, plans and maps in the public domain; ¡ A review of project information and data supplied by ZUSP; ¡ Site visits comprising a walkover of the entire area with special reference to areas of particular significance for the proposed project (notably the proposed stormwater systems). Site visits were undertaken by the project manager and specialists for the biophysical and cultural heritage environments (one visit each for surface water study, ecological survey, visual assessment, archaeological assessment). Each specialist undertook relevant tasks whilst on site and met with stakeholders, as appropriate; ¡ Two site visits by the public participation team to meet with stakeholders in January (project announcement phase) and May (to update stakeholders and present findings of the ESIA); ¡ Various types of consultation meetings were held by the public participation team including focus groupmeetings and key stakeholder meetings;

¡ Four site visits by members of the team responsible for the social impact assessment (SIA) and Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP);

¡ Household surveys for the SIA and ARAP were undertaken using questionnaires and interviews. Local enumerators were appointed and trained by Golder to do this task;

¡ Collection of information, samples and taking in situ measurements as appropriate to each study and at each site;

¡ Analysis of data was achieved using methods appropriate to each discipline. Biophysical data was collected during specialist fieldwork and qualitative information was recorded during meetings with stakeholders; and

¡ Results of field observations, data collection, and background information were collated, analysed and used to complete the ESIA, ESMP and ARAP reports. It should be noted that the choice of tasks undertaken were based on (a) team members’ experience and (b) according to site-specific conditions and proposed Project infrastructure. All specialists took the opportunity to speak to local residents and workers on site as anecdotal information can also be of use in such studies (local knowledge). Detailed assessment has now been completed and this report presents the draft ESIA for the ZUSP for presentation to I&APs and the authorities for comment.

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1.1 Structure of the Report This report is arranged as follows:

INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT ¡ Chapter 1. Introduction, including a description of the project proponent, ZUSP. ¡ Chapter 2. Description of the proposed ZUSP.

PROCEDURAL AND LEGAL ¡ Chapter 3. Legal and policy requirements that guided the ESIA studies ¡ Chapter 4. Overview of the ESIA process including methods to determine impacts. ¡ Chapter 5. Description of the Public Consultation Program

POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION ¡ Chapter 6. The baseline environment, describing the existing environment in the study area. ¡ Chapter 7. Construction and operational phase impacts, describing potential impacts and mitigation measures to avoid or reduce negative impacts, or enhance positive impacts during the construction and operation periods. ¡ Chapter 8. Project Alternatives ¡ Chapter 9. Environmental Management Plan. ¡ Chapter 10. Conclusions and recommendations. Appendices A, B and C (Terms of Reference, Public Consultation Report including the Comments and Response Report, and Document Limitations respectively) are included with the main text of the report as Volume 1. Volume 2 contains the detailed specialist reports as follows: ¡ Appendix D – Surface water; ¡ Appendix E – Ecology; ¡ Appendix F – Social Impact Assessment; ¡ Appendix G – Visual; ¡ Appendix H – Archaeology; and ¡ Appendix I – Social interviews. 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION To give context to the ZUSP, an overview of the biophysical and socio-economic environments is presented in this section. 2.1 Project Context Zanzibar is part of the United Republic of Tanzania, but has its own legislative assembly, i.e. the House of Representatives, headed by the President of Zanzibar.

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The Zanzibar islands are separated from the mainland east coast of Africa by Pemba Channel to the north and Zanzibar Channel to the south; the channel reaches a depth of 800 metres. Situated 6 degrees south of the Equator. The period from November to March is hot and humid with temperatures exceeding 30⁰ centigrade (the northeast monsoon). Torrential rain is characteristic of the monsoon from March to May. A second, shorter rainy season occurs in November. Temperatures vary little throughout the year. The hottest months occur from December to March when the average summer temperature is 28⁰ centigrade. The average winter temperature is 25⁰ centigrade. Cooling sea breezes and trade winds relieve the humidity in coastal areas throughout the year, but also contribute to blowing waste and litter everywhere. The project area comprises terrain dissected by drainage channels that slopes gently towards the ocean. The coastal waters and beaches are key to the success of the tourist industry; thus, the stormwater and solid waste management aspects of the ZUSP are of regional importance to developing a sustainable tourist industry whilst maintaining the integrity of the natural environment by preventing waste being carried to the coast and entering the sea. Agriculture forms the backbone of the Zanzibar economy. About 80% of the population work in the agricultural sector; many are subsistence farmers and more than 50% of the total land area is devoted to subsistence farming. Zanzibar used to be the world's leading exporter of cloves and other spices but ageing clove trees and market factors have negatively affected the sector. Zanzibar’s major food crops are rice, cassava, sweet potatoes, bananas and yams. A large number of small growers produce vegetables such as tomatoes, eggplants, green peppers, okras, chillies, cabbages, cucumbers, spinach, Chinese cabbage, cassava leaves, cowpea leaves and onions. The total area under cultivation is 4 617 hectares. The average yield of vegetables is 5-7 tonnes per hectare, which is far below the potential yield. About 80 per cent of vegetables supplied to Zanzibar hotels and restaurants are brought from the mainland and Kenya; these vegetables could, potentially, be grown on the islands. In terms of the socio-economic environment, Zanzibar - Unguja is divided into three regions; Urban West, North Unguja and South Unguja and each region is divided into two districts. The proposed project lies in the Urban District (Zanzibar Municipality) of the Urban West Region. The Urban District covers an area of around 15 km², while the greater Urban West Region covers an area of around 230 km². The Urban District had a population of 205,870 in 2002 with a slightly higher female population. The Urban West Region has an extremely high population density of 1,700 people / km². Housing is basic with building materials comprising corrugated iron and some thatch roofs, cement block walls (not plastered), cement or mud floors, and wooden doors. It is apparent that most houses have inadequate or no foundations leaving them vulnerable to flood damage; floodwaters scour and can undermine walls which can lead to failure of walls and sections of buildings. In some places houses have been abandoned because of frequent flooding and damage; some residents have built a second level on houses to avoid floodwaters. Most homes have connection to electricity though wood is most commonly used for cooking. Of significance to the ZUSP, is the fact that many homes have pit latrines; these flood when the water-table rises in times of heavy rainfall causing strong odours and spillage of human waste into the surrounding environment, including water courses, i.e. there is widespread pollution associated with the pit latrines. Residents commonly use hand-dug pits adjacent to their properties for waste disposal. It is usual for waste to spread far and wide because the pits are open to the elements and ultimately, a high per cent of general solid waste enters water courses. Plastic is particularly noticeable because it is carried by wind/breezes, gets trapped on bushes, trees and vegetation, and can build up in water courses creating “dams” as the material is impermeable; this exacerbates local flooding. Due to the lack of an effective, formal waste management system residents are all but obliged to dump waste on available spaces throughout the suburbs. The net result is that there are unsightly piles of waste and windblown litter everywhere.

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2.1.1 Socio-economic context Baseline data has been gleaned from the 2004/5 Household Budget Survey which was published by the Office of the Chief Government Statistician of Zanzibar in September 20061, as well as the 2002 Population and Housing Census2, and is complemented by data collected during the household survey conducted during January 2010 by the field team. Other sources are referenced in the text. The Urban District had a population of 205,870 in 2002 with a slightly higher female population. The average household size was 5.4 while the Household Budget Survey (HBS) calculated an average urban household size of 5.9. The annual growth rate recorded by the 2002 Census was 4.5%3 in the Urban West Region, considerably higher than the 3.1% recorded for Zanzibar–Unguja as a whole. However, this figure falls to 1.9% for the Urban District within which the project is located, whose population was estimated at 247,733 in 2007. The Urban West Region has an extremely high population density of 1,700 people / km², compared to 400 people / km² for Zanzibar–Unguja as a whole. These figures indicate one of the highest population densities in Africa. The Republic of Tanzania for example has a population density of 39 people / km². The two major languages are English and Kiswahili and the predominant religion in Zanzibar is Islam. In 2005, 16% of urban-based household heads had no education while 26% had achieved a level of education from Standard 5 to Standard 8 and 43% had achieved the OSC-Form 4 level. While the results for the Urban district were very similar, data for the rural areas showed a stark contrast with 43% of rural household heads having had no formal education and only 23% having achieved an OSC-Form 4 level of education. The HBS also found that educational facilities were readily available in urban centres which contributed to the Net Enrolment Ratio of about 90% at basic education and primary education levels in the Urban District and 44% at secondary education level. The level of education for the surveyed households is corroborated by the regional and district trend with most of the surveyed population to the age of 44 having attained an OSC-Form 4 level of education or below. It was found that a larger percentage of females had no education compared to males.(Figure 2) This can be attributed to the cultural pressures many young women face with regards to marriage and household responsibilities4. In 2005, the Household Budget Survey found that 9% of the population of the Urban District had suffered from an illness or injury in the preceding 4 weeks, the majority of whom were between the ages of 0-4 and over 65. Nineteen percent of the population in Zanzibar reported illness or injury in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Malaria was the most common illness reported in urban areas, with nearly 80% of children under 15 and 67% of those over the age of 15 reporting the illness.

100% 90%

80% Further Education 70% 60% Form 5-6 OSC Form 4 50% 40% Standard 5-8

30% Standard 1-4 20% Below education age 10% No education 0% 0-4 5-9 10-1515-1920-4445-64Over 65

Figure 2: Educational attainment in project area

1 RGZ, 2006. Final Report - 2004/5 Household Budget Survey. 2 United Republic of Tanzania, 2004. 2002 Population and Housing Census. 3 An official in the urban planning department of the Department of Lands and Registration indicated during an interview on 20.05.2010 that the actual growth rate in the Zanzibar City area is in the order of 5% per annum – far beyond the department’s ability to plan land development, infrastructure and services. 4 Growing up in Zanzibar. (n.d.)Accessed from http://s4siunc.org/meet_our_scholars/growing_up_in_zanzibar on 15.02.2010

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According to the Household Budget Survey, most homesteads were within 2km of a health centre, and the Urban District had the highest rate (37%) of consulting a Referral Hospital for illness in Zanzibar (compared to the country average of 11%). However, far less people used a Primary Health Care Unit in the Urban District (29% compared to the average of 46%) indicating easier access to health care facilities5. In the project area, 10% of the respondents reported having malaria and 8% having diarrhoea in the month preceding the survey. While several Shehas made mention of malaria prevention programmes in their area, one of the root causes for the high prevalence of malaria is the constant presence of water around homesteads. Zanzibar's major economic sectors include agriculture, trade and industries, and tourism. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy largely due to the clove industry, which is the main foreign currency earner for the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba. Around 24% of the total population is employed in farming or livestock keeping, with a further 4% in fishing. However, these economic activities are largely concentrated in rural areas. The main employment opportunities in the Urban District are in the government sector (13%), or self- employment without employees (16%). The percentage of housewives without economic activity (20%) reflects the social value that is placed on women as homemakers and primary caregivers. The high percentage of students (22%) corroborates the previously discussed access to educational facilities. The most commonly reported secondary activity in the Urban District was farming or keeping livestock (14% of the population). The high concentration of people in the project area has a limiting effect on agricultural opportunities and only in the more formally planned (and more spacious) areas was there evidence of fruit trees and vegetable plots in homesteads. The Urban District has the largest proportion of homesteads whose main source of income is cash wages (43%) and 23% of homesteads reported owning a business. The 2004 Business Census indicated a growth in family-owned businesses of 45% since 2001 and 93% of the businesses in the Urban District, the majority in the wholesale and retail trade sector, were family owned and 84% of these businesses had less than 5 employees6. The project survey showed that 47% of households were self-employed and 14% were engaged in wage-employment. There was ample evidence of small business trading in the project area ranging from small supermarkets to specialised carpenter business, home-based tailors and street hawkers selling fruit, vegetables and other daily domestic consumables. The district also has the largest proportion of homesteads (13%) participating in savings or current accounts in Zanzibar compared to the national average of 6%. The district also has the highest rate of formal bank loans, with 3% of homesteads reporting taking out a loan in the 12 months preceding the Household Budget Survey compared to the average of about 2%. Access to cash wages, exposure to small business management and the use of financial facilities are indicative of financial literacy in the project area. In addition, homesteads in the Urban District have the highest levels of expenditure in Zanzibar. In 2005, the mean total homestead expenditure for 28 days was Tsh 175,250 ($1307), compared to the national average of Tsh 117,151 ($87). Around 48% of expenditure is on food and 18% on housing, water, fuel and power. These figures are slightly lower than national averages due to the higher income rates of the Urban District; the mean annual cash income from employment is almost twice the national average. The Urban District has the highest percentage of dwellings constructed of modern materials, with 93% of houses having a modern roof and non-earth floor, and 74% having modern walls. Around 72% of urban homesteads are owner occupied and 14% live without paying rent. Housing was built with durable walling and roofing materials generally indicating permanency. Areas that were partially planned seemed to attract better housing and residential plots were also generally larger (many plots in Mpendae, for instance, had fruit trees and small crops (e.g. cassava)). Ownership is in terms of the right to occupy which is granted in perpetuity under the Land Tenure Act (1992). All land is owned by the state and cannot be transferred. However, the growing market in the informal

5 Household Budget Survey 2005, Accessed at http://www.ocgs.go.tz/download.html on 18.01.2010 6 Business Census 2004. Accessed at http/www.ocgs.go.tz, on 22.05/2010 7 Based on an exchange rate of Tsh1,350.

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settlement areas suggests that the right of occupancy is transferrable (at least informally) although none of these transactions would be registered by the Lands Department. In law, Right of Occupancy is separate from the right to own trees and it is possible to own the right to trees on a plot which is not occupied by the owner of the trees. The extent of this practice has not been established in the project area, but needs to be considered when formulating an appropriate resettlement framework. Around 67% of homesteads have electricity connections in the Urban District, the highest figure in Zanzibar and many rural areas have no electricity at all. The main source of fuel used for cooking is either charcoal (49%) or wood (44%) in urban areas. For lighting, homesteads report using either electricity (57%) or paraffin (42%) in urban areas. The continued use of firewood may have long-term implications for the environment. The majority of homesteads in the Urban District use a pit latrine (72%) as their main form of sanitation, followed by a flush toilet (25%). Only 1% of the population in the district have no toilet facilities; a much lower figure than the average for Zanzibar (28%) and rural areas where more than 74% of homesteads have no toilet facilities. Sanitation facilities are generally available in the project area, albeit basic pit latrines. Flooding has a negative impact on these ‘dry systems’ and many homesteads that were visited showed signs of recent flooding of the compound including sanitation facilities. The overall goal of the government is to ensure that all homesteads in Zanzibar have access to safe drinking water within reasonable distance. Adequate access to clean and safe water contributes to improved health status, reducing exposure to waterborne diseases. Around 71% of homesteads in the Zanzibar Municipality have access to piped water or depend on protected sources. Urban homesteads have more access to water from piped systems than rural areas. Piped water is available either within the housing unit, outside the housing unit or via the community supply. The Urban District has the highest level (55%) of private piped water by means of a house connection and a further 27% of homesteads have piped water in the yard. Solid waste management in the project area is a considerable hazard to the health of the population and the (future) functioning of the stormwater drainage systems. In 2005, households either used a refuse pit outside of the compound (27%) or disposed of their refuse outside the homestead compound (25%) (see Figure 3 and Figure 4 ). National figures for Zanzibar are a clear reflection of the limited management and implementation of waste disposal mechanisms with 46% of homesteads disposing of their domestic refuse outside the compound. In the project area, unmanaged refuse disposal causes regular obstruction of the stormwater drainage systems. Domestic refuse is disposed randomly outside the compound and it appeared that flood-prone areas are also treated as de facto waste disposal areas. During the wet season waste is washed through the presently unplanned drainage paths leaving a trail of refuse.

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30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Figure 3: Solid waste disposal in urban areas

2.2 Project Motivation Zanzibar City is a densely populated area that lacks adequate services such as stormwater management, waste management and sanitation systems. As a result inhabitants are living in conditions that are unhygienic and hazardous, in terms of health and welfare. The situation is exacerbated because frequent flood events result in pools of water accumulating in low-lying areas over long periods of time, increasing the risk of water-borne disease spreading through communities; outbreaks of cholera and dysentery are common in Zanzibar City, particularly during high rainfall when contamination of water increases. A number of water bodies are surrounded by residential houses; this increases the potential risk for contaminating water due to the lack of formal sanitation; sewage from pit latrines percolates through soil to water bodies and enters groundwater too. Where sewage pipes exist they are commonly broken, allowing leaks to run into water (surface water and groundwater is polluted in this way).

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Figure 4: Canal running alongside residential housing One of the fundamental problems faced by the residents of Zanzibar town is the lack of a proper system for waste management and it is most apparent in the dense urban areas and informal settlements. (See Figure 5 and Figure 6) Piles of waste are scattered in and around residential areas which leads to environmental and health problems. Few residents opt to bury their wastes close to their residences (Ameyibor et al 2003). Although burying waste adjacent to homes cannot be considered best practice, this is common practice because there is no formal system. However, this is not a sustainable solution due to dense housing and the volume of waste, which is likely to increase with time. Numerous waste pits increase exposure to sources of potential pollution including leachate (a liquid derived from waste) that will drain from pits into soil and the shallow water table. As there is an inadequate sewerage system, grey water, i.e. used domestic water, is discharged haphazardly into the immediate environment causing pollution of surface water and groundwater.

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Figure 5: Solid waste entering drainage channel

Saturated ground conditions also cause pit latrines to flood, leading to biological pollution of water. The lack of formal stormwater drains means that water tends to pond in depressions and creates breeding places for mosquitoes which increases the incidence of malaria.

Figure 6: Standing pool of water from flooding. Note the domestic waste scattered alongside and in the water.

Lack of urban planning has led to these parlous conditions. It is apparent that the geographic and environmental setting for such dense, urban development is not ideal and it is inevitable that natural hazards such as flooding will remain a constant threat to the population. Notably, the terrain of Zanzibar is low lying (the high point being approximately 120 metres above mean sea level), gently undulating and there is

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torrential rainfall during the monsoon period. In terms of the potential for flooding, these elements are inter- related and compounded by dense housing development. In similar densely populated areas and settings throughout the world, the incidence of flooding tends to increase because urbanisation results in increased stormwater run-off as surface areas are hardened and become impermeable, e.g. roofs and paving. The potential for rainwater infiltration (soaking) into the ground is further reduced as vegetation is removed leaving expanses of bare soil and rock; rain is not trapped and runs freely to low points. Exposed soil is associated with increased rates of soil erosion which perpetuates the overall cycle of environmental degradation; if measures are not put in place to stop the erosion the impact on the environment can be irreversible. By implementing the stormwater drainage system and improving waste management, the residents will benefit from reduced frequency of flooding and a safer, healthier environment. Based on findings of fieldwork and interaction with stakeholders, it is apparent that flooding is obviously the greatest concern as it has a direct significant, negative impact on the quality of life of residents in terms of health, welfare and possessions.

Stone Town has been declared a World Heritage Site and is a tourist destination that brings significant income to Zanzibar, and this is predicted to increase year by year. At present, the street lighting is in a state of disrepair, detracts from the aesthetics of the setting and historic character of the town, and results in dark streets by night. Upgrading the street lighting will enable tourists and local traders to take full advantage of the potential to frequent and use Stone Town facilities in relative safety, after dark. In view of the positive impact that tourism has on the economy of Zanzibar, the value of upgrading street lights will be a part of ensuring the industry is sustained. 2.3 The ZUSP Components The ESIA has been based on the following ZUSP components: 2.3.1 Construction and Upgrade of Surface Water Drains It is proposed that stormwater management is improved by: ¡ Expanding the diameter of existing pipe drains (so they can carry more stormwater away from the urban areas); ¡ Constructing new open channel drains throughout the urban area; ¡ Rehabilitating existing open channel drains; and ¡ Routing stormwater into the ocean by means of marine outfalls i.e. pipelines that discharge stormwater into the sea.

The objective of improving the stormwater management system is to reduce the severity of flooding and frequency in which houses are flooded in Ng’ambo. ZUSP appointed Gauff Ingenieure to undertake the design for the construction of the surface water drainage system; a final design report was produced in February 2010.

A previous project (Phase ll) addressed flooding in low-lying basin-like areas and resulted in reduction of flooding in areas including Kijangwani, Uwanja wa Farasi, Government Printers, Ziwani and Maisara.

Phase lll addresses areas prone to flooding including Migombani, Binti Amrani, Mwatenga, Sebleni, Botanical Garden, Kwa Mzushi, Mnazi Mmoja playground, Chumbuni, Mwanakwerekwe, and Karakana. In order to produce an effective design, Gauff engineers defined catchment areas using 2 m contours and marking flood-prone on existing imagery. The objective was to produce a design that effectively drains the catchment and accommodates surface run-off. To achieve this open and closed stormwater drains were

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proposed and, at the time the report was produced, comprise an estimated total length of 26 110 m (which is 21% more than was expected when the engineers were appointed).

The project area was divided into a series of systems that align with sub-catchments, as follows: ¡ System C – drain lengths comprise 2 560 m (designed in Phase ll) and 4 760 m of new design. This system already has drains that were part of a Phase ll design to rehabilitate the open drain from north of Amani Stadium to the marine outfall at Miazani Bridge via Saateni. The drain was constructed in Phase l but fell into disrepair; a closed drain was also installed in Mwebeladu. (See Figure 7 – Figure 9)

In Phase lll, the drain will be rehabilitated and extended eastwards to include Sebleni, several secondary drains will be constructed and a pipe drain is proposed for Shaurimoyo. The new sections of sections will include:

§ The low lying area near the stadium at Mabatani where a new drain will drain water from Magogoni A and B; it could be aligned with the road; and

§ A line will be taken along the road to drain the Mwatenga catchment and it will join the above network.

The new sections will comprise 170 m of open drains and 4 590 m of closed drains which makes up the total of 4 760 m; the total length of drains for Phases l and ll is 7 320 m. The system was designed to drain water from Jitini, Sebleni and Nyerere. The existing design has to be reviewed because there will be an increase in the volume of water as areas around the BOT flats and Islamic Orphanage School (Kwa Mabata) will also drain into Sebleni.

Figure 7: System C – area of flooding Figure 8: System C – upgrade of Figure 9: System C – in Shaurimoyo existing infrastructure proposed route of drainage pipe in Mwatenga ¡ System D comprises D-l and D-ll that were constructed in Phase ll and drain into the sea via a marine outfall at Maisara Suleiman. The Phase ll drains comprise 2 202 m of open drains and 2 433 m of closed drains. In Phase lll two secondary lines, totalling 960 m of closed drains, will be added to System D-l. These will comprise: From Mungaano to D27 (Mwembenjugu). There is an existing open drain that will have to be enlarged. The drain will follow road alignments; and

§ Along the road near the Mental Hospital that will discharge to the existing D12 drain at Kidongo Chekundu.

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The drainage channel alongside the road near the Mental Hospital will be an open channel whilst the line from Muungano will be closed. The capacity of existing system will be sufficient to contain the additional water from Muugano and Magobani Road. Excavation for System D can be achieved by using an excavator as drains will be constructed alongside roads; maximum depth of excavation is estimated to be 2.7 m. As the Phase lll drains will be excavated along roads there is room to construct without impinging on homesteads. See photos of system D in Figures 10 – Figure12.

Figure 10: System D – area in Figure 11: System D – Figure 12: System G – proposed flooding in Muungano rehabilitation of existing route of drainage pipe in Karakana infrastructure in Mwembenjugu ¡ System E was designed in Phase ll but lack of funding resulted in the line from Migombani through the Botanical Gardens and Jang’ombe not being constructed. The total length designed was 3 280 m. This is being reviewed and one new section will be added to the system; this will be a trapezoidal section to drain Mpendea. The Phase ll drains will be incorporated into Phase lll (830 m of open drains) and additional secondary drains will be constructed. The new design totals 4 150 m. Along the Jang’ombe Road there will be room to use an excavator for construction. However, the tributaries of Magomeni and Mpendae are in congested areas where excavation will be limited to manual methods. Five areas in Jang’ombe and Migombani subject to flooding which, the engineering design report states will be effectively drained in System E; these include Binti Amrani, Magaomeni, Mpendae, Migomabni and Botanical Gardens. See photos of System E in Figures 13 – Figure 18.

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Figure 15: System E – existing Figure 13: System E – existing Figure 14: System E – flooded channel in Migombani area in Migombani system with pedestrian crossing in Jangombe

Figure 16: System E – proposed Figure 18: System E – proposed Figure 17: System E – affected pipeline route in Magomeni building (Mosque) by covered pipeline route in Mpendae (narrow channel section)

¡ System F is an existing drain that should drain the Mnazi Mmoja playground. However, this has degenerated to such an extent that it no longer functions. Phase lll will comprise 740 m of new drain design (280 m of open drains and 460 m of closed drains) and Gauff recommends that this is given high priority because of the high amenity value as a sports and recreation area. (See Figure 19) The flooding in this area is due to sea water backflow associated with high tides, a shallow water-table and run-off from high lying areas. Water accumulates to a depth of approximately 60 cm in this area. Existing infrastructure, e.g, French drains, lateral perforated drains, collection chambers and flap valves to prevent backflow of high tide water, are not functioning and thus, need to be rehabilitated and upgraded. System G - 760 m of drains was designed in Phase ll to alleviate flooding in Karakana to Mto Pepo along the Darajabovu Road. (See Figure 20) An additional 730 m were proposed in Phase lll as an extension of the system to the south, to drain Kwa Mzushi. Stormwater will be discharged into a natural stream flowing towards Mtoni.

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Key issues associated with the flooding of the two low-lying areas include the typical hazards associated with flooding, stagnant water lying for long periods following rainfall and solid waste being dumped. Most of the construction works will take place in open areas but houses in Karakana, water pipes in the vicinity of Mto Pepo and overhead tension lines need to be considered prior to construction.

Figure 19: System F – vast flooding area used as Figure 20: System G – stagnant water in flooding area sporting grounds in Karakana

¡ System H would require a major new closed line and drain the basin next to Mwanakwerekwa Market and the area upstream, across the road. This will be a totally new system comprising 9 020 m of drains and will have its own marine outfall. This system consists of more than 8,000m of buried pipes designed to drain Mwanakwerekwe as well as Magogoni B (via Mwanekwerekwe) and several other smaller areas (including a number of road intersections) (See Figure 21) Several technical alternatives were provided in the Final Design Report in order to reduce the excavation depth (more than 20m for the original design) and shorten the route to lessen the loss of energy (gravitational flow). An extensive part of the original system design follows linear infrastructure with several shorter branches from two market areas and residential areas feeding into the mainline. The complexity of the engineering required for the system would result in high costs that are beyond the available resources. Therefore, it has been decided to exclude this system from Phase lll development; it was proposed that further studies be done in order to reach a more appropriate and cost-effective design. ¡ System l is an existing open drain following a natural drainage line. (See Figure 22) It drains from Kwaptipura crossing marshland towards the marine outfall at Saateni Bridge. Gauff proposed that the line be rehabilitated using a trapezoidal channel totalling 2 430 m in length and it will drain the low-lying area of Darajabovu and surrounding areas. The main areas to be drained by the system are Avenger, Kenyani and Kwaptipura. Some stone pitching was used to line a short length of the stream near Shaurimoyo and it remains in good condition; it may need to be enlarged based on findings of detailed design.

Manual methods will be used during construction due to restricted access. It may transpire that the design will be amended to use rectangular drains rather than trapezoidal as there has been extensive soil erosion of river banks. The net result is that if trapezoidal drains are to be used, large quantities of fill material would have to be imported, adding to overall costs of construction. The design for the channel at Lumbumba in Phase ll was modified from trapezoidal to rectangular section for this reason.

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Although it was originally proposed that the exit for the system would be Saateni Bridge, Gauff proposed an extension was added so that water is discharged beyond the football ground and this was agreed to by the client. The existing marine outfalls for systems D-l, D-ll and E were constructed as part of Phase ll. However, D-ll and E malfunction because (a) they get blocked by shifting sands that are moved by tidal waves and (b) the HDPE pipes have been distorted, also as a result of shifting sands. This is a typical scenario where there is an interface between hard structures and a surrounding unconsolidated, sediment environment. Gauff proposed that they undertake a review to see what improvements can be made. D-l has not been affected because two adjoining concrete pipes, constructed in Phase l, effectively protects the outfall pipe. Two new sea outfalls have been proposed for Systems H and F for Phase lll (though System will not proceed during Phase lll). Gauff propose that gabions are used to form stable foundations for laying outfall pipes. As gabions are made of wire netting, it is intended that once settling has occurred concrete will be poured to stabilise the stones; this is essential as the wires will corrode in the marine environment. Keeping the outfalls clear of sand and solid waste will enable the systems to operate effectively.

Figure 21: System H – stagnant water in deep flooded Figure 22: System I – existing water course to be lined area in Mwanakwerekwe

2.3.2 Solid Waste Management Collection System Currently, there is no effective, formal solid waste management system in Zanzibar. Waste is mostly packed into containers such as plastic bags, buckets, tins, palm leaf baskets, and cardboard boxes that are left lying haphazardly throughout the urban areas. This is unhygienic and causes nuisance such as bad smells and wind-blown litter. Rotting waste attracts scavengers such as rats and cats causing waste to be scattered when they forage; such waste often gets washed into drains and causes blockages. The design and implementation of the solid waste management collection system will include: ¡ Providing solid waste collection equipment such as bins; ¡ Constructing new concrete slabs and placing skips on them; ¡ Providing additional steel skips; and ¡ Organising a collection system using handcarts that are small enough to be taken through the narrow alleyways in the dense urban housing areas.

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MMK Project Services Ltd (MMK) were appointed by ZUSP to undertake the design of a solid waste management (SWM) strategy and associated bidding documents for equipment, transfer stations and other identified required SWM inputs. MMK divided the study area into four zones and reviewed the currently operating formal collection stations and informal dumping stations. Reference was also made to a zone beyond ZMC periphery where 22 informal dumping locations were identified but there are no formal collection stations. It should be noted that the accumulation of waste in water courses is a significant factor in terms of stormwater drainage in Ng’ambo area; it is apparent that waste tends to end up in drains and channels and causes blockages. When drains are blocked, water overtops, spills out of the system and exacerbates flooding in surrounding areas. 2.3.3 Upgrade of Street Lighting in Stone Town Electriplan (T) Limited was appointed by ZUSP to undertake the design of street lighting in Stone Town and some other municipal areas. The objective of the study was to improve the night environment, security, safety on roads, street and public areas, and enhancing the tourist activities while safeguarding the historic cultural heritage of Stone Town. The Stone Town Conservation Development Authority (STCDA) was a key stakeholder as the organisation is responsible for conservation and developments that have significance for architecture and conservation in Stone Town. Lights in Stone Town were selected in keeping with the status of Stone Town as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The luminaires have been selected for post mounting or wall mounting; the wall brackets and posts reflect the historic character of the town. In the case of the Ng’ambo lights have been selected to comply with British Standards for traffic routes (BS 5489 Part 2:1992). The lights for these areas will be functional and typical of those used in modern, urban areas where function is the key driver. The design criteria focussed on appropriate usage; for roads lighting will be aimed at promoting safety whereas for pedestrian areas effective security and amenity value are key issues. Whilst lighting should facilitate facial recognition along pedestrian and traffic routes, it should not create light pollution and be intrusive to residents. 3.0 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK The ESIA was undertaken with reference to in-country Zanzibar legislation and international standards. A separate review of legislation was done for the ARAP to comply with WB standards and requirements. 3.1 Zanzibar Law The Zanzibar law and regulations applicable to the Project are as follows: ¡ Zanzibar Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act of 1996; ¡ Stone Town Act No. 3 of 1994; and ¡ Zanzibar Environmental Policy of 1992. Zanzibar Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act of 1996 The Act provides for fulfilling the needs of citizens whilst ensuring the environment is protected for present and future generations. A duty is placed on every person to promote the purposes of the Act which includes inter alia maintaining basic ecological processes of land, water and air, ensuring environmentally sound and healthy quality of life and strengthening institutional capabilities for protecting the environment. In addition, the Act states that every person has a right to a clean and healthy environment but also places a duty on every person to maintain and enhance their environment. The Act stipulates that any activity that is likely to have a significant impact on the environment cannot be undertaken prior to obtaining an EIA certificate; this applies to any person and Government institutions.

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Thus, the results of the ESIA findings must be compiled into a report for submission to the authorities who will review it and decide if the ZUSP should be authorised. The “environment” is defined as the natural resources surrounding human beings and the interactions among and between these resources and human beings. Thus, in terms of the proposed Project an ESIA must be undertaken to comply with the Act.

The proposed Project directly addresses the objectives of the Act by improving stormwater and waste management which will lead to reduced risk of water-borne diseases, address some of the issues of the degraded environment and be a significant step in improving the quality of life for residents and visitors to Zanzibar. Stone Town Act No. 3 of 1994 The Act establishes the Stone Town Conservation and Development Authority (STCDA) as a legal entity with a mandate to “initiate plan, prepare, co-ordinate and control all matters related to the conservation of the Stone Town conservation area” (Stone Town Act, p.4). STCDA is a Department of the Ministry of Water, Conservation, Energy and Land. STCDA is headed by a Director General assisted by and Advisory Board (S. Karume, 2005). Zanzibar Environmental Policy of 1992 The responsibility for environmental policies and programmes in 1992 rested with the Ministry of Water, Construction, Energy, Lands and Environment, the home of the Commission for Lands and Environment (COLE). The aims of the Policy are largely duplicated in the Zanzibar Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act of 1996 although the latter is more prescriptive and all-encompassing. The Policy lays emphasis on the need to ensure that biological and ecological principles that are important for the development of lives and resources are complied with. The document also places emphasis on the importance of improving institutional and personal capacity in the conservation and management of the environment. It echoes the intergenerational and intra generational equity principles of environmental protection and calls for the conservation and development of environmental resources, laying emphasis on the need to protect them in a sustainable manner that will advance the well-being of the present generation without affecting the ability of future generations of Zanzibar to make the most of the resources. In terms of the proposed Project, the pertinent issues are addressed through compliance with the Zanzibar Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act of 1996 3.2 International Guidelines The ESIA complies with the relevant aspects of the Equator Principles, World Bank and IFC guidelines. ¡ Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01); ¡ Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11); and ¡ Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12). A brief description of each is given below. Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) Operational Procedure OP 4.01 stipulates the requirement that projects funded by the World Bank is subject to an environmental assessment in an effort to ensure they are environmentally sound and sustainable. To ensure there is no contravention with national legislation, in-country policies and legislation are taken into account before embarking on a project. According to the World Bank system, projects are categorized to determine the level of environmental study that is required. In the case of the ZUSP, the project has been classified as a Category A project which indicates it is likely to have significant adverse impacts that area sensitive, diverse or unprecedented. It is a requirement that negative and positive impacts are examined, compared to feasible alternatives including a

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“no project” option and that recommendations are made to instigate measures to minimise negative impacts or compensate for adverse impacts. The natural environment in ZUSP project area has been significantly degraded by human activities as relatively rapid urbanisation took place with scant regard to planning. The net result is that Zanzibar City currently lacks the levels of service necessary to promote a good quality of life for residents. The ZUSP has been proposed to address at least some aspects of lack of services and service delivery albeit that some households will be either temporarily or permanently removed, or will lose small portions of land. Furthermore, World Bank has indicated that this project is located in a sensitive area (World Heritage Site) and for these reasons the project is a Category A. In compliance with OP 4.01, a public consultation process has taken place to inform project affected people of the ZUSP by supplying background information documents, holding focus group/open house meetings with posters illustrating aspects of the project, and supplying other information; opportunities to comment and give feed-back on the project have been included in the consultation process. Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11) This policy addresses physical cultural resources, which are defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, and natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural significance. Physical cultural resources may be located in urban or rural settings, and may be above or below ground, or under water. Their cultural interest may be at the local, provincial or national level, or within the international community. In terms of the ZUSP, the upgrading of lighting in Stone Town is linked to supporting management of physical cultural resources. There is potential for impacting on the historical architecture of Stone Town when lights are upgraded and when excavations take place for the stormwater drains as objects may possibly be uncovered. Hence, OP 4.11 is triggered. Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) The policy on Involuntary Resettlement is applicable for all projects that require displacement and/or resettlement of people and their individually owned and communally held assets. The overall objective of this policy is to avoid involuntary resettlement where feasible and to minimize resettlement by exploring all viable alternative project designs. The policy further requires that displaced (project affected) persons should be meaningfully consulted and be given the opportunity to participate in planning and implementation of the resettlement programme. Displaced persons should also be assisted in their efforts to improve their standards of living or at least to restore them to pre-displacement levels. The proposed stormwater drainage will cause minimal impact on people (affected people are not physically displaced and less than 10% of their productive assets are lost), but may require temporary loss of assets as a result of construction activity. Permanent loss of assets will pertain primarily to loss of fruit trees and home- grown crops. In view of these impacts, ZUSP required the compilation of an abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (when less than 200 people are affected) which is submitted separate from this ESIA as a stand-alone ARAP. 4.0 THE ESIA PROCESS The technical assessment and public participation processes for the ESIA were carried out in parallel, as illustrated in Figure 23.

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SCREENING SCOPING / ToRPHASE IMPACT ASSESSMENT DECISION MAKING Classify the Project and Develop the Terms of PHASE PHASE determine whether an ESIA Reference for carrying out Detailed studies of impacts Authorities use ESIA findings to decide if project goes is required. the ESIA –positive and negative ahead

Public Participation

Figure 23: The ESIA process and public participation 4.1 Screening The screening phase classified the ZUSP and determined whether an ESIA was required. The process of determining whether a project requires an ESIA is outlined in OP 4.01. In addition Zanzibar legislation makes provision for ESIA. Due to the high status of Stone Town as a UNESCO World Heritage site and the potential impact relating to displacement of residents during construction the ZUSP was classified as a “Category A” project which requires a full ESIA. As such, Golder concurs with the ESIA requirements and has conducted its independent investigations in this light. 4.2 Scoping The first phase of the ESIA was scoping where key impacts are determined through public consultation and high level technical analysis (including key informant interviews) and the methodology or terms of reference (ToR) is established to evaluate those impacts through specialist studies. 4.2.1 Specialist Studies Five specialist studies were conducted as part of the ESIA (i.e. hydrology (surface water), aquatic ecology, social, archaeological and visual which are appended in Appendices D - I). In addition, a separate study was done for the preparation of an ARAP. When the hydrology, aquatic ecology, archaeological and visual studies were conducted the project footprint presented to the ESIA team comprised general layouts and descriptions of project infrastructure. Based on these, the study team has made conservative assumptions. Detailed engineering reports and some detailed drawings were made available in May and the project area was re-visited by the public participation team and specialist team for social assessment. The latter undertook another round of interviews with informants and project affected persons (PAPs) throughout the project area, with special reference to the Stormwater Drainage Systems that form the basis of the engineering designs. Two separate site visits were undertaken by the RAP specialist who linked up with Mr Khan of Gauff to walk the stormwater drain routes and discuss the alignments. 4.3 Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental impacts were assessed utilising the methodology outlined in Section 7.0. Following the assessment of impacts an environmental and social management plan was developed outlining specific actions to reduce negative and enhance positive environmental impacts. 5.0 PUBLIC CONSULTATION Public consultation formed an integral part of the ESIA as it provided interested and affected parties (I&APs) with project information and an opportunity to comment. It is also a requirement of the World Bank (and is a condition of providing funding) and current Zanzibar legislation. The displacement implications of the proposed project were part of the public consultation process, but consultation of PAPs were done separately (see separate ARAP Report).

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In terms of the Zanzibar Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act of 1996 the following is applicable to public consultation: ¡ Upon receipt of the environmental report, also known as an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) the relevant authority shall distribute the report to government departments for comment; ¡ The public will be notified and invited to review and give written comments on the EIS; ¡ Written comments from the directly affected people will be solicited; ¡ A period of not less than 20 days and not more than 30 days will be given for public review and comment once they have been effectively notified; ¡ Once the public comment period is closed, the authority will have 30 days to complete their review. The outcome of this review will comprise one of three options: (1) project approval,(2) a request for more information, or (3) project disapproval; and ¡ Through the Director of the environmental authority, the matter will then be referred to the Minister who has 14 days to reach a decision. The Minister can approve the proposed activity (and direct the Director to issue an EIA certificate) and may attach conditions, or disapprove the application. The Minister may also invite public comment. The ZUSP was widely announced in January 2010 through the distribution of a Background Information Document (BID), letters of invitation, posters in public places and community and focus group meetings. Approximately 58 individuals and organisations participated in focus group and community meetings and discussions; written comments were also received by the project team. All comments, concerns and suggestions received from stakeholders are recorded in a Comment and Response Report. 5.1 Objectives of Public Consultation The objectives of Public Consultation are to provide sufficient and accessible information to stakeholders in an objective manner which assists as follows: ¡ During the Announcement/Scoping Phase § Raise issues of concern and suggestions for enhanced benefits;

§ Contribute relevant local information and knowledge to the environmental assessment;

§ Make suggestions for reasonable alternatives; and

§ Verify that their issues, comments and suggestions have been captured. ¡ During the Impact Assessment phase § Verify that their issues, comments and suggestions have been considered in the environmental investigations; and

§ Comment on the findings of the environmental assessments. ¡ During the decision-making phase § Be notified of government comment and decision on whether or not the project may proceed. 5.2 Identification of Interested and Affected Parties Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs) were initially identified through a process of networking and referral, liaison with affected community leaders, local organisations, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and government authorities. The initial stakeholder database comprised of a total of about 46 I&APs

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representing a broad spectrum of all sectors of society from both within the project area and beyond its boundaries (see Table 1). Following the project announcement, distribution and presentation of information on the ESIA findings, the database increased to 285 stakeholders by end May 2010. The database includes government authorities, those who attended meetings and/or submitted comments, and people who submitted comment sheets distributed with the Background Information Document and Executive Summary of the Draft ESIA Report. Please note that those community members who were consulted, but who do not have contact details are not included on the database. Notifications of the opportunity to comment were communicated to communities via Sheha’s and Ward Councillors, mostly through personal contact. Table 1: Sectors of society represented by I&APs on the direct mailing list.

§ Local government § Environmental bodies, both as authorities and § National government NGOs § Business/Commerce § Health sector § Community representatives, Community Based § Tourism Organisations, and development bodies. § Water authorities § Education § Media

5.3 Announcement of opportunity to comment The opportunity to comment on the proposed project and commencement of the ESIA was announced in January 2010 in two languages (English and KiSwahili) as follows: ¡ A letter of invitation to comment, accompanied by a Background Information Document (BID) in both English and KiSwahili was emailed to an initial 31 I&APs (with email addresses) on the database. The BID contained details of the proposed project, a map of the project area, and a comment sheet for I&APs to submit their comments; ¡ Distribution of about 432 BIDs (in English and KiSwahili) in the project area during focus group and community meeting; ¡ Placing posters in English and KiSwahili, at public places such as markets, parks and community centres in the project area; ¡ Posting the invitation letter, BID, registration and comment sheet on the Golder website at www.golder.co.za; and ¡ Telephonic notification to approximately 40 stakeholders, inviting them to attend focus group meetings and to comment on the proposed project. 5.4 Obtaining comment from stakeholders Initial comment was based on the Background Information Document (BID) and verbal explanations of the proposed project during meetings. I&APs could contribute issues either in writing (by completing and returning comment sheets) or verbally by telephone or attending various community-based meetings. 5.4.1 Written contributions A total of 77 comment sheets and written submissions were received either by mail, email or fax during the Announcement/Scoping phase up to the end of February 2010. Comments raised are captured in the Comment and Response Report that accompanies the Draft ESIA Report.

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5.4.2 Focus Group Meetings and Community Meetings The majority of comments from stakeholders were verbal during focus group meetings and community meetings. Twenty one (21) focus group meetings and 7 community meetings were held during scoping, and were attended by about 58 I&APs. The details of the focus group meetings held in the project area as well as photos are shown in Public Participation Specialist report appendix Appendix B. The posters were used to present the project in English and/or KiSwahili, but participants were free to use their language of choice during discussions. During these meetings, a comprehensive overview of the project, as well as the motivation for the proposed project was presented. Stakeholders had the opportunity to comment, raise issues of concern and suggestions for enhanced benefits to be evaluated during the specialist studies, which were conducted as part of the impact assessment phase of the ESIA. Focus group meetings were attended by I&APs representing various sectors of society, including local authorities, ward councillors, provincial and national government, environmental NGOs, residents in affected areas, local communities and community based organizations. Community meetings were attended mostly by local community members; a list of these meetings and photos are provided in (Appendix B). All meeting proceedings were conducted in the language of choice of the participants. Comments raised during these community meetings were captured in the Comment and Response Report. (Appendix B) Information about the ZUSP was well received by I&APs who took part enthusiastically in discussions and were very willing to share their experiences and contribute to discussions. 5.5 Public Consultation during the Impact Assessment Phase Public Consultation during the Impact Assessment Phase of the ESIA focussed on the following: ¡ Ongoing consultation with Interested and Affected Parties; and ¡ Consultation with stakeholders around the findings of the ESIA, as presented in the executive summary and posters. 5.5.1 Announcing opportunity to comment on the findings of the ESIA The opportunity to comment lasted for a period of 4 weeks, from Tuesday, 25 May 2010 to Monday, 21 June 2010 for public and authority comment. The opportunity to comment was announced by letter to interested and affected parties on the database. The letter also invited stakeholders to attend Open House Meetings to provide them with an opportunity to comment on the ESIA findings. Letters were distributed to stakeholders via email and through personal contact and others were informed by telephone of the opportunity to comment and to invite them to the Open House Meetings. The following options were offered for receiving project information: ¡ Personal delivery by members of the ESIA team of the Executive Summary of the Draft ESIA Report (in English and KiSwahili); ¡ The Executive Summary (in English and KiSwahili) was emailed to all stakeholders on the database who had an email address (Monday, 24 May 2010); ¡ Making Executive Summaries, comment sheets and sets of posters available at several publicly accessible places in the project area; and ¡ Making the full set of reports and comment sheets available at open houses in the project area and upon request from the Public Consultation office.

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A total of 49 comment sheets and written submissions were received either by mail, email or fax during the findings of the ESIA up to the end of June 2010. All comments were captured in the Comment and Response Report. 5.5.2 Open House Meetings Seven public open houses were held in the following areas: Karakana, Shaurimoyo, Kwahani, Sebleni, Mogogoni, Jang’ombe, Mpendae and Magomeni, between Wednesday, 26 May and Friday, 28 May 2010. The details of these meetings, as well as photos are included in the Public Participation specialist report – Appendix B. The purpose of the Open House Meetings was: ¡ To present to stakeholders with an update on the ESIA studies; ¡ For stakeholders to comment on the draft findings of the ESIA; ¡ For stakeholders to verify that the issues they have raised thus far in the process have been captured correctly and considered in the ESIA specialist studies; and ¡ For stakeholder to raise additional issues of concern and suggestions for enhanced benefits. The ESIA findings were presented on sets of posters in English and KiSwahili, explaining the findings and recommendations in simple language and photos. Stakeholders had the opportunity to meet in small groups or one-on-one discussions with the ESIA team to: ¡ Discuss the project in detail; ¡ Comment on the findings of the specialist studies; ¡ Ask questions; and ¡ Confirm that their issues of concern and suggestions for enhanced benefits raised during the Scoping Phase of the ESIA have been taken into consideration in the ESIA studies. 5.6 ESIA Report The Draft ESIA Report and specialist reports have been amended, as necessary, following comment received during the public review period. Comment has also be received from the client and World Bank and the ESIA hasl been finalised for submission to the Zanzibar Department of Environment for a decision on whether the project should go ahead or not. Stakeholders will be advised in writing and through personal visits to community leaders of the authority decision on the ESIA, in other words, on whether environmental authorisation has been granted to the project. 5.7 Summary of key issues raised by stakeholders The key comments, concerns, questions and suggestions raised by stakeholders during the ESIA public consultation process are summarized below in relevant categories. A full report on all stakeholder comments received in writing and during the two rounds of consultation meetings held in January 2010 and May 2010 respectively. Residents welcome the proposed project and are positive about measures being taken to address the major problems of flooding, health impacts and solid waste management, which currently have a major negative impact on their lives. In general, there is widespread support for the ZUSP. People are anxious for the project to commence as soon as possible and have high expectations that it will significantly improve the quality of their lives. Many people however, pointed out that the sustainability of the project depends on commitment, proper planning, management and maintenance by the Municipality, as well as community involvement.

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Community awareness and education emerged throughout the public consultation process as a key requirement to promote community “ownership”, as a first step towards the long-term sustainability of the overall project. In terms of other benefits, some expect the street lighting project to enhance the tourism potential of Zanzibar and improve the economy. 5.7.1 Stormwater Management Almost every community consulted during the ESIA public consultation process, raised poor drainage and its related impacts such as flooding as a major problem in Zanzibar City - a problem that impacts their health, safety, quality of life, livelihoods and personal property. Most people indicated that the surface water drainage component of the project is by far their highest concern and that the municipality should make this the first priority in implementing the project. People desperately want the current situation to change and have high expectations that the upgrading of the drainage system will make a significant improvement to their lives. Some expect that the upgrade of the drainage channels will completely eliminate their problems related to flooding. Stakeholders attribute the flooding problems to: ¡ Poor urban planning and unplanned settlements; ¡ Lack of adequate drainage; ¡ Poorly designed channels for example, too small, not deep or wide enough; ¡ Lack of maintenance and regular cleaning of drainage channels; ¡ Farming and planting crops in river courses, which blocks flow and causes water to be diverted to surrounding areas including residential areas; ¡ People misusing open channel drains to dispose of solid waste; ¡ People filling drains with sand in order to cross over; and ¡ Blockage of drains due to accumulation of waste. Many suggestions were proposed in terms of the design and types of drains that work well and those that do not. Some people recommended wide, deep, open channel drains with pedestrian cross over points - such drains would be efficient in draining the area, easy to maintain and provide safe passage to residents. Others however, preferred closed drains from a safety point of view, as well as the fact that people would not be able to use them for waste disposal. Stakeholders noted that it is essential that once the stormwater drains are in operation, the ZMC initiate a regular and effective maintenance and management programme to ensure e.g. that drains are cleared out to prevent blockages and that structures do not fall into disrepair. 5.7.2 Solid Waste Management Waste management is a significant issue that needs urgent attention as waste is scattered throughout Zanzibar City, causing health risks, bad odours and blocking water drains. In general, stakeholders’ main concerns relate to: ¡ Lack of regular waste collection services; ¡ Inadequate provision of waste collection skips, bins and concrete slabs throughout the project area; ¡ Too few waste collection trucks;

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¡ Poor waste management practices by local communities, for example dumping waste in drainage channels; and ¡ Lack of suitable waste disposal sites. Many stakeholders reported that there have been numerous efforts in the past to initiate waste management and recycling schemes but these have failed due to a lack of e.g. funding, resources and ultimately, a suitable site for final waste disposal; Stakeholders also contributed several suggestions and recommendations on how to improve the situation, for example: ¡ The ZMC must commit to awareness and education programmes to empower local people to take responsibility and accountability for their waste management practices, and ensure the sustainability of the project. External groups as well as, local NGOs should be involved in these programmes. Suggested methods of awareness raising include television, radio, drama theatre and newsletters etc; ¡ The details of sites for waste collection points should be selected and confirmed in consultation with householders living in close proximity, and the community leadership in the area; ¡ The ZMC should consider providing small waste collection bins for each house, as well as in public areas and along roadsides; ¡ Metal skips are not always ideal because they are too high and children, who in many cases are responsible for disposing household waste cannot reach them and therefore dump the waste outside the skip; ¡ The ZMC must invest in more waste collection trucks, and training and PPE for waste collection workers; ¡ The ZMC must implement a regular, scheduled waste collection service that is properly managed, maintained and monitored; ¡ Concrete slabs should be screened off to prevent the waste from being scattered by wind and stormwater; and ¡ The ZMC must provide well designed, well managed waste disposal sites. 5.7.3 Street Lighting In general, stakeholders expressed disappointment that street lighting for this phase of the ZUSP is restricted mostly to Stone Town as it is felt that upgrading of street lighting is needed throughout Zanzibar City. Many were positive that the upgrading of street lighting in Stone Town would reduce crime, enhance tourism and hence, improve the economy of Zanzibar. Others sought commitment from the ZMC to ensure that street lighting in Stone Town is maintained and prevented from falling into disrepair. There were also several requests for the ZMC to investigate solar energy for the street lighting, instead of using electricity from the national grid. There were no suggestions for the design of the new streetlights, except that they should fit in with the Stone Town World Heritage character. 5.7.4 Health and Safety Stakeholders’ main health and safety concerns relate to poor waste management, and flooding and its associated impacts for example, damage to homes; loss of livestock, personal possessions and furniture; spread of disease such as typhoid, cholera, diarrhoea, and malaria; causing pit latrines to overflow etc. Many people indicated that the current poor health situation can be improved if people have access to safe water, and a clean environment. Their suggestions and requests for improving the situation relate largely to

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the upgrading of the waste management and surface water management systems, in other words, implementing the ZUSP as soon as possible. 5.7.5 Socio-Economic Issues ¡ Employment and training: Many residents indicated that communities are unable to pay for services but are able to contribute by providing e.g. labour for construction. There was strong feeling that people from the area in which the construction work is being done must be given first priority for employment opportunities and training. Local communities would also like to be trained in maintaining the upgraded stormwater systems; ¡ Awareness creation and education: The majority of stakeholders commented that awareness creation and education programmes are essential for the long-term success of the ZUSP. This comment was endorsed by government officials, non-governmental organisations, community-based organisations, community representatives and residents alike; and ¡ Compensation and resettlement: Many residents raised concerns regarding compensation and resettlement should the construction activities cause damage to their property, assets and livelihoods. They requested that the ZMC should make provision for compensation in this regard and also consider resettlement should the impacts be significant. These issues were included in the drafting of the ARAP. The construction phase for the ZUSP Project is expected to take one year beginning in January 2011 and reaching completion in December 2011; this is dependent upon the Department of the Environment issuing an EIA certificate to the ZMC which gives authorisation for the Project to proceed. 6.0 THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT / BASELINE CONDITIONS Based on the ESIA ToR and the findings of a preliminary site visit during January 2010, it was concluded that the following five specialist studies were needed to investigate and assess the potential impacts of the project: ¡ Surface water (hydrology); ¡ Ecology (freshwater) ; ¡ Social environment; ¡ Visual; and ¡ Archaeology. Prior to undertaking an ESIA it is essential to understand the existing environment or “baseline conditions” which are used to measure and assess the impacts of a proposed project. 6.1 Surface Water Baseline Conditions The objectives of the surface water report are:- ¡ To review the Phase III stormwater design report submitted by Gauff Inginieure (2010) in terms of accepted stormwater management practise appropriate for Zanzibar City and identify any knowledge gaps; (See Figure 24) ¡ To assess the impacts associated with the completed and proposed stormwater infrastructure plans to alleviate the flooding in the areas surrounding Zanzibar City; ¡ Recommend mitigation measures required; and ¡ Provide input to the Environmental Management Plan.

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Figure 24: Zanzibar Urban Services Project study area showing the existing and proposed stormwater drains, inundated areas, photo locations, wards as well as solid waste collection points

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6.1.1 Study approach and Methods The approach adopted in the stormwater specialist study can be summarised as follows: ¡ A site visit was conducted between 19th and 23rd January 2010. During the site visit the ponded areas were visited and key sections of the drainage lines walked; ¡ The current stormwater upgrades submitted by Gauff Inginieure (2010) for Phase III were reviewed. The review was not a detailed assessment of the flood peak and hydraulic calculations but rather an assessment of the overall approach as it relates to design criteria, rainfall input and calculation methods. A few spot checks were made of the hydraulic calculations provided in spreadsheet format; ¡ The impacts on the people of the proposed stormwater conduits were assessed; and ¡ Mitigation measures were proposed where necessary. 6.1.2 Baseline Characterisation 6.1.2.1 Climatic conditions Zanzibar lies in the tropical belt and receives rainfall in the form of convective thunderstorms. The rainfall is seasonal with most of the precipitation falling between March and May. Based on the data measured by the Tanzanian Meteorological Agency for the period 2004 to 2009, the Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) is between 1500 mm – 2000 mm. Figure 25 shows the monthly average rainfall for the period 2004 to 2009 highlighting the wet period between March and May.

Average Monthly Rainfall for Zanzibar (2004 -2009) 500.0 450.0 400.0 350.0 300.0 250.0 200.0 R a i n f ll (mm) 150.0 100.0 50.0 0.0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Average Kisauni Rainfall (mm) Average Victoria Gardens Rainfall

Figure 25: Average monthly rainfall depths measured at the Kisauni and Victoria Gardens rain gauges

Gauff Ingenieure presented the results of an analysis of the rainfall undertaken by Dorsch Consult in developing the stormwater Master Plan. The rainfall intensities for different return periods and durations are given in Table 2. The results of the analysis show that the area is subject to high rainfall intensities ranging from 92 mm/hr to 168 mm/hr for the 15 minute duration storm and from 68 mm/hr to 124 mm/hr for the 30 minute storm duration. This implies that high flood peaks can be expected in the study area.

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Table 2: Rainfall Intensities for return periods from 5 years to 100 years as presented in Gauff Ingenieure (2010)

Duration Rainfall Intensity (mm/hr) for return periods (years) (mins) 2 5 10 15 20 30 50 100 15 92 112 128 136 140 144 156 168 30 68 84 92 98 102 108 116 124 60 49 62 71 76 79 84 90 98 180 23 32 39 42 45 48 53 59 360 13 20 24 26 28 30 33 37 1440 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

6.1.3 Background Water Quality In situ water quality data was measured during the site visit using hand held instruments. Readings of pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and temperature were made. The readings were taken in the water ponded in the various depressions identified in the study area. The locations of the depressions are shown on Figure 24 and the results are given in Table 3. The in situ water quality readings show that the DO in many of the water bodies is low. This is due to the organic load from cattle and human faeces as well as decaying solid waste that is found in these depression areas. The World Health Organisation provides the following guidance for the TDS concentration for drinking water. Water generally starts becoming unpalatable at a TDS concentration of 600 mg/L with TDS concentrations of up to 1000 mg/L still considered to be acceptable from a taste and health perspective. There are however scaling impacts on plumbing and home appliances at these TDS concentrations. The water quality from a TDS perspective is suitable for drinking. However there may be specific water quality constituents such as nitrate, fluoride and chloride present in the water at concentrations that could have adverse health affects. Given the nature of the sources of pollution, unacceptable levels of microbiological contamination can also be expected. People are currently drinking the ponded water or collecting water in shallow wells for drinking and stockwatering. 6.1.4 General description of study area In developing the stormwater management plan, the study area was divided into drainage systems based on the stormwater drainage systems and contours. The topography in the study area is generally flat. There is an immediate rise at the coast from sea level to an elevation of 18 to 20 mamsl. The ground elevations increase from the 18 mamsl at the coast to about 28 mamsl at the foot of the Masingini Ridge which forms the eastern boundary of the study area. The Masingini Ridge rises to about 64 mamsl. The slope of the relief in the study area is an average of about 0.009 (m/m) which is considered to be flat. The studies to date have identified 9 stormwater drainage systems (A to I) which discharge via outfalls into the sea. The locations and extent of the areas are shown in Figure 24. A number of ponds or depressions are present on the natural channels draining these areas. Water collects in the depressions. Dense housing has encroached into the depressions and many of the natural drainage lines. The ponding of water in the Binti Amrani depression is shown in Figure 26. The extent of the flooding of the houses that are constructed in the depressions and the sedimentation of the houses due to sediment deposition during flood events are shown in Figure 26, Figure 27 and Figure 28 respectively. Agriculture has been developed in some of the depression areas. There is a grid of unpaved roads/walkways which are used for access into the housing areas. These roads will serve as drainage channels for stormwater runoff from the housing areas.

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Table 3: In situ water quality results recorded during the January 2010 site visit

Site DO* (mg/l) pH TDS** (mg/l) Temp (˚C)

Mnazi Mmoja - 9.4 - 36.9 Kilimani 3.30 8.3 286.0 28.6 Botanical Gardens 0.35 7.9 1014.0 27.3 Binti Amrani 2.08 7.5 214.5 31.0 Nyerere 0.80 7.6 845.0 30.0 Mtopepo 0.00*** 7.8 240.5 26.8 Mwantenga 0.48 7.3 214.5 32.6 Chumbuni - 9.8 240.5 31.0 Mwanakwerekwe - 9.6 143.0 33.3 Sebleni 0.06 9.0 227.5 29.5 Magorneni - - - - Migombani - - - - *DO – Dissolved Oxygen; ** TDS – Total Dissolved Solids;*** below detection limit - no measurements taken due to lack of surface water or instrument malfunction The catchment areas of the different drainage sections identified are given in Table 4 together with the 5 year and 15 year flood peaks that were used to size the upgrades to the stormwater drainage system. The primary objective of the development of the stormwater drainage system is to drain these depression areas to address the flooding and public health risks associated with the ponding.

Figure 26: Ponded water in the Binti Amrani depression

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Figure 27: Houses still showing signs of flooding many months after the rainy season at Mtopepo

Figure 28: Houses buried by sediment from the stormwater entering the Mtopepo depression

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Table 4: Catchment areas of Drainage Systems and the 5 year and 15 year flood peaks as given in Gauff Ingenieure (2010)

Total Catchment 5-year Return Period Peak 15-year Return Period Peak Drainage System 2 3 3 Area (km ) Discharge from Outfall (m /s) Discharge from Outfall (m /s) Drainage System C 3.27 29.2 31.02 Drainage System D 0.11* 0.49 0.65 Drainage System E 2.4 10.11 12.31 Drainage System F 0.42 1.46 1.86 Drainage System G 0.93 3.75 4.55 Drainage System H 2.65 9.88 11.52 Drainage System I 2.17 6.65 8.3 *Additional to Phase II works 6.1.5 Review of stormwater report 6.1.5.1 Introduction The work undertaken by Gauff Ingenieure (2010) was reviewed as part of this study. The review does not include detailed assessments of the calculation results but focuses on the design criteria used for the upgrades, rainfall input and the methods used to calculate the flood peaks. The proposed upgrades are discussed in Section 6.1.6 for each of the drainage systems considered in Phase III. 6.1.5.2 Design criteria A stormwater system for an urban area consists of a minor and major drainage system. The minor drainage system can consist of a pipe or channel system which conveys the smaller return period storm events. This allows for the area being drained to remain serviceable and prevent inconvenience to the inhabitants of the area. The major drainage system generally consists of roads and the flood plains of the natural water courses draining the catchments. The major drainage system is used to drain the large return period flood peaks to prevent loss of life and property. Flood lines are often used to delineate areas in natural water courses where development is not allowed to ensure that the major storm events can drain with minimal impact to life and property. The minor drainage system is typically designed to convey the 2 year to 10 year flood peak depending on the value of the property and the characteristics of the major drainage system. The major drainage system is designed to convey the 50 year to 100 year flood peak. In the study area, the major drainage system consists of the natural water courses and depressions in the catchment. However due to land for development being at a premium, the catchment development has encroached within the flood plains of the natural water courses and depressions not allowing runoff to pass without flooding. The option of moving people from within the flood plains of the natural water courses to allow a 50 year return period flood peak to pass would involve removal of significant numbers of people. There is also no land available in the immediate area to relocate the people to. The re-establishment of the major drainage system would be impractical. The most practical and cost effective option is to increase the capacity of what remains of the natural systems to achieve an acceptable level of protection against flooding for the current level of development. The approach adopted by Gauff Ingenieure (2010) can be summarised as follows:- ¡ The natural drainage system is referred to as the primary drainage system. The capacity of this system is to be increased by enlarging the channels where possible, lining the channel and increasing the size of the road crossing culverts in the system. This system is to convey a 15 year return period flood peak. This sizing will provide a reasonable level of flood protection, is practically implementable and affordable;

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¡ The primary drainage network is to be extended to link to the depression areas so that they can drain; and ¡ Secondary drainage system to be installed in places to drain areas that are prone to flooding. The secondary drainage system includes side ditches, inlets and gutters. These systems will be sized for the 5 year return period storm. 6.1.5.3 Rainfall Input The rainfall input to the flood peak calculations was based on the data collected at the Kisauni rain gauge for a period 0f 32 years from 1931 to 1962. This is a limited time period for the determination of Intensity- Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves. As a cross check, the IDF curves for an area on the east coast of South Africa having similar MAP (1250mm) and rainfall types is compared to the intensities used in this study. The comparison in Table 2 shows that the rainfall intensities compare favourably at the 5 year and 15 year return periods used for the design of the drainage system. At the higher return periods, the South African rainfall intensities significantly exceed the intensities provided for the Kisauni rain gauge. The comparison shows that the intensities used for the 5 year and 15 year return period storms are reasonable. (Table 5) Table 5: Comparison of rainfall intensities at Kisauni with intensities (in brackets) for a similar area in South Africa

Duration Rainfall Intensity (mm/hr) for return periods (years) (mins) 2 5 10 15 20 30 50 15 92 (73) 112 (114) 128 (149) 136 (-) 140 (190) 144 (-) 156 (256) 30 68 (49) 84 (77) 92 (101) 98 (-) 102 (128) 108 (-) 116 (121) 60 49 (33) 62 (46) 71 (60) 76 (-) 79 (77) 84 (-) 90 (103)

6.1.5.4 Calculation methods The rational method was used to calculate the flood peaks. The rational method is an accepted method for catchments of the size considered in this study. The critical inputs are the rational C coefficient and the rainfall intensity. The rainfall intensity is determined using the time of concentration and the IDF curves. A standard set of input values for different development types is used for the estimation of the rational C coefficient. The widely used Bransby-Williams equation is used to calculate the time of concentration. The application of the rational method is considered acceptable however as the project has reached the detailed design stage, a stormwater runoff model such as SWMM would have been more appropriate. The Manning equation is used to calculate the size of the drainage system to convey the design flood peak. Acceptable values for the Manning Coefficient were used in sizing the channels. This approach does not consider backwater effects from any structures or constrictions in the system. The application of the equation to size the system up to the design capacity is however considered to be adequate. The major shortcoming of using the rational method to calculate the flood peaks rather than a stormwater runoff model such as SWMM is that flow routing through the systems is not undertaken so the timing of the peaks arriving at a point from the different systems is not accounted for. The summation of the individual flood peaks using the rational method is however conservative. The proposed drainage systems are linking up depressions which will act as storage facilities which will attenuate the flood peaks. The water level will have to rise within the depressions to create sufficient water head to allow the water to enter the drainage system at the exit from the depressions. The extent of the flooding that can be expected at these depressions has not been determined. This could be significant and the area where flooding can be expected should be shown for the design events.

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6.1.6 Description of Drainage Systems Drainage System C The layout of Drainage System C is shown in Figure 29. The drainage system is divided into the following types:- ¡ Existing drainage systems that are considered to be adequate and need no further upgrading; ¡ Existing drainage systems that need rehabilitation. Rehabilitation implies improving the standard of the drain to increase the capacity (lining and size), repair damaged lining and reinstate the capacity by cleaning the drains; ¡ New piped drainage system; ¡ New uncovered channel drainage system; and ¡ New covered channel drainage system. The existing drainage system consists of rehabilitated and upgraded open channels draining from north of the Amani Stadium to Saateni and to the upgraded sea outfall. The existing system of open channels does not drain the depressions that are found in this drainage system. Extensions are proposed to the drainage system under Phase III to link up the depressions and allow them to drain to the existing open channel system. The draining of the depressions and the installation of the drainage system will increase the flood peaks due to reduced attenuation in the depressions and reduced time of concentration. As a result the existing open channel will be rehabilitated to increase the channel capacity. In order to drain the Sebleni depression with a channel, excavations of up to 5 m will be required to achieve a grade. This results in the channel being below the current invert level of the existing channel draining to the sea outfall. This has also necessitated the rehabilitation of this channel. The current status of the depressions and the proposed system to drain the depressions are given in Table 6.

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Figure 29: Layout of Drainage System C

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Table 6: Description of current status of depressions and proposed drainage system

Depression Description

An existing drainage channel runs through this low lying area. The channel drains into Drainage System H. The depression has been developed with houses and an unpaved road Magogoni B system. A pipe system will be installed to drain the northern portion of the depression. The pipes will be placed alongside an existing unpaved road which also will assist in collecting runoff from the road. These pipes will discharge into the new covered channel system.

The development in Magogoni A is the same as Magogoni B. There is an existing drainage channel that conveys water from Magogoni A to Magogoni B (See Figure 30). Sections of Magogoni A this channel have been lined with concrete. The channel needs repairing in places. This has not been included in the Phase III upgrades. Two pipelines are to be installed draining the depression. These pipes will discharge into the new covered channel system.

The Mwantenga depression is developed with housing except for an area in the middle which is undeveloped. This area was found to be saturated during the site visit (See Figure 31). Mwantenga People draw water from shallow wells in the middle area. A pipe system is to be located on the northern edge of the depression to allow water drain the depression. The level of this outlet can be set to maintain some water in the depression if required to maintain the water supply to the local community.

A large central area of the depression is not developed with housing. Water was ponded in this area during the site visit. Houses are located around the perimeter of the central area. The area around the perimeter of the ponded water is used for growing crops and stock Nyerere grazing (See Figure 32). The area will be drained with a pipe located on the north eastern corner. The pond water level can be controlled by the level of the outlet so water remains in the depression to continue to support the agricultural activities.

The development in the Jilini depression is similar to Nyerere in that houses are developed around the perimeter with a saturated open area in the centre. This depression has been Jilini significantly sedimented up (See Figure 33) with many of the houses evacuated. No crops were growing in this area at the time of the site visit. The Jilini depression will be drained into Drainage System C via the Sebleni depression.

The Sebleni depression is large and developed with houses and a road system. The runoff drained from the Magogoni B, Magogoni A, Mwantenga, Nyerere and a portion of Jilini will be discharged into the central area of the Sebleni depression. A new channel will be installed to drain the Sebleni depression to the north. This area will be receiving large runoff volumes and the level of the outlet channel is important in controlling the water level in the depression. The invert level of the outlet channel is 12.10 which is 0.59 m lower than the invert level of the inlet pipes. The expected water level in the outlet channel given in the spreadsheets is 2.5 m which will push back into the depression causing local flooding. The water level could Sebleni also drown out the inlet pipe and cause a backwater effect in the pipe. The report does not present the expected water level in the depression for the design event to ensure that the flooded area is limited to the open area and does not flood any houses. The invert elevations at the proposed outlet are low in relation to the edge of the depression. This has necessitated excavating a further 5 m in places to achieve a grade from Sebleni to the road running to the north of the depression. This presents a problem to people, vehicles and animals to cross the depression area. Crossings will have to be provided. The movement of people across the depression is shown in Figure 34.

The Shaurimoyo depression is fully developed with houses and a road system. This low lying Shaurimoyo area will be drained by pipes into the existing concrete channel draining to the west. The existing channel is shown in Figure 35.

.

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Figure 30: Upstream view of the canal draining Magogoni A south towards Magogoni B

Figure 31: Mwantenga has water in it for most of the year

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Figure 32: Nyerere wetland area with subsistence farming in the central open area.

Figure 33: Wetland at Jilini showing evacuated houses and sedimentation from stormwater runoff

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Figure 34: View from outlet culverts at Sebleni, showing the people moving across the depression

Figure 35: The upstream and downstream view of the stormwater drainage canal draining Shaurimoyo to the west

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Drainage System D The drainage system categorisation as per Drainage System D is shown in Figure 36. Two additional routes are being added to the system. The discharge from the new sytems is into the existing system. The expansion of the system is to address flooding problems experienced at Muungano and area around the Mental Hospital near Magomani Road. The drain from Muungano will join into the existing drain at Mwembenjugo, which was laid in Phase II. The drain running east from the Mental Hospital will connect into the existing drain at Kidongo Chekundu. These drains will both follow existing roads and therefore no obstruction is foreseen inhibiting the mobility of pedestrians, motor-cycles and motor-vehicles. The proposed work on Drainage System D (rehabilitation and extension) will include the following components: ¡ Rehabilitation of some existing sections of channel around Mwembenjugu The rehabilitation will include the conduits being re-shaped, the gradients being adjusted as well as the side slopes and bases being re-lined; and ¡ Extension of the existing drainage system to include Muungano and the area around the eastern section of the Mental Hospital. Drainage System E The extent of Drainage System E is shown in Figure 37. Drainage System E will be extended to drain Migombani, Botanical Gardens, areas along Jang’ombe Road, Binti Amrani, Magorneni, Binti Amrani (Mpendae) and Meya. During Phase II, pipes were laid to Sea Outfall E and some sections of the open canals were built. The existing and proposed Phase III upgrades are summarised in Table 7. .

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Figure 36: Layout of Drainage system D

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Figure 37: Layout of Drainage System E

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Table 7: Description of drainage routes in Drainage System E

Depression Description A new pipeline will run from the low lying Mpendae/Magorneni area to alongside the Binti Amrani depression. The pipeline initially drains to the south but then bends to New pipeline from flow west along Jang’ombe Road before draining into a section of proposed covered Mpendae/Magorneni channel draining Binti Amrani. The surrounding area has been developed with houses area to Binti Amrani and an unpaved road system. A pipe system will be installed to drain the southern portion of the depression. The pipes will be placed alongside an existing unpaved road which also will assist in collecting runoff from the road. There is a proposed covered drainage channel that conveys water from the Binti Amrani and Binti Amrani (Mpendae) areas along Jang’ombe Road. This channel will New open channel be lined with concrete and covered. Binti Amrani is an inundated wetland area that has formed in a depression due to the stormwater in the area flowing into the depression draining Binti Amrani and not being able to exit the area quickly enough via the existing exit (See Figure 41 and Binti Amrani and Figure 42). The areas surrounding both depressions are densely populated. (Mpendae) People use Binti Amrani as a source of water for washing, stock watering and fishing. Binti Amrani (Mpendae) is a depression which collects stormwater, but was dry during the site visit. New pipeline from the The Magorneni/Meya depression is developed with housing except for an area in the Magorneni/Meya area middle which is undeveloped. The water quality that accumulates in this depression is to the main covered poor and the local inhabitants do not use the ponded water. Surrounding the area is a channel along network of unpaved roads. A proposed pipeline will drain this area to the west to Jang’ombe Road connect with the proposed main covered channel running along Jang’ombe Road. The Jang’ombe South depression has been developed with houses and an unpaved road system. A new channel is proposed to drain the Jang’ombe South area to the west to connect into an existing open channel which needs upgrading. The new Jang’ombe South channel will be placed alongside an existing unpaved road which also will assist in collecting runoff from the road. There was no water ponded in this area during the site visit. Migombani is a large inundated wetland area that has formed in many depressions due to the stormwater in the area flowing into the hollows and not being able to exit the area efficiently. During the rainy season, the houses around the wetland area, but also Migombani to the any houses located in the smaller depressions in the area, become flooded with water Botanical Gardens of poor water quality. The area is used for subsistence farming due to the flooding as well as the fertility of the area from sedimentation (See Figure 38). Migombani is going to be drained from the north-western corner via an existing channel which requires repair. This channel flows into the Botanical Gardens. The Botanical Gardens is an open area with many large trees (See Figure 39 and Figure 40). The Botanical Gardens has an existing stream flowing through it. This stream flows from Migombani and enters the Botanical Gardens through a small pipe at the southern end (See Figure 40). The exit from the Botanical Gardens is also via a Botanical Gardens small pipe which leads to the confluence of the channel from Jang’ombe Road before draining to Sea Outfall E. The areas to the east of the Botanical Gardens are developed with dense housing with the unpaved alleyways acting as stormwater conduits during rainfall events. The stream is going to be rehabilitated and lined, with the inlet and outlet pipes being resized.

Existing drain Drainage system E discharges into the sea south of Kilimani (See Figure 43). The confluence to Sea pipelines are in currently in an unsatisfactory state and need repair. Stormwater and Outfall E sewage will mix during storms.

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Figure 38: Migombani is host to subsistence farmers

Figure 39: Downstream view of the stream in the Botanical Gardens

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Figure 40: The outlet culvert (before joining with the conduits from Jang’ombe) in the Botanical Gardens

Figure 41: Location where the stormwater conduit from Binti Amrani overflows into Binti Amrani (Mpendae)

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Figure 42: Inundated Binti Amrani wetland

Figure 43: Stormwater outfall E at the sea. The domestic refuse trap here has been blocked due to poor maintenance

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Figure 44: The wide open flats of Mnazi Mmoja Garden were once underwater as tidal coastal flats

The proposed Drainage System consists of the following components: ¡ Pipeline from the Mnazi Mmoja Gardens (Figure 44) to Sea Outfall F; ¡ Manually operated gate valves to prevent backflow from the tidal surge; and ¡ Perforated subsoil lateral pipes (laid parallel to Nyerere Road) feeding into underground chambers for conveyance to the main drain and then to Sea Outfall F. See existing canals for Mnanzi Mmoja Garden in photos Figure 45 – 46

Figure 45: Canal draining the north-western side of Mnazi Mmoja Garden

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Figure 46: Canal draining the south-western side of Mnazi Mmoja Garden

Drainage System F The extent of Drainage System F is shown in Figure 47 and summarized in Table 8. Drainage System F will be extended to drain Mnazi Mmoja Gardens more effectively as this area is used for playing cricket and soccer. Details of the current and proposed upgrades are given in Figure 47. Table 8: Description of current status of depressions and proposed drainage system F

Depression Description

This inundated area is situated on the south-eastern side of Stone Town. It is a wide open grassland area used predominantly as a soccer field. Historically this area was a tidal salt marsh. The area of inundation is a low lying depression which experiences sea water intrusion and is fed by upslope stormwater conduits along roads and walkways. There is no river or natural watercourse entering or exiting the area. The inundated area occurs on both sides of Nyerere Road. There are existing channels running along Bejamin Mkapa Road Mnazi Mmoja Gardens (which will be rehabilitated), which drain into an existing channel flowing south west to join a proposed new pipeline which conveys stormwater to Sea Outfall F. Drainage System F has sufficient gradient in order to drain the stormwater to the discharge point, but Sea Outfall F is 0.636m below mean sea level. This causes backflow and tidal surge into the pipe at Sea Outfall F during high tide. This problem has been mitigated by using flap valves and a sluice gate valve.

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Figure 47: Layout of Drainage System F

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Drainage System G The extent and layout of Drainage System G is shown in Figure 48. Drainage System G is a new stormwater drainage system that collects stormwater runoff from the depression areas of: ¡ Chumbuni (Kwa Mzushi); and ¡ Mtopepo (Karakana). The current situation and the proposed upgrades are presented inTable 9. Table 9: Summary of current situation and proposed upgrades to drainage system G

Depression Description

The Chumbuni depression is low lying area which is surrounded by dense housing. The New pipeline from area in the centre is inundated for most of the year. The alleyways between the houses and Chumbuni area to new the natural drainage lines direct the stormwater into the depression. A new pipeline will run outlet channel into River from the low lying Chumbuni area, in a northerly direction, to the newly proposed open Mtopepo channel which drains into the River Mtopepo. The Mtopepo hollow is a low lying area which accumulates stormwater from surrounding New Mtopepo branch areas. In the middle of the Mtopepo depression is an area which is inundated for much of pipeline the year. This central area has been heavily sedimented. There is a proposed pipeline that will drain Mtopepo into the main stormwater pipeline running from Chumbuni.

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Figure 48: Layout of Drainage System G

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Drainage System H The proposed Drainage System H will be a new drainage system. The proposed drainage system is shown in Figure 49. This drainage system is not going to be implemented as part of Phase III so is not discussed further in this report. However the Mwanakwerekwe depression was visited during the site visit. The findings are given in Table 10. Table 10: Description of current status of depressions and proposed drainage system H

Depression Description

The Mwanakwerekwe depression is low lying area which is surrounded by dense housing on all sides except for the east. The area in the centre is inundated all year round. It is speculated that this was an old quarry site. There is no natural exit for water from this Mwanakwerekwe depression but many stormwater inlets. A new pipeline will drain this area to the south, which will require extensive excavation to achieve a suitable grade. Mwanakwerekwe is used as a source of water for activities such as washing, stock watering and fishing.

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Figure 49: Layout and extent of proposed drainage system H

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Drainage System I Drainage System I comprises of existing drains and natural watercourses running in a westerly direction from the following areas which are prone to flooding: ¡ Areas to the east of the culvert on Darajabovu Road (Kwamtipura); ¡ Kanyeni; ¡ Avenger; ¡ Damjabovu; and ¡ Surface runoff from surrounding areas along the canal route. The layout and extent of the drainage system is shown in Figure 50. The current and future drainage system of the Damjabovu depression area is given inTable 11.

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Figure 50: Layout of Drainage System I

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Table 11: Description of current and proposed drianage system for drainage area I

Depression Description

The Mwantenga depression is fully developed dense housing area which contains a road system of mainly unpaved roads. This area was dry during the site visit, but there was evidence of inundation. People draw water from shallow wells in the dry middle area. An open channel system Damjabovu drains the depression to the west by means of a natural drainage line, which is partly lined, but the entire drainage system needs rehabilitation. Sewage enters this depression from pit latrines. A second natural stream runs into the drainage system at Damjabovu. The open channel system will drain the upstream areas of Kwamtipura and Damjabovu. 6.2 Ecological Baseline Conditions In terms of terrestrial ecology, Pemba and Unguja have a lower species diversity than mainland Tanzania. A higher level of endemism is found on Pemba, although Pemba’s isolation resulted in lower species diversity than Unguja. Well known species include the Red Colobus Monkey (Procolobus kirkii) and the Pemba Flying Fox, Pteropus voeltzkowi. There are no large wild animals in Zanzibar; forest areas such as Jozani are inhabited by monkeys, bush-pigs and small antelopes. Species of mongoose can also be found on the island. There is a wide variety of birdlife, and a large number of butterflies in rural areas where there is relatively little human activity. Aquatic Ecosystems The in situ water quality was measured, using field instruments, at Mnazi Mmoja; Kilimani; Botanical Gardens; Binto Amrani; Nyerere; Mtopepo; Mwantenga; Chumbuni; Mwanakwerekwe; Sebleni; Magorneni and Migombani. This information was then used to assess the aquatic habitat. In general terms, most fresh waters are usually relatively well buffered and more or less neutral, with a pH range from 6.5 to 8.5; most are slightly alkaline due to the presence of bicarbonates of the alkali and alkaline earth metals. The pH values in the study areas were generally neutral to alkaline and ranged from 7.3 to 9.8. It was noted that pH values > 9.0 were recorded at Mnazi Mmoja, Chumbuni and Mwanakwerekwe and it can be expected that these values would have a limiting effect on aquatic biota. The dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration provides a useful measure of the health of an ecosystem (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, South Africa (DWAF), 1996). The median guideline for DO for the protection of freshwater fish, determined by a variety of fish faunas is > 4 - 5 mg/ℓ. The amount of oxygen that can be dissolved in water is influenced by the temperature; as the temperature increases, so the concentration of dissolved oxygen decreases (Davies and Day, 1998). The DO concentrations for the above sites ranged from 0.0 mg/ℓ at Mtopepo to 3.30 mg/ℓ at Kilimani. Based on this assessment it can be concluded that DO concentrations are a limiting factor of aquatic biodiversity at all the above sites. It can be expected that the aquatic biota remaining at the sites consists of air-breathing taxa. The significance to aquatic biota of dissolved oxygen depletion depends on the frequency, timing and duration of such depletion (DWAF, 1996). Concentrations of TDS in water vary owing to different mineral solubilities in different geological regions. According to the International Finance Corporation (IFC) Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines stormwater should not result in contaminant concentrations exceeding local ambient water quality criteria, or in the absence of local criteria, other sources of ambient water quality (IFC, 2007). According to the South African Water Quality Guidelines for Aquatic Ecosystems (DWAF, 1996) TDS concentrations should not be changed by > 15 % from the normal cycles of the water body under unimpacted conditions at any time of the year; and the amplitude and frequency of natural cycles in TDS concentrations should not be changed.

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Most of the macroinvertebrate taxa in streams and rivers are sensitive to salinity, with toxic effects likely to occur in sensitive species at salinities that are >1000 mg/ℓ (DWAF, 1996). During the January 2010 survey TDS concentrations ranged from 143.0 mg/ℓ at Mwanakwerekwe to 1014.0 mg/ℓ at the Botanical Gardens. Water temperature plays an important role in aquatic ecosystems by affecting the rates of chemical reactions and therefore also the metabolic rates of organisms (DWAF, 1996). Water temperature affects the rate of development, reproductive periods and emergence time of aquatic organisms (DWAF, 2005). Temperature varies with season and the life cycles of many aquatic macroinvertebrates are cued to temperature (DWAF, 2005). During the January 2010 survey water temperatures ranged from 26.8 to 36.9 ˚C (Table 12). Table 12: In situ water quality results recorded during the January 2010 results

Site DO* (mg/ℓ) pH TDS** (mg/ℓ) Temp (˚C)

Mnazi Mmoja - 9.4 - 36.9

Kilimani 3.30 8.3 286.0 28.6

Botanical Gardens 0.35 7.9 1014.0 27.3

Binto Amrani 2.08 7.5 214.5 31.0

Nyerere 0.80 7.6 845.0 30.0

Mtopepo 0.00 7.8 240.5 26.8

Mwantenga 0.48 7.3 214.5 32.6

Chumbuni - 9.8 240.5 31.0

Mwanakwerekwe - 9.6 143.0 33.3

Sebleni 0.06 9.0 227.5 29.5

Magorneni - - - -

Migombani - - - -

*DO – Dissolved Oxygen; ** TDS – Total Dissolved Solids; - no measurements taken due to lack of surface water or instrument malfunction Habitat assessment The in-stream and riparian intermediate habitat integrity assessment (IHIA) classes obtained during the January 2010 survey are presented in Table 14 (Table 13 summarized the classes, Kleynhans 1996) . These assessments are of a general and broad scale nature, and are only intended to provide an indication of the condition of river reaches. The reaches chosen for this study were selected as being pertinent on the basis of the ecologist’s experience and indicate that: ¡ The most common impacts affecting the sites are flow modification, bed modification, channel modification, eutrophication (nutrient enrichment), loss of, indigenous vegetation and the presence of invasive species especially Salvinia molesta (Kariba weed) and Azolla filiculoides (Red water fern); and ¡ Habitat integrity at all the sites ranged from extensively modified (IHIA Class E) to critically modified (IHIA Class F). At these levels of impairment, natural habitat, biota and ecosystem function have largely been lost.

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Table 13: Represents the Intermediate Habitat Integrity Assessment classes/categories (Kleynhans, 1996) as per the impact assessment in Section 9.0.

Score Class (% of total) Description 90-100 A Unmodified, natural. Largely natural with few modifications. A small change in natural 80-90 B habitats and biota may have taken place but the basic ecosystem functions are essentially unchanged. Moderately modified. A loss and change of natural habitat and 60-79 C biota have occurred, but the basic ecosystem functions are still predominantly unchanged. Largely modified. A large loss of natural habitat, biota and basic 40-59 D ecosystem functions has occurred. The loss of natural habitat, biota and basic ecosystem functions is 20-39 E extensive. Modifications have reached a critical level and the lotic system has been modified completely with an almost complete loss of 0-19 F natural habitat and biota. In the worst instances, basic ecosystem functions have been destroyed and the changes are irreversible.

Table 14: Intermediate Habitat Integrity Assessment (IHIA) scores recorded during the January 2010 survey Habitat Site Integrity Description Class Critically modified. System has been completely modified and natural habitat Mnazi Mmoja F and biota has been almost completely lost

Critically modified. System has been completely modified and natural habitat Kilimani F and biota has been almost completely lost

Botanical Gardens E The loss of natural habitat, biota and basic ecosystem functions is extensive

Binto Amrani E The loss of natural habitat, biota and basic ecosystem functions is extensive

Critically modified. System has been completely modified and natural habitat Nyerere F and biota has been almost completely lost

Critically modified. System has been completely modified and natural habitat Mtopepo F and biota has been almost completely lost

Critically modified. System has been completely modified and natural habitat Mwantenga F and biota has been almost completely lost

Critically modified. System has been completely modified and natural habitat Chumbuni F and biota has been almost completely lost

Critically modified. System has been completely modified and natural habitat Mwanakwerekwe F and biota has been almost completely lost

Critically modified. System has been completely modified and natural habitat Sebleni F and biota has been almost completely lost

Critically modified. System has been completely modified and natural habitat Magorneni F and biota has been almost completely lost

Migombani E The loss of natural habitat, biota and basic ecosystem functions is extensive

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6.3 Social Baseline Conditions The social baseline provides a summary of the wider socio-demographic context of the proposed project as well as a description of the present flooding and water drainage conditions and the solid waste management system. 6.3.1 Flooding and drainage Stormwater drainage in the Ng’ambo area is particularly poor for a number of reasons. The unplanned human settlement which has been sparked by an unprecedented rate of urbanisation linked to the provision of housing to the poor under the former socialist regime, has contributed to the occurrence of flooding in the area. The initial planning of residential areas with basic urban services soon gave rise to spontaneous informal squatting around planned areas. First, squatters anticipated an extension of the planned areas to the squatter areas and therefore the extension of basic services to their plots. Second, their proximity to basic services provided the opportunity to create (informal) services network extensions into unplanned areas. As the rate of influx of families to the urban centre was far greater than the ability of the various planning institutions to release serviced residential plots to immigrants from the rural areas, families made their own residential arrangements. The present density of the residential areas is a clear reflection of the Figure 51: Construction in wet areas growing demand for serviced sites and the lack of planning capacity at municipal and ministerial level. What was once deemed illegal action has become the de facto procedure for urban settlement, with serious consequences to the ecological and human environment. (Figure 51) Informal settlement patterns showed a total disregard for the ecological environment. The only matter that seemed to have been considered was to find a ‘plot of dry land’ on which a basic housing structure was built. Several households indicated during the interviews that the area was free of flooding when they settled there. However, the increasing demand for residential plots resulted in a gradual infilling of every available open space with housing. Natural water courses and drainage paths were being obstructed; the high density of top structures diminished the natural capacity of the ground surface to absorb water and increased the amount of run-off in the areas; wetland areas were turned into residential plots. The net result is excessive flows of water through densely occupied areas and the formation of permanent and seasonal water ponds in built-up areas. Householders were asked about the frequency of flooding between January and June 2010 to get an indication of the extent of hardship they have to deal with every year. Forty-seven percent of respondents had experienced a single flooding during the period, 33% had experienced flooding twice and 20% more than three times. In addition, 34% of respondents indicated that it took less than a day for the water to recede, 30% said it took between one and two days and 18% indicated they waited up to three days for the water to recede. The remainder indicated longer periods for the water to recede to normal levels, but these could also be confused with their time of absence. Many respondents indicated that they vacated their homes for longer periods when they thought that the rain was going to persist (with intervals) for several days or weeks. A male householder from Karakana said the following:

“When floods occur at night or when I am at work, I call my friend who is also my neighbour to keep my belongings safe. Sometimes the floods last for 3 weeks and I will leave for three weeks and go to Shaurimoyo”.

A female householder from Mwatenga explained her plan of action in relation to flooding of her home as follows:

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“Before the water enters the house, I start to take my things outside the house; when the flooding happens at night, I leave all things inside and first protect my family by taking them to my relative not far from home. They will sleep there till the morning and return to take some of their belongings away and tie other things up inside after which they will lock the house and leave until the water is ‘finished’”.

A female householder in Magomeni expressed herself as follows:

“When it starts raining, I start collecting our belongings together and keep them close to me. Sometimes I am alone at home. When the water starts entering the house, I will put some of our belongings onto the ceiling while I take the rest to my neighbour where we will stay while watching the house being flooded. We all leave the house when it gets flooded, no-one remains inside”.

It is apparent that households in flood-prone areas are under great strain during the wet season. They live in constant dread of hardship, having to protect and move furniture, utensils and personal belongings, taking care of children and bringing families to a safe place. On the other hand, neighbours, friends and relatives are regularly invaded by these families, having to share their limited space and means under unfavourable weather conditions. As one respondent explained: “we are Muslim so we share when people face hardship”. Others were less noble about their assistance and complained that ‘things break’ when one shares their little space with neighbours. Flooding occurs in different ways. Certain streets and pathways become water ways for runoff rainwater. Excessive rain (in some areas even the slightest down pour) transforms narrow paths into torrents that carry along sand and debris which gradually erodes the ground surface as well as the buildings along its path. In some parts, notably Mwatenga, where houses have been built on very steep gradients, residents experience severe runoff during rainfall which occasionally causes flooding for the duration of the downpour. Several householders mentioned the loss of possessions due to the rapid speed with which water rushes down these slopes, through the compound and downstream. The sheer force of water has caused several house walls and stand-alone structures such as latrines to collapse. Structural damage to dwellings and latrines is the most common loss that households suffer as a result of the flooding. It cost the 57 respondents who were able to provide the cost of repairs and replacement of broken furniture and fittings an average of Tsh 411,825 ($305) to repair the structural damage or to replace lost property and damaged furniture. Many mentioned that they had not repaired the damage due to lack of financial means. Two female householders in Nyerere explained: “We are mostly affected by cracked walls, damaged beds and the floor. All this damage we needed to repair and we spent Tsh 200,000 to repair the house”. “One day, my house had collapsed on one side and the door was broken. The walls of the other part were cracked, the carpet was destroyed and the latrine was broken by the force of the water. I have now decided to rebuild the walls and I also want to build the walls higher, because I need to bend to get in through the door”. (This suggests that apart from the damage, the house is gradually sinking as the area gets waterlogged.)

Water collects in low areas (natural depressions) to create puddles, ponds and dams. In some areas, these ponds have become permanent features and are overgrown with aquatic plants. Dwellings in the immediate vicinity become surrounded by water and eventually flood during heavy rainfall. Depending on the extent of the catchment area, it can take several weeks before water recedes to levels that allow householders to return to their homes. Homesteads inside these water filled depressions are therefore often vacated during the wet season and in some areas have been permanently abandoned. It was difficult to assess from observation how many houses are affected by flooding. While there are clear signs of moist and mould on walls (householders in many areas pointed to the level the water had reached before) many houses are also affected by rising damp. Furthermore, not everyone is equally affected by flooding and several households had escaped the hardship this year due to a lower than usual rainfall.

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Flooding does not only refer to the inundation of houses, but also of streets and other open spaces. For instance, Mpendae, with better planned and considerably wider streets, still faces flooding of the streets during heavy rainfall and make these areas impassable at least for a day after the rains have ceased. Houses in this area are generally not affected by flooding, with the exception where these are lower than the surrounding roads and built close to natural wetlands. In densely built-up areas, flooding of houses occur due to the volume of water that passes through narrow streets that are transformed into water ways. During the 2004-tsunami water reached roof height in some areas. However, most flooding appears to be between ankle and waist height (locally measured as ‘covering the floor’ and ‘just below the window’), depending on the location of the dwelling.

According to the interviews with affected households, flooding affects them in different ways: ¡ Several houses were built partly or completely in a waterway (although this was in some instances noted as an unintended result of subsequent building activities in the neighbourhood) and acted as a deposit area for sand and landslides. The effect of the build-up of sand around the house made it more prone to flooding because of the raised surface area around the house; ¡ Rapid water runoff erodes pathways as well as buildings and many houses showed evidence of recent repair to external wall plaster; ¡ Debris and heavy objects that are transported by the water has caused damage to perimeter and house walls;

Figure 52: Collar around house Households have lost clothes, kitchenware and other ¡ foundation belongings that were swept away by the water; ¡ Furniture, such as lounge and bedroom suites and mattresses are being damaged due to exposure to water; ¡ Sanitation facilities in several areas are flooded and overflow into the homestead living spaces and beyond; and ¡ Several households have lost a life to drowning or waterborne diseases. In order to cope with this situation, various strategies are being employed to avoid or minimise the negative impacts. Most of these strategies come at a cost and for households that experience flooding of their homes, these costs are incurred annually. ¡ Houses alongside waterways were supported by a concrete collar at the base of the wall or exposed foundation to create a channel for the water and protect the walls against erosion; ¡ In order to avoid water entering through the access door to the homestead, numerous households had built a retainer wall around the door. (Figure 53) Several residents that were Figure 53: Typical retainer wall around interviewed indicated that this was a sufficient buffer when they access door experienced a mild downpour, but they were not able to avoid flooding in this way during heavy rainfall. The cost of such structures was estimated by households between $40 and $115;

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¡ Households that had experienced scouring of a wall due to severe water runoff repaired the damage to (in some instances un-plastered) brick with new plaster, or by placing bricks or sand bags against the wall to avoid further eroding of the wall. Most houses were built from home-made cement bricks and damage to walls was especially experienced where the quality of the brick was poor; ¡ Where water runoff is experienced on opposite sides of the homestead, short retainer walls are constructed that link homesteads wall-to-wall to direct the water past their homes. The height of retainer walls is restricted to the extent that householders need to climb over these barriers to access their homesteads; ¡ During flooding, householders go as far as removing their belongings (including furniture items) from their homes for storage at a neighbour’s or relative’s home. It was observed that directly affected households had very few belongings. Households with more extensive assets tied items onto roof trusses or placed their belongings on top of ceiling boards or cupboards to keep it away from water; Householders complained that the constant removal of belongings reduced the lifespan of their assets and several mentioned that items such as beds and chairs had to be repaired or replaced due to structural damage; and ¡ A small number of households had the opportunity to move away from the area for several weeks during the wet season to avoid the flooding and for their safety. Not everyone lives close enough to willing friends or relatives to move out of their flooded homes for extended periods and their vacating of the homestead was only a temporary safety measure for the duration of the flooding of their homes. Many householders mentioned that the water would recede as soon as the rain stopped, but some homes – especially those closer to water collection areas – experienced stagnant water in their homes for much longer. The impact of the present situation on households is significant. Not only do they experience danger to their lives, loss or damage to their moveable and immovable assets and generally poor and unhealthy living conditions, households also do not have the opportunity to permanently escape this situation. Apart from the fact that many households have lived in the area for many years and have their emotional roots and social networks in these neighbourhoods, they also bemoan the fact that suitable land is unavailable and the cost of rebuilding their home elsewhere is prohibitive – especially considering that their current housing asset has no market value. Shehas in the area confirmed the pressure on land. While they acknowledge the existence of an informal land market, the limited availability of land has ‘forced’ people to settle in areas that are unsuitable for human habitation. The options for voluntary relocation are minimal. 6.3.2 Solid waste management While refuse removal is a responsibility of the Zanzibar Municipal Council, the Ng’ambo area is largely neglected in this respect. A consistent feature of the area is the random littering of domestic refuse. Refuse is presently disposed of outside homesteads, on ‘sidewalks’ and in open areas (often areas that are prone to flooding), even inside abandoned and incomplete buildings. Some bury the waste in their yard or in common areas while others burn their waste at informal dumping sites. The Final Assessment and Design Report for a Solid Waste Management Strategy8 (subcomponent 1.3 of the ZUSP project) indicated the presence of 70 informal sites which equalled the number of formal disposal sites. (Figure 54) One householder in Karakana explained Figure 54: Existing solid waste management his domestic waste collection and disposal system as system – Skip at formal site follows:

8 Final Assessment and Design Report for a Solid Waste Management Strategy for the Zanzibar Municipal Council, Division of Sewerage, Drainage and Solid Waste, May 2010.

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“I collect the domestic waste in plastic bags at home and when these are full, I dispose of it outside the compound a few minutes away. No one cleans this site. The way we dispose of our waste is not a good system because we cause a lot of disease. Also, there is always a bad smell in the area and when it rains, water dams up due to the waste until it reaches my house”. Or, as another householder explained: “when the rains come, the waste is washed back to my house again”, clearly exposing the problems they face with regard to their domestic waste. One female householder explained a very practical constraint: “I cannot walk far [to the skip a distance away from her house in Mpendae] because my children are still young”. The absence of a responsible waste management authority in the area combined with the hardships that households face has created a dilemma in respect of environmental health and safety, as one female householder explained: “the dumping area is far and I do not like sending my children, because when they get to the dumping site they play on top of the waste”. Many householders acknowledged that their waste disposal system is not good for the environment and a hazard to humans, but then responded:”...what can we do? There is no skip or slab in our street and nowhere else to take our garbage”. Many streets are littered to the extent that the path surface consists almost entirely of compressed layers of dirt. During the wet season, this dirt is washed away and randomly displaced in areas further downstream or deposited back into homesteads. Existing drainage systems are obstructed by the collection of waste and no longer function properly, exacerbating the water drainage challenges described above.(Figure 55) It also adds to the health hazards that are experienced Figure 55: Existing drainage with collection grid from stagnant water. Fungus was mentioned as a common disease by householders in all areas followed by malaria and diarrhoea. Children are for obvious reasons especially exposed to diseases associated with stagnant and polluted water and decomposing waste. The occasional flooding of domestic sanitation facilities further aggravates the situation. Where rudimentary waste collection facilities have been implemented, these are generally poorly managed. Skip (waste collection) containers were in some instances filled to capacity, placed in inappropriate places and user unfriendly (large containers that are too high for users to place domestic refuse inside). Several unfenced, unprotected and unmanaged cement slabs that serve as communal waste collection points were noticed. Livestock were found scavenging these waste sites which contributed to the spreading of waste material beyond the designated disposal area. Since no organised collection efforts were noticed during fieldwork, it left the impression that municipal waste management is at best a very haphazard system. 6.4 Visual Baseline Conditions Traditionally, natural landscapes are deemed to be aesthetically more pleasing than urban environments. However, within the context of Stone Town, the status of the historic urban landscape forms part of the aesthetic appeal. According to Siravo (1996) the old Stone Town is characterised by monuments, significant buildings and historical facades, and important streetscapes which form an important part of the aesthetic appeal of Stone Town and Zanzibar City. Excluding tall trees in Stone Town, Zanzibar City, and the green corridor in the buffer area, the character of the study area is urban and predominantly human-made.

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The architecture and history of Stone Town is fundamental to its status as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. As such, the visual attributes of the man-made structures will inform an important part of the “natural character” of the baseline study and will be briefly summarised below. Zanzibar City is inhabited by approximately 140 000 citizens, while Stone Town and the green corridor and WHS buffer is estimated to be occupied by about 16 000 inhabitants. Types of architecture The history and architecture of Stone Town is characterized by various foreign influences and is particularly with trading. Originally houses were constructed using mud, wattle and palm leaves. During the reign of Sultan of Oman (1830) stone was used for construction. Later on the foreign influences resulted in decorative street furniture and lights. The town is characterized by narrow streets (Makarani, 2007) Sixty per cent of the properties in Stone Town are commercial and residential. The rest are mainly religious buildings like churches, mosques, and public structures like markets, offices, schools and hospitals. Various architecture influences are evident in Zanzibar and these include the following: ¡ Early Stone Town architecture; ¡ Arabic influences; ¡ Indian influenced architecture; ¡ Swahili architecture; ¡ European influenced architecture; and ¡ Religious architecture. The narrow streets have resulted in a pedestrian-dominated social environment. The street fronts are characterised by two to three storey buildings, often with decorative facades and balconies. The layout and height of the buildings create enclosed, private spaces. Telephone lines and electrical cables are commonly draped along buildings and cross alleyways and roads; these tend to detract from the ambience and architecture of Stone Town. The widths of the streets vary greatly, but in general there are three typologies: ¡ Main and circular roads, wide enough for vehicular circulation; ¡ Secondary connector roads; and ¡ Private alleys. Open spaces The relationship between built up and open spaces in Stone Town is unique. The Swahilis tend to create private open spaces by e.g. enclosing an open courtyard within a house. Communally, open spaces are created between buildings. This gives the impression that the area is totally built up, while the residents have adequate social and gathering spaces. (World Heritage City (WHC) Nomination Documentation, 1999: 9) Intangible heritage An important characteristic of the open and communal open spaces described above, is the intangible heritage that is associated with it. Social gatherings, traditional dances and famous Islamic festivities along east Africa named “Maulid ya home” are some of the activities that may take place in open spaces. (Makarani, 2007)

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Critical views The urban character of the area results in limited long-range visibility. Based on the type of development envisaged (infrastructure with limited height and visibility), and the limited long distance views, “critical views” were identified along the alignment of the proposed infrastructure e.g. views towards monuments, landmark buildings and significant streetscapes. Siravo, 1996 identified monuments, landmark buildings and significant streetscapes that contribute to the character of Stone Town. Refer to Figure 56 below. Most of the street lights have reportedly not been working (Electriplan Ltd, 2009): at the time of the site visit in February there was o electricity on the island. In general street lights have numerous defects including blown lamps, rusted canopies, loose mountings, and improvised canopies. Outside of Stone Town there is lighting along some main roads but there is need for major rehabilitation.

Figure 56: Significant buildings and streetscape elements in Stone Town (Siravo, 1996)

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“Although it is the overall urban fabric that gives Stone Town its character, there are many individual buildings of architectural merit and historical significance as well as hundreds of elements such as doors, balconies and decorative details which are distinctive features in and of themselves.” Siravo, 1996 These places are spread throughout Stone Town. As described in the VIA specialist study report, sequential photographs were taken along the route of the proposed infrastructure. a) Sense of place / genus loci

There is a distinct difference in the sense of place of Stone Town, and Zanzibar City. The human character of Stone Town led to its classification as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The “sense of place” is unique, but will vary according to the personal reference of the receptor. Stone Town is characterised by a very specific sense of place, which is a result of the significant architecture and historical features; as well as the combination of tourists and residents that gather and trade in open spaces and crowded streets. The green corridor and World Heritage Site buffer area displays the same character as Stone Town; however there are less declared monuments and development is more rapidly occurring. The buffer area contains a green corridor, which is an important aspect of the sense of place. Zanzibar City hosts 92% of Zanzibar’s population. The urban setting is more spread out and an example of a modern African City. b) Visual absorption capacity

The Visual Absorption Capacity (VAC) is considered to be high, based on the following: ¡ The study area is located in an urban setting which is densely built up; ¡ The architectural styles vary greatly; ¡ The limited unobstructed views; and ¡ The proposed infrastructure is similar to existing infrastructure and characteristic of urban settings. It is anticipated that the proposed infrastructure will not look out of place and indeed, will enhance the experience of living, working and visiting Stone Town. . c) Aesthetic appeal

Although the area does not contain many natural elements, the value of the Stone Town area in terms of aesthetic appeal is considered to be high. The value of the green corridor and WHS buffer area is considered moderate, while Zanzibar City, for the most part, is aesthetically unappealing. 6.5 Archaeological Baseline Conditions The purpose of the archaeological impact assessment has been to ascertain the presence of any significant archaeological, cultural resources or sacred sites that may be uncovered or disturbed Zanzibar developed into a large urban settlement as a result of international maritime and international trade. To support trade it was essential that infrastructure was developed and this included buildings, and inevitably monuments were constructed. Many of the remaining structures have been restored and are under protection (conservation) orders. After major rehabilitation works to restore the integrity and fabric of cultural heritage resources in Stone Town, the Zanzibar Stone Town Conservation and Heritage Development Authority was established. Stone Town is a World Heritage Site inscribed under United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) World Heritage List and is one of the biggest cultural tourism centres in Africa.

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It is against this background that the proposed lighting for the Project has to be assessed. However, due to the long history of human habitation in Zanzibar, dating back to Late Stone Age, it is possible that artefacts may be uncovered during excavations for the stormwater drains. Archaeological discoveries have included human and animal remains, ceramics and other artefacts. 7.0 PROJECT IMPACTS Prior to presenting the findings of the specialist studies and impact assessment, the approach and methodology used to assess potential impacts are described. The existing environment is used as the base against which to measure impacts of the proposed Project; the impacts are classified using a set of criteria, as follows: ¡ Magnitude - the degree of change in a measurement or analysis, classified as negligible, low, moderate or high. In most cases, magnitude ratings have been determined based on professional judgment; in other cases, the ratings are based on scientific threshold values; ¡ Extent – refers to the area affected by the impact and is defined as (a) local (the immediate project area), (b) regional (extends beyond by the immediate project area e.g. the economic impact may extend to a broader area as workers spend money earned on a project in shops elsewhere), and (c) national or international (this is usually associated with large-scale projects such as mines export materials and involves international trade); ¡ Duration – the length of time over which an impact occurs. With reference to the ZUSP the duration is defined as (a) short-term (lasts through the construction phase i.e. less than two years), (b) medium- term (lasts up to the operational phase), and (c) long-term (throughout the operational phase / permanent); and ¡ Direction – this may be positive, negative or neutral with respect to key questions (e.g. a reduction in flooding would be positive whilst an increase in flooding would be negative); Significance (without mitigation) is an overall rating to characterise the potential impact is classified as being negligible, low, moderate, or high. Mitigation measures are recommended by specialists to (a) avoid or reduce the impact where negative impacts are identified, or (b) enhance positive impacts. The general hierarchy for mitigation measures are as follows: ¡ Design to avoid the impact (e.g. avoid siting structures adjacent to residential areas); ¡ Use methods to minimise the impact (e.g. use water to suppress dust when excavating trenches when soil conditions are dry); ¡ Use methods to rehabilitate (repair) (e.g. plant vegetation to cover areas of exposed soil); and ¡ Use measures to compensate for impacts (e.g. provide an alternative access route where original access is blocked). This chapter presents the findings of the specialist studies with particular reference to the impacts associated with the Project construction and operational phases. It should be noted that the proposed Project components are regarded as permanent structures which are crucial to the long-term viability of Zanzibar City as an important residential area and Stone Town being an important tourist destination. The stormwater drains and waste collection system are proposed to address the dire and critical circumstances that residents are living in.

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7.1 Impacts Associated with Construction and Operation Phases The works and activities that will take place during the construction phase will include inter alia:

For upgrading the stormwater drains: ¡ Manual excavation of trenches in sections of approximately 5 metres over a period of a week; ¡ Temporary stockpiling of soils, sub-soils and rock; ¡ Importing material for bedding of concrete drains (e.g. sand, cement, and concrete); ¡ Backfilling trenches; ¡ Delivering drain sections, culverts and manhole covers to site; and ¡ Laying drain sections. For the waste collection points: ¡ Clearing sparse vegetation and soils; ¡ Importing building materials (e.g. sand, concrete); and ¡ Shuttering for casting slabs; and delivering skips once the slabs have been cast. For street lighting: ¡ Excavation of trenches for laying cables; ¡ Backfilling trenches; and ¡ Erecting light fittings. Works will be primarily manual tasks; lorries will deliver equipment and materials to site or drop-off points. Due to dense housing and narrow access routes, it is envisaged that materials will have to be transferred from drop-off points to site in some areas. Due to the relatively small size of the Project area, a construction camp for workers will not be required. However, secure lay-down areas will be needed on a short-term basis so that building materials and equipment can be stored; it is apparent that such areas will be needed for only a couple of weeks at most, depending on the rate of progress of the works. During the operational phase the Project components will be “passive” as all components will perform as functional infrastructure. It is envisaged there will be a need to perform on-going tasks such as clearing litter from drains and areas adjacent to waste collection points, and undertaking routine maintenance. These will be mostly manual tasks. 7.2 Decommissioning It is envisaged that the stormwater drains may be upgraded over time; it is quite likely that once in place, modifications to the capacity, alignment of drains or additional bank protection works will be needed. But it is imperative that, as long as this is a residential area, an efficient stormwater management system remains in place. Similarly, the proposed waste management collection system will probably (inevitably) be upgraded over time as the overall waste management system in Zanzibar improves. However, the layout and configuration of the urban streets means that many areas can only be catered for using basic equipment such as hand- pushed carts to collect waste and this limitation will remain unless there is significant urban regeneration in the future.

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The upgraded street lighting will be a permanent requirement and will also be subject to upgrading with time. Thus, for the purposes of the EIA it is assumed that all three project components are permanent. In terms of decommissioning, should it be required for sections or entire components, it is envisaged this will comprise simple demolition of concrete works, stripping of wires (for lighting), removal of drain covers, and other metal infrastructure for re-use or recycling. As concrete is inert it could be broken up and used e.g. as fill on construction sites, or infilling of wet areas, as need arises; otherwise the rubble could be disposed at a licensed landfill site. 7.3 Surface Water Impact Assessment 7.3.1 Impacts The impacts are the same for all the drainage systems. The impacts area as follows:- ¡ The frequency and extent of flooding of the depression areas will be reduced. However the extent of flooding of the depression areas for the design event should be estimated and marked on a map to determine if any houses will be flooded under these conditions; ¡ The public health issues will be improved by draining the depression areas and rehabilitating the drainage system to achieve the design criteria. The project involves the upgrade of the sanitation and solid waste systems. These upgrades will improve the water quality of the stormwater by preventing seepage and spills of sewage into the stormwater system and the accumulation of solid waste in the depression areas. These actions have to take place in conjunction with the stormwater upgrade to achieve an improvement in public health; ¡ The improvement in water quality is similar to the public health impact. The coupling of the water quality to the upgrade of the sanitation system is required if an improvement in the water quality is to be realised; ¡ Some of the depression areas are used for subsistence agriculture and local water supply. The draining of these areas will reduce the effectiveness of the agriculture and reduce the local water supply; ¡ The upgrades to the drainage system, particularly those draining the Sebleni area will result in deep channels that exceed 5 m. The velocities reached by the water in these channels are typically 3 to 4m/s but velocities of up to 8 m/s have been calculated for some sections. Some of these channels are uncovered and if someone falls into the channel during a flood event then they will most likely drown; and ¡ The movement of people across the depression areas will be affected by the proposed channels. The impact assessment is summarised in Table 15. 7.3.2 Mitigation Measures The mitigation measures for the impacts listed above are:- ¡ The continued performance of the stormwater drainage system requires institutional support to maintain the stormwater drainage and sanitation systems; ¡ The sanitation and solid waste programmes need to implemented and supported institutionally; ¡ An alternative source of drinking water should be found for the local inhabitants dependent on the water stored in the local depressions. Water points should be provided or water tankered in. The continued use of the depressions for agricultural purposes can continue as the majority of the agriculture is located around the edges of the depressions out of the frequently inundated areas; and

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¡ The deep channels with high velocities should be covered to mitigate the loss of life impact. Consideration should also be given to perhaps replacing some of the channels with a piped system with numerous manholes to allow easy cleaning. Safe access points for pedestrians to cross the open channels should be provided at key points along the drainage systems. Table 15: Summary of Impact Assessment

Reducing Impact on Impact on Water Usage flooding in Danger to Movement Impact public Water by local Urban life of people health Quality inhabitants areas Magnitude Moderate High Moderate Low High Low Duration Long term Long term Long Term Medium Long term Long term Scale Local Local Local Local Local Local Medium Highly Highly Medium Probability Definite Definite probability probable probable probability Direction Positive Positive Positive Neutral Negative Negative Reversibility Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent Reversible High High High High Low Low Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency

7.4 Aquatic Ecology Assessment The objective of the aquatic ecology study was to determine if and how the proposed project would impact on the receiving ecological environment and to determine the existing ecological integrity of the sites. The study was high level but, based on the ecologist’s experience, was deemed sufficient to assess impacts and make recommendations for mitigation. The aquatic ecologist undertook an initial site visit to get an overview of the Project area before focussing on 12 sites for more detailed study. The sites were selected based on the findings of a desktop review, the initial site visit and proposed Project layout plans. Measurements were undertaken to assess water quality and included pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen and total dissolved solids; these basic measurements have a direct bearing on aquatic life in systems. Details of field instruments used are given in the Aquatic Ecology Assessment Report (Appendix E). Where invertebrates and fish were found, they were identified although it should be noted that no specific capture programmes were initiated as the Project did not warrant such intensive, in-depth study. 7.4.1 Impact Assessment The results of the baseline study show that nine of the sites are classified as “F” (the worst class) meaning that modifications have reached a critical level where virtually all the natural habitat is lost, basic ecosystem functions have been destroyed and the resulting changes are irreversible. The remaining three sites are classified as “E” and have suffered extensive loss of natural habitat, biota and basic ecosystem function. During the construction phase the aquatic environment will be subject to activities comprising excavation, removal of sediments, and installation of infrastructure (e.g. drains and culverts) followed by site clearing. The impact of the activities will be negative, of low magnitude, on a local scale, of long term duration and the changes will be irreversible. During the operational phase the stormwater drains the aquatic environment will be negatively impacted on a local-regional scale (there will be a change in aspects of the water flow regime that will have downstream

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impacts), the extent will be long term and the changes will be irreversible.Overall, the impact ranking for the operational phase is predicted to be as follows:

Aquatic Ecology Impact Ranking

Magnitude: Low

Extent: Local

Duration: Long Term/permanent

Direction Neutral

Significance (Pre-mitigation) Low

Significance (Post–mitigation) Neutral

Mitigation and Rehabilitation The habitat integrity classification, description, and impact of implementing the stormwater management system is summarised in Table 16. At a number of sites possibilities for rehabilitating sites have been recognised and this is noted in the impact column of Table 16. Table 16: Significance of Impacts on Aquatic Ecology

Impact on habitat integrity (of constructing and operating the proposed stormwater drains); with notes Site Habitat Integrity on site specific conditions and where possibilities for rehabilitation exist Mnazi Mmoja; Mtopepo ; The direct impact of improving drainage will be neutral (as the site Class F (Critically modified) Mwantenga; is so degraded and all ecosystem function has been lost). Chumbuni; Magorneni The direct impact of improving drainage will be neutral (as the site is so degraded and all ecosystem function has been lost). Kilimani; Class F (Critically modified) Mwanakwerekwe However, with sufficient resources there are possibilities to rehabilitate the site and adjacent areas to create a recreational area for the enjoyment of local inhabitants. Class E: The loss of Botanical Gardens natural habitat, biota and The direct impact on the site will be neutral as basic ecosystem Binto Amrani basic ecosystem functions has been lost. is extensive The direct impact of improving drainage will be neutral (as the site is so degraded and all ecosystem function has been lost). Nyerere Class F (Critically modified) Local residents informed the study team that this area experiences extensive flooding during the rainy season (April – May). The direct impact of improving drainage will be neutral (as the site is so degraded and all ecosystem function has been lost). Sebleni Class F (Critically modified) The highly eutrophic state of the site can be attributed to the lack of a formal waste water infrastructure in Zanzibar town. The direct impact of improving drainage will be neutral (as the site Class E: The loss of is so degraded and all ecosystem function has been lost). natural habitat, biota and Migombani basic ecosystem functions The proposed storm water drainage system should be designed in is extensive a way that does not impede the ability of the local inhabitants to cultivate crops.

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Based on the layout and designs that were made available to study team, it is apparent that the overall impact on the aquatic ecology will be neutral and there will be scant chance that the ecological function will improve over time; the existing, degraded aquatic environment will be replaced with concrete. Managing stormwater run-off by installing concrete drains will be a functional solution and will improve the quality of life for residents in that the incidence of flooding will be reduced in extent and magnitude; the value of this cannot be under-estimated but consideration should be given to rehabilitation measures that have potential to restore ecological function. At this juncture, a significant opportunity is presented to rehabilitate aspects of the aquatic systems and adjacent areas. The following summarise some of the potential and measures that could be implemented, should adequate resources be made available: ¡ Rehabilitation of Kilimani, Botanical Gardens, Binti Amrani and Mwanakwerekwe should be investigated as these sites have potential to provide recreational space for residents(these are currently well-used by people of all ages but undoubtedly, with current conditions, this presents health and safety hazards to users); ¡ At the above-mentioned sites possibilities exist to incorporate slope stabilisation, surface water drainage and biodiversity/agriculture into one system; and ¡ Employing a combination of soft and hard engineering techniques has the potential to be both functional, practical and an environmentally acceptable option (e.g. using vegetation and/or gabion baskets and mattresses to stabilise banks and river beds). This type of solution also presents a possibility to restore at least some ecological function to degraded sites (Figure 57 and Figure 58).

Figure 57: Typical channel profile for open space conditions. Gabion allows for immediate walkway

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Figure 58: Typical channel profile for open space. Note the subsistence farming 7.5 Social Impacts 7.5.1 Impacts during construction The construction phase refers to the new systems as well as the rehabilitation to the existing systems. In order to reduce the impact of flooding on homesteads, several existing surface water drains are to be upgraded (Figure 59) and new surface water drains are to be constructed. The anticipated construction related impacts (see Table 17) were discussed during the focus group discussions and qualitative interviews. Issues such as temporary obstructed access to areas due to excavation, and site safety concerns were seen to be far outweighed by the positive impact of the completed works on their living conditions. Many residents exclaimed that as long as the water drainage would reduce the flooding in the area, they would tolerate the temporary discomfort during the construction phase. As one Figure 59: An existing surface water drain in Shaurimoyo resident exclaimed: “...our problem is not the channel (drain), our problem is flooding” referring to the temporary ‘problem’ construction would bring to his household compared to the permanent solution that would be brought by the proposed project.

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The risk to residential buildings and structures is moderate. It is expected that the drainage system in some areas will pass through narrow passages/paths with potential adverse impact on the surrounding housing. Less than 30 structures have been identified that will be affected during the construction phase to the extent that parts of walls will have to be demolished during the excavation and reinstated after the pipes have been laid. In only one instance will a part of a mosque (the ablution section) be demolished and rebuilt on a different part of the property. A further risk is the potential destruction of walls due to excavation of foundations or caving in of excavation walls. A number of fruit trees (coconut and banana) will be affected by the construction and will be permanently lost. Temporary obstructed access routes will require adequate and safe diversions especially where this affects school-going children. Present paths and access roads are very informal and often inaccessible due to excessive water runoff and flooding during the wet season. The communities are well accustomed to finding alternative routes to local destinations. The impact of the proposed solid waste management system will be significantly positive. The position of waste collection slabs and skip containers is critical to ensure that these do not occur in areas with high volumes of water runoff. The design should also consider the needs and requirements of users. User- friendly designs and positioning is important to ensure optimum and appropriate use of these facilities. Without this, the condition of the general environment will not significantly improve. The most significant impact of a solid waste management system will be the change in social behaviour. Adjustment of human behaviour to a managed waste environment relates to depositing domestic refuse in designated collection areas more distant from their homesteads than is their current practice. While this adjustment may initially be perceived as negative, the outcome of changed behaviour is a clean and healthy environment. Table 17: Assessment of impacts during Construction Phase

Impact Description Magnitude Extent Duration Direction

System C, E, G, I a) Temporary loss of parts of dwellings (wall, veranda, driveway), gardens and fencing. This relates mostly to the demolition and reinstatement of house walls and other temporary Loss of structures inside the excavation Short to Medium property / area. One Mosque in System E Moderate Local Negative is affected to the extent that the term Displacement outside buildings cannot be reinstated after construction (see ARAP report for details). b) Loss of fruit trees is anticipated on System I (although the trees are in communal areas and remained largely unidentified) as well as Systems C, E and G (see ARAP report for details). System C, D, E, H a) In a densely built-up area such as Ng’ambo, excavation in residential areas inadvertently impacts negatively on access to Restricted homesteads and properties. Short to Medium Only one dwelling in Section C Moderate Local Negative access term will be adversely affected by the excavation to the extent that the household will lose temporary access to the only entrance to the homestead. The excavation area is extremely narrow in this particular section of the system

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Impact Description Magnitude Extent Duration Direction

and does not allow enough room for a temporary access into the homestead. b) Excavation along main roads will occur in the road reserve and while business entrances may be temporarily affected, the length of excavation at any given time will allow sufficient access around the excavation area. Access to businesses is primarily by pedestrian traffic. One culvert along a main roads affected by System C will be excavated and replaced with a higher diameter culvert which will impact vehicular traffic along the route. Diversions are planned during construction similar to those when the existing culverts were constructed. c) Excavation along internal roads and paths will have an impact on access to homesteads and local businesses, but there will be sufficient space around the excavation sites for pedestrian traffic. Motorised traffic is by and large restricted to the main roads and very limited internally. All Systems Noise a) No or limited mechanised Low Local Short term Neutral equipment will be used during construction All Systems a) In light of proposed manual excavation methods in built-up Dust Low Local Short term Negative areas, dust emissions will be insignificant. Many areas are naturally wet or damp which will suppress dust emissions. All Systems a) A small number of local labour Labour influx/ opportunities will be created and presence of no influx of labour from outside Low Local Short term Neutral work teams the area is anticipated. Labour requirements are low and construction teams will consist of less than 10 persons.

7.5.2 Impacts during operations The impact of this project after construction will be significantly positive (see Table 18 i.e during the operational phase). First, the reduction in stagnant water as a result of the new and rehabilitated drainage systems and the restriction of solid waste disposal to formalised and managed sites will be the most significant and positive impact of the proposed project. It is anticipated that this will reduce the incidence of diseases related to polluted and stagnant water and dispersed waste. It will also provide improved access to

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and use of areas (such as the sporting grounds affected by System F) which are presently completely, partially or regularly flooded. Second, the likelihood of permanent diversions of (pedestrian) paths and (vehicle) access roads as a result of the completed (operational) water drainage system is deemed low. On the contrary, permanent channelling of water through the proposed water drainage system will most probably improve internal access even when some of the present routes are permanently closed. The impact of diversion of access routes is therefore insignificant. Table 18: Assessment of impacts during Operation Phase

Impact Description Magnitude Extent Duration Direction

All Systems a) Presently seasonal and permanently inundated areas will be drained immediately, reducing the risk of Health and Moderate to water-borne diseases Local Long term Positive well-being b) Implementation of a solid waste high management system will reduce the presence of unmanaged litter and solid waste from residential areas and reduce the risk of infectious diseases. Systems C, D, E, H a) While the majority of the proposed new systems are designed to follow natural water courses, access across channels for pedestrian and traffic is Restricted important and is allowed for in the Local to Moderate Long term Positive access design. This is a positive impact. regional b) A large part of the existing open channel of System C will be excavated to a greater depth and covered across all sections deeper than the existing channels. This is a positive impact.

7.6 Visual Assessment The objective of the visual assessment was to determine the visual impacts associated with all three Project components i.e. street lights, stormwater infrastructure and waste collection points. The magnitude of visual impact consists of the relationship between visibility, visual clutter and proportion. The visual impact during the construction phase for all components will be negative but magnitude impact will be negligible, of local extent and short-term duration. The activities that take place will be small-scale; based on the findings of the public consultation it can be concluded that the minor visual impact during the construction phase will be accepted and all but welcomed as a sign that the immediate problems of flooding and widespread, un-managed waste are being addressed. The aspects of visibility, visual clutter and proportion apply mostly to the operational phase: Visibility In almost all cases, street lights will be installed within a 50 m radius of significant buildings. In these areas particular care must be taken to ensure that the type of street light does not obscure critical views towards buildings, and that design is contextually appropriate in terms of proportion. Through the use of appropriate lighting techniques, lighting can be used to create focus points at landmark buildings and monuments.

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Visual clutter The addition of infrastructure and any other elements that are either particularly large, or differ substantially from the existing development, visual clutter will be created. In the case of stormwater drains, the structures could be considered to be visual clutter of moderate significance. However, the study area lacks aesthetic appeal due to waste and flood waters so the operation of the drains will go a long way to mitigating the current visual impacts. The benefits of reduced risk of flooding will far outweigh any visual impact. Visual Proportion Visual proportion deals with the appropriateness of the scale in relation to the height and width of the surrounding buildings and pathways. This is pertinent to the Stone Town street lighting and has been considered in the design criteria as the need to maintain and complement the architecture of the World Heritage Site. In other municipal areas design criteria have included the practical aspects of lighting in urban areas (e.g. face recognition for pedestrians and illumination for safe driving conditions). Waste collection sites and storm water channels will have relatively little effect on visual proportion of the surroundings. The potential for a negative visual impact for the waste container points is limited to the immediate site locations. The visual impact on the rest of the study area will be positive, of high magnitude in the long term as the substantial amounts of litter and rubbish will be removed from the landscape. In terms of visual impact: ¡ The installation of lights will be a positive impact of moderate magnitude, local extent over the long term / permanent; ¡ The waste collection points will be a negative impact of moderate magnitude, local extent over the long term; and ¡ The upgrading of lighting will be a positive impact of moderate to high magnitude, local extent over the long term.

The impacts on the visual environment are summarised in Table 19. Table 19: Impact Summary – Visual

Impact Direction Magnitude Extent Duration Reversibility Improved visibility due Positive High Local Long Term Reversible to street lights. Visual clutter due to additional Negative Moderate Local Long Term Reversible infrastructure. Visual distortion by Negative Low Local Long Term Reversible inappropriate lighting. Visual disruption of key Negative Moderate Local Long Term Reversible monuments.

7.7 Archaeological Assessment The objective of the archaeological assessment was to determine the potential impacts of the ZUSP on cultural heritage resources and / or artefacts. In effect a Phase 1 study was undertaken by a local expert who has the knowledge and understanding to indentify sites of interest or potential interest in terms of cultural heritage.

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The study was undertaken by reviewing publicly available documents and reports, making a site visit and conducting a walk-over of the project area; meetings were held with relevant stakeholders who were able to add more local knowledge to the study; these included authorities and organisations in Stone Town (Institute of Marine Science of the University of Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar Stone Town Conservation and Development Authority, Division of water and Waste Management, Department of Archives, Museums and Antiquities, and Department of Environment). Based on the findings of the desktop study, meetings and extensive walk-over of the study no artefacts or cultural resources were identified, and indeed no indications that artefacts are likely to be found in the study area. Thus it can be concluded that the overall significance of impacts on cultural resources is negligible. However, there remains the possibility that resources may be un-earthed during the construction phase, when excavation takes place, especially in open areas; this applies to human remains as well as artefacts. In such cases, when materials are exposed they can be destroyed or damaged unwittingly. The likelihood of this occurring in the Project area is considered low because of the extensive disturbance that has alrady occurred. A late find procedure needs to be put in place whereby, if during construction, possible resources are un- earthed, workers are able to stop work and call a designated person who will take appropriate actions. The impact of upgrading street lighting in Stone Town will have a positive impact of moderate magnitude in the local area. The duration of the impact shoud be long term / permanent and is readiliy reversible, should it be decided that lighting is no longer required. The overall singificance is high. The installations should take into consideration the style of houses in Stone Town and conservation plans. These issues are addressed in the Electriplan (T) Limited report which lists the need to maintain and complement the architectural nature of the WHS. Any design needs to take into consideration the fabric and integrity of the cultural property to protect them from adverse effects of e.g. heat from lights. The potential impacts on the archealogical environment are summarised in Table 20. Table 20: Impact Summary – Archaeology

Rating – Pre mitigation Impact Magnitude Extent Duration Direction Unearthing cultural resources or archaeological objects as a result of Low Local Short term Positive the construction activities Damage to cultural and heritage resources as a result of poor Low Local Short term Negative construction techniques 8.0 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES Consideration has been given to alternatives for the location of all ZUSP components. However, there are a number of physical constraints that have limited the number of alternatives that were considered. Stormwater Management System The alignment of the stormwater drains is, of necessity, linked to the study area topography; to effectively drain stormwater the drains have to follow the paths of what would have been natural water courses. Due to the extent of urban development and alteration of the biophysical environment, there is some deviation from the original water courses to ensure that preferred drainage paths are incorporated into the proposed layout. Waste Collection System The waste collection points have been selected based on a number of criteria including inter alia proximity to areas where waste is generated, ensuring there is a maximum distance between disposal facilities (convenience to houses to ensure facilities are use), to roads that are wide enough for trucks to deliver and

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collect skips, to relatively open spaces (where there is sufficient space to cast a slab for a skip) and to minimise nuisance to e.g. residents, schools, and traders. The net result is that only a few localities were suitable in this densely developed area. Street Lighting in Stone Town The location of street lights has been based primarily on the need to light dark areas of Stone Town whilst highlighting significant buildings and increase safety in the urban area; the options for siting lights were based on the needs to illuminate areas adequately and so options were limited. The No Project Option The no project option is highly undesirable for the ZUSP. The stormwater and waste collection systems have been proposed to deal primarily with quality of life and human health; if the ZUSP is not implemented the consequences will include; ¡ Prolonging the misery of issues associated with flooding including the spread of water-borne disease, loss/damage of property; and ¡ Increased amounts of solid waste polluting the suburbs and waterways, and presenting risk to human health.

Upgrading street lights in Stone Town and other municipal areas should be regarded as (a) an investment to support increased tourism and enhance the amenity value of this World Heritage Site and (b) a means of increasing safety and security of all residents and road-users. Thus, the no project option would prolong many issues of poor quality of life and thus, the option should be rejected. 9.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) The ESMP translates the findings and recommendations of the ESIA into measures for management and monitoring of impacts of the proposed ZUSP. For this Project the ESMP deals with the construction and operational phases as the drains, waste collection and street lights are regarded as permanent, once in operation. The ESMP is a “living” document that should be revised when changes to the management methods or monitoring programmes are proposed and implemented. It will be a public document and will become legally binding once approved by the relevant authorities. The following types of mitigation measures have been considered, depending on the impact: ¡ Design techniques to avoid the impact (e.g. avoid routing stormwater management channels too close to houses); ¡ Methods to minimize the impact (e.g. screening waste collection sites to minimise visual intrusion)he use of down lighting with regard to street lighting); ¡ Methods to rehabilitate/repair an impact (e.g. re-vegetate areas when construction works are complete); and ¡ Measures to compensate for impacts (e.g. provide alternative access to a site if original access is blocked).

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9.1 Organisational Capacity, Roles and Responsibilities The ZUSP proponent is the Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs of Zanzibar (the Ministry). In order to implement the ESMP the following role players are proposed: 9.1.1 Project Manager (PM) (Developer Representative) The Developer is defined as the proponent or applicant (in this case, the Ministry). The Ministry should appoint a Project Manager (PM) to implement the project; ¡ The PM will be responsible for overseeing the contract from initiation to completion of construction on the site; ¡ The PM will appoint a team of contractors, which will be responsible for the construction of the entire project; ¡ The PM will be responsible for ensuring that the development is implemented according to the requirements as set out in the ESMP; ¡ The PM should ensure that sufficient resources are available to the other role players to efficiently perform their tasks in terms of the ESMP; and ¡ The PM must appoint an independent Environmental Control Officer (ECO) to ensure strict adherence to the ESMP. 9.1.2 Consulting Engineer (CE) The engineer consulted during the construction period.. The CE is not always present on site, but is part of the specialist team and responsible for design 9.1.3 Environmental Control Officer (ECO) The ECO should be nominated from within the ZUSP team before the start of the construction phase. This role should be managed by the person who has the mandate as the Environmental and Social Safeguard Officer. The nominee will be mandated to do inter alia the following: ¡ Ensure that all contractors/subcontractors/employees are fully aware of their environmental responsibilities. This will take the form of an initial environmental awareness-training program in which requirements of the ESMP will be explained; ¡ Undertake on-going training of the workforce; ¡ The ECO shall monitor the developers actions to ensure that the developers staff and/or contractor are adhering to all the stipulations of the ESMP; ¡ The ECO shall be responsible for monitoring the construction activities throughout the project by means of undertaking site visits and meetings. These visits should be documented as part of the site meeting minutes; ¡ The ECO must sign off that the PM certifies the developers compliance in ensuring all clean-up and rehabilitation or any remedial action required shall take place, and be completed prior to transfer of properties; and ¡ A post construction environmental audit is to be conducted to ensure that all conditions in the ESMP have been adhered to. 9.1.4 Community Liaison Officer (CLO) Where necessary / required a representative of the community, as nominated by the community, will be the CLO and has the role of representing the community and managing all communication between the ECO,

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the Contractor and the public. (The details of the CLO are to be forwarded to the relevant representative (Sheha for the area.) The CLO will be the contact person where all grievances or complaints are lodged by the public. 9.2 Training and Capacity Development The key appointment to ensure implementation of the ESMP is the ECO. The appointed ECO will require environmental, health and safety training for construction sites, and specific training on his/her expected roles and responsibilities, as outlined above. The ideal candidate for the ECO would have experience on construction sites, experience of regulating Environmental, Health and Safety compliance, local knowledge and a strong interest in environmental issues. Training of the appointed ECO would ideally involve one week of onsite training by an experienced environmental manager during the construction period. The aim of the training will be to establish good auditing procedures, identify ways in which to successfully implement the ESMP and continually improve environmental performance. The scope of the training would include: ¡ Weekly EHS toolbox talks; ¡ Environmental auditing; ¡ Non conformance and emergency response procedures; ¡ Continual performance review and improvement; and ¡ Document control. The estimated cost of training is 10,000US$. 9.3 MITIGATION 9.3.1 Register of Environmental and Social Impacts The purpose of the ESMP is to ensure that appropriate control and monitoring measures are in place to deal with all significant potential environmental and social impacts of a project. An impacts register therefore provides a focus for environmental and social management.(Tabel 21) The potential impacts of the project including proposed mitigation measures are discussed in the ESIA report below provides a summary of impacts and mitigation measures identified in the ESIA. Impacts were classified using criteria to determine their overall effect, which is termed the environmental or social significance. Each impact is described using the following criteria: ¡ Magnitude: The degree of change in a measurement or analysis, classified as negligible, low, moderate or high. Categorization of the impact magnitude is based on a set of criteria, pertinent to each of the discipline areas and key questions analyzed. In most cases, magnitude ratings have been determined by professional judgment; in other cases, they have been based on thresholds that have been validated scientifically. ¡ Extent: The area affected by the impact, classified as local, regional or beyond regional. The method of defining impacts within a study area, in terms of the amount of a certain resource affected, is influenced by the size of the study area. ¡ Duration: The length of time over which an environmental impact occurs. Short-term is defined as less than the construction phase; medium-term as longer than short-term and up to the operational duration of the project; long-term is greater than medium term. ¡ Nature: Whether the impact is positive or negative.

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Table 21: Environmental and Social Impacts Register

Rating – Pre mitigation Rating – Post mitigation Aspect Impact Mitigation Measure Magnitude Extent Duration Nature Magnitude Extent Duration Nature Improved drainage and Medium Local Long Term Positive Enhance positive impacts Medium Local Long Term Positive flooding reduction by reviewing and improving the current Waste collection design to incorporate the and blockage of findings of the Hydrology Medium Local Long Term Positive Medium Local Long Term Positive drainage and Stormwater study. Hydrology and channels Stormwater Contamination of Establish and implement surface water safe storage measures bodies due to Low Local Short Term Negative and spills response Low Local Short Term Negative spills of procedures for hazardous hazardous materials. chemicals

Loss of access High Local Short Term Negative Implement the Low Local Short Term Negative Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan that has identified project affected Damage / loss of people and measures to High Local Short Term Negative Low Local Short Term Negative homesteads avoid, reduce or Socio- compensate for loss of economic access/homesteads.

Provide adequate safety Health and safety measures including risk due to deep High Local Short Term Negative warning signs and barrier Low Local Short Term Negative excavations. tape. Establish grievance procedures.

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Rating – Pre mitigation Rating – Post mitigation Aspect Impact Mitigation Measure Magnitude Extent Duration Nature Magnitude Extent Duration Nature Establish a labour policy that focuses on sourcing and training labour from Job creation Low Local Short Term Positive Moderate Local Short Term Positive local communities where required skills are available

Restrict construction to daylight hours. Provide information to Nuisance Moderate Local Short Term Negative affected communities on Low Local Short Term Negative construction times and establish grievance mechanisms.

Establish and communicate schedules Traffic disruption Low Local Short Term Negative Low Local Short Term Negative regarding traffic disruption to affected public.

Enhance positive impacts Improved visibility by implementing due to street Low Local Long Term Positive Low Local Long Term Positive measures outlined in lights. visual assessment study.

Review the siting of waste Visual clutter due management facilities, Visual amenity to additional Low Local Long Term Negative Low Local Long Term Positive based on the findings of infrastructure. the visual assessment.

Design and provision of Visual distortion appropriate lighting, this by inappropriate Low Local Long Term Negative Low Local Long Term Positive is discussed in the lighting. Electriplan (T) Ltd report.

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Rating – Pre mitigation Rating – Post mitigation Aspect Impact Mitigation Measure Magnitude Extent Duration Nature Magnitude Extent Duration Nature Design and provision of Visual disruption appropriate lighting; this of key Low Local Long Term Negative has been considered by Low Local Long Term Positive monuments. Electriplan and is part of the design criteria

Archaeological survey of all routes prior to Unearthing construction to identify cultural resources any potential sites or archaeological containing objects as a Low Local Long term Positive Low Local Long term Positive objects/resources. A result of the suitably qualified construction professional should be activities Cultural appointed for a walkover heritage of the sites.

Damage to Put in place cultural and archaeological chance or heritage late find procedures. This resources as a Low Local Long term Negative Low Local Long term Positive should be part of the on- result of poor site training undertaken construction by the ECO. techniques

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9.4 Environmental and Social Management (ESMP) 9.4.1 Purpose of the ESMP The purpose of the ESMP is to describe the mitigation measures that will be adopted by the ZUSP to reduce negative impacts and enhance the positive impacts of the project. The objectives of this plan are to: ¡ Ensure all environmental safeguards are carried out correctly; ¡ Manage site activities effectively and coordinate with other trades; ¡ Minimise adverse impacts on the environment; ¡ Ensure that environmental mitigation measures are in place from the start of the project; and ¡ Monitor the project. 9.5 Priorities of the ESMP The key priorities of the ESMP required to address the environmental and social impacts of the ZUSP are as follows: ¡ Making the ESMP part of the contract signed by the contractor; ¡ Ensure that design mitigation measures identified in the ESIA for hydrology, ecology and visual impacts are addressed in pre-construction and reviewed by a pre-construction audit; ¡ Provide adequate resources (human, technical as well as financial) for the implementation of the Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan; ¡ Appointment and training of an Environmental Control Officer (ECO); ¡ Detailed pre-construction archaeological surveys are undertaken along the final ZUSP routing to save any possible archaeological artefact and chance find procedures are developed and communicated to ZUSP construction workers; ¡ Training and orientation of employees in order to perform their jobs in compliance with sound environmental and social practices; ¡ Making sound construction management practices, fuel/oil/lubricant handling, storage and spills prevention procedures a part of contract for construction; and ¡ Regular verification of environmental and social compliance to confirm the ESMP is being effectively implemented. 9.6 ESMP Table 22 below presents the ESMP. It should be noted that some items are the duplicated from the construction phase into the operation phase of the ESMP for ease of use, during all phases of the project.

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Table 22: Environmental and Social Management Plan

Indicator / Responsible Monitoring Estimated Source of Project Phase Potential Impact Detailed Actions Performance Person / Entity Mechanisms Cost Funding Criteria

A clause should be included in the Contractor’s appointment contract stipulating that an ESMP will be Review by Preconstruction General compiled and will contain specific items CONTRACTOR - N/A ZUSP indicated in this ESMP as the responsibility of the Contractor, e.g. method statements.

Compile a late find procedure as part of the scope of work of work of the DAMA experts commissioned to undertake the detailed heritage survey. These procedures will be distributed to the contractor prior to the commencement of construction. Chance/late find These procedures will include: procedures, should Damage to cultural be part of contractor · Information on archaeological and heritage Pre-construction contract. Evidence artifacts that may be found: resources as a audit and ECO of archaeological Pre-construction Procedures to be undertaken in the ZUSP $10,000.00 ZUSP result of poor · audits during training and construction event of a find i.e.in the event of a constriction. procedure techniques. find, construction will stop, and the implementation find barred off by at least 5 meters in during weekly ECO order to safeguard it from further audits construction activities; · Contact details and procedures for notifying the Department of Archives, Museums and Antiquities of a find; and · Instructions that construction will not continue until authorised by DAMA.

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Indicator / Responsible Monitoring Estimated Source of Project Phase Potential Impact Detailed Actions Performance Person / Entity Mechanisms Cost Funding Criteria

Establish an employment policy that focuses on the employment of local people. Employment policy A job seekers register will be PROJECT established. Job Pre-construction Government / Pre-construction Job creation established and preference given to MANAGER, ECO, seekers register in $50,000.00 audit World Bank local people for employment. CONTRACTOR place. Training A training program will be developed for program established. providing skills to workers to "take away" from the project once completed.

Build internal capacity so that the Lack of project required skills, policies and procedures Written Training provided Pre-construction implementation due are in place to implement the project. operational and operational / Construction to a lack of internal ZUSP procedures and manuals drawn up $50,000 Government Phase capacity of the Staff will undergo training in project training and available to all client/ZUSP. management, system design and schedules staff practical operations management.

Damage to cultural and heritage The DAMA experts will also be ECO audits resources as a commissioned to provide training to Training provided to Construction ZUSP during $5,000.00 ZUSP result of poor contractors in relation to chance find contractors construction. construction procedures. techniques.

The contractor will be responsible for establishing a register of all hazardous N/A – these Contamination of materials to be used during MSDS for all items will be the environment construction. hazardous materials included in ECO audits including surface available and clearly the contract Construction The contractor will develop a method CONTRACTOR during N/A water due to spills displayed and that is drawn statement; responsibility for collection construction. of fuels and and treatment of used fuels will be conditions adhered up to appoint chemicals. assigned to either the contractor or fuel to. the supplier . Contractor. The contractor will provide Materials

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Indicator / Responsible Monitoring Estimated Source of Project Phase Potential Impact Detailed Actions Performance Person / Entity Mechanisms Cost Funding Criteria Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for all hazardous materials. The contractor will clearly display MSDS on all hazardous materials and will adhere to all the conditions of the MSDS. Chemicals and materials will be covered and stored in secured areas. Chemicals will be stored within a bund that has capacity of 110% of the largest container. Hazard warning signs will be provided for containers and storage areas. As part of training by the ECO, all workers will be informed re handling, storage, recognition of signs and dealing with incidents. A register of hazardous waste will be developed by the contractor and will develop a method statement for dealing with the waste. An emergency response plan will be developed by the contractor upon appointment.

The contractor will develop a method statement for fuel storage, refueling and Method statement in Contamination due spills procedures. The method place and hazardous ECO audits to improper fuel statement will outline: waste removed Construction CONTRACTOR during N/A N/A handling, usage offsite for recycling · Fuel storage requirement (i.e. if fuel construction. and management. storage is required within the or best practice construction area, fuel containers will disposal. be stored within bunded areas with at

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Indicator / Responsible Monitoring Estimated Source of Project Phase Potential Impact Detailed Actions Performance Person / Entity Mechanisms Cost Funding Criteria least 110% of the volume of the amount of fuel stored or in portable bunds); · Refueling procedures (e.g. refueling over drip trays): and Spills procedures for containing and cleaning up oil/fuel spills (i.e. provision of spill kits including absorbent materials etc) Any soil contaminated by e.g. oil will be treated as hazardous waste and disposed of accordingly. The method statement will be reviewed and approved by the ECO.

The contractor will be responsible for the maintenance of construction Contamination from vehicles and equipment to ensure noise ECO audits All vehicles and equipment and and emissions are not exceeded. Construction CONTRACTOR during equipment in good N/A Contractor vehicles used on The ECO will inspect equipment and construction. working condition. site. vehicles and instruct the contractor to make repairs should maintenance be required.

The contractor will provide adequate Contamination from toilet facilities for construction workers. ECO audits Chemical toilets contractor’s Construction This should include: 1 portable chemical CONTRACTOR during provided for workers $10,000.00 Contractor ablutions and toilet for every 10 workers (within construction. (1 for every 10). facilities. reasonable walking distance from where the workers are working).

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Indicator / Responsible Monitoring Estimated Source of Project Phase Potential Impact Detailed Actions Performance Person / Entity Mechanisms Cost Funding Criteria

The contractor will establish a method statement for construction waste. This will include: · An indication of the location of temporary waste storage points (These storage points should be accessible by waste removal trucks and these points should not be located in sensitive areas / areas of highly visible to neighbouring properties / areas where the wind direction will carry bad odours across the properties of adjacent landowners); · Provision of cover and storage of Method statement in Waste collection waste (e.g. skips); ECO audits place, waste storage Construction and blockage of · Procedures for waste collection and Contractor during points established N/A N/A drainage channels. disposal (solid waste shall be construction. and waste disposal disposed of in a manner approved by appropriate. the Zanzibar Department of Environment); · All solid waste must be removed and transported to a recognized waste disposal site on a weekly basis as a minimum; · The method statement should indicate that: No waste materials shall at any stage be disposed of in the open area of adjacent properties; · The piling of any material that could rot and release unpleasant smells into the air will not be permitted; · Burning of waste is not permitted;

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Indicator / Responsible Monitoring Estimated Source of Project Phase Potential Impact Detailed Actions Performance Person / Entity Mechanisms Cost Funding Criteria · No littering or dumping of rubble shall be permitted in the canal and all potential blockages shall be removed immediately; · Where necessary these construction areas should be clearly fenced off; and · The method statement will be approved by the ECO prior to implementation.

The contractor will be responsible for ensuring that the construction area is Waste and ECO audits Construction area Included in cleared of any obstruction and should Construction blockage of CONTRACTOR during clear on completion contractors N/A be kept tidy, to avoid any waste from drainage channels construction. of works contract entering the existing storm water systems.

Containers must be supplied for general waste, at all working sites. Waste will be stored in designated Construction sites areas and covered to prevent wind- ECO audits Included in will remain clear of Construction General waste blown litter and avoid attracting CONTRACTOR during contractors N/A waste associated scavengers construction. contract with the works Any recyclable waste will be removed from the waste stream and removed by or taken to an appropriate contractor.

The contractor will ensure that on completion of the works, all surplus material/ waste is cleared and the areas ECO audits Construction area Included in Site maintenance Construction graded to restore the ground as near as CONTRACTOR during clear on completion contractors N/A and clearing possible to its original profile. construction. of works contract Upon completion of works the site will be inspected by ECO and signed off as

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Indicator / Responsible Monitoring Estimated Source of Project Phase Potential Impact Detailed Actions Performance Person / Entity Mechanisms Cost Funding Criteria acceptable or it will be requested that further works are undertaken to rehabilitate the site.

The contractor will ensure that all personnel are issued with personal protection equipment (PPE) that is appropriate to task being undertaken e.g. dust masks, ear defenders and All workers will use gloves. Training will be given to all ECO audits PPE and this will be Included in Construction Health and safety workers prior to starting work so that CONTRACTOR during monitored by the contractor’s N/A there is full understanding of the construction. ECO and health and conract importance and need for using PPE. safety officer The contractor will be responsible for supplying equipment and ensuring stocks are kept to replace worn and broken PPE.

A health and safety officer will be appointed by the contractor to ensure that construction workers are managed in strict accordance with the relevant health and safety law or regulations for Health and Safety the areas, or best practice Health and Officer Appointed Safety standards in the absence and health and Health and safety thereof. ECO audits safety practices Included in Construction risk due to deep For all deep excavations the contractor CONTRACTOR during evident (i.e. contractors N/A excavations. will be responsible for: construction. provision of contract protective · Barrier taping all deep excavations equipment, and to ensure visibility of these areas in incident reporting) compliance with the relevant Health and Safety law, or best practice standards in the absence of such law; and · Displaying clear sign boards at the

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Indicator / Responsible Monitoring Estimated Source of Project Phase Potential Impact Detailed Actions Performance Person / Entity Mechanisms Cost Funding Criteria entrance to the construction area to indicate that construction is being done and that certain safety precautions should be followed (hard hats, boots, etc). The areas should be guarded and lighting should be provided overnight when excavations are left open.

The contractor will be responsible for informing the ECO of any foreseen ECO audits Service disruptions disruption in services (electricity, water, CONTRACTOR Construction Loss of access during advertised 48hrs N/A N/A sewage) at least 4 days prior to the and ECO construction. prior to disruption. disruption. The ECO must then inform the surrounding land owners.

The contractor will excavate, close and rehabilitate trenches in the shortest period of time possible to minimise disruption, etc; It was indicated this would be a period of 5 days for undertaking a manual excavation of approximately 5 m. Loss of access / This shortens the duration of impacts ECO audits Trenches closed Health and safety and improves the recovery of the Construction CONTRACTOR during within 5 days of N/A N/A risk due to deep vegetation, if any. construction. completion. excavations. This limitation includes the grubbing of the trench area. The contractor will ensure that trenching and excavations is properly backfilled and compacted. The backfill material must be more permeable than surrounding soil layers so as to prevent erosion of the sides of

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Indicator / Responsible Monitoring Estimated Source of Project Phase Potential Impact Detailed Actions Performance Person / Entity Mechanisms Cost Funding Criteria trenches.

The contractor will ensure that all vehicles are covered when transporting loose material that can be blown off l (e.g. soil, general waste, etc. Speed limits of 20km/h must be adhered to when near houses, playgrounds, etc. Construction will be limited to normal ECO audits Construction Nuisance working or daylight hours during the CONTRACTOR during N/A N/A week, and possibly a half day at week- construction. ends. All work will be suspended on Fridays between 12 am and 2 pm for prayers. No work on Public Holidays, except in extreme emergencies and with the prior approval of the ZUSP, PM and ECO; landowners will be notified.

ZUSP will establish a grievance procedure and complaints record so that complaints are registered e.g. dust and noise due to construction activities. Complaints register ECO audits in place – Construction Nuisance The register will contain information ECO during grievances N/A N/A regarding the identity of the construction. addressed within 1 complainant, the reason for the week of compliant. complaint, and the means in which the complaint was dealt with as well as any feedback given to the complainant.

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Indicator / Responsible Monitoring Estimated Source of Project Phase Potential Impact Detailed Actions Performance Person / Entity Mechanisms Cost Funding Criteria

The contractor will be responsible for Acceptable dust minimising dust during construction. ECO audits levels on site. No Dust reduction strategies will be Construction Nuisance CONTRACTOR during complaints from N/A N/A practical, cost-effective and achievable construction. public regarding e.g. wetting down surfaces, provision of dust. dust nets.

ZUSP will publish maps and schedules detailing construction areas in the local newspapers and distributing this Information ECO audits information through taxi associations published in Construction Traffic disruption ECO during $5,000.00 ZUSP and other public places. newspapers and construction. Signage will be prominently displayed poster in place. indicating streets that will be blocked due to construction.

The contractor will ensure that concrete No skips /concrete ECO audits Visual disruption of slabs and/or skips are sited away from slabs in the vicinity Construction Contractor during N/A N/A key monuments. any landmark building or monuments, of landmarks or construction. wherever practical. monuments.

The solid waste slabs should be Visual disruption in screened from view with a suitable ECO audits residential areas screen wherever space and access Screens placed Construction Contractor during N/A N/A and key allow. However, the screen must not around skips. construction. monuments. hamper the operational requirements for waste collection etc.

A survey will be undertaken to identify houses / property that could be Independent Damage to houses damaged during construction. Construction (structural $10,000.00 ZUSP and property. Photographs should be taken prior to engineer) construction taking place and upon completion of works (refer to ARAP for

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Indicator / Responsible Monitoring Estimated Source of Project Phase Potential Impact Detailed Actions Performance Person / Entity Mechanisms Cost Funding Criteria other details)

Stripping of vegetation should be kept to minimum area during site preparation – this will avoid erosion through wind and water erosion. Temporary stockpiles should be covered where possible, not be higher than 2 m (to preserve fertility). Where top- and subsoils occur, they Loss of soil, should be stockpiled separately. Place protection particularly in water ECO audits around stockpile and courses leading to N.B. Most soils are disturbed and there Construction Contractor during down-slope of areas N/A N/A increased is no clear top and sub soil horizons. construction. of exposed soil e.g suspended Rehabilitation and re-vegetation of straw bales. sediment load. areas should take place as soon as works are completed. Water along most of the drainage channels contain high amounts of suspended solids. However, this should be monitored and where it is apparent the load has increased due to works, additional erosion control measures must be put in place.

Part of operational Waste and All drains must be inspected on a procedures by Operation sediment blocking regular basis (minimum of fortnightly) ZUSP/ZMC ZMC the responsible drains. and following heavy rainfall. department of ZMC

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Indicator / Responsible Monitoring Estimated Source of Project Phase Potential Impact Detailed Actions Performance Person / Entity Mechanisms Cost Funding Criteria

Waste will be removed on a regular basis (weekly) and/or as necessary if skips are full (this will reduce the likelihood of waste spilling over the top of the skips). Screens that are placed to reduce visual impact will be placed with reference to prevailing winds as they will also Part of function as letter traps. operational Wind-blown litter procedures by Operation from skips and When skips are removed and replaced ZUSP/ZMC ZMC the responsible slabs. with empty ones, the surrounding areas must be cleared of waste, including department of broken glass (which currently presents ZMC a hazard to users of slab/container facilities). Wind-blown litter should be collected and, this could be a full-time job due to volume of waste that is currently found in suburbs (with efficient collection the amount should reduce with time).

Improper or failure An awareness creation programme to use waste should be put in place. facilities. Operation This task should be on-going and ZUSP/ZMC Programme planning ZMC/ WB Damage and undertaken in cooperation with local obstruction of communities. drains.

Flooding occurs as a result of The incidence and levels of flooding Operation inadequate design should be recorded together with rainfall ZUSP/ZMC ZUSP/WB or unintended records. consequences (of design) resulting in

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Indicator / Responsible Monitoring Estimated Source of Project Phase Potential Impact Detailed Actions Performance Person / Entity Mechanisms Cost Funding Criteria overtopping of the system and flooding in new areas.

It is recommended that the incidence of water-borne disease and malaria is Incidence of recorded in the project area pre- Set up a disease – possible construction and during operation to database to Operation reduction in ZUSP/ZMC ZUSP/WB gauge if there is a direct response as a collect data and frequency and result of improved drainage and flood identify trends extent. control. The ZMC should be able to demonstrate their responsibility .

Indicator / Responsible Monitoring Estimated Source of Project Phase Potential Impact Detailed Actions Performance Person / Entity Mechanisms Cost Funding Criteria

A clause should be included in the Contractor’s appointment contract stipulating that an ESMP will be Review by Preconstruction General compiled and will contain specific items CONTRACTOR - N/A ZUSP indicated in this ESMP as the responsibility of the Contractor e.g. method statements.

Damage to cultural Commission experts from the and heritage Department of Archives, Museums and Experts resources as a Antiquities (DAMA) to undertake a Pre-construction commissioned and Pre-Construction ZUSP $10,000.00 ZUSP result of poor heritage survey of the final ZUSP audit. survey report construction construction areas when final presented. techniques. alignments are developed.

Damage to cultural Compile a late find procedure as part of Pre-construction Chance/late find Pre-construction and heritage the scope of work of work of the DAMA ZUSP audit and ECO procedures, should $10,000.00 ZUSP resources as a experts commissioned to undertake the audits during be part of contractor

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Indicator / Responsible Monitoring Estimated Source of Project Phase Potential Impact Detailed Actions Performance Person / Entity Mechanisms Cost Funding Criteria result of poor detailed heritage survey. constriction. contract. Evidence construction These procedures will be distributed to of archaeological techniques. the contractor prior to the training and commencement of construction. procedure implementation These procedures will include: during weekly ECO · Information on archaeological audits artifacts that may be found; · Procedures to be undertaken in the event of a find i.e.in the event of a find, construction will stop, and the find barred off by at least 5 meters in order to safeguard it from further construction activities; · Contact details and procedures for notifying the Department of Archives, Museums and Antiquities of a find; and · Instructions that construction will not continue until authorised by DAMA.

Establish an employment policy that focuses on the employment of local people. Employment policy A job seekers register will be PROJECT established. Job Pre-construction Government / Pre-construction Job creation. established and preference given to MANAGER, ECO, seekers register in $50,000.00 audit World Bank local people for employment. CONTRACTOR place. Training A training program will be developed for program established. providing skills to workers to "take away" from the project once completed.

Build internal capacity so that the Pre-construction Lack of project Written Training provided required skills, policies and procedures / Construction implementation due ZUSP operational and operational $50,000 Government are in place to implement the project. Phase to a lack of internal procedures and manuals drawn up capacity of the Staff will undergo training in project training and available to all

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Indicator / Responsible Monitoring Estimated Source of Project Phase Potential Impact Detailed Actions Performance Person / Entity Mechanisms Cost Funding Criteria client/ZUSP. management, system design and schedules staff practical operations management.

Damage to cultural and heritage The DAMA experts will also be ECO audits resources as a commissioned to provide training to Training provided to Construction ZUSP during $5,000.00 ZUSP result of poor contractors in relation to chance find contractors construction. construction procedures. techniques.

The contractor will be responsible for establishing a register of all hazardous materials to be used during construction. The contractor will develop a method statement; responsibility for collection and treatment of used fuels will be assigned to either the contractor or fuel supplier . N/A – these Contamination of The contractor will provide Materials MSDS for all items will be the environment hazardous materials included in Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for all ECO audits including surface available and clearly the contract Construction hazardous materials. CONTRACTOR during N/A water due to spills displayed and that is drawn construction. of fuels and The contractor will clearly display MSDS conditions adhered up to appoint chemicals. on all hazardous materials and will to. the adhere to all the conditions of the Contractor. MSDS. Chemicals and materials will be covered and stored in secured areas. Chemicals will be stored within a bund that has capacity of 110% of the largest container. Hazard warning signs will be provided for containers and storage areas.

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Indicator / Responsible Monitoring Estimated Source of Project Phase Potential Impact Detailed Actions Performance Person / Entity Mechanisms Cost Funding Criteria As part of training by the ECO, all workers will be informed re handling, storage, recognition of signs and dealing with incidents. A register of hazardous waste will be developed by the contractor and will develop a method statement for dealing with the waste. An emergency response plan will be developed by the contractor upon appointment.

The contractor will develop a method statement for fuel storage, refueling and spills procedures. The method statement will outline: · Fuel storage requirement (i.e. if fuel storage is required within the construction area, fuel containers will be stored within bunded areas with at Method statement in least 110% of the volume of the Contamination due place and hazardous amount of fuel stored or in portable ECO audits to improper fuel waste removed Construction bunds); and CONTRACTOR during N/A N/A handling, usage offsite for recycling · Refueling procedures (e.g. refueling construction. and management or best practice over drip trays). disposal. Spills procedures for containing and cleaning up oil/fuel spills (i.e. provision of spill kits including absorbent materials etc). Any soil contaminated by e.g. oil will be treated as hazardous waste and disposed of accordingly. The method statement will be reviewed

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Indicator / Responsible Monitoring Estimated Source of Project Phase Potential Impact Detailed Actions Performance Person / Entity Mechanisms Cost Funding Criteria and approved by the ECO.

The contractor will be responsible for the maintenance of construction Contamination from vehicles and equipment to ensure noise ECO audits All vehicles and equipment and and emissions are not exceeded. Construction CONTRACTOR during equipment in good N/A Contractor vehicles used on The ECO will inspect equipment and construction. working condition. site. vehicles and instruct the contractor to make repairs should maintenance be required.

The contractor will provide adequate Contamination from toilet facilities for construction workers. ECO audits Chemical toilets contractor’s Construction This should include: 1 portable chemical CONTRACTOR during provided for workers $10,000.00 Contractor ablutions and toilet for every 10 workers (within construction. (1 for every 10). facilities. reasonable walking distance from where the workers are working).

The contractor will establish a method statement for construction waste. This will include: · An indication of the location of temporary waste storage points (These storage points should be accessible by waste removal trucks Method statement in Waste collection and these points should not be ECO audits place, waste storage Construction and blockage of located in sensitive areas / areas of Contractor during points established N/A N/A drainage channels. highly visible to neighbouring construction. and waste disposal properties / areas where the wind appropriate. direction will carry bad odours across the properties of adjacent landowners); · Provision of cover and storage of waste (e.g. skips); · Procedures for waste collection and

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Indicator / Responsible Monitoring Estimated Source of Project Phase Potential Impact Detailed Actions Performance Person / Entity Mechanisms Cost Funding Criteria disposal (solid waste shall be disposed of in a manner approved by the Zanzibar Department of Environment); · All solid waste must be removed and transported to a 105ecognized waste disposal site on a weekly basis as a minimum; · The method statement should indicate that: No waste materials shall at any stage be disposed of in the open area of adjacent properties; · The piling of any material that could rot and release unpleasant smells into the air will not be permitted; · Burning of waste is not permitted; · No littering or dumping of rubble shall be permitted in the canal and all potential blockages shall be removed immediately; · Where necessary these construction areas should be clearly fenced off; and · The method statement will be approved by the ECO prior to implementation.

The contractor will be responsible for ensuring that the construction area is Waste and ECO audits Construction area Included in cleared of any obstruction and should Construction blockage of CONTRACTOR during clear on completion contractors N/A be kept tidy, to avoid any waste from drainage channels. construction. of works contract entering the existing storm water systems.

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Indicator / Responsible Monitoring Estimated Source of Project Phase Potential Impact Detailed Actions Performance Person / Entity Mechanisms Cost Funding Criteria

Containers must be supplied for general waste, at all working sites. Waste will be stored in designated Construction sites areas and covered to prevent wind- ECO audits Included in will remain clear of Construction General waste. blown litter and avoid attracting CONTRACTOR during contractors N/A waste associated scavengers . construction. contract with the works Any recyclable waste will be removed from the waste stream and removed by or taken to an appropriate contractor.

The contractor will ensure that on completion of the works, all surplus material/ waste is cleared and the areas graded to restore the ground as near as ECO audits Construction area Included in Site maintenance possible to its original profile. Construction CONTRACTOR during clear on completion contractors N/A and clearing. Upon completion of works the site will construction. of works contract be inspected by ECO and signed off as acceptable or it will be requested that further works are undertaken to rehabilitate the site.

A health and safety officer will be appointed by the contractor to ensure that construction workers are managed Health and Safety in strict accordance with the relevant Officer Appointed health and safety law or regulations for and health and Health and safety the areas, or best practice Health and ECO audits safety practices Included in Construction risk due to deep Safety standards in the absence CONTRACTOR during evident (i.e. contractors N/A excavations. thereof. construction. provision of contract For all deep excavations the contractor protective will be responsible for: equipment, and incident reporting) · Barrier taping all deep excavations to ensure visibility of these areas in compliance with the relevant Health

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Indicator / Responsible Monitoring Estimated Source of Project Phase Potential Impact Detailed Actions Performance Person / Entity Mechanisms Cost Funding Criteria and Safety law, or best practice standards in the absence of such law; and · Displaying clear sign boards at the entrance to the construction area to indicate that construction is being done and that certain safety precautions should be followed (hard hats, boots, etc). The areas should be guarded and lighting should be provided overnight when excavations are left open.

The contractor will be responsible for informing the ECO of any foreseen ECO audits Service disruptions disruption in services (electricity, water, CONTRACTOR Construction Loss of access during advertised 48hrs N/A N/A sewage) at least 4 days prior to the and ECO construction. prior to disruption. disruption. The ECO must then inform the surrounding land owners.

The contractor will excavate, close and rehabilitate trenches in the shortest period of time possible to minimise disruption, etc; It was indicated this would be a period Loss of access / of 5 days for undertaking a manual ECO audits Trenches closed Health and safety excavation of approximately 5 m. Construction CONTRACTOR during within 5 days of N/A N/A risk due to deep This shortens the duration of impacts construction. completion. excavations. and improves the recovery of the vegetation, if any. This limitation includes the grubbing of the trench area. The contractor will ensure that trenching and excavations is properly backfilled

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Indicator / Responsible Monitoring Estimated Source of Project Phase Potential Impact Detailed Actions Performance Person / Entity Mechanisms Cost Funding Criteria and compacted. The backfill material must be more permeable than surrounding soil layers so as to prevent erosion of the sides of trenches.

The contractor will ensure that all vehicles are covered when transporting loose material that can be blown off l (e.g. soil, general waste, etc. Speed limits of 20km/h must be adhered to when near houses, playgrounds, etc. Construction will be limited to normal ECO audits Construction Nuisance working or daylight hours during the CONTRACTOR during N/A N/A week, and possibly a half day at week- construction. ends. All work will be suspended on Fridays between 12 am and 2 pm for prayers. No work on Public Holidays, except in extreme emergencies and with the prior approval of the ZUSP, PM and ECO; landowners will be notified.

ZUSP will establish a grievance procedure and complaints record so that complaints are registered e.g. dust Complaints register and noise due to construction activities. ECO audits in place – Construction Nuisance. The register will contain information ECO during grievances N/A N/A regarding the identity of the construction. addressed within 1 complainant, the reason for the week of compliant. complaint, and the means in which the complaint was dealt with as well as any

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Indicator / Responsible Monitoring Estimated Source of Project Phase Potential Impact Detailed Actions Performance Person / Entity Mechanisms Cost Funding Criteria feedback given to the complainant.

The contractor will be responsible for Acceptable dust minimising dust during construction. ECO audits levels on site. No Dust reduction strategies will be Construction Nuisance. CONTRACTOR during complaints from N/A N/A practical, cost-effective and achievable construction. public regarding e.g. wetting down surfaces, provision of dust. dust nets.

ZUSP will publish maps and schedules detailing construction areas in the local newspapers and distributing this Information ECO audits information through taxi associations published in Construction Traffic disruption. ECO during $5,000.00 ZUSP and other public places. newspapers and construction. Signage will be prominently displayed poster in place. indicating streets that will be blocked due to construction.

The contractor will ensure that concrete No skips /concrete ECO audits Visual disruption of slabs and/or skips are sited away from slabs in the vicinity Construction Contractor during N/A N/A key monuments. any landmark building or monuments, of landmarks or construction. wherever practical. monuments.

The solid waste slabs should be Visual disruption in screened from view with a suitable ECO audits residential areas screen wherever space and access Screens placed Construction Contractor during N/A N/A and key allow. However, the screen must not around skips. construction. monuments. hamper the operational requirements for waste collection etc.

A survey will be undertaken to identify houses / property that could be Independent Damage to houses Construction damaged during construction. (structural $10,000.00 ZUSP and property. Photographs should be taken prior to engineer) construction taking place and upon

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Indicator / Responsible Monitoring Estimated Source of Project Phase Potential Impact Detailed Actions Performance Person / Entity Mechanisms Cost Funding Criteria completion of works (refer to ARAP for other details).

Stripping of vegetation should be kept to minimum area during site preparation – this will avoid erosion through wind and water erosion. Temporary stockpiles should be covered where possible, not be higher than 2 m (to preserve fertility). Where top- and subsoils occur, they Loss of soil, should be stockpiled separately. Place protection particularly in water ECO audits around stockpile and courses leading to N.B. Most soils are disturbed and there Construction Contractor during down-slope of areas N/A N/A increased is no clear top and sub soil horizons. construction. of exposed soil e.g suspended Rehabilitation and re-vegetation of straw bales. sediment load. areas should take place as soon as works are completed. Water along most of the drainage channels contain high amounts of suspended solids. However, this should be monitored and where it is apparent the load has increased due to works, additional erosion control measures must be put in place.

Part of operational Waste and All drains must be inspected on a procedures by Operation sediment blocking regular basis (minimum of fortnightly) ZUSP/ZMC ZMC the responsible drains. and following heavy rainfall. department of ZMC

Operation Wind-blown litter Waste will be removed on a regular ZUSP/ZMC Part of ZMC from skips and basis (weekly) and/or as necessary if operational

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Indicator / Responsible Monitoring Estimated Source of Project Phase Potential Impact Detailed Actions Performance Person / Entity Mechanisms Cost Funding Criteria slabs skips are full (this will reduce the procedures by likelihood of waste spilling over the top the responsible of the skips). department of Screens that are placed to reduce visual ZMC impact will be placed with reference to prevailing winds as they will also function as letter traps. When skips are removed and replaced with empty ones, the surrounding areas must be cleared of waste, including broken glass (which currently presents a hazard to users of slab/container facilities). Wind-blown litter should be collected and, this could be a full-time job due to volume of waste that is currently found in suburbs (with efficient collection the amount should reduce with time).

Improper or failure An awareness creation programme to use waste should be put in place. facilities. Operation This task should be on-going and ZUSP/ZMC Programme planning ZMC/ WB Damage and undertaken in cooperation with local obstruction of communities. drains.

Flooding occurs as a result of inadequate design The incidence and levels of flooding Operation or unintended should be recorded together with rainfall ZUSP/ZMC ZUSP/WB consequences (of records. design) resulting in overtopping of the system and

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Indicator / Responsible Monitoring Estimated Source of Project Phase Potential Impact Detailed Actions Performance Person / Entity Mechanisms Cost Funding Criteria flooding in new areas.

It is recommended that the incidence of water-borne disease and malaria is Incidence of recorded in the project area pre- Set up a disease – possible construction and during operation to database to Operation reduction in ZUSP/ZMC ZUSP/WB gauge if there is a direct response as a collect data and frequency and result of improved drainage and flood identify trends. extent. control. The ZMC should be able to demonstrate their responsibility.

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9.7 Linkages to the Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan An impact of the ZUSP is the potential involuntary resettlement and disruption of project affected people (PAPs), as well as potential damage to property. A key mitigation measure is the development and implementation of the Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP). The ARAP has addressed these potential impacts and includes an action plan to provide compensation for PAPs. The ARAP includes the following: ¡ Identification of project Impacts and affected population (through mapping, censuses, asset inventories, socioeconomic studies and consultation); ¡ An outline of the legal and compensation framework; ¡ Resettlement assistance programs; ¡ Budget and implementation schedule; ¡ Organizational responsibilities; ¡ Grievance redress; and ¡ Monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. A link that will be explored by the RAP (a specific mitigation measure identified as part of the ESIA) is addressing the impact of water availability due to changes in water flow patterns on agriculture. These measures can include provision of agricultural training for affected persons, provision of pumping systems or water storage systems. The ARAP is a stand-alone document. (Golder 2010) 9.8 Monitoring Evaluation and Reporting Pre-construction AuditA pre-construction audit will be undertaken to verify compliance with the actions outlined in the ESMP for the pre-construction phase of the project. If non-compliances are identified the pre- construction audit will make recommendations on what actions should be undertaken to comply with the ESMP for pre-construction. The scope of the pre-construction audit will include: ¡ Status of ecological setting; ¡ Engineering design amendments subsequent to the final design; ¡ A heritage surveys; ¡ Status of ZUSP employment policy; ¡ ARAP monitoring and evaluation; and ¡ Status of the structural integrity report on potentially affected homes and buildings. 9.8.1 Construction Auditing/Inspections During the construction phase of the project the ECO will be responsible for undertaking audits and inspections to verify compliance with the ESMP, and any conditions of the environmental approval. These audits will be undertaken on a regular basis (daily), and also ad hoc and any non compliance will be recorded. Weekly tracking records of compliance will be produced and discussed during weekly EHS toolbox talks which will occur between the contractor and the ECO.

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An independent environmental audit will be undertaken on a monthly basis during construction. 9.8.2 Methods Statements Methods statements from the contractor will be required for specific sensitive actions on request of the authorities or ECO. All method statements will form part of the ESMP documentation and are subject to all terms and conditions contained within the ESMP document. For each instance wherein it is requested that the contractor submit a method statement to the satisfaction of ECO, the format should clearly indicate the following: ¡ What – a brief description of the work to be undertaken; ¡ How – a detailed description of the process of work, methods and materials; ¡ Where – a description / sketch map of the locality of work; and ¡ When – the sequencing (phases) of actions with commencement date and completion date estimates. The contractor must submit the method statement before any particular construction activity is due to start. Work may not commence until the method statement has been approved by the ECO. The ESMP currently indicates that method statements are required from the contractor for the following: ¡ Hazardous waste (used oil) management; ¡ Storage of fuel and re-fuelling procedures; and ¡ Construction waste storage, collection and disposal 9.8.3 Record Keeping All records related to the implementation of this management plan (e.g. site instruction book, ECO diary, methods statements, etc.) must be kept together in an office where it is safe. Records should be kept for two years and at any time are available for scrutiny by any relevant authority. 9.9 NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES Non-Compliances are occurrences when management actions, discharges or emissions do not conform to the objectives of the ESMP. The procedures relating to Non-Compliance are as follows: ¡ Identification of Non-Compliance, through environmental and social monitoring or internal or external auditing of the ESMP; ¡ Investigation into the root cause of the non-compliance; ¡ Communication (verbally and in writing) with responsible person; ¡ Implementation of measures to regain compliance; ¡ Documenting the incident (if significant) on site log; and ¡ Future monitoring of the non-compliance by the ECO.

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9.10 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE PLAN During the construction phase the key emergency situations are anticipated to be fire and site accidents. Prior to the construction phase the ZUSP will develop a construction phase Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan (EPRP) which will define: ¡ The key risks; ¡ Emergency Areas – such as muster (emergency meeting) points and medical aid posts; ¡ Roles and responsibilities in relation to emergency response; ¡ Communication Systems - i.e. Alarms and lines of communication to alert employees, the wider community and government agencies (hospitals, emergency services as necessary); ¡ Emergency Response Procedures – defining the procedures to be implemented in the event of an Emergency; ¡ Emergency Resources – defining the what systems and equipment will be in place at the construction sites (i.e. fire extinguishers, first aid kits, etc); and ¡ The training program for all employees to ensure that employees are aware of emergency procedures (i.e. through specific emergency equipment training, safety inductions and drills). 9.11 Implementation Schedule and Costs ESMP fits into the overall planning process of the project and should be implemented by ZUSP as soon as the authorities have approved the document. A copy of the ESMP should always be available on site; all contractors and sub-contractors are to be familiar with the ESMP and its contents. The purpose of the ESMP is to guide the planning and design, construction and operational phases of the development. This is done to eliminate or mitigate the various possible risks to the environment and its surrounding inhabitants during the planning and pre-construction phase. In addition, this practice will subsequently ensure that minimal damage will occur to the study area during the construction, operational and decommissioning phases of a project. This ESMP must be used during the pre-construction, construction, operational and decommissioning phases of the proposed project. 9.11.1 Planning or Design Phase It is essential that possible problematic situations be eliminated or mitigated during the planning phase, to ensure that contingency plans are prepared for any possible accidental situation that may arise during the construction phase. By having these contingency plans in order before construction starts it will limit any further potentially detrimental impacts to the environment and its surrounding inhabitants. The pre- construction audit will assist in identifying whether the ESMP actions have been undertaken. 9.11.2 Construction Phase The majority of possible impacts on a site would occur during the construction phase, and most of them will have immediate effect (e.g. dust pollution, fuel spillage). It is therefore vital that the site is monitored on a continual basis during this phase, as it would be possible to identify and correct these impacts as they occur, thus minimising their possible impact. 9.11.3 Operational Phase By being pro-active during the design and construction phases, potentially negative impacts in the operational phase will be minimised or eliminated. The operational phase will largely involve the maintenance of infrastructure as the lighting and stormwater drains will be passive, whilst the waste collection system will require active management.

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9.11.4 Finalising the ESMP This ESMP, compiled in May - June 2010, is directed at the base case planning and design. ZUSP and its engineers are continuing to develop and refine the design; this will continue whilst awaiting a record of decision from the Zanzibar Department of Environment (ZDE). It is likely that the layout will change during the course of the detailed design/construction phase, partly for technical reasons and logistical reasons on site including minor adjustments to drain alignments to avoid damage to property (Mr Khan on a site visit with Golder, indicated this could happen and could be managed). Thus, the ESMP will have to be updated to determine that project standards will be met, to reflect the following: ¡ Conditions of approval specified by ZDE, should the project obtain environmental approval. Approval of the Final ESMP, inclusive of changes made during the review of the design, shall need to be obtained from the ZDE before project construction begins. 9.12 Cost Estimates The total estimated cost for implementing the ESMP for the ZUSP is approximately 160,000 US$. Table 23 presents a cost summary table, including the estimated costs associated with the ESMP. Cost estimates have been made using a professional judgement and therefore may change due to local conditions and requirements. In addition a number of assumptions regarding the costs have been made, for instance that some costs will be covered by the contractors standard practices. The costs are therefore indicative and should be reviewed prior to commencement of the ZUSP. Table 23: ESMP Implementation Cost Estimate Action ESMP Actions Cost Appointment of DAMA to develop chance or late find procedures and training. 5,000 US$ Establishment of an employment policy and employee training program 50,000US$ Structural integrity report 25,000US$ Provision of chemical toilets 10,000US$ Communications (posters, media, meetings, etc) 5,000US$ Operational Requirements Independent Environmental Audits 15,000US$ Training 50,000.00$ Total 160,000US$

9.13 Stakeholder Consultation Plan and Grievance Procedures 9.13.1 Public Consultation Public consultation has and is being undertaken throughout the development of the ESIA and ESMP as summarised in Figure 60. The public will be informed through e.g. posters and via local media of project developments as they occur. The public will be informed of the following: ¡ Dates and times of construction activities (including any expected disruptions); ¡ Dates and times of community meetings; and ¡ Grievance procedures.

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Community meetings will be held on a monthly basis to identify and address any public concerns. The ECO will organise and arrange the meetings which will be minuted.

Figure 60: Public Participation flow chart 9.13.2 Grievance Procedures The ESMP considers three categories of grievance: ¡ Grievances by PAPs or host communities in relation to resettlement; ¡ Public concerns regarding environmental impacts of the project; and ¡ Employee work-place grievances. 9.13.2.1 Resettlement Grievances Resettlement grievances will be developed as part of the ARAP. 9.13.2.2 Public Concerns Regarding Project Impacts Public concerns relating to the ZUSP may include: ¡ Noise, air or water pollution during construction or operation phases; ¡ Health and safety fears; or ¡ Concerns regarding behaviour of workers during construction and operation phases. A complaints book will be placed at a central location in the project area of influence. These will be made known to the public through local authorities and through public consultation. In addition the monthly community meeting will present another opportunity for the public to voice any concerns or to make any recommendations.

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9.13.2.3 Employee Grievances All workers employed during the project construction and operation phases – including temporary casual unskilled workers that are employed locally – will be informed verbally of employee grievance procedures, according to contractor company policy and workers’ rights under Zanzibari law. They will also be provided with assurances that this will be confidential and free of retribution. Typical employee grievances can be in relation to: ¡ Wage disputes; ¡ Unfair dismissal; ¡ Discrimination (for example on gender grounds); and ¡ Membership of trade unions. In the case of the ZUSP, workers’ first point of contact for airing of grievances is their work site supervisor. If this channel does not result in a satisfactory outcome or is not open then they can make a request for the ZUSP Project Manager to intervene. If resolution still cannot be found workers are entitled to write to senior management, or take legal action. 10.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS It is concluded that the implementation of the ZUSP will have an overall positive, long term impact for the residents of the study area. Installation of the stormwater drainage system will alleviate flooding which in turn will reduce the associated damage caused to property and possessions. Significantly, there will be positive benefits in terms of health as levels of standing water will be reduced which will reduce risk of water-borne diseases and malaria. In addition, the widespread and high volumes of waste will be managed by installing collection points, providing suitable waste containers, and undertaking regular and routine maintenance. Regular removal of waste will reduce the amounts that accumulate in drainage channels and water systems; this means channels will function more efficiently and reduce the chances of localised flooding and over-topping of systems. In essence, the ZUSP is a group of mitigation measures designed to address the existing high levels and frequency of flooding that are sorely needed to improve the conditions of communities blighted by natural hazards and living with the results of a lack of urban planning. It is therefore recommended that the proposed project is implemented upon finalising of the stormwater drainage and solid waste disposal designs taking the mitigating measures into consideration. The project area was never planned for human settlement and the present conditions do not allow for retrospective site surveying and planning of services infrastructure. Nonetheless, the formalisation of certain conditions is necessary to avoid the random (informal) settlement in areas which are ‘dried out’ as a result of the improved stormwater drainage. Moreover, certain water logged areas and wetlands should be clearly indicated as uninhabitable spaces. The gradual identification of such sites would begin to reduce the pressure on the authorities to manage unplanned and hazardous settlement patterns and improve the value of amenities in the area. Conclusions for each of the components are as follows: Stormwater management system ¡ The quality of life of residents in Zanzibar City is significantly and negatively impacted by the frequent incidence of flooding and long-term pools of standing water which encourages the spread of water- borne disease and incidence of malaria; ¡ Installing concrete drains will alleviate flooding by speeding up the removal of stormwater;

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¡ There is a pressing need to install the stormwater management system to reduce the incidence of flooding, and remove standing pools of water during and following periods of heavy rainfall; ¡ During the course of public consultation widespread support for the proposal was found as people desperately need to improve their quality of life; ¡ The most commonly expressed comment in meetings was that the key to success of the system would be the need to implement an effective maintenance programme to ensure that (a) litter and waste is removed before it blocks drains and (b) the structural integrity, and therefore function, of the drains / culverts is maintained; and ¡ Concrete drains create a sterile environment in terms of aquatic ecology. However, the specialist study concluded that the aquatic environment has been extensively altered and degraded by human activity to the extent that all vestige of the original habitat has been destroyed. Waste Collection System ¡ The current lack of a formal solid waste management system is very apparent as waste and litter is abandoned throughout Zanzibar City; ¡ People use a variety of containers for waste disposal (e.g. plastic bags, tins and palm leaf baskets). However, these are make-shift solutions to a serious waste problem. No collection system means waste is left to rot throughout the study area; ¡ Abandoned food waste attracts scavengers such as rats and cats. Once containers are opened by scavengers, waste is scattered widely by wind and animals. The ultimate litter and waste trap tends to be streams and water bodies. The net result is a spiral of contamination of water and on-going environmental degradation that promotes the spread of disease; ¡ There is widespread public support for implementing a waste collection system. Many schemes have been instigated in the past but have failed due to a lack of resources including infrastructure; ¡ The most commonly made comment, during the public consultation process, was that a community awareness programme will be key to the success of the waste collection system; and ¡ It is imperative that waste collection system operates on a regular basis so that the current problem of waste accumulating in water courses is eliminated. If the volumes of waste that currently collect in streams are allowed to continue, then effective flow in water courses will be inhibited and the overall capacity of the drainage system will be reduced. This would result in increased risk of flooding occurring. Upgrading Street Lighting in Stone Town and Other Municipal Areas ¡ Street lighting in Stone Town has developed on an ad hoc basis and is now in a state of disrepair. Wires draped across buildings and stretching over roads present a hazard to pedestrians and road- users alike; ¡ The appearance of the current lights detract from the aesthetic appeal of the town and is an expression of neglect and poor maintenance that is in conflict with the outstanding historical architecture and status as a World Heritage site; ¡ Stone Town is a world-famous tourist destination. The increasing tourist trade is bringing much needed income to the island. Thus, it is essential that the tourist industry is supported by improving infrastructure and facilities, as appropriate; and ¡ Upgrading and installing lighting in other municipal areas will address the need to create a safer environment for road users and pedestrians alike.

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It is recommended that the ZUSP is implemented as a matter of urgency for many reasons including inter alia: ¡ The Zanzibar authorities are required, in terms of the Zanzibar Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act of 1996, to improve the quality of life of residents; ¡ The public consultation process has demonstrated that residents are willing to take responsibility and help themselves improve their lot but they do need assistance from authorities. Many initiatives have been set up in the past but they have failed due to a lack of resources; ¡ Similarly, residents expect the authorities to maintain the systems once implemented; ¡ Living conditions are dire due to floodwaters and inadequate solid waste management; and ¡ The tourist industry is becoming a key contributor in the economy of Zanzibar. Upgrading lighting will be one important factor that should increase the tourist experience and thereby contribute to the multiplier effect in the local economy.

Other recommendations are: ¡ That communities should be up-dated on Project developments up to and throughout the construction phase; ¡ That the opportunity to rehabilitate at least some of the stream sections should be explored before the construction phase commences. Alternatively, rehabilitating sections and areas should be regarded as a medium to long-term goal that has the potential to improve the natural environment and enhance recreation facilities; ¡ An awareness programme is designed and implemented to address issues associated with the ZUSP (e.g. waste management, water-borne diseases); and ¡ That the options for a sewage management system are investigated and implemented. The aquatic ecologist identified sewage contamination in some streams and water bodies that is an obvious health risk to the communities. Finally, the sustainability of the ZUSP is to a large extent dependent on the capacity of the Zanzibar Municipal Council to manage, operate and maintain the infrastructure. Residents want to be confident about the Council’s ability to manage the human settlement environment.

GOLDER ASSOCIATES AFRICA (PTY) LTD.

Marion Thomas Frank Snijder Divisional Leader: Environmental Management Divisional Leader: Social Research & Development

MAT/FS/gv

Reg. No. 2002/007104/07

Golder, Golder Associates and the GA globe design are trademarks of Golder Associates Corporation. Directors: FR Sutherland, AM van Niekerk, SAP Brown, L Greyling g:\projects\12574 - esia for zanzbar urban services project\reports\12574 esia_ final zusp (august 2010) v2 090910.docx

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APPENDIX A ESIA Terms of Reference

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APPENDIX B Public Consultation Report, including Comments and Responses Report

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May 2010

PUBLIC CONSULTATION REPORT

ESIA FOR THE ZANZIBAR MUNICIPAL COUNCIL'S PROPOSED ZANZIBAR URBAN SERVICES PROJECT Department of Environment Ref. number: IM/29/2/8/VMX/34

PUBLIC CONSULTATION REPORT

Report Number: 12574

ESIA FOR THE ZANZIBAR MUNICIPAL COUNCIL'S PROPOSED ZANZIBAR URBAN SERVICES PROJECT

Purpose of the Public Consultation Report Public Consultation plays an integral part of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) process. It is an important requirement of the law and also plays a crucial role in understanding public issues regarding a proposed project. The public consultation report provides insight on the various concerns and related comments of stakeholders which can affect the ESIA process directly. Being part of the ESIA Report, it also creates broader context that will assist with further decision making. This report provides: A list of stakeholders consulted to date; An overview of the approach and results of the public consultation process; A synthesis of issues and comments raised by Interested and Affected Parties and various stakeholders.

ESIA PUBLIC CONSULTATION OFFICE AND RETURN ADDRESS FOR COMMENT

Mr Moses Kongola (Local contact) Ms Vanessa Viljoen / Ms Mabel Qinisile MTL Consulting Company Limited Golder Associates Africa Office 2nd Floor, Seifee Mansions P O Box 6001 Bibi Titi Mohamed Road Halfway House, 1685 P O Box 77894 South Africa Dar-es-Salaam Tel: +27 11 254 4911 Tanzania Fax: +27 11 315 0317 Tel/Fax: +255 222120882 Email: [email protected] / [email protected]

Appreciation for participation by Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs)

Many I&APs have participated actively during the ESIA process to date by attending meetings, and by taking the time to prepare written submissions. Many hosted members of the ESIA team in their homes or offices, showed them around their communities. The ESIA team wishes to express sincere appreciation for these efforts.

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ESIA FOR THE ZANZIBAR MUNICIPAL COUNCIL'S PROPOSED ZANZIBAR URBAN SERVICES PROJECT

Table of Contents

1.0 PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 1

1.1.1 Objectives of Public Consultation in an ESIA ...... 1

1.1.2 Identification of Interested and Affected Parties ...... 1

1.1.3 Announcement of opportunity to comment ...... 2

1.1.4 Obtaining comment from stakeholders ...... 2

1.1.4.1 Written contributions ...... 2

1.1.4.2 Focus Group Meetings and Community Meetings ...... 2

1.1.5 Summary of key issues raised by stakeholders ...... 3

1.1.6 Public Consultation during the Impact Assessment Phase ...... 4

1.1.6.1 Announcing opportunity to comment on the findings of the ESIA ...... 4

1.1.7 Obtaining comment ...... 4

1.1.7.1 Distribution of the reports for public comment ...... 4

1.1.7.2 Open House Meetings for stakeholders to comment on the ESIA findings ...... 4

1.1.7.3 Final ESIA Report ...... 5

1.1.7.4 Notification of authority decision ...... 5

TABLES Table 1-1: Sectors of society represented by I&APs on the direct mailing list...... 2

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ESIA FOR THE ZANZIBAR MUNICIPAL COUNCIL'S PROPOSED ZANZIBAR URBAN SERVICES PROJECT

APPENDICES APPENDIX A.1

Stakeholder Database (108 I&APs)

APPENDIX A.2

Letter of invitation to comment, Background Information Document (BID) and comment sheet (English and KiSwahili)

APPENDIX A.3

BIDs and posters distribution list

APPENDIX A.4

Photos where posters were put up in Public Places

APPENDIX A.5

List of Focus Group Meetings held in January 2010 and some photos

APPENDIX A.6

List of community meetings that were held in January 2010 and some photos

APPENDIX A.7

Letter/email/web announcement of the public review of the Draft ESIA Report and accompanying reports, as well as an invitation to the Open Houses

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ESIA FOR THE ZANZIBAR MUNICIPAL COUNCIL'S PROPOSED ZANZIBAR URBAN SERVICES PROJECT

1.0 PUBLIC CONSULTATION Public consultation forms an integral part of the ESIA as it provides interested and affected parties (I&APs) with project information and an opportunity to comment. It is also a requirement of the World Bank (and is a condition of providing funding) and current Zanzibar legislation. In terms of the Zanzibar Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act of 1996 the following is applicable to public consultation: Upon receipt of the environmental report, also known as an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) the relevant authority shall distribute the report to government departments for comment; The public will be notified and invited to review and give written comments on the EIS; Written comments from the directly affected people will be solicited; A period of not less than 20 days and not more than 30 days will be given for public review and comment once they have been effectively notified; Once the public comment period is closed, the authority will have 30 days to complete their review. The outcome of this review will comprise one of the three options (1) project approval,(2) a request for more information, or (3) project disapproval; and Through the Director of the environmental authority, the matter will then be referred to the Minister who has 14 days to reach a decision. The Minister can approve the proposed activity (and direct the Director to issue an EIA certificate) and may attach conditions, or disapprove the application. The Minister may also invite public comment. The ZUSP was widely announced in January 2010 through the distribution of a Background Information Document (BID), letters of invitation, posters in public places and community and focus group meetings. Approximately 58 individuals and organisations participated in focus group and community meetings and discussions; written comments were also received by the project team. All comments, concerns and suggestions received from stakeholders are recorded in a Comment and Response Report. 1.1.1 Objectives of Public Consultation in an ESIA The objectives of Public Consultation in an ESIA are to provide sufficient and accessible information to stakeholders in an objective manner to assist them to: During the Announcement/Scoping Phase Raise issues of concern and suggestions for enhanced benefits; Contribute relevant local information and knowledge to the environmental assessment; Make suggestions for reasonable alternatives; and Verify that their issues, comments and suggestions have been captured. During the Impact Assessment phase Verify that their issues, comments and suggestions have been considered in the environmental investigations; and Comment on the findings of the environmental assessments. During the decision-making phase Be notified of government comment and decision on whether or not the project may proceed. 1.1.2 Identification of Interested and Affected Parties Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs) were initially identified through a process of networking and referral, liaison with affected community leaders, local organisations, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and government authorities.

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ESIA FOR THE ZANZIBAR MUNICIPAL COUNCIL'S PROPOSED ZANZIBAR URBAN SERVICES PROJECT

The initial stakeholder database comprised of a total of about 46 I&APs representing a broad spectrum of all sectors of society from both within the project area and beyond its boundaries (see Table 1-1). Following the project announcement and distribution of information up to the end of February 2010, the database increased to 108 stakeholders (see Appendix A.1). The database includes government authorities, those who attended meetings and/or submitted comments, and people who submitted comment sheets distributed with the Background Information Document. Please note that those community members, who were consulted, do not have contact details and are not included on the database. Notification of opportunities to comment is communicated to communities via Sheha’s and Ward Councillors, through personal contact.

Table 1-1: Sectors of society represented by I&APs on the direct mailing list.

Local government Environmental bodies, both as National government authorities and NGOs Business/Commerce Health sector Community representatives, Community Based Organisations, Tourism and development bodies. Water authorities Education Media

1.1.3 Announcement of opportunity to comment The opportunity to comment on the project and ESIA was announced in January 2010 in 2 languages (English and KiSwahili) as follows: A letter of invitation to comment, accompanied by a Background Information Document (BID) in both English and KiSwahili was emailed to an initial 31 I&APs on the database. The BID contained details of the proposed project, a map of the project area, and a comment sheet for I&APs to submit their comments. (see Appendix A.2) Distribution of about 443 BIDs (in English and KiSwahili) in the project area during focus group and community meetings. Appendix A.3 provides a summary of the distribution of BIDs. Placing Posters (see Appendix A.4) in English and KiSwahili, at public places such as markets, parks, community centres etc. in the project area. Posting the invitation letter, BID, registration and comment sheet on the Golder website at www.golder.co.za. Telephonic notification to approximately 40 stakeholders, inviting them to attend Focus Group Meetings and to comment on the project and ESIA. 1.1.4 Obtaining comment from stakeholders Initial comment was based on the Background Information Document (BID) and verbal explanations of the proposed project during meetings. I&APs could contribute issues either in writing by completing and returning comment sheets, or verbally by phone, or by attending Focus Group Meetings/Community Meetings. 1.1.4.1 Written contributions A total of 13 comment sheets and written submissions were received either by mail, email or fax during the Announcement/Scoping phase up to the end of February 2010. Comments raised are captured in the Comment and Response Report that accompanies the Draft ESIA Report as Appendix B. 1.1.4.2 Focus Group Meetings and Community Meetings The majority of comments from stakeholders were verbal during focus group meetings and community meetings. Twenty one (21) focus group meetings and 7 community meetings were held during scoping, and

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ESIA FOR THE ZANZIBAR MUNICIPAL COUNCIL'S PROPOSED ZANZIBAR URBAN SERVICES PROJECT

were attended by about 58 I&APs.

The details of the Focus Group Meetings held in the project area as well as photos are shown in Appendix A.6. The posters were used to present the project in English and/or KiSwahili, but participants were free to use their language of choice during discussions. During these meetings, a comprehensive overview of the project, as well as the motivation for the proposed project was presented. Stakeholders had the opportunity to raise comment, issues of concern and suggestions for enhanced benefits to be evaluated during the specialist studies, which will be conducted as part of the impact assessment phase of the ESIA. Focus Group Meetings were attended by I&APs representing various sectors of society, including local authorities, ward councillors, provincial and national government, environmental NGOs, residents in affected areas, local communities and community based organizations.

Community meetings were attended mostly by local community members; a list of these meetings and photos are provided in (Appendix A.7). All meetings took place in the language of choice of the participants. Comments raised during these community meetings are captured in the Comment and Response Report. Information about the ZUSP was well received by I&APs who took part enthusiastically in discussions and were very willing to share their experiences and contribute to discussions. 1.1.5 Summary of key issues raised by stakeholders The most common comments, concerns, questions and suggestions raised by stakeholders during the scoping phase are summarized below: Residents welcomed the proposed project and were positive about measures were being taken to address the problems of flooding and solid waste, which are currently affecting their lives. There is generally support for the ZUSP; Solid waste management is a major problem and needs to be addressed; Flooding is a serious problem. This was attributed to waste blocking drains, farming and planting crops in river courses that blocks flow and causes water to be diverted to surrounding areas including residential areas; Flooding causes damage to homes and leads to loss of livestock, personal possessions and furniture, spreads disease such as typhoid, cholera, diarrhoea, and malaria, and causes pit latrines to overflow; The construction activities may cause damage to property and in such cases, provision for compensation should be made; Many of the attendees reported that there have been numerous efforts in the past to initiate waste management and recycling schemes but these have failed due to a lack of e.g. funding, resources and ultimately, a suitable site for final waste disposal; Waste management is a significant issue that needs urgent attention as waste is scattered throughout the suburb, causing health risks, bad odours and blocking water drains; Waste management projects have been initiated in the past but have failed due to a lack of resources; The majority of stakeholders comment is that awareness creation programmes are essential for the long-term success of the ZUSP. This comment was endorsed by non-government organisations, community-based organisations, community representatives and residents alike; It is essential that the authorities maintain the systems, in order for the ZUSP to be sustainable; It is essential that once the waste management collection points and stormwater drains are in operation, the ZMC initiate a regular and effective maintenance and management programme to ensure e.g. that drains are cleared out to prevent blockages and that structures do not fall into disrepair; The details of sites for waste collection points should be selected and confirmed in consultation with householders living in close proximity;

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ESIA FOR THE ZANZIBAR MUNICIPAL COUNCIL'S PROPOSED ZANZIBAR URBAN SERVICES PROJECT

It is reported that many residents are unable to pay for services but are able to contribute by providing e.g. labour for construction; and There was disappointment that street lighting for this phase of the ZUSP is restricted to Stone Town as it is felt that upgrading of street lighting is needed throughout Zanzibar City. 1.1.6 Public Consultation during the Impact Assessment Phase Public Consultation during the Impact Assessment Phase of the ESIA will involve the following: Ongoing consultation with Interested and Affected Parties. Consultation with stakeholders around the findings of the ESIA, as presented in the Draft ESIA Report and the various other reports. 1.1.6.1 Announcing opportunity to comment on the findings of the ESIA The findings of the ESIA will be available from Tuesday, 25 May 2010 to Monday, 21 June 2010 for public and authority comment. The opportunity to comment was announced by letter (see Appendix A.8) to interested and affected parties on the database. The letter also invited stakeholders to attend Open House Meetings to assist them to comment on the ESIA findings. Letters were distributed by email, to stakeholders with email addresses and through personal telephone calls by project team members in the project area were made to key stakeholders, the authorities and others to alert them to the opportunity to comment and to invite them to the Open House Meetings. 1.1.7 Obtaining comment 1.1.7.1 Distribution of the reports for public comment The distribution of the Draft ESIA Report and its accompanying reports will be widely communicated to enable stakeholders to comment on the findings of the specialist studies and to verify that their comments have been considered in the ESIA studies, as follows: Personal delivery by members of the ESIA team of the Executive Summary of the ESIA Report (in English and KiSwahili) Making the full set of reports and comment sheets available in several public places in the project area. Posting the ESIA Report and accompanying Specialist Studies onto the Golder website at www.golder.co.za. 1.1.7.2 Open House Meetings for stakeholders to comment on the ESIA findings The purposes of the Open House Meetings are: To present to stakeholders the contents of the Draft ESIA Report and accompanying Specialist Studies; For stakeholders to comment on the draft findings of the ESIA; For stakeholders to verify that the issues they have raised thus far in the process have been captured correctly and considered in the ESIA specialist studies; and For stakeholder to raise additional issues of concern and suggestions for enhanced benefits. The ESIA findings will be presented on sets of posters in English and KiSwahili, explaining the findings and recommendations in simple language and photos. Stakeholders will also have an opportunity to meet in small groups or one-on-one discussions with the ESIA team and representatives from ZUSP to: Discuss the project in detail; Comment on the findings of the specialist studies; Ask questions; and

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Confirm that their issues of concern and suggestions for enhanced benefits raised during the Scoping Phase of the ESIA have been taken into consideration in the ESIA studies.

Public open houses will be held in the following areas; Stone Town Area (Authorities, NGOs and other key stakeholders), Karakana (Community), Shaurimoyo and Makadara (Community), Kwahani (Community), Sebleni (Community), Mogogoni (Community), Mwanakwerekwe (Community), Jang’ombe (Community), Mpendae (Community). These meetings will take place between Wednesday, 26 May and Friday, 28 May 2010. Comments raised at these meetings will be captured in the Comment and Response Report that will accompany the Final ESIA Report as Appendix B. 1.1.7.3 Final ESIA Report The Draft ESIA Report and specialist reports will be amended, as necessary, following comment received during the public review period. The reports will be updated to reflect the comments received. The Final EIR and Specialist Study reports will be submitted to the Zanzibar Department of Environment and to stakeholders requesting the reports. 1.1.7.4 Notification of authority decision Stakeholders will be advised in writing and through personal visits to community leaders of the authority decision on the ESIA, in other words, on whether environmental authorisation has been granted to the project.

GOLDER ASSOCIATES WISHES TO EXPRESS SINCERE APPRECIATION, ON BEHALF OF THE ENTIRE ESIA TEAM, FOR THE TIME AND ONGOING PARTICIPATION BY STAKEHOLDERS IN THIS ESIA, AND LOOK FORWARD TO RECEIVING COMMENT ON THE DRAFT ESIA REPORT AND ITS ACCOMPANYING REPORTS.

DIRECTORS: FR SUTHERLAND, AM VAN NIEKERK, SAP BROWN, L GREYLING, SM MANYAKA

Vanessa Viljoen Vassie Maharaj Project Manager Review Manager

VV/VM/ph g:\projects\12574 - esia for zanzbar urban services project\public participation\02 impact assessment phase\draft esia report\pp document for the esia report\pp report and appendix a\12574-zanzibar - pp process report final.docx

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STAKEHOLDER DATABASE

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) FOR THE ZANZIBAR MUNICIPAL COUNCIL’S PROPOSED ZANZIBAR URBAN SERVICES PROJECT (ZUSP) (DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT REF.NUMBER IM/29/2/8/VMX/34)

Name Company City

Omar Juma, Hamad ZANZIBAR Yusuf, Janeen Aga Khan Foundation STONE TOWN Mohamed, Omar Abubakar Association of NGOs of Zanzibar ZANZIBAR Mubarak, Saleh Attorney General's Chambers ZANZIBAR Ali, Amour Commission for Tourism ZANZIBAR Omary, Hamza Community Development Environment Conservation ZANZIBAR Bakker, Karel Cultmatrix/UNESCO EMP Review QUEENWOOD Juma Othman, Issa Department of Local Government ZANZIBAR Khamis Hamad, Hamad Department of Local Government ZANZIBAR Mnoga, Abdurrahman Department of Local Government ZANZIBAR Mohammed, Mohammed Department of Local Government ZANZIBAR Shaaban Moh'd, Sief Department of Local Government ZANZIBAR Ali Khatib, Ameir Department of Planning and Policy ZANZIBAR Omar, Muna Department of Social Welfare ZANZIBAR Awadh, Ghalib Omar Department of Survey and Urban Planning ZANZIBAR Omar Awadh, Ghalib Department of Survey and Urban Planning ZANZIBAR Sekiku, Joseph FADECO Community Radio 100.8 FM ZANZIBAR Magheiry, Sultani Mohammed Health and Social Welfare ZANZIBAR Chacha, Musa Institute for Marine Studies ZANZIBAR Jiddawi, N S Institute for Marine Studies ZANZIBAR Mohammed, Salim Institute for Marine Studies ZANZIBAR Shaghude, Yohanna Wilson Institute for Marine Studies ZANZIBAR Haji, Haji Lila Jangombe ZANZIBAR Kadir, Ibrahim JUMAKA ZANZIBAR Idrissa, Mussa Haji Karakana ZANZIBAR Omar, Bakari Makame Karakana ZANZIBAR Moh'd, Fatma Bakar Kilimahewa ZANZIBAR Juma, Fatma Suleiman Kwaalinato ZANZIBAR Haji, Ali Salum Kwahani ZANZIBAR Bori, Hariri Abdulla Magomeni ZANZIBAR Hassan, Hassa Ali Magomeni ZANZIBAR Ameir, Ameir Pandu Manispaa ZANZIBAR Ahmed, Ahmed Salim Mchangani ZANZIBAR Ameir, Omar Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs ZANZIBAR Hamad-Maalim, Said Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs ZANZIBAR Juma Othman, Othman Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs ZANZIBAR Khatib, Ameir Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs ZANZIBAR Said Ngapona, Khadija Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs ZANZIBAR Haji, HajiSeti Mpendae ZANZIBAR Said, Abi Bakari Mpendae ZANZIBAR Kongola, Moses MTL Consulting DAR-ES-SALAAM Abdalla, Zubeir Toum Nyerere ZANZIBAR Hamdu, Hamdu Shaka Nyerere ZANZIBAR Amour, Hassan Said Shaurimoyo ZANZIBAR Bakari, Mussa Stone Town Conservation and Development Authority ZANZIBAR Makarani, Issa Stone Town Conservation and Development Authority ZANZIBAR Ali, Amour Mtumwa Stone Town Tenants Organisation ZANZIBAR Haji, Waziri Tanzania Telecommunications Company Limited ZANZIBAR Masolwa, Bahati Tanzania Telecommunications Company Limited ZANZIBAR Mgombe, Omar Ali Tanzania Telecommunications Company Limited ZANZIBAR

Project: 12485 1/2 STAKEHOLDER DATABASE

Name Company City

Mngombe, Omar Tanzania Telecommunications Company Limited ZANZIBAR Nguvu, Hussein Tanzania Telecommunications Company Limited ZANZIBAR Nguvu, Hussein Tanzania Telecommunications Company Limited ZANZIBAR Shaaban, Mzee Tanzania Telecommunications Company Limited ZANZIBAR Juma, Juma Faki Tawalaza Mikoa ZANZIBAR Hassan, Said Alawi Urban West Civil Society Organisation ZANZIBAR Juma, Sheba Waste Management in Zanzibar ZANZIBAR Eloundou-Assomo, Lazare World Heritage Centre PARIS Mussa, Mohammed Maulid Zanzibar Commission for Tourism ZANZIBAR Nassor, Ilyas Rajab Zanzibar Commission for Tourism ZANZIBAR Said, Said Soud Zanzibar Commission for Tourism ZANZIBAR Vuai, Hassan Ameir Zanzibar Commission for Tourism ZANZIBAR Juma, Masoud Zanzibar Electricity Corporation ZANZIBAR Ally, Ally Khamis Zanzibar Electricity Corporation ZANZIBAR Ame Haji, Haji Zanzibar Electricity Corporation ZANZIBAR Dandarow, Lulu Stanley Zanzibar Electricity Corporation ZANZIBAR Hlamis, Thabit Salum Zanzibar Electricity Corporation ZANZIBAR Mtumwa, Rafii Haji Zanzibar Electricity Corporation ZANZIBAR Jiddawi, Mohammed Zanzibar Ministry of Health and Social Welfare ZANZIBAR Juma, Mzee Zanzibar Municipal Council ZANZIBAR Khamis Chum, Joshi Zanzibar Municipal Council ZANZIBAR Khamis Juma, Mzee Zanzibar Municipal Council ZANZIBAR Muhsin, Ramadhan Zanzibar Municipal Council ZANZIBAR Kombo, Hassan Ali Zanzibar Society for Sustainable Environment ZANZIBAR Mussa, Ali Zanzibar Society for Sustainable Environment ZANZIBAR Breik, Masaad Zanzibar Stone Town HeritageSociety MALINDI Juma, Hamad Othma Zanzibar Urban Services Project Office ZANZIBAR Mussa Sulaiman, Vuai Zanzibar Urban Services Project Office ZANZIBAR Othman, Othman Juma Zanzibar Urban Services Project Office ZANZIBAR Suleiman, Vuai Mussa Zanzibar Urban Services Project Office ZANZIBAR Ali, Rukia Masheko Zanzibar Water Authority ZANZIBAR Masheko Ali, Rukia Zanzibar Water Authority ZANZIBAR Moh'd Yussuf, Rashid Zanzibar Water Authority ZANZIBAR Yusuf, Rashid Moh'd Zanzibar Water Authority ZANZIBAR Ali, Abdullah Zanzibar's Malaria Control Programme ZANZIBAR

Project: 12485 2/2

ESIA Public Participation Office Project No 12574 Local MTL Consulting Company LTD Contact Mr Wilson Mutagwaba) Ms Vanessa Viljoen / Qondile Sibiya 22 January 2010 2ND Floor, Seifee Mansions Golder Associates Africa Bibi Titi Mohamed Road P O Box 6001, Halfway House,1685 South Africa Dar-es-Salaam, Tel: +27 11 254 4800 Tanzania Fax: +27 11 315 0317 Tel/Fax: +255 222120882 E-mail: [email protected]/[email protected]

Dear Sir / Madam ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) FOR THE ZANZIBAR MUNICIPAL COUNCIL’S PROPOSED ZANZIBAR URBAN SERVICES PROJECT (ZUSP) DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT REF.NUMBER IM/29/2/8/VMX/34 The Zanzibar Urban Services Project is an initiative by the Zanzibar Municipal Council to improve the public health and welfare, and the biophysical environment for the people of Zanzibar City. The proposed ZUSP project will contribute to the improvement of the existing solid waste collection system, street lighting and stormwater management system in areas that are currently not well serviced. There are three broad components to the ZUSP, namely: Design and construction of Surface Water Drainage in the Ng’ambo areas; Design and implementation of a Solid Waste Management Collection System; and Upgrading of Street Lighting in the Stonetown region An ESIA is required in terms of the Zanzibar Environmental Policy of 1992 and the Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act of 1996 to evaluate the potential impacts of the proposed project and to recommend measures to reduce negative impacts and enhance positive impacts. The first phase of the ESIA, the Terms of Reference (TOR) Phase was completed by the ZUSP team and approved by the Zanzibar Department of Environment in November 2009. The second phase of the ESIA, the Impact Assessment Phase has just started and is being conducted by Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd (Golder), an independent environmental consultant. Golder is also conducting the public consultation process in collaboration with MTL Consulting, a local Tanzanian consulting company. This Background Information Document (BID) provides stakeholders with initial information about the proposed project, the ESIA process and the opportunity to comment. During the ESIA, stakeholders will have more opportunities to comment.

How to comment on the proposed project? Complete the comment sheet enclosed with the Background Information Document; Write a letter, email, fax or telephone the ESIA Public Participation Office (see contact details above); and Provide comment to the consultants at stakeholder consultation meetings where these are arranged. Your comments should reach the Public Participation Office by 5 February 2010. See contact details above. We look forward to your participation in the ESIA process. Please contact us at the above numbers. Sincerely

Vanessa Viljoen ESIA Public Participation Office: For The Zanzibar Municipal Councils Proposed Zanzibar Urban Services Project

Golder Associados Moçambique Limitada PO Box 1507, Avenida Zedequias Manganhela no 267, 3 andar, Jat IV-Maputo Tel: [+258] (21) 301 292 / 360 750 Fax: [+258] (21) 301 289 www.golder.com Golder Associates: Operations in Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North America and South America

NUIT 400196265 Directors: FR Sutherland, VJ Cupedo

Project No 12574

Golder Associates Africa ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ESIA Public Participation Office ASSESSMENT (ESIA) FOR THE ZANZIBAR Ms Vanessa Viljoen or Ms Qondile Sibiya P O Box 6001, Halfway House,1685 MUNICIPAL COUNCIL’S PROPOSED ZANZIBAR South Africa URBAN SERVICES PROJECT (ZUSP) Tel: +27 11 254 4800, Fax: +27 11 315 0317 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT REF.NUMBER IM/29/2/8/VMX/34 E-mail: [email protected]/ [email protected]

COMMENT SHEET Local MTL Consulting Company Ltd Contact Accompanying the Background Information Document Wilson Mutagwaba (Local contact) 2nd Floor, Seifee Mansions Bibi Titi Mohamed Road P O Box 77894, Dar-es-Salaam January 2010 Tanzania Tel/Fax: +255 222120882 Please complete by 5 February 2010, and return to the ESIA Public Participation Office

TITLE FIRST NAME INITIALS SURNAME ORGANISATION POSTAL ADDRESS POSTAL CODE TEL NO FAX NO E-MAIL CELL NO

COMMENTS (please use separate sheets if you wish) My issues of concern and/or suggestions for enhanced benefits of the proposed project are: ...... My comments / suggestions on the ESIA process and / or public consultation process are: ...... Other comments: ...... Please consult the following of my colleagues/ friends during this ESIA process: ...... THANK YOU FOR YOUR COMMENT

2/2

January 2010

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) FOR THE ZANZIBAR MUNICIPAL COUNCIL’S PROPOSED ZANZIBAR URBAN SERVICES PROJECT (ZUSP) Department of Environment Ref. number: IM/29/2/8/VMX/34

BACKGROUND INFORMATION DOCUMENT AND INVITATION TO COMMENT

Due date for comment: 05 February 2010

INFORMATION DOCUMENT D

This document is available in English and KiSwahili

Golder Report Number: 12574-9339-1 BACKGROUN

BACKGROUND

The Zanzibar Urban Services Project is an initiative by the Zanzibar Municipal Zanzibar is part of the United Republic of Tanzania but has its own Council to improve the public health and legislative assembly known as the House of Representatives, an welfare, and the biophysical environment executive headed by the President of Zanzibar and its own judicial for the people of Zanzibar City. The system. ZUSP project proposes to contribute to the improvement of the existing solid The need to provide rapid expansion of services across Zanzibar was waste collection system, street lighting recognized by the Zanzibar Municipal Council (ZMC). The Zanzibar and stormwater management system in Urban Services Project (ZUSP) team was established by the ZMC to areas that are not well serviced. achieve these goals. The ZUSP proposes to undertake a municipal infrastructure upgrade There are three broad components to the project involving the development of selected urban infrastructure and ZUSP, namely: enhancing the street lighting in Stonetown. Design and construction of Surface Water Drainage in the Ng’ambo An ESIA is required in terms of the Zanzibar Environmental Policy of areas; 1992 and the Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act of 1996 to evaluate the potential impacts of the proposed project and Design and implementation of a to recommend measures to reduce negative impacts and enhance Solid Waste Management Collection positive impacts. System; and Upgrading of street lighting in the The first phase of the ESIA, the Terms of Reference (TOR) Phase was Stonetown region. completed by the ZUSP team and approved by the Zanzibar Department of Environment in November 2009.

Project Location The second phase of the ESIA, the Impact Assessment Phase has just The study area, as shown in Figure 1 is started and is being conducted by Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd located in Zanzibar City between (Golder), an independent environmental consultant. Golder is also Stonetown to the west, Darajabovu Road conducting the public consultation process in collaboration with MTL in the east, Zanzibar International Airport Consulting, a local Tanzanian consulting company. to the south and R. Mtoni Road to the This Background Information Document (BID) provides stakeholders north. with initial information about the proposed project, the ESIA process The area includes Stonetown, and the opportunity to comment. During the ESIA, stakeholders Kisiwandui, Darajani, Vikokotoni, will have more opportunities to comment. Mtendeni, Kidongochekundu, Mabuluu Your comment will enable the ESIA project team to ensure that all and Maisara-suleiman, Kilimani, Malindi, relevant issues are evaluated in the studies. This information will Batini, Kodogo Chokondo, Michenzani, assist the Zanzibar Department of Environment to make an Malindi and Amaani. informed decision about whether to authorise the project or not. Figure 1 also shows the proposed Please complete the enclosed comment sheet or contact the stormwater drains and solid waste ESIA Public Consultation Office by letter, telephone or e-mail. collection points.

ESIA PUBLIC CONSULTATION OFFICE AND RETURN ADDRESS FOR COMMENT

Mr Wilson Mutagwaba (Local contact) Ms Vanessa Viljoen / Ms Qondile Sibiya MTL Consulting Company Limited Golder Associates Africa 2nd Floor P O Box 6001 Seifee Mansions Halfway House, 1685 Bibi Titi Mohamed Road South Africa P O Box 77894 Tel: +27 11 254 4911 Dar-es-Salaam Fax: +27 11 315 0317 Tanzania Email: [email protected] / Tel/Fax: +255 222120882 [email protected]

Project No: 12574 2

PROPOSED ZANZIBAR URBAN SERVICES PROJECT

Figure1: Zanzibar Urban Services Project study area showing the proposed stormwater drains and solid waste collections points

Project No: 12574 3

PROPOSED ZANZIBAR URBAN SERVICES PROJECT

Construction and Upgrade of Surface Water Drains Zanzibar City experiences major flood Photograph 1: This is what events. Due to the lack of stormwater the existing surface water management systems as shown in open channels currently photograph 1, pools of standing water look like are found in low-lying areas for long periods of time. These pools of water present a health and safety risk to the residents of the area. For example, the water is a breeding ground for mosquitos and a place where refuse accumulates.

The ZUSP will contribute to improving the situation by: Expanding the diameter of

existing pipe drains and constructing new open channel

drains; Rehabilitating existing open channel drains; and Photographs 2-4: Examples Routing stormwater into the of typical open channels that ocean by means of marine people can expect to see outfalls. The marine outfalls are after the upgrade and pipelines that will discharge the construction stormwater into the sea.

Examples of what upgraded stormwater channels may look like are shown in Photographs 2-4.

Solid Waste Management Collection System There is no formal system for solid waste management in Zanzibar. Solid waste is collected in a large variety of containers such as plastic bags, plastic buckets, large Photograph 5: Current tins, palm leaf baskets, plastic bags and solid waste collection cardboard boxes (see Photograph 5). system This is unhygienic and causes nuisance. For example, decomposing solid waste creates bad smells and attracts scavengers such as rats and cats.

Animals that scavenge in the waste scatter the solid waste on streets which then gets washed into drains causing blockages. The authorities recognise the situation is in urgent need of attention and hence have therefore initiated the ZUSP to help improve the situation.

Project No: 12574 4

PROPOSED ZANZIBAR URBAN SERVICES PROJECT

The design and implementation of the Solid Waste Management Collection System will include: Providing solid waste removal equipment such as bins; Constructing new concrete skip slabs and providing containers; and

Providing additional steel skips.

Photograph 6: Photograph 7: Concrete Photograph 8: 20 litre Examples of improvements to the solid 50 litre solid waste solid waste bin waste collection system, as shown in slab with steel skip bin Photographs 6-8. Upgrade of Street Lighting in Stonetown Stonetown is a UNESCO declared World Heritage City. Street lighting in the Stonetown area is largely in a state of disrepair (see Photographs 9 and 10). The ZUSP therefore aims to upgrade the street lighting in Stonetown to acceptable safety standards.

www.5cense.com

www.flickr.com

Photographs 9 and 10: The street lighting in Stonetown is in need of upgrading

Employment The proposed ZUSP is expected to create approximately 20 permanent jobs and about 100 temporary jobs during construction, most of which will be for local people.

Proposed project scheduling

Should the ZMC obtain approval from the Department of Environment, the proposed project is expected to take 2 years, starting in January 2011 and completed by December 2012.

Project No: 12574 5

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the proposed project is being funded by the World Bank. Who is conducting the ESIA? The ESIA is being done in terms of the following relevant In line with Integrated Environmental World Bank safeguard policies and Zanzibar law: Management Principles, ZUSP has Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01); appointed Golder, an independent, Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11); internationally recognised company of Zanzibar Environmental Policy of 1992; and environmental, social and public participation practitioners to conduct the Zanzibar Environmental Management for Sustainable ESIA for the proposed ZUSP upgrade Development Act of 1996. project. Objectives of the ESIA Golder will be working in collaboration with an experienced local Tanzanian The ESIA will evaluate the potential negative and positive consultancy, MTL Consulting.. environmental and social impacts of the proposed project, and will recommend measures to reduce negative impacts and enhance positive impacts. The results of the ESIA will be used to: Refine the design, construction planning and implementation of the various components of the project to account for any unique environmental, social or cultural factors; and Evaluate reasonable alternatives. Specialist studies Members of the ESIA study team are conducting baseline assessments to understand the existing environmental and social baseline conditions, and specialist studies to evaluate the potential negative and positive impacts of the proposed ZUSP. The following specialist studies are being done: Aquatic ecology assessment; An Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan Social impact assessment; will be prepared, in the event of Heritage impact assessment; displacement of people, realignment Surface water drainage assessment; and of houses, loss of assets or loss of Visual impact assessment. access to an asset. Findings of the ESIA The findings of the specialist studies will be available towards end-February/ early-March 2010, combined into one report, the Draft ESIA Report. This report will be presented to stakeholders for comment before submission to the Zanzibar Department of Environment for a decision about the project. Members of the Social Impact The ESIA findings will enable ZUSP team and the decision- Assessment Team will be visiting the making authority, the Zanzibar Department of Environment to study area and interviewing individuals make an informed decision on whether the project should and households during the week of proceed (or not). 26 - 29 January 2010 to gather socio-economic information. Public Consultation Public consultation is an important component of the ESIA and will be managed by Golder Associates in collaboration with MTL Consulting. See Figure 2 for details of the public consultation process and proposed timeframes. The process has been designed to provide interested and affected parties (I&APs) with sufficient information and opportunity to comment on the proposed ZUSP. All public consultation documents will be available in English and KiSwahili. Focus group meetings, community meetings and open houses to present information and obtain comment will be conduced English and KiSwahili. All comments and suggestions raised by I&APs will be recorded and made publicly available in a Comment and Response Report for people to verify that their comments have been recorded correctly. The Comment and Response Report will be submitted together with the ESIA findings to the Department of Environment.

Project No: 12574 6

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) PROCESS

TERMS OF November 2009 REFERENCE PHASE Completed by the ZUSP team and approved by the Department of Environment of Zanzibar PUBLIC CONSULTATION • Background Information Document (BID) distributed for comment (email, mail, personal contact) and placed in public places and on January 2010 – Golder website www.golder.co.za/pubdoc_EIA.asp early February ANNOUNCEMENT • Project announcement in media (newspaper) PHASE/DESKTOP • Focus Group meetings STUDY • Record stakeholder comments in Comments and Response Report.

• Announce the availability of the Draft ESIA Report for comment February – early • Draft ESIA Report, including specialist studies, and Comments March 2010 IMPACT and Response report available for comment and placed in public places ASSESSMENT • Document for comment on Golder website PHASE www.golder.co.za/pubdoc_EIA.asp Present draft findings for comment • Open Houses to present draft findings of ESIA for comment • Finalise ESIA Report for submission to the Department of Environment for decision-making. DECISION-MAKING • Notify stakeholders and local communities of Government Late March – PHASE comment and decision on ESIA July 2010 Authorities use ESIA findings to • Newspaper advertisements. determine whether ESIA gets approval

Figure 2: ESIA and public consultation process

Project No: 12574 7

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Your comments are important

The purpose of the ESIA is to provide the authorities with sufficient information on which to base a decision on whether to

grant environmental approval to the proposed project or not, and if

yes, under which conditions. The contributions of stakeholders

from all sectors of society will assist in informed decision-making.

Golder invites all stakeholders to participate freely, and to submit

any comments or information they feel may be useful.

Return address for comments are on page 1.

Due date for comment 5 February 2010

Project No: 12574 8

Ofisi ya Ushirikiano wa Umma-ESIA Namba ya Mradi 12574 Anwani ya kampuni ya Ushauri ya Kitanzania ya MTL Bi Vanessa Viljoen / Qondile Sibiya 22 Januari, 2010 (Bw Wilson Mutagwaba) Golder Associates Africa Ghorofa ya pili, Seifee Mansions S.L.P 6001, Halfway House,1685 Barabara ya Bibi Titi Mohamed Africa ya Kusini Dar-es-Salaam, Simu: +27 11 254 4800 Tanzania Fax: +27 11 315 0317 Simu/Fax: +255 222120882 Barua pepe: [email protected]/[email protected]

Mpendwa Bibi / Bwana TATHIMINI YA ATHARI ZA KIMAZINGIRA NA KIJAMII KWA MRADI UNAOKUSUDIWA WA HUDUMA ZA MIJI KWA HALMASHAURI YA MANISPAA YA ZANZIBAR (ZUSP) IDARA YA MAZINGIRA NAMBA YA KUMBUKUMBU IM/29/2/8/VMX/34 Mradi wa huduma za Mji wa Zanzibar ni mkakati wa Halmashauri ya manispaa ya Zanzibar ya kuboresha afya ya umma and ustawi wa jamii, na mazingira anuia kwa watu wa jiji la Zanzibar. Mradi kusudiwa wa ZUSP utachangia uboreshaji wa mifumo ya ukusanyaji wa taka ngumu iliyopo, taa za barabarani na mifumo ya usimamizi wa maji ya mvua katika maeneo ambayo kwa sasa hayana huduma hizo. Mradi wa ZUSP imegawanyika katika sehemu kuu tatu, nazo ni: Usanifu na ujengaji wa Mitaro ya Maji ya Juu ya Ardhi katika maeneo ya Ng’ambo; Usanifu na utekelezaji wa Usimamizi wa Mfumo wa Ukusanyaji wa Taka Ngumu; na Uboreshaji wa Taa za Barabarani katika Mkoa wa Mji Mkongwe Tathmini ya Athari za Kimazingira na Kijamii kutathminisha athari tegemewa za mradi uliokusudiwa na kupendekeza hatua za kupunguza au kuondoa kabisa athari hasi na kuboresha ambazo ni chanya, kwa mujibu wa Sera ya Mazingira ya Mwaka 1992 na Sheria ya Usimamizi wa Mazingira Endelevu ya Mwaka 1996. Awamu ya kwanza ya Tathmini ya Athari za Kimazingira na Kijamii, Mwezi wa 11, 2009, awamu ya Hadidu Rejea ilikamilishwa na timu ya ZUSP na kuhakikiwa na Idara ya Mazingira ya Zanzibar. Awamu ya pili ya Tathmini ya Athari za Kimazingira na Kijamii, awamu ya tathmini ya athari ndio tu imeanza na inafanywa na Kampuni inayojitegemea ya Ushauri wa Mazingira ya Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd (Golder). Pia Golder inafanya mchakato wa majadiliano na umma kwa kushirikiana na Kampuni ya Ushauri ya Kitanzania ya MTL . Nyaraka hii ya Maelezo ya Awali uwapa Washikadau maelezo ya awali kuhusu mradi kusudiwa, mchakato wa Tathmini ya Athari za Kimazingira na Kijamii na fursa ya kutoa maoni. Wakati wa Tathmini ya Athari za Kimazingira na Kijamii itakapokuwa inafanyika, washikadau watapata fursa zaidi ya kuchangia mawazo Jinsi gani utoaji wa maoni wa mradi kusudiwa utakavyofanyika? Jaza fomu ya kutoa maoni iliyopo ambatanishwa na Nyaraka ya Maelezo ya Awali; Andika barua, barua pepe, fax au piga simu kwenye Ofisi ya Ushirikiano wa Umma (tumia anwani zilizopo juu ya barua); Toa maoni kupitia kwa Washauri kwenye vikao vya majadiliano na washikadau ambapo vimepangwa. Maoni yako yanapaswa kufikia kwenye ofisi ya Ushirikiano wa Umma kabla ya tarehe 5 Februari, 2010. Ona anuani kwa ajili ya mawasiliano zaidi hapo juu. Tunatazamia ushirikiano wako katika mchakato wa EISA. Tafadhari wasiliana na sisi kwa namba za hapo juu. Wako Mwaminifu,

Vanessa Viljoen Ofisi ya Ushirikiano wa Umma ya ESIA Kwa Huduma za Mradi unaokusudiwa kwa Mji wa Halmashauri ya Manispaa ya Zanzibar

Golder Associados Moçambique Limitada S.L.P 1507, Avenida Zedequias Manganhela no 267, 3 andar, Jat IV-Maputo Simu: [+258] (21) 301 292 / 360 750 Fax: [+258] (21) 301 289 www.golder.com Golder Associates: Wana Miradi: Africa, Asia, Australasia, Ulaya, Amerika ya Kaskazini na Amerika ya Kusini

NUIT 400196265 Wakurugenzi: FR Sutherland, VJ Cupedo

Namba ya Mradi 12574

Golder Associates Africa ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ESIA Public Participation Office Ms Vanessa Viljoen or Ms Qondile Sibiya ASSESSMENT (ESIA) FOR THE ZANZIBAR P O Box 6001, Halfway House,1685 MUNICIPAL COUNCIL’S PROPOSED ZANZIBAR South Africa Tel: +27 11 254 4800, Fax: +27 11 315 0317 URBAN SERVICES PROJECT (ZUSP) E-mail: [email protected]/ DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT REF.NUMBER IM/29/2/8/VMX/34 [email protected]

Local MTL Consulting Company Ltd Contact COMMENT SHEET Wilson Mutagwaba (Local contact) Accompanying the Background Information Document 2nd Floor, Seifee Mansions Bibi Titi Mohamed Road P O Box 77894, Dar-es-Salaam Januari 2010 Tanzania Tel/Fax: +255 222120882 Tafadhari jaza hii fomu kabla ya tarehe 5 February 2010, na erudishe kwenye Ofisi ya Ushirikiano wa Umma

ANWANI JINA LA KWANZA HELUFI YA JINA LA UKOO MWANZO YA JINA SHIRIKA ANWANI YA POSTA ALAMA ZA POSTA NAMBA YA SIMU NAMBA YA FAX BARUA PEPE NAMBA YA SIMU YA MKONONI

MAONI (ukipenda tafadhari tumia karatasi nyingine) Hoja yangu husika na/au mapendekezo kuhusiana na manufaa ya uboreshaji wa mradi unaokusudiwa ni: ...... Maoni / Mapendekezo yangu juu ya mchakato wa ESIA na /au mchakato wa majadiliano na umma ni: ...... Maoni mengineyo: ...... Tafadhari wasiliana na washauri wenzangu / marafiki wafuatao wakati wa mchakato wa EISA: ...... AHSANTE SANA KWA MAONI YENU

2/2

Januari 2010

TATHMINI YA ATHARI ZA KIJAMII NA KIMAZINGIRA (ESIA) KWA MRADI WA HUDUMA PENDEKEZWA WA HALMASHAURI YA MANISPAA YA MJINI ZANZIBAR (ZUSP) Idara ya mazingira kumb. namba: IM/29/2/8/VMX/34

NYARAKA ZA TAARIFA YA AWALI NA UKARIBISHO WA MAONI

Mwisho wa haki ya utoaji wa maoni: 05 Februari 2010 A AWALI

Y

Taarifa hii ipo kwa Kiingereza na Kiswahili

Golder Repoti Namba: 12574-9339-1 NYARAKA ZA TAARIFA

USULI

Mradi wa utoaji huduma mjini Zanzibar ni mkakati ulioanzishwa na manispaa ya mji wa Zanzibar kuboresha afya za Zanzibar ni sehemu ya Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania lakini ina wanajamii, huduma, na mazingira kwa baraza lake la kutunga sheria linalojulikana kama Baraza la wawakilishi, watu wa mji wa Zanzibar. Mradi wa kisheria linaongozwa na rais wa Zanzibar na mfumo wake wa kisheria. ZUSP umependekeza kuchangia Hitaji la haraka la upanuzi wa utoaji huduma katika maeneo ya Zanzibar uboreshaji wa mfumo wa ukusanyaji liliainishwa na Halmashauri ya Manispaa ya Zanzibar (ZMC) . Timu ya taka ngumu uliopo, taa za barabarani Mradi wa utoaji huduma ya mji wa Zanzibar (ZUSP) ilianzishwa na ZMC and kuboresha mfumo wa maji ya mvua kufanikisha malengo haya. kwenye maeneo ambayo yalikuwa hayajarekebishwa vizuri. ZUSP inapendekeza kufanya mradi wa maboresho ya miundo mbinu ya Manispaa ikihusisha uboreshaji wa miundombinu ya mji iliyochaguliwa na Kuna vipengele vitatu vikubwa kwenye uboreshaji wa taa za barabarani kwenye eneo la Mjimkongwe. ZUSP, navyo ni: Tathmini ya athari za kijamii na kimazingira (ESIA) inahitajika kulingana na Usanifu na ujezi wa mitaro ya utoaji mahitaji ya sera ya Mazingira ya Zanzibar ya mwaka 1992 na sheria ya maji katika maeneo ya Ng’ambo; usimamizi endelevu kwa maendeleo ya kimazingira ya mwaka 1996 kwa ajili ya kutathimini athari zitakazotokana na mradi pendekezwa na kutoa Usanifu na utekelezaji wa mfumo ushauri wa jinsi ya kupunguza athari mbaya na kuzidisha athari nzuri. wa usimamiaji wa ukusanyaji wa Awamu ya kwanza ya ESIA, hadidu za rejea (TOR) ilikamilishwa na timu taka ngumu; na ya ZUSP na kutolewa na Idara ya mazingira ya mazingira ya Zanzibar Ubobeshaji wa taa za mitaa katika Novemba 2009. mkoa wa Mjimkongwe. Awamu ya pili ya ESIA, awamu ya tathmini ya athari imeanza na nafanywa na Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd (Golder), kampuni binafsi Eneo la mradi ya ushauri wa kimazingira. Vilevile Golder inafanya mchakato wa Eneo husika, kama lilivyoonyeshwa mahojiano na jamii ikishirikiana na kampuni ya ushauri ya MTL, kampuni katika mhoro 1 lipo katika mji wa ya wazawa wa Kitanzania. Zanzibar kati ya Mjimkongwe upande Nyaraka za taarifa za awali (BID) zinawapatia wadau taarifa za awali Magharibi, Barabara ya Darajabovu kuhusu mradi pendekezwa, mlolongo wa ESIA na fursa ya kutoa maoni. upande wa Mashariki ,uwanja wa ndege Wakati wakufanya ESIA, wadau watakuwa na wasaa mkubwa wa kutoa wa kimataifa wa Zanzibar upande wa maoni. kusini na barabara ya R. Mtoni upande wa kusini. Maoni yako yataiwezesha timu ESIA kuhakikisha kwamba ishu zote zinazohisiana na mradi zinatathminiwa. Taarifa hizi zitaisaidia idara ya Eneo husika linajumuisha Mjimkongwe, mazingira ya Zanzibar kufanya maamuzi sahihi kama widhinishe mradi au Kisiwandui, Darajani, Vikokotoni, la.Tafathali jaza karatasi ya maoni iliyopo ndani ya taarifa hii au wasiliana Mtendeni, Maisara Suleiman, Kilimani, na ofisi ya washauri wa ESIA kwa barua, simu au barua pepe. Malindi, Mabuulu; Batini, Kodogo Chokondo, Michenzani, Malindi na Amaani. Mchoro 1 pia unaonyesha mitaro pendekezwa ya maji ya mvua na maeneo ya kukusanyia taka ngumu.

ESIA OFISI YA USHAURI KWA UMMA NA RUDISHA ANUANI KWA MAONI

Dr Wilson Mutagwaba (anuani ya ndani ya nchi) Ms Vanessa Viljoen / Ms Qondile Sibiya MTL Consulting Company Limited Golder Associates Africa Ghorofa ya pili P O Box 6001 Seifee Mansions Halfway House, 1685 Barabara ya Bibi Titi Mohamed Afrika Kusini S .LP.77894 Simu: +27 11 254 4911 Dar-es-Salaam Fax: +27 11 315 0317 Tanzania Barua Pepe: [email protected] / Namba ya simu: +255 222120882 [email protected]

Project No: 12574 2

MRADI WA HUDUMA PENDEKEZWA MJINI ZANZIBAR

Mchoro 1: Unaonyesha maeneo ya mradi wa huduma pendekezwa za mitaro ya utoaji maji ya mvua na maeneo ya ukusanyiaji taka ngumu mjini Zanzibar.

Project No: 12574 3

MRADI WA HUDUMA PENDEKEZWA MJINI ZANZIBAR

Ujenzi na uboreshaji wa mitaro ya maji Mji wa Zanzibar umezoea kupata mafuriko makubwa. Kutokana na Picha 1: huu ndio ukosefu wa menejimenti ya mfumo muuonekano wa sasa wa wa maji ya mvua kama mifereji iliyopo inavyoonyesha kwenye picha 1, madimbi ya maji yaliyotuama yanapatikana maeneo ya mabondeni kwa muda mrefu.Madimbwi haya ya maji husababisha madhara kiafya na kiusalama kwa wakazi wa maeneo husika. Kwa mfano maji haya yanatoa mazingira ya mazalia ya mbu na sehemu ambapo takataka zinakusanyika. ZUSP itachangia kuboresha hali hii kwa: Upanuzi wa kipenyo cha mabomba yakutolea maji na ujenzi wa mitaro mipya;

Ukarabati wa mitaro iliyopo ya ya kutolea maji ; na

Kuelekeza maji ya mvua Picha 2-4: ni mifano halisi ya baharini kwakutumia mdomo wa bahari. mdomo wa bahari ni njia mitaro baada ya maboresho na matengenezo watu ya mabomba ambayo yatatolea maji ya mvua kupeleka watarajie kuona baharine. Mfano wa mitaro ya maji ya mvua yenye ubora inaweza kuwa kama inayoonekana kwenye picha 2-4. Examples of what upgraded stormwater channels may look like are shown in Photographs 2-4.

Menejimenti ya ya mfumo wa ukusanyaji taka ngumu

Hakuna mfumo wowote rasmi wa menejimenti ya taka ngumu Zanzibar. Takataka zinakusanywa kwenye vyombo vikubwa vya aina mbalimbali kama vile mifuko yaplastiki,ndoo za plastiki,madebe Picha 5: ukusanyaji wa makubwa,vikapu vya majani ya sasa wa taka mchikichina kwenye maboksi (tazamapicha 5).

Huu ni uchafu na unasababisha kero. Kwa mfano takataka zilizooza zinatoa harufu mbaya na zinawavutia waokotezaji kama panya na paka. Wanyama wanaookoteza wanasambaza takataka mitaani ambazo pia zinapelekwa hadi kwenye mitaro na kusababisha kuziba kwa mitaro ya kupitishia maji.Mamlaka husika zimegundua hali hii inahitaji uangalizi wa hali ya juu na hivyo wameanzisha ZUSP kusaidia kuboresha hali hii.

Project No: 12574 4

MRADI WA HUDUMA PENDEKEZWA MJINI ZANZIBAR

Usanifu na utekelezaji wa menejimenti ya mfumo wa ukusanyaji wa taka ngumu utahusisha yafuatayo: Ugawaji wa vifaa vya kutolea taka ngumu kama vile mapipa; Ujenzi wa sakafu za zege na utoaji wa mikebe na; Utoaji wa ziada viruka vyuma. Picha 6: pipa la taka Picha 7: kizuizi cha Picha 8: pipa la taka

Mifano ya marekebisho ya mfumo wa ngumu lenye ujazo chuma ngumu lenye ujazo ukusanyaji taka ngumu kama ilivyoonyeshwa wa lata 50n wa lata 20n kwenye picha 6-8. Uboreshaji wa taa za barabarani maeneo ya Mjimkongwe Mjimkongwe umetangazwa na Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Elimu, Sayansi na Utamaduni (UNESCO) kuwa mji wa urithi wa kidunia. Taa za barabarani maeneo ya Mjimkongwe kwa kiasi kikubwa zipo katika ya kutofanyiwa marekibisho. (tazama picha 9 na 10). Kwahiyo, ZUSP imekusudia kufanya maboresho ya taa za barabarani eneo la Mjimkongwe kwa kiwango cha kiusalama kinachokubalika.

www.5cense.com

www.flickr.com

Picha 9 na10: Taa za barabarani maeneo ya Mjimkongwe zinazohitaji marekebisho

Ajira ZUSP inatarajia kutoa ajira za kudumu takribani 20 na ajira za muda takribani 100 wakati wa ujenzi, wazawa watapewa kipaumbele.

Ratiba ya mradi uliopendekezwa

Kama ZMC itapata kibali kutoka Idara ya Mazingira, mradi unaopendekezwa unategemewa kuchukua miaka miwili (2), kuanzia januari 2011 na kumalizika decemba 2012.

Project No: 12574 5

TATHMINI YA ATHARI ZA MAZINGIRA NA JAMII

Tathmini ya Athari za Kijamii na Kimazingira (ESIA) kwa mradi tarajiwa inafadhiliwa na Benki ya Dunia. Nani anafanya ESIA ESIA itafanyika kulingana na sera husika za kiusalama za Sambamba na kanuni husika za usimamizi Benki ya Dunia na sheria za Zanzibar zifuatazo: wa Mazingira, ZUSP wamewateua Golder, Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01); kampuni binafsi inayotambulika kimataifa Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11); kwa utaalamu wa mazingira, kijamii Zanzibar Environmental Policy of 1992; and kufanya ESIA kwa mradi pendekezwa wa Zanzibar Environmental Management for Sustainable uboreshaji wa ZUSP. Development Act of 1996. Golder watafanya kazi wakishirikiana na Umuhimu wa ESIA kampuni yenye uzoefu ya ushauri ya ESIA itatathmini madhara mabaya na mazuri ya Kijamii na watanzania, MTL Consulting. Kimazingira kwa mradi uliopendekezwa, na itatoa angalizo kupunguza athari mbaya na kuongeza athari nzuri. Matokeo ya ESIA yatatumika kwa: Kuboresha muundo ,mpango wa ujenzi,na utekelezwaji wa vipengele mbalimbali vya mradi ili kujumuisha hali yoyote ya kimazingira kijamii na kitamaduni. Kutathmini mibadala yenye maana. Utafiti wa kitaalamu Timu ya wataalamu wa ESIA wanafanya tathmini ya awali kuweza kuelewa mazingira husika,kupata taarifa za awali za mambo ya kijamii na utafiti wa kitaalamu wa kutathmini athari mbaya na nzuri za mradi pendekezwa Mpango kazi kifupi wa makazi mapya (ZUSP) Tafiti zifuatazo za kitaalamu zinafanyika: utaandaliwa ,katika tikio la kuhamishwa Tathmini ya ikolojia ya majini; kwa watu na mpangilio mpya wa Tathmini ya athari za Kijamii; nyumba,upotevu wa mali na ufikiaji Tathmini ya athari za mambo ya kale; kwenye mali hizo. Tathmini ya mifereji/mitaro ya kutolea maji ya juu ya arthi; na Tathmini ya athari za uonaji. Matokeo ya ESIA Matokeo ya utafiti huu wa kitaalamu yatakamilika mwishini mwa mwezi FEBRUARI kuelekea mwanzoni mwa mwezi MACHI 2010, itaunganishwa kwenye ripoti moja, rasimu ya ESIA . ripoti hii itakabidhiwa kwa wadau kwa ajili Timu ya ESIA watatembelea eneo ya kupata maoni yao kabla ya kuipeleka kwenye idara ya husika la mradi na kuhojiana na mtu Mazingira ya Zanzibar ili waweze kutoa uamuzi kuhusu mmojammoja na kaya kuanzia tarehe mradi. 26 - 29 Januari 2010 kuweza kupata Matokeo ya ESIA yataiwezesha timu ZUSP na mamlaka ya taafifa za kijamii na kiuchumi. kufanya uamuzi, Idara ya Mazingira Zanzibar kufanya uamuzi kama mradi uendelee (au lusiendelee). Mahojiano na Wanajamii Mahojiano na wanajamii ni sehemu muhimu ya ESIA, na yanasimamiwa na Golder Associates ikishirikiana na MTL Consulting. Tazama umbo 2 kwa maelekezo zaidi ya mtiririko wa mahojiano na wanajamii na muda uliopendekezwa. Mtiririko huu umeandaliwa kuweza kuwapatia taarifa ya kutosha wenye shauku yakutaka kufahamu na waathirika pia nafasi ya kuweza kutoa maoni yao kuhusu ZUSP.

Nyaraka zote za mahojiano na wanajamii zitakuwepo kwa Kiingereza na kwa Kiswahili. Mikutano ya vikundi,mikutano ya jamii na kaya kutoa taarifa na kuweza kupata maoni yao itafanyika kwa Kiingereza na Kiswahili.

Project No: 12574 6

MLOLONGO WA TATHMINI YA ATHARI ZA KIJAMII NA KIMAZINGIRA (ESIA)

HADIDU ZA REJEA (ToR) Novemba 2009 Awamu hii Kufanyiwa marekebisho na idara ya Mazi ngira Zanzibar

MAHOJIANO NA WANAJAMII

• Usambazaji wa nyaraka za taarifa za awali (BID) kwa ajili ya kutolea maoni,barua pepe na mawasiliano binafsi ziweke kwenye sehemu za wazi na pia kwenye tovuti ya Golder. Januari 2010 – KUTANGAZA Februari Mwanzoni MRADI • Kutangaza mradi kwenye vyombo vya habari • Mkutano wa wazi wa majadiliano • Rekodi ya maoni ya wadau na majibu.

• Kutangaza kuwepo kwa rasimu ya Ripoti ya ESIA kwa kutoa maoni TATHMINI • Kopi ya repoti ESIA , pamoja na utafiti wa wataalamu,zipo kwa Februari –Mwanzo ajil ya maoni Wa Machi 2010 YA ATHARI Ripoti ya awali kwa ajili yakutoa maoni • Taarifa kwenye tovuti ya GOLDER watu watoe maoni • Kupata maoni ya watu kuhusiana na ripoti yaESIA

• Kukamilisha repoti ya ESIA na kupeleka kwenye Idara ya Mazingira kupata maoni.

• Kuwataarifu wadau na jamii kuhusiana na maoni na uamuzi Mwishoni Mac–hi MAAMUZI wa serikali kuhusiana na ESIA -Julai 2010 Mamlaka husika inatumia EISA kuweza kujuakamainahitajimarekebisho • Kutangaza azetini.

MCHORO 2: ESIA na mtiririko wa mahojiaano na wanajamiiM

Project No: 12574 7

TATHMINI YA ATHARI ZA MAZINGIRA NA JAMII

Maoni yako ni muhimu

Umuhimu wa ESIA ni kuiwezesha mamlaka husika kuwa na taarifa ya kujitosheleza kuhusu kufanya maamuzi kama watoe

kibali cha kuendelea na mradi tarajiwa au la.na kama ndio chini

ya masharti gain. Mchango wa wadau kutoka sekta zote za

jamii utasaidia kwenye maamuzi sahii. Golder wanawakaribisha

wadau kushiriki bure,na kutoa maoni yoyote au taarifa

ambazo wanafikiri zitakuwa na manufaa.

Anuani kwa ajili ya maoni zinapatikana ukurasa wa kwanza.

Mwisho wa kupokea maoni ni tar. 5 Februari 2010

Project No: 12574 8

DISTRIBUTION OF BIDs AND POSTERS  ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) FOR THE ZANZIBAR MUNICIPAL COUNCIL’S PROPOSED ZANZIBAR URBAN SERVICES PROJECT (ZUSP) (DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT REF.NUMBER IM/29/2/8/VMX/34)

Background Information Document and Poster distribution in English and KiSwahili at Focus Group meetings and Community meetings

No of poster sets No of BIDs distributed distributed Place Organisation KiSwahili English KiSwahili English

Client Office Zanzibar Municipal Council 13 28 2 3

Victoria Garden Office Zanzibar Municipal Council 1 2 0 0

Aga Khan Foundation 20 10 0 0

Stone Town Conservation 10 7 1 1

Social Services Office Department of Social 11 1 1 0 Welfare

ZUSP Project Office Ministry of Finance and 9 1 0 0 Economic

TTCL Office Tanzania 10 4 0 0 Telecommunications company

Victoria Garden Office Ministry of Local 6 3 1 1 Government and Administration

Kiembe Samaki Community Development 10 0 0 0 and Environment Conservation

Kiembe Samaki Association of NGOs of 10 0 0 0 Zanzibar

Karakana JUMAKA 15 0 0 0

Zanzibar Water Zanzibar Water Authority 7 4 1 0 Authority Office

ZECO Offices Zanzibar Electricity 10 6 0 0 Cooporation

Mji Mkongwe Amani Stone town Tenants 0 5 0 0 Organisation

Mwanakwerekwe Urban Waste Civil Society 20 0 0 0 Organisation

Project: 12485 1/ DISTRIBUTION OF BIDs AND POSTERS 

Background Information Document and Poster distribution in English and KiSwahili at Focus Group meetings and Community meetings

No of poster sets No of BIDs distributed distributed Place Organisation KiSwahili English KiSwahili English

Zanzibar Municipal Ward Councillors 40 5 1 0 Town Hall

Forodhani Park Zanzibar Society for 2 20 0 0 Sustainable Environment

Institute for the Marine Institute for the Marine 0 12 0 1 Studies Office Studies

Old Custom House Stone Town Heritage 2 10 0 0 Society

Shaurimoyo Shaurimoyo Community 25

Sebleni Sebleni Community 23

Binti Amrani Binti Amrani Community 16

Karakana Karakana Community 18

Magogoni Magogoni Community 12

Kwahani Kwahani Community 14

Jang'ombe Jang'ombe Community 10

TOTAL 314 118 7 6

Project: 12485 2/ PUBLIC PLACES WHERE POSTERS WERE DISPLAYED

 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) FOR THE ZANZIBAR MUNICIPAL COUNCIL’S PROPOSED ZANZIBAR URBAN SERVICES PROJECT (ZUSP) (DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT REF.NUMBER IM/29/2/8/VMX/34)

Public place Locality Photo

ZMC – Head Quarters – Darajdall Zanzibar City

Darajeni Dals Dale Zanzibar City

Suza Majestic Zanzibar City

Beitel – Elajab / Forodhani Park Stone Town

Project: 12574 1/ PUBLIC PLACES WHERE POSTERS WERE DISPLAYED



Public place Locality Photo

Botanic Mbuyumi Zanzibar City

Airport Junction Mpendae & Zanzibar City Jangdme

Mwanakwererwe Market Zanzibar City

Saateni Judkali Market Zanzibar City

Project: 12574 2/  FOCUS GROUP MEETINGS HELD IN JANUARY 2010  ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) FOR THE ZANZIBAR MUNICIPAL COUNCIL’S PROPOSED ZANZIBAR URBAN SERVICES PROJECT (ZUSP) (DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT REF.NUMBER IM/29/2/8/VMX/34)

Number of attendees (including the Focus Group Meeting Date Time project team)

Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs, Zanzibar Municipal Council (ZUSP Office) 25 January 2010 08:00-09:00 9

Ministry of State Regional Administration and Local Government 25 January 2010 09:00-10:00 7 Department of Zanzibar Municipal Council

Ministry of Water, Construction, Energy and Lands: Stone Town Conservation and 25 January 2010 11:00-12:00 7 Development Authority (Department of Survey and Urban Planning)

Ministry of Water, Construction, Energy and Lands: Stone Town Conservation and 25 January 2010 13:30 8 Development Authority (Department of Survey and Urban Planning)

Aga Khan Foundation 25 January 2010 15:30 7 (AKF – Resource Centre)

Ministry of State Regional Administration and Local Government 26 January 2010 09:00 7

Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs Zanzibar/Zanzibar Urban Services Project 26 January 2010 11:00 7 Department of Planning and Policy

Ministry of Communication and Transport Tanzania Telecommunication Company 26 January 2010 12:00 10 Limited

Project: 12485 1/2  FOCUS GROUP MEETINGS HELD IN JANUARY 2010 

Number of attendees (including the Focus Group Meeting Date Time project team)

Ministry of State Regional Administration and Local Government 26 January 2010 13:00 7

Attorney General’s Office 26 January 2010 14:00 7

Community Development and Environment Conservation of Zanzibar (CODECOZ) 27 January 2010 09:00 5

Zanzibar Water Authority 27 January 2010 09:00 5

Zanzibar Electricity Cooperation 27 January 2010 10:00 7

Association of NGO Zanzibar (ANGOZA) 27 January 2010 10:00 5

Association Environmental Conservation (JUMAKA – Jumuiya ya Uhifadhi wa 27 January 2010 11:00 10 Mazingira)

Tenants Organisation 27 January 2010 13:30 11 Zanzibar Tourism Commission

Kwahani Development Committee 27 January 2010 15:00 4 Urban West Civil Society Organisation

Ward Councillors and Community Leaders 28 January 2010 09:00-12:00 25

Zanzibar Society for Sustainable Environment (ZASOSE) 28 January 2010 14:00 8

Institute for Marine Studies 29 January 2010 08:30 7

Zanzibar Stone Town Heritage Society 29 January 2010 09:00 6

Project: 12485 2/2 COMMUNITY MEETINGS HELD IN JANUARY 2010  ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) FOR THE ZANZIBAR MUNICIPAL COUNCIL’S PROPOSED ZANZIBAR URBAN SERVICES PROJECT (ZUSP) (DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT REF.NUMBER IM/29/2/8/VMX/34)

Number of attendees Venue / Area Community Meeting Date Time (including the Project Team) Sheha’s House Shaurimoyo – Zone D 26 January 2010 14:00 18

Muslim College Sebleni 27 January 2010 11:00 16

Sheha’s Office Karakana 27 January 2010 14:00 21

Mpendae Binti Amrani 28 January 2010 11:00 17

Madras Kwahani 28 January 2010 14:00 22

Sheha’s House Magogoni A 28 January 2010 16:00 20

Sheha’s House Jan’Gombe 29 January 2010 16:00 28

Project: 12574 1/1

Project No 12574 Local Contact ESIA Public Consultation Office Monday, 24 May 2010 MTL Consulting Company Ltd Ms Vanessa Viljoen / Mabel Qinisile Mr Moses Kongola Golder Associates Africa 2ND Floor, Seifee Mansions P O Box 6001, Halfway House,1685 South Africa Bibi Titi Mohamed Road Tel: +27 11 254 4800 Dar-es-Salaam, Fax: +27 11 315 0317 Tanzania E-mail: [email protected]/[email protected] Tel/Fax: +255 222120882 Dear Stakeholder

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) FOR THE ZANZIBAR MUNICIPAL COUNCIL’S PROPOSED ZANZIBAR URBAN SERVICES PROJECT (ZUSP) DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT REF.NUMBER IM/29/2/8/VMX/34 Invitation to comment on the findings of the ESIA Public review period: 25 May – 21 June 2010 Invitation to Public Open Houses Our sincere appreciation to the many people and organisations who have commented on the Background Information Document and to those who attended the Focus Group and Community Meetings in January 2010. We have received many comments and suggestions that assisted the consultants to finalise the scope of the ESIA specialist studies. The ESIA specialist studies have now been completed. The findings of the completed specialist studies have been compiled into a Draft ESIA Report. The contents of the full Draft ESIA Report and its specialist studies have been summarised in the following documents and are being made available for your review and comment: Draft ESIA Report - describes the project and gives a detailed summary of the findings of the specialists studies (English only) Comment and Response Report – records issues, comments and suggestions made by stakeholders and provides responses from the ESIA team and ZUSP (English only) Executive Summary of the Draft ESIA Report – summarises the key findings, recommendations and conclusions of the ESIA (KiSwahili and English) The comment period will give people the opportunity to comment on the findings of the specialist studies and to verify that their issues of concern and suggestions for enhanced project benefits have been considered. When and where the reports will be available for comment The reports will be available for public comment from Tuesday, 25 May – Monday, 21 June 2010 at several places in the project area (see table below) where people can view them and provide comment, as well as in hard copy and on CD at the Open houses, on the Golder website: www.golder.co.za, and upon request from the ESIA Public Consultation Office (see contact details above).

Public place Locality

Stone Town Public Library Stone Town Karakana Community Karakana Community Hall via Sheha Shaurimoyo and Makadara Community Shaurimoyo Community Hall via Sheha Mpendae Community Mpendae Community Hall via Sheha

Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd PO Box 6001, Halfway House, 1685, South Africa, Thandanani Park, Matuka Close, Halfway Gardens, Midrand Tel: [+27] (11) 254 4800 Fax: [+27] (11) 315 0317 www.golder.com Golder Associates: Operations in Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North America and South America

Reg. No. 2002/007104/07 Directors: FR Sutherland, AM van Niekerk, SAP Brown, L Greyling, SM Manyaka

12574 24 May 2010

You can comment by: Completing the comment sheet accompanying the report; Writing a letter or sending an email, fax to the local contact or ESIA public consultation office; and Attending a public open house. Invitation to Public Open Houses The contents of the Draft ESIA Report and accompanying reports will also be presented to stakeholders at Public Open Houses, between Wednesday, 26 May – Friday, 28 May 2010 in various places in the project area, to provide them with an opportunity to comment on the findings of the ESIA and raise further comments.

Stakeholders will also have an opportunity to meet in small groups or one-on-one discussions with the ESIA team and representatives from ZUSP to: Discuss the project in detail; Comment on the findings of the specialist studies; Ask questions; and Confirm that their issues of concern and suggestions for enhanced benefits raised during the Scoping Phase of the ESIA have been taken into consideration in the ESIA studies.

Information at the open house will be presented on posters in KiSwahili and English. You are welcome to attend an open house and meet with the ESIA team at your convenience during the times shown below.

PUBLIC OPEN HOUSES PLACE/AREA DATE VENUE TIME Jang’ombe Community Wednesday, Jang’ombe Community Hall 10:00 – 12:00 26 May 2010 Karakana Community Wednesday, Karakana Community Hall 13:00 – 15:00 26 May 2010 Shaurimoyo and Makadara Wednesday, Shaurimoyo Community 16:00 – 18:00 Community 26 May 2010 Hall Kwahani Community Thursday, Kwahani Community Hall 10:00 – 12:00 27 May 2010 Sebleni Community Thursday, Sebleni Community Hall 13:00 – 15:00 27 May 2010 Mogogoni Community Thursday, Mogogoni Community Hall 16:00 – 18:00 27 May 2010 Mpendae and Magomeni Community Friday, Mpendae Community Hall 16:00 – 18:00 28 May 2010

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12574 24 May 2010

What happens next? After the comment period on the Draft ESIA Report, the reports will be updated with comments received, finalised and submitted to the Department of Environment for a decision about the project. Once the authority’s decision has been issued, all stakeholders will be notified. Once again, thank you for contributing to the ESIA process thus far. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you need any further information.

Yours sincerely

VANESSA VILJOEN ESIA Public Consultation Office: Proposed Zanzibar Urban Services Project ESIA

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Mradi Nambari 12574 Mwasilianaji Mwenyeji Ofisi ya ESIA ya Kushauriana na Umma Mei 24, 2010 MTL Consulting Company Ltd Ms Vanessa Viljoen / Mabel Qinisile Mr Moses Kongola Golder Associates Africa Ghorofa ya 2, Seifee Mansions P O Box 6001, Halfway House,1685 South Africa Bibi Titi Mohamed Road Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania Simu: +27 11 254 4800 Faksi: +27 11 315 0317 Simu / Faksi: +255 222120882 Barua pepe: [email protected]/[email protected]

Wapendwa wadau,

TATHMINI YA ATHARI KWA MAZINGIRA NA JAMII (ESIA) YA MRADI WA HUDUMA KATIKA ZANZIBAR MJINI (ZUSP) ILIYOPENDEKEZWA NA HALMASHAURI YA MANISPAA YA ZANZIBAR IDARA YA MAZINGIRA REF.NAMBARI IM/29/2/8/VMX/34 Mwaliko kutoa maoni juu ya matokeo ya ESIA Kipindi cha umma kusoma matokeo ya ESIA na kutoa maoni: 25 Mei - 21 Juni 2010 Mwaliko kwa mikutano ya wazi ya umma Shukrani zetu za dhati kwa watu wote na mashirika ambao walitoa maoni juu ya Hati ya Habari juu ya mradi na kwa wale ambao walihudhuria vikao vya vikundi na mikutano ya umma mwezi Januari 2010. Tumepokea maoni na mapendekezo ya wengi ambazo zimesaidia wataalamu washauri kukamilisha maandalizi ya ESIA.

Wataalamu washauri sasa wamekamilisha utaalamu wao. Matokeo ya utaalamu uliymalizika yamechapishwa katika Ripoti Rasimu ya ESIA. Yaliyomo katika ripoti hii rasimu na masomo ya wataalamu yamechapishwa kwa muhtasari katika hati zifuatazo na inapatikana kwa ajili ya marekebisho na kutoa maoni: Rasimu ya Taarifa ya ESIA - inaeleza mradi na inatoa muhtasari wa kina wa matokeo ya uchunguzi wa wataalamu (Kiingereza tu); Ripoti ya Maoni na Jibu - ina kumbukumbu ya masuala, maoni na mapendekezo yaliyotolewa na wadau na kutoa majibu kutoka kwa timu ya ESIA na ZUSP (Kiingereza tu); Muhtasari wa Ripoti Rasimu ya ESIA – unatoa muhtasari wa matokeo muhimu, mapendekezo na hitimisho ya ESIA (Kiswahili na Kiingereza).

Kipindi cha maoni itawapa watu nafasi ya kutoa maoni juu ya matokeo ya uchunguzi wa wataalamu ili kuhakikisha kuwa masuala yao ya wasiwasi na mapendekezo kwa ajili ya mradi yamezingatiwa ili kuimarisha faida ya mradi. Ni lini na wapi ripoti itakuwa inapatikana kwa maoni? Ripoti itakuwa inapatikana kwa maoni ya umma kutoka Jumanne Mei 25 - Jumatatu, 21 Juni 2010 katika maeneo kadhaa katika eneo la mradi (tazama jedwali hapa chini) ambapo watu wanaweza kuangalia na kutoa maoni yao. Ripoti hii rasimu inapatikana kwa nakala rasmi na kwa CD katika ukumbi wa mikutano, na kwenye tovuti ya Golder: www.golder.co.za, na kwa kuomba Ofisi ya ESIA ya Kushauriana na Umma (angalia maelezo ya mawasiliano hapo juu).

Mahali Umma Eneo

Stone Town Public Library Stone Town Karakana Community Karakana Community Hall via Sheha Shaurimoyo and Makadara Community Shaurimoyo Community Hall via Sheha Mpendae Community Mpendae Community Hall via Sheha

Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd PO Box 6001, Halfway House, 1685, South Africa, Thandanani Park, Matuka Close, Halfway Gardens, Midrand Tel: [+27] (11) 254 4800 Fax: [+27] (11) 315 0317 www.golder.com Golder Associates: Operations in Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North America and South America

Reg. No. 2002/007104/07 Directors: FR Sutherland, AM van Niekerk, SAP Brown, L Greyling, SM Manyaka

12574 24 May 2010

Unaweza kutoa maoni kwa: Kukamilisha karatasi ya maoni iliyojumuishwa na ripoti; Kuandika barua, kutuma barua pepe au faksi kwa Mwasilianaji Mwenyeji au Ofisi ya ESIA ya Kushauriana na Umma; Kuhudhuria mikutano ya wazi kwa umma Mwaliko kuhudhuria mikutano ya wazi kwa umma Yaliyomo kwenye Ripoti Rasimu ya ESIA na maripoti yote yaliyo jumuishwa yatawasilishwa kwa wadau kwenye mikutano ya wazi ya umma, kati ya Jumatano Mei 26 - Ijumaa, Mei 28, 2010 katika maeneo mbalimbali katika eneo la mradi, ili kuwapatia nafasi ya kutoa maoni juu ya matokeo ya ESIA na kuongeza maoni zaidi. Wadau pia watakuwa na nafasi ya kukutana katika vikundi vidogo au kuwa na majadiliano ya moja kwa moja na timu ya ESIA na wawakilishi kutoka ZUSP ili: Kujadili mradi kwa kina; Kutoa maoni juu ya matokeo ya uchunguzi wa wataalamu; Kuuliza maswali; na Kudhibitisha kwamba masuala yao ya wasiwasi na mapendekezo waliotoa wakati wa awamu ya uchunguzi wa masuala mbali mbali inayopaswa kuzingatiwa (yaani Scoping) kwa ajili ya kuimarisha mradi yamezingatiwa katika ESIA. Habari katika mikutano ya wazi kwa umma itawasilishwa kwenye mabango katika lugha ya Kiswahili na Kiingereza. Mnakaribishwa kuhudhuria mikutano ya wazi kwa umma na kukutana na timu ya ESIA wakati wowote ule ufaao kuambatana na jedwali hapa chini.

MIKUTANO YA WAZI YA UMMA SEHEMU/ ENEO TAREHE UKUMBI SAA

Jang’ombe Community Wednesday, Jang’ombe Community Hall 10:00 – 12:00 26 May 2010

Karakana Community Wednesday, Karakana Community Hall 13:00 – 15:00 26 May 2010

Shaurimoyo and Makadara Wednesday, Shaurimoyo Community Hall 16:00 – 18:00 Community 26 May 2010

Kwahani Community Thursday, Kwahani Community Hall 10:00 – 12:00 27 May 2010

Sebleni Community Thursday, Sebleni Community Hall 13:00 – 15:00 27 May 2010

Mogogoni Community Thursday, Mogogoni Community Hall 16:00 – 18:00 27 May 2010

Mpendae and Magomeni Friday, Mpendae Community Hall 16:00 – 18:00 Community 28 May 2010

Jang’ombe Community Wednesday, Jang’ombe Community Hall 10:00 – 12:00 26 May 2010

Karakana Community Wednesday, Karakana Community Hall 13:00 – 15:00 26 May 2010

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12574 24 May 2010

Nini baada ya hapo? Baada ya kipindi cha maoni juu ya Ripoti Rasimu ya ESIA, ripoti itapitiwa na kurekebishwa kulingana na maoni itakayo pokelewa. Kisha ripoti itakamilishwa na kuwasilishwa kwa Idara ya Mazingira kwa uamuzi kuhusu mradi. Mara baada ya kutolewa kwa uamuzi wa mamlaka, wadau wote watajulishwa. Kwa mara nyingine tena, tunasema asante kwa kuchangia katika mchakato wa ESIA hadi sasa. Tafadhali usisite kuwasiliana na sisi kama unahitaji maelezo zaidi.

Wako mwaminifu,

VANESSA VILJOEN Ofisi ya ESIA ya Kushauriana na Umma: ESIA ya Mradi Pendekezo wa Huduma Zanzibar Mjini

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June 2010

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) FOR THE ZANZIBAR MUNICIPAL COUNCIL’S PROPOSED ZANZIBAR URBAN SERVICES PROJECT (ZUSP) Department of Environment Ref. number: IM/29/2/8/VMX/34

COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

Golder Report Number: 12574-9339-1 OMN N EPNEREPORT AND RESPONSE COMMENT COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

This document records the comments, issues of concern, questions and suggestions for enhanced benefits raised by stakeholders on the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the proposed Zanzibar Urban Services project. Comments were raised in writing and verbally during focus group and community meetings held in the project area during January 2010, and open houses held in May 2010 to present the draft findings of the ESIA to stakeholders for comment.

The comments have been categorized as follows and responded to by members of the ESIA and ZUSP. Table of Contents

1. NEED AND DESIRABILITY OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT...... 1

2. STORMWATER MANAGEMENT ...... 4

3. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ...... 10

3.1 Waste Collection...... 11 3.2 Waste Disposal...... 16 4 STREET LIGHTING ...... 18

5. HERITAGE...... 21

6 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ...... 22

7. HEALTH AND SAFETY ...... 23

8. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ISSUES...... 28

8.1 Employment and training...... 29 8.2 Awareness creation and education...... 31 8.3 Compensation...... 37 8.4 Resettlement...... 38 8.5 Community involvement and ownership ...... 39 8.6 Social ills...... 43 9. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT...... 44 9.1 Public consultation...... 45 9.2 Specialist Studies...... 49 10. PROJECT SPECIFIC ISSUES...... 53

10.1 Project scope...... 53 10.2 Roles and responsibilities...... 55 10.3 Project planning and design ...... 56 10.4 Project construction...... 62 10.5 Project implementation and maintenance ...... 64 10.6 Project timeframes and phases ...... 64 11. OTHER ISSUES...... 65

Project 12574 iii COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

1. NEED AND DESIRABILITY OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT The project is welcome and will Mr Ameir Ali Khatib Ministry of Finance 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for your comment. benefit the people of Zanzibar City. and Economic Affairs: Ministry of Finance and Department of EconomicAffairs- Planning and Policy Department of Planning and Policy We look forward to the project and a Mr Abdul-Rahman Shaurimoyo 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for your comment; the ZUSP clean and safe environment. Abdullah; Ms Amina Community Shaurimoyo Community is aimed at improving the environment Fumu; Mr Riziki and quality of life for residents. Mbarouk, Mkele Sabra Said Nassor Community member June 2010 Written comment We welcome the project and are sure Mr Makame Haji Shaurimoyo 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for your contribution. that the people of Shaurimoyo will Mzinga Community Shaurimoyo Community benefit from it. This project is welcome, but there is Mr Mosi Ussi Makame Shaurimoyo 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The fact that the ZMC is planning the concern whether all three Community Shaurimoyo Community ZUSP shows their intention to alleviate components will be successfully some environmental and social completed. challenges in Zanzibar. The project has international funding and should therefore be implemented successfully. The proposed upgrade project will Community members Shaurimoyo 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Communities are encouraged to improve the situation significantly Community Shaurimoyo Community participate in the current ZUSP process provided it is implemented properly to ensure that all the needs, of the and has the full involvement and communities and the municipality are commitment of the local population. met. The community looks forward to this Community members Shaurimoyo 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you very much for your project and wishes ZUSP and the Community Shaurimoyo Community comments. ESIA team every success. This project will benefit the Capt Hamza Makame CODECOZ 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for your comment. community and significantly improve Omary CODECOZ their lives.

Project 12574 1 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

This project will benefit many people Mr Mtumwa Saidi Sebleni Community 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for your contribution. and may it be a success. Sebleni Community Cooperation between all stakeholders will ensure its success. This project is welcome and if Mr Thabiti Hlamisi; Zanzibar Electricity 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for your comment. successfully implemented will Mr RafiiHaji Mtumwa; Cooperation ZECO improve the quality of life of many Mr Lulu Stanley people in Zanzibar. Dandarow The project is essential to improving Mr Omar Abubakar Association of NGO 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you, it is the intention of the the quality of life of communities in Zanzibar (ANGOZA) ANGOZA: Association of ZUSP to alleviate some of the current Zanzibar City. NGO Zanzibar environmental problems in Zanzibar. The project is welcome because it Mr Mwinyi Ali; Sebleni Community 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for your contribution; Golder will improve the environment and the Mr Nassor Sale Sebleni Community is pleased to be part of this project that community's living conditions. should improve the quality of life for Mr Mohamed Ahmed Zanzibar Telecom Ltd February 2010 Written Comment residents. Jaye (Zantel) This project has come at the right Mr Amour Mtumwa; Zanzibar Tourism, 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: time and will have a positive impact Mr Ilyas Rajab Commission and Zanzibar Tourism because it will address the major Nassor; Mr Said Soud Tenants Association Commission and Tenants problems like flooding and diseases Said; Mr Hassan Association being experienced in Zanzibar. Ameir Vuai; The proposed ZUSP is endeavouring to Mr Mohammed remedy inadequate facilities and build Maulid Mussa on the knowledge of the communities; this should lead to an improved quality Siti Mohammed Community members June 2010 Written comment of life. Khatibu; Vaule Faki; Mwinshehe Omari Waziri; Mtumwa Mohammed Machano The project is welcome because it Mr Swalehe Mubarak Attorney General's 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for your contribution. will make a positive contribution to Office Attorney General's Office the quality of life for the people of Zanzibar. Hussein Abdala Community member June 2010 Written comment Omar; Ali Hassan Mjombo and Fatma Mbarouk Rashid

Project 12574 2 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

The Ministry of Local Government Mr Abdurrahman H Ministry of State 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for your comment, the and Regional Administration fully Mnoga Regional Department of Local cooperation of all role-players will be supports the project and will assist Administration and Government crucial and will ensure the success of the consultants in any way. Local Government the proposed project. The project will improve Zanzibar's Mr Amour Mtumwa; Zanzibar Tourism 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for this positive comment. tourism potential. The street lighting Mr Ilyas Rajab Commission and Zanzibar Tourism in particular will help reduce crime Nassor; Mr Said Soud Tenants Association Commission and Tenants and improve safety. Said; Mr Hassan Association Ameir Vuai; Mr Mohammed Maulid Mussa Lela Hassan Community members June 2010 Written comment Ramadhan; Khadija Hakim Ali This is a positive project and the Community members Sebleni Community 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for this positive comment. community hope that it will improve Sebleni Community their environment, health and sanitation as their livelihood depends Suleiman Daud Community member June 2010 Written comment on the implementation of the ZUSP. The project has started at the correct Mr Aboubakar Said Sheha of Mpendae 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for your comment time and is supported by the Ward Ward Councillors and community because it would improve Community Leaders their lives significantly. (Sheha) This is an excellent project as it will Dr Salim Mohammed Institute for Marine 29 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for your comment improve the situation in Zanzibar. We Studies Institute for Marine Studies wish ZUSP and the entire project team success in its implementation. The upgrade project will make a Dr Jiddawi Institute for Marine 29 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The proposal is for the municipality to significant positive impact to people's Studies Institute for Marine Studies change their collection schedule to

Project 12574 3 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

lives, their health and the Asma Khalfani Ameir; Community members June 2010 Written Comment include regular collection of waste from environment, but the Municipality Nadya Said Khamis; waste points. must ensure that it is sustainable and Safia Ahmed Himidi well managed. For example, waste must be collected regularly, taking responsibility for assigning people to switch street lights on and off etc. The project is good and will create a Mr Mohamed Ahmed Community member June 2010 Written Comment Thank you for the comment; creating a clean and desirable environment. Jaye better environment is an objective of the study The project is welcome as long as it Mr Hassan Khalidi Aids Awareness February 2010 Written Comment This has been assessed and been will not interfere with people’s Hassan Committee determined that livelihoods will not be livelihoods. impacted Shaurimoyo residents welcome the Mr Salama Taibu ZUSP Ministry of February 2010 Written Comment Thank you for the comment; creating a project because it addresses flooding Environment better environment is an objective of the and spread of diseases. study 2. STORMWATER MANAGEMENT Most people use water from Muna Omar Ministry of State 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: This is one of the motivations for the boreholes. Stormwater contaminates Regional Department of Local implementation of the stormwater the potable water system during Administration and Government management system flooding. Local Government Flooding is worst during March/May, Muna Omar Ministry of State 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: It is hoped that the stormwater when houses are flooded people are Regional Department of Local management plan will alleviate some of moved to other areas and this leads Administration and Government the problems of flooding. to an increase in health related Local Government problems. Drainage systems are in place but Mr Ameir Ali Khatib Ministry of Finance 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The EMP will contain recommendations are not maintained and their capacity and Economic Affairs: Ministry of Finance and and mitigation measures to alleviate the is often exceeded. Most of the Department of Economic Affairs – maintenance and capacity constraints of drainage problems lie outside the Planning and Policy Department of Planning the drainage systems. Stone Town area but are likely to and Policy affect Stone Town.

Project 12574 4 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

People use stormwater channels to Mr Ameir Ali Khatib Ministry of Finance 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: This issue is addressed in the dispose waste. The market area in and Economic Affairs: Ministry of Finance and stormwater management component of Stone Town is of particular concern. Department of Economic Affairs – the proposed project; issues caused by Planning and Policy Department of Planning the disposal of waste in the stormwater and Policy channels are discussed (See Section 8.3) Flooding is a major problem and Omar Ali Mgombe; TTCL 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: It is envisaged that the stormwater proper stormwater drainage will Bahati Cosmas Ministry of Communication management plan will alleviate the improve the situation significantly. Msolwa; Waziri Nguvu and Transport: Tanzania problems of flooding. Hussein Nguvu Telecommunication Company Limited (TTCL) Jumas Jenga; Amina Community members June 2010 Written comment Faud Abas Flooding is a serious problem in the Community members Shaurimoyo 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: It is the intention of the ZUSP to Shaurimoyo area. The main causes Community Shaurimoyo Community alleviate some of the current of flooding are disposal of waste in environmental problems. Issues stormwater drains, farming/planting associated with disposal of waste in the banana plantations along the river – stormwater channels is considered in this blocks the water flow, and re- the ESIA. directs the water channels to residential areas near Chubuni. There is a problem with stormwater Mr Ameir Ali Khatib Ministry of Finance 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: This has been observed and has been eroding the foundations of buildings and Economic Affairs: Ministry of Finance and referred to in the hydrology and heritage in Stone Town. Department of Economic Affairs – studies of the ESIA Report (See Planning and Policy Department of Planning Sections 8.3 and 8.6) and Policy There is no sewer system in Zanzibar Hamza Makame CODECOZ 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: It is the intention of the ZUSP to City, the waste goes straight in the Omary CODECOZ alleviate some of the current drainage system. environmental problems in the area. The stormwater management component will consider the problems caused by the disposal of waste in the stormwater channels.

Project 12574 5 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

Rainwater/stormwater must be stored Thabiti Hlamisi; Zanzibar Electricity 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for this suggestion; also see for treatment and re-use. RafiiHaji Mtumwa; Cooperation Zanzibar Electricity comment from the ZWA. Lulu Stanley Corporation (ZECO) Dandarow It is suggested that all stormwater Community members Sebleni Community 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: This is what has been proposed; the drains should be channelled into the Sebleni Community water will discharge into the ocean ocean. through marine outfalls (pipes). Flooding has a major effect on Community members Sebleni; Bint Ampani; 27 – 29 January Focus Group Meetings: Thank you. It is hoped that the people’s lives therefore this project is Kwahani; Mangagoni 2010 Sebleni, Bint Ampani, stormwater management plan will very welcome. Flooding causes loss A; and Jangombe Kwahani, Mangagoni and alleviate the problems of flooding. of assets and livelihoods, causes Communities Jangombe Community damage to houses and structures, leaves people homeless and promotes the spread of diseases. Waste blocks up the drains and Community members Karakana Community 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: It is the intention of the ZUSP to prevents them from functioning as Karakana Community alleviate some of the current proper water channels. environmental problems. The stormwater management plans will consider the problems caused by the disposal of waste in the stormwater channels. Although the community was grateful Haji Lila Haji Councillor of 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The stormwater management at first for the past upgrade projects, Jang’ombe Ward Councillors and component of the proposed project will they now experience huge problems Community Leaders consider the challenges caused by the with flooding due to all the (Sheha) disposal of waste in the stormwater stormwater channels converging in channels. their area, which has an outlet channel that is too small and constantly blocked with waste. Will this new upgrade project rectify this problem?

Project 12574 6 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

This project should investigate closed Participant 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Final stormwater drain design is still stormwater channels as the open Ward Councillors and underway. Once ZUSP have finalised channels are difficult to maintain Community Leaders the design, all stakeholders will be since people use them to dispose (Sheha) madeawareof thedesignmeasures. their waste. Collection drains should be large Fatma Suleiman Councillor of Kwa Ali 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Final stormwater drain design is still enough to adequately handle all the Juma Nato Ward Councillors and underway. Once ZUSP have finalised water from the various feeder drains Community Leaders the design, all stakeholders will be because currently the drains are too (Sheha) madeawareof thedesignmeasures. small. Litter screens are important but they Fatma Suleiman Councillor of Kwa Ali 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The stormwater management should be cleaned regularly because Juma Nato Ward Councillors and component of the proposed project will blocked screens cause the channels Community Leaders consider the challenges caused by the to overflow. (Sheha) disposal of waste in the stormwater channels. The concrete slabs across drains Fatma Suleiman Councillor of Kwa Ali 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: should be carefully designed and Juma Nato Ward Councillors and maintained so that they do not break Community Leaders or cannot be removed as is currently (Sheha) Final stormwater drain design is still the case. underway. Once ZUSP have finalised the design, all stakeholders will be In the Mutukuja, Shaurimoyo and Participant Sheha of Mutukuja, 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: madeawareof thedesignmeasures. Chunguni areas some of the drains Shaurimoyo and Ward Councillors and are not properly designed because Chunguni Community Leaders the water flows back. (Sheha)

Project 12574 7 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

Stormwater drains are urgently Community members Bint Ampani 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Bint Thank you for your comment. required in the Bint Ampani Community Ampani Community Stormwater management is a key community and neighbouring component of the proposed project, and communities. Most parts of Bint this is substantial motivation for the Ampani that is Mpendae Jun, Bint implementation of a stormwater Amran and the valley areas are management system. severely affected by flooding. In some cases flooding results in people leaving their homes for the entire rainy season. Flooding also caused the death of a child in 2009. The stormwater drains should be Community members Bint Ampani 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Bint It is hoped that the stormwater wider than the existing ones to Community Ampani Community management plan that forms part of this prevent overflow during heavy rains. ESIA will alleviate the problems of flooding. The main causes of flooding in Community members Magogoni A 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for your comment. Magogoni are valley-based and Community Magogoni A Community Stormwater management is a key unplanned settlements and, either component of the proposed project, and too small channel drains or blocked this is substantial motivation for the drains. implementation of an improved stormwater management system. Community members are grateful to Community members Kwahani Community 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for your comment. the Municipality for the existing Kwahani Community channel drains as it helps to prevent serious floods. Poor urban planning and unplanned Community members Jangombe Community 29 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: This was an observation made by the settlements are major contributors to Jangombe Community ESIA project team; this project attempts the poor stormwater management to improve the existing situation. system. How far into the sea will the outfall Dr Salim Mohammed Institute for Marine 29 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Initial engineering indications are that be? Studies Institute for Marine Studies the sewer outfalls will discharge approximately 50 metres off the coast.

Project 12574 8 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

The drains should be covered so that Ali Salum Haji ZMC January 2010 Written Comment This will be considered by the engineers they remain clean. as part of the overall design with Sabra Said Nassor Community member June 2010 Written Comment reference to long term maintenance, cleaning, and safety. Stormwater management is very Ameir Ali Khatib Ministry of Finance 02 February 2010 Written Comment The proposed ZUSP will endeavour to important for improving the and Economic Affairs: remedy inadequate facilities and build environment and the health of the Department of on the knowledge of the communities, people. The stormwater system must Planning and Policy which will in turn help to curb disease be designed to flow directly into the and bad sanitation. sea. Stormwater should not be allowed to stand for long period in the system as this will increase the incidence of malaria. Stormwater management is the Sheha: Karakana and Karakana Community 26 May 2010 Open House: Karakana highest priority for the community at community member this stage and must be implemented as soon a possible to prevent the Shehe Mradi wa Huruma February 2010 Written Comment flooding problems currently being experienced. Should the project not be Salmah Abdallah Community member June 2010 Written Comment The ZUSP project is the direct response implemented, what will government to addressing these issues. The ESIA do to address the water pollution has been undertaken to assess the problems in Zanzibar. project and it has a great deal of support from all sectors of society. The drainage channel at Jangom’be Idrisa Ali Kirobo Community member June 2010 Written Comment Thanks for highlighting this issue; plans should be repaired because all the for rehabilitating existing systems are water from Kasim Ali drains through included in the ZUSP. this channel. The community has approached Jumas Jenga Community member June 2010 Written Comment Employment of workers has been government to rehabilitate the addressed in the EMP included in the Kwahani drainage channel and to ESIA. employ workers to maintain it on a regular basis.

Project 12574 9 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

3. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Waste management is a serious Community members Sebleni and Bint 27 – 28 January Focus Group Meetings: The ZUSP is committed to improving problem in the community. It causes Ampani Communities 2010 Sebleni and Bint Ampani quality of life for residents; setting up diseases such as cholera, fungal Communities and implementing waste collection will diseases and others. be a positive step in this direction. Poor waste management is a major Community members Mangagoni A 28 – 29 January Focus Group Meetings: concern in Magagoni. It causes many Community 2010 Mangagoni A and negative impacts, including the Jangombe Community Jangombe Communities spread of diseases. Community members have expectations that the Mr Haji Mussa Haji Social Welfare February 2010 Written Comment upgrade project will provide more Department Noted. Design measures have been waste collection sites, create specific recommended in the EMP and as soon waste disposal sites, and implement as ZUSP has finalised the finer details and enforce by-laws for waste of the waste management strategy, this management, environmental will be communicated to all management and sanitation. There stakeholders. should also be timely collection of refuse by the municipality and local communities should be mobilize and involved to ensure the sustainability of the project. The project should consider using Ali Salum Haji ZMC January 2010 Written Comment Trucks will be used to collect waste from plastic bags for solid waste waste collection points. The finer details collection, as well as trucks to collect of the waste management strategy, waste for disposal at waste sites. such as the use of plastic bags, are not finalised yet. The community leadership is Sheha: Karakana Karakana Community 26 May 2010 Open House: Karakana The support of the community through committed to ensuring that solid leadership will assist in making the waste is well managed in the project a success. Thank you. community and that people are educated to take responsibility for waste management.

Project 12574 10 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

3.1 Waste Collection The location of waste collection Mr Mzee Khamis Ministry of State 25 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: It is important that communities and points is selected in consultation and Juma Regional Ministry of State Regional municipalities reach agreement on the agreement with households and Administration and Administration and Local location of waste collection points. communities in close proximity. It is Local Government Government Dialogue on this aspect is sometimes very challenging to reach recommended in the ESIA studies. agreement with affected communities. In some instances, the municipality leaves the decision entirely up to the community. The monthly cost for solid waste Ameir Ali Khatib Ministry of Finance 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: It is envisaged that communities would collection is about 6000 Shillings, and Economic Affairs: Ministry of Finance and be more willing to contribute toward the but people do not want to pay for this Department of Economic Affairs – maintenance of infrastructure and service. Planning and Policy Department of Planning services if they see that the service and Policy functions effectively. Awareness creation and education on the benefits of efficient services has been raised as a necessity during public meetings. Most people do not want waste Mr Abdurrahman H Ministry of State 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: This is part of the consultation process collection slabs close to their houses, Mnoga Regional Department of Local and the ZUSP project team will take but these issues are best resolved by Administration and Government note of this comment during the final involving local leaders and affected Local Government design process; the plans and proposed community members. location of slabs are included in the Mr Yenu Shabaaani Social Welfare February 2010 Written Comment ESIA Report. Department Solid waste management is a major Ameir Ali Khatib Ministry of Finance 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Solid waste collection is one of the three problem and must be addressed. and Economic Affairs: Ministry of Finance and major project components of this Department of Economic Affairs – proposed project. Planning and Policy Department of Planning and Policy The project should also consider Fatma Makame Shaurimoyo 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The collection of solid waste from constructing sewer drains and Halessin Community Shaurimoyo Community collection points, forms part of this ESIA providing trucks to collect solid waste but sewage systems are not. from collection points.

Project 12574 11 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

A major issue is that the Municipality Community members Shaurimoyo 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The current project is investigating the does collect solid waste in general, Community Shaurimoyo Community possibility of the municipality changing except from the Saantana waste site. their collection schedule to include regular collection of waste. The Municipality needs to provide Said Alawi Hassan Kwahani Development 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: more trucks and skips for waste Committee / Urban Kwahani Development collection and bins for each house. West Civil Society Committee / Urban West Organisation Civil Society Organisation The operational requirements of the Mr Riziki Muombwa Community member February 2010 Written Comment project will be investigated and Simai; Ms Fatima addressed by the ZUSP team. Bakari Mohammed Mr Muna O Said Social Welfare February 2010 Written Comment Department Why does the municipality only Community members Karakana Community 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The proposal is for the municipality to collect waste once in two to three Karakana Community change their collection schedule to months? include regular collection of waste from waste points. The existing waste collection Community members Karakana Community 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Existing waste slabs will be upgraded concrete slabs are too small and this Karakana Community and the recommendation has been is made worse by the fact that the made for the municipality to change Municipality does not collect the their collection schedule to include waste regularly. regular collection of waste from waste points. For this project to work, the Mr Ibrahim Muhajir JUMAKA 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you, it is the intention of the municipality should ensure regular Kadir JUMAKA ZUSP to work waste collection collection of waste from the identified programs into the implementation phase collection points. of the project. There is a concern that the Ali Mussa ZASOSE 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The proposal is for the municipality to Municipality does not collect waste Hassan Ali Kombo ZASOSE change their collection schedule to regularly and that it is usually include regular collection of waste from children’s responsibility to dispose of waste points. waste, which is not always done correctly.

Project 12574 12 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

The municipality should use closed Aboubakar Said Sheha of Mpendae 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Comment noted. Design measures have wastecollectiontrucksinfutureas Ward Ward Councillors and been recommended in the EMP and as the current open trucks spill waste on Community Leaders soon as ZUSP have finalised the finer roads etc. (Sheha) details of the waste management strategy, this will be communicated to all stakeholders. Whyaretheresofewsolidwaste Bakari Makame Sheha of Karakana 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Solid waste management is a key collection points in the Karakana Omari Ward Councillors and component of the project, and additional area, when diseases such as cholera Community Leaders collection sites should assist with the are already rife there? (Sheha) reduction of related diseases such as cholera. The concrete slab waste collection Fatma Suleiman Councillor of Kwa Ali 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The waste collection slab placement points should be well designed so Juma Nato Ward Coucillors and and the management thereof will be that they do not crack and cause Community Leaders identified through the ESIA process. leaching into the groundwater. (Sheha) Separate waste collection bins and Community members Mangagoni A and 28-29 January Focus Group Meetings: Although this does not form part of this skips must be provided to encourage Jangombe Community 2010 Mangagoni A and ESIA scope of work, the option of separation and possibly recycling of Jangombe Communities continued recycling will need to be waste. investigated by the proponent. It is suggested that solid waste from Participant Zanzibar Municipal 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for the suggestion. Design households be put into plastic bags Ward Councillors and Ward Councillors and measures have been recommended in before being disposed in solid waste Shehas Community Leaders the EMP and as soon as ZUSP has bins. This will help with the waste (Sheha) finalised the finer details of the waste collection and prevent waste being management strategy, this will be washed out of the bins during heavy communicated to all stakeholders. rainfall.

Project 12574 13 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

Uncollected waste at waste collection Ameir Ali Khatib Ministry of Finance 02 February 2010 Written Comment The proposed ZUSP will endeavour to stations makes its way into streets and Economic Affairs: remedy inadequate facilities and build and contaminates water, blocks Department of on the knowledge of the communities, drains and poses a serious health Planning and Policy which will in turn help to curb disease hazard in terms of spreading and bad sanitation. In addition, the diseases such as cholera, diarrhoea proposal is for the municipality to etc. change their collection schedule to include regular collection of waste from waste points. The community prefers to have Community member Jangombe Community 26 May 2010 Open House: Jang’ombe Thank you for the comment; slabs do concrete waste collection slabs Community make use and collection easier and this rather than skips since these are too has been addressed in the design report high and get full too quickly. Waste for the solid waste collection system. bins will not work either. The municipality does not collect Community member Jangombe Community 26 May 2010 Open House: Jang’ombe This is an issue that has been waste regularly therefore the Community addressed in the ESIA and EMP. community would like the municipality to provide them with a waste collection truck. The municipality should consider Community member Shaurimoyo/ 26 May 2010 Open House Shaurimoyo/ The type and use of waste collection other types of waste collection Makadara Community Makadara Community: containers has been assessed in the containers because skips are too solid waste report that was undertaken high for children, who are in most by MMK Project Services Ltd for the cases responsible for discarding of ZUSP project. They have chosen household waste. optimum designs appropriate to the Zanzibar environment; their studies included a review of systems used throughout the world (in similar conditions) Small solid waste bins should be Community member Shaurimoyo/ 26 May 2010 Open House Shaurimoyo/ The placement of collection sites was placed along streets in the area. Makadara Community Makadara Community: part of the study undertaken by specialists who have proposed sites that are convenient to users.

Project 12574 14 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

The solid waste collection point at Community member Kwahani Community 27 May 2010 Open House: Kwahani Screens have been proposed in the Kibanda Hatari should be surrounded Community ESIA report – to reduce the visual by a wall and screens to prevent the impact and reduce the scattering of waste from being washed away from litter. the collection point by rainwater. Wind scatters litter at the waste Community member Kwahani Community 27 May 2010 Open House: Kwahani As above. collection points therefore screens Community should be provided around waste collection points. There are too few solid waste Community member Sebleni Community 27 May 2010 Open House: Sebleni The placement of collection sites was collection points, waste collection part of the study undertaken by slabs, and skips in the Sebleni area. specialists who have proposed sites that The municipality should also consider are convenient to users. You have providing bins to each home. raised a good point about bins being provided to homes; the ZMC will be receiving this report and so will receive your comment. The municipality must develop a Community members Sebleni and Magagoni 27 May 2010 Open Houses: Sebleni and This is part of the planned system and schedule to collect waste regularly Communities Magagoni should be implemented. and also ensure that the schedule is implemented strictly. The municipality must provide more Community member Sebleni Community 27 May 2010 Open House: Sebleni Thanks for the comment; this is an waste collections trucks and PPE for important issue and will be included in waste collection workers. the EMP. Many people are not in favour the Community member Sebleni Community 27 May 2010 Open House: Sebleni Thank you for the comment; slabs do concrete waste slabs because waste make use and collection easier and this placed on these slabs is not collected has been addressed in the design report regularly and is scattered causing for the solid waste collection system. environmental and health problems. Collection will be improved as the project is implemented.

Project 12574 15 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

The lack of a proper solid waste Community member Sebleni Community 27 May 2010 Open House: Sebleni Thank you for the comment and the collection system is a major concern importance of waste management has to local communities. The ZMC must been acknowledged and is the reason interact closely with the Sebleni for implementing the project. An community to understand the awareness programme has been magnitude of the problem. proposed to raise community awareness. There are currently no solid waste Community member Magagoni Community 27 May 2010 Open House: Magagoni The locations of collection points have collection facilities in Magagoni (no been selected in the specialist solid metal skips, containers or concrete waste management strategy report. slabs). Will the project change this? The Kidatu, Kibuanda cha Rosha areas are suitable for waste collection. It is best for waste collection to take Community member Mpendae/ Magomeni 27 May 2010 Open House: Magagoni The routines for waste collection will be place during the night. Community28 May determined by the ZMC. 2010 Open House: Mpendae/ Magomeni 3.2 Waste Disposal Why is this project not covering the Mr Ghalib Omar DepartmentofSurvey 25 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: waste disposal sites? Proper, well Awadh and Urban Planning Department of Survey and managed solid waste disposal sites Urban Planning are required. MrAminaFaudAbas Community member June 2010 Written Comment Kikundi Group Shaurimoyo The waste disposal sites will form part Community of another ESIA which will involve a site selection process. Mr Bishara Nshenga Mradi wa Tupendane February 2010 Written Comment Khamis Mr Hawa Omar Juma Mradi wa Tubadilike February 2010 Written Comment Mr Chida Juma Faki Mradi wa Sisi Kwa Sisi February 2010 Written Comment

Project 12574 16 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

There is no specific system for refuse Community members Shaurimoyo 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: One of the objectives of the project is to disposal. Some people use plastic Community Shaurimoyo Community formalise solid waste collection; bags, containers, and other means to establishing collection points and having dispose waste outside their home or regular waste collection should alleviate on the road. People in the area some of the issues raised. It is hoped should be encouraged to send their that communities will support the solid waste to the Saantana or objectives and endeavours of the ZUSP Makadara waste sites, which ever of in this regard. the sites is closest to their area. Solid waste disposal is of concern Ms Rukia Masheko Zanzibar Water 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Solid waste disposal sites are outside because the old waste site is almost Authority Zanzibar Water Authority the scope of this ESIA. full and this project only focuses on solid waste collection. Leaching from landfill is a major concern. Waste disposal is of concern. Is there Thabiti Hlamisi; Zanzibar Electricity 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Solid waste disposal is not part of this potential for composting? RafiiHaji Mtumwa; Corporation ZECO project: however, this comment will be Lulu Stanley put forward to the ZUSP team for Dandarow consideration. It is suggested that there should be Community members Sebleni Community 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Sebleni is at the centre of the study area at least four waste disposal sites at Sebleni Community and as a result forms a major Sebleni and that the waste collection component of the infrastructure system should be vastly improved. upgrade. The ZUSP is committed to the upgrading of the current waste collection system. It is suggested that there should be 5 Community members Karakana Community 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for the suggestion. The waste disposal sites, that is, one for Karakana Community current proposed sites are indicated in every two zones. the maps in the ESIA Report. Mpendae has more than 3 000 Community members Bint Ampani 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Bint As part of Phase 1, only one waste households and only one official Community Ampani Community disposal site has been confirmed for the waste disposal site. It is suggested area of Mpendae. More waste disposal that there should be at least 4 waste sites may be proposed in the immediate sites in the area. area for the future phases of the development.

Project 12574 17 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

There are no official waste disposal Community members Magogoni A 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Waste disposal sites that are included in sites at Magogoni. Community Magogoni A Community the Phase 1 development have been assessed as part of this ESIA. Existing waste disposal sites are far Community members Jangombe Community 29 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Existing waste collection sites will be from the community and therefore Jangombe Community upgraded as well as the construction of are not used. new waste collection sites. Refer to the ESIA report for figures showing the proposed new waste collection sites. How is medical waste being disposed Mr Ameir Ali Khatib Ministry of Finance 02 February 2010 Written Comment This is outside of the scope of this of currently. Surely, the upgrade and Economic Affairs: project; the collection points are for project will give special consideration Department of general (household) waste only. to disposal of medical waste. Planning and Policy Agricultural crops producers (usually Mr Ameir Ali Khatib Ministry of Finance 02 February 2010 Written Comment These containers could end up in the from rural areas) sell their products in and Economic Affairs: stormwater drains and get discharged containers made of coconut palm Department of into the ocean along with other waste leaves (pakacha in Swahili), sisal or Planning and Policy. and litter. The stormwater management plastic bags. The project also needs engineering designs will incorporate to consider how the customers litter traps to prevent discharge to the (usually in towns) dispose of these ocean. containers? 4 STREET LIGHTING It is suggested that the upgraded Mr Mzee Khamis Ministry of State 25 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: ThedesignmeasuresintheEMPdo street lighting in Stone Town be Juma Regional Ministry of State Regional recommend using existing designs. similar to the already upgraded ones. Administration and Administration and Local Local Government Government Consultation on street lighting should Mr Ghalib Omar DepartmentofSurvey 25 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Golder was appointed to assess street not be limited to Stonetown as street Awadh; Mr Mzee and Urban Planning Department of Survey and lighting in Stone Town only. lights in other areas will also be Khamis Juma Urban Planning upgraded. It is suggested that the upgraded Mr Mzee Khamis Ministry of State 25 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: ThedesignmeasuresintheEMPdo street lighting in Stone Town be Juma Regional Ministry of State Regional recommend using existing designs. similar to the already upgraded ones. Administration and Administration and Local Local Government Government

Project 12574 18 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

Consultation on street lighting should Mr Ghalib Omar DepartmentofSurvey 25 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Golder was appointed to assess street not be limited to Stonetown as street Awadh; and Urban Planning Department of Survey and lighting in Stone Town only. lights in other areas will also be Mr Mzee Khamis Urban Planning upgraded. Juma This project is welcome but the street Mr Yakouh Ali Shaurimoyo 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Street lighting outside of Stone Town is lighting component should be Community Shaurimoyo Community not part of the Scope of Work of this extended to streets in Shaurimoya, project and thus, Golder is unable to this will reduce crime in the area. Mr Zaina Juma Kwa Usalama wetu February 2010 Written Comment comment. Khamis The installation of street lights in Mr Ameir Ali Khatib Ministry of Finance 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Whilst the lighting of the streets in Stone Stone town is very timely and and Economic Affairs: Ministry of Finance and Town is essential, the Heritage Impact welcome as darkness is conducive to Department of Economic Affairs – Study will make recommendations on all sorts of crime. The project should Planning and Policy Department of Planning maintaining the character of Stone however maintain the character of and Policy Town in its capacity as a World Heritage Stone Town as far as possible. This Town. will improve tourism, which is MrAminaFaudAbas; Community members June 2010 Written Comment important for the economy of Mr Asma Khalfani Zanzibar. Ameir The current capacity of the electricity Mr Thabiti Hlamisi; Zanzibar Electricity 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for this information. cable from the mainland is 45 Mr RafiiHaji Mtumwa; Corporation ZECO MegaWatts (MW). The new cable Mr Lulu Stanley which will be available from 2013 to Dandarow about 2025 will have a 100MW capacity. Our concern is who is going to pay Mr Thabiti Hlamisi; Zanzibar Electricity 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The costs of street lighting will be for street lighting, the Ministry of Mr RafiiHaji Mtumwa; Corporation ZECO addressed by the ZUSP team and the Tourism or the Municipality? Lack of Mr Lulu Stanley Municipality during final project design. payment for services is already a Dandarow major concern and increasing street lighting will make the payment issue worse. It will become a major burden to ZECO and as a result make the project unsustainable.

Project 12574 19 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

Will the street lighting outside of the Mr Thabiti Hlamisi; Zanzibar Electricity 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The present ESIA only deals with street Stone Town area also be upgraded? Mr RafiiHaji Mtumwa; Corporation ZECO lighting in Stone Town. Mr Lulu Stanley Dandarow Will there be street lighting upgrades Mr Amour Mtumwa; Zanzibar Tourism 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: This does not form part of this ESIA for areas outside Stonetown? Mr lyas Rajab Nassor; Commission and Zanzibar Tourism Scope of Work. Mr Said Soud Said; Tenants Association Commission and Tenants Mr Hassan Ameir Association Vuai; Mr Mohammed Maulid Mussa Street lighting should be free Mr Bakari Makame Sheha of Karakana 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for the suggestion. Design standing and not fixed on houses Omari Ward Councillors and measures have been recommended in because of the inconvenience Community Leaders the EMP and as soon as ZUSP has caused should the owner want to (Sheha) finalised the design of the street lighting, renovate the house. this will be communicated to all stakeholders. The project should seriously consider Mr Thabiti Hlamisi; Zanzibar Electricity 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: using solar energy for street lighting Mr RafiiHaji Mtumwa; Corporation ZECO and Golder should advise ZUSP on Mr Lulu Stanley how to deal with this. Dandarow The present ESIA only deals with street lighting in Stone Town but further The street light project should be Mr Aboubakar Said Sheha of Mpendae 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: projects will follow in due course. extended to the Ng’ambo area. Ward Ward Councillors and The use of solar energy for street Community Leaders lighting has been reviewed by the Visual (Sheha) Impact Specialist (who also has Stone town is no longer the only Participant Zanzibar Municipal 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: expertise in sustainable development tourist attraction in Zanzibar. The Ward Councillors and Ward Councillors and and green buildings). Although solar municipality should also consider Shehas Community Leaders power seems like a sustainable solution, providing and upgrading the street (Sheha) the cost of installation, maintenance and lighting in other areas of Zanzibar fear of vandalism results in it currently City. being an unfavourable option. Street lighting is required along all Community members Bint Ampani 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Bint roads, not only main roads. Community Ampani Community

Project 12574 20 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

Suggestions for enhanced benefits of MrRafiiHajiMtumwa Zanzibar Electricity January 2010 Written Comment the proposed project are that solar Corporation (ZECO) energy, instead of electricity from the national grid should be used for street lighting. This will reduce the power supply load on the Zanzibar Electricity Corporation (ZECO) and make efficient use of available natural resources. The street lighting in Sebleni must Community member Sebleni Community 27 May 2010 Open House: Sebleni also be upgraded. Are there any plans for street lighting Community member Magagoni Community 27 May 2010 Open House: Magagoni The layout and locations of street lights in Magagoni? has been part of the work undertaken by Electriplan (T) Ltd. There should be continual Ms Tahiya Abdalla Social Welfare February 2010 Written Comment This is an important task that is maintenance and upkeep of street Hussein; Department essential for the success of the project; lights after implementation of the Mr Haji Mussa Haji; the ZMC are aware of this. project. Mr Saada A Abdi 5. HERITAGE

Buildings in the Forodhani and Mr Ameir Ali Khatib Ministry of Finance 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The rehabilitation of buildings within Mamzi areas are in poor condition and Economic Affairs: Ministry of Finance and Stone town or indeed the World and many are unstable. Zanzibar has Department of Economic Affairs – Heritage City buffer area does not form an overall plan to maintain its Planning and Policy Department of Planning part of this ESIA scope of work. The heritage but most buildings in Stone and Policy Stone Town Conservation & Town are privately owned and are Development Authority would need to therefore the responsibility of be consulted with regard to the individual owners to upgrade, most of restoration of buildings with the area. whom do not have capacity to follow the strict design requirements and procedures to rehabilitate buildings in a World Heritage Area.

Project 12574 21 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

6 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

It is proposed that the existing Mr Mussa Bakari Ministry of water, 25 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The only existing EMP is a draft that will approved Environmental construction, energy Ministry of water, be submitted to authorities in Management Plan (EMP) for the and lands: Stone construction, energy and conjunction with the ESIA documents proposed project components be Town Conservation lands: Stone Town for approval and decision-making. An incorporated into the ESIA. However, and Development Conservation and EMP is a “living” document and is there may be some issues that were Authority Development Authority updated periodically as a project not adequately covered that will have develops; this is common practice and tobere-workedtobeinlinewiththe takes place when there are changes to current project scope. a project or when the need arises.

The Municipality must ensure that it Ms Muna Omar Ministry of State 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: An EMP is a legal document and will upholds its commitments to the Regional Department of Local only be compiled after inputs of all Environmental Management Plan – Administration and Government stakeholders into the ESIA process to achieve this, the authorities and Local Government have been considered. communities must be involved.

Regular cleaning and maintenance of Community members Bint Ampani 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Bint Roles and responsibilities have been channel drains and provision of Community Ampani Community recommended throughout the EMP. waste collection containers will assist to improve the current situation and must form part of the ZMC’s commitments..

The existing channel drains are Community members Kwahani Community 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Noted. As part of the EMP, currently poorly managed and Kwahani Community recommendations will be made for the maintained. regular maintenance of the stormwater drains.

Project 12574 22 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

The municipality does not collect Community members Kwahani Community 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for your comment. As part of wasteregularly.Insomeareaslike Kwahani Community the EMP, recommendations will be Uwanja wa Farasi there are no slabs made for the regular maintenance of the or waste collection bins. This causes stormwater drains. Stormwater waste to be scattered. This blocks management is a key component of the channel drains and results in proposed project, and this is substantial flooding. motivation for the implementation of a stormwater management system.

The responsible authorities must Community members Magogoni A 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The EMP is a law binding document ensure that the construction and Community Magogoni A Community between the proponent and the implementation of the project is authority. Therefore ongoing monitoring monitored on an ongoing basis. is required as prescribed in the EMP.

What are the objectives of this Ms Assia Salum Mpende Community 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: These are explained in the ESIA Report, project in terms of the environmental Hamad Mpende Community please refer to Chapter 2 of the Draft management aspects? ESIA Report.

A thorough assessment of the Community members Jangombe Community 29 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Noted. The ESIA assesses the initial channel drains and their routes must Jangombe Community designs of the routes. Final routes will be conducted before starting need to be investigated in further detail construction for this upgrade project. by the project engineers. This has been recommended in the EMP.

7. HEALTH AND SAFETY

The upgrade project is crucial since Ghalib Omar Awadh DepartmentofSurvey 25 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The Zanzibar Urban Services Project is health and pollution related problems and Urban Planning Department of Survey and committed to the upgrading of the result from the current waste Urban Planning current waste management system; this management system. study concentrates on the waste Mr Nadya Said Community member June 2010 Written Comment collection system only for the project Khamis area.

Project 12574 23 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

Bridges or paths should be Community members Shaurimoyo 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The details of the stormwater constructed across open channels to Community Shaurimoyo Community management design are yet to be enable children, the elderly and the finalised, but community needs and disabled to cross over safely. health and safety will be taken into account in the final design after consultation with the affected stakeholders.

A successful malaria control program Ms Muna Omar Ministry of State 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for this information. With the has been implemented in Zanzibar Regional Department of Local reduction of flooded areas, it is believed City. It focuses on distribution of nets Administration and Government the area for mosquitoes to breed will be and spraying. This has significantly Local Government reduced and thus hopefully cause a reduced the incidence of malaria. decline in the incidence of malaria.

The current poor health situation can Ms Muna Omar Ministry of State 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The ZUSP should alleviate some of the be improved if people have access to Regional Department of Local current environmental challenges in safe water, and a clean environment. Administration and Government Zanzibar; this is part of the project Local Government motivation.

During the construction phase, road Community members Shaurimoyo 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Mitigation measures to be implemented signs and warning signs should be Community Shaurimoyo Community during the construction phase have erected to ensure safety of residents been included as part of the EMP. and other road users.

Concern that uncovered stormwater Mr Amour Mtumwa; Zanzibar Tourism 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: drains pose a safety hazard to Mr Ilyas Rajab Commission and Zanzibar Tourism people as they have no safe Nassor; Tenants Association Commission and Tenants crossings. Mr Said Soud Said; Association This concern has been addressed and Consideration must therefore be Mr Hassan Ameir suitable mitigation measures proposed given to installing closed drains. Vuai; in the EMP. Mr Mohammed Community member 27 May 2010 Open House: Magagoni Maulid Mussa

Omal Said Ngagi Community member June 2010 Written Comment

Project 12574 24 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

Mr Yenu Shabaani Social Welfare February 2010 Written Comment Department

Poor waste management contributes Community members Karakana Community 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The proposed ZUSP will endeavour to to health and sanitation problems. Karakana Community remedy inadequate facilities and build on the knowledge of the communities, which will in turn help to curb disease and bad sanitation.

The project should also investigate Mr Riziki Muumbwa Sebleni Community 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The incidence of theft is outside the ways to curb the increasing incidence Simai Sebleni Community scope of work of the ESIA, however the of theft in Sebleni. Social Impact Assessment considers the potential of crime increase in relation to the proposed project, and suggest measures to mitigate this (See section 8.4 of the ESIA Report).

Poor or no street lighting increases Mr Said Alawi Hassan Kwahani Development 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The SIA study mentions that an the incidence of pedestrian and Committee / Urban Kwahani Development improvement in street lighting in Stone cyclist accidents. West Civil Society Committee / Urban West Town will decrease pedestrian and Organisation Civil Society Organisation cyclist accidents.

The Sheha’s leadership in organizing Community members Karakana Community 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for this comment. a traditional security committee to Karakana Community manage security in the area is much appreciated.

During construction of channel Community members Sebleni Community 27 – 29 January Focus Group Meetings: Mitigation measures to be implemented drains, safe crossings must be Bint Ampani, Kwahani, 2010 Bint Ampani, Kwahani, during the construction phase have provided for children, the disabled Magagoni A and Magagoni A and been included as part of the EMP. and the elderly. Jangombe Jangombe Communities Communities

Project 12574 25 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

Street lighting will improve safety and Community members Magogoni A 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for your comment. security in the area, especially in the Community 27 May 2010 Magogoni A Community Kidatu area. Open House: Magagoni

This project is welcome because it Mr Ali Mussa; ZASOSE – Zanzibar 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: will assist to prevent diseases such Mr Hassan Ali Kombo Society for ZASOSE as malaria and cholera. Sustainable Environment

Mr Asha A Bahani Agriculture Zanzibar February 2010 Written Comment The ZUSP is committed to improving quality of life for residents; setting up Mr Makame A Community member February 2010 Written Comment and implementing waste collection and Machano upgrading stormwater drains to alleviate Mr Budru Mussa Mradi wa Huruma February 2010 Written Comment flooding will be a positive step in this Omal direction.

Ms Leila Ahmada Community member February 2010 Written Comment

Mr Hassan Khalidi Aids Awareness February 2010 Written Comment Hassan

Existing health committees and Community members Bint Ampani and 28 – 29 January Focus Group Meetings: Community and NGO involvement is an volunteers should be supported with Jangombe 2010 Bint Ampani and important component of the project and equipment like gloves, wheelbarrows Communities Jangombe Community ZUSP may be willing to consider and payment for their services. supporting initiatives that contribute to the sustainability and success of the project.

Project 12574 26 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

The general cleanliness and Mr Ameir Ali Khatib Ministry of Finance 02 February 2010 Written Comment The proposed ZUSP will endeavour to appearance of solid waste collection and Economic Affairs: remedy inadequate facilities and build stations is of concern and must be Department of on the knowledge of the communities, improved significantly by the upgrade Planning and Policy which will in turn help to curb disease project. The current situation impacts and bad sanitation. negatively on people’s health.

Drains should be closed using Community member Jangombe Community 26 May 2010 Open House: Jang’ombe concrete slabs to ensure safety. Community

Mr Saada A Abdi Social Welfare February 2010 Written comment Department

Open channel drains should have Community members Shaurimoyo/ 26 – 27 May 2010 Open House: Shaurimoyo/ concrete slabs at regular intervals to Makadara and Makadara and Kwahani allow people to cross over safely. Kwahani Communities Communities

Project 12574 27 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

Malaria is a problem in Kwahani Community members Kwahani Community 27 May 2010 Open House: Kwahani The stormwater drainage system will because of the standing water. The Community reduce the amount of water standing in municipality should spray the area. the area and rainfall should be discharged more rapidly. This comment will be received by the ZMC as part of the ESIA.

Drainage channels should be flushed Mr Yenu Shabaani Social Welfare February 2010 Written Comment Maintenance will be undertaken and this out regularly to prevent mosquitos Department is included in the EMP. breeding in the stagnant water.

There should also be reference office Ms Fatma Abubakari HIV/Aids Education February 2010 Written Comment This is addressed in the design reports to oversee the management of the Ali and ESIA/EMP. stormwater drainage system, solid waste collection and disposal of dirty water.

8. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ISSUES

The majority of the residents are Community members Shaurimoyo 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Community and NGO involvement is an unable to pay for services, but are Community Shaurimoyo Community important component of the project. The willing to participate by contributing in ZUSP team will take note of the terms of providing labour for suggestion. construction etc.

Flooding has a major impact on the Community members Shaurimoyo 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: One objective of the project is to community. These include: water- Community Shaurimoyo Community alleviate the problems associated with logged homes, loss of livestock, food flooding and this will in turn assist crops and furniture, pit lavatories towards alleviating the associated overflowing, insecurity due to loss of impacts of flooding. accommodation, spread of diseases like typhoid, cholera, malaria and diarrhoea.

Project 12574 28 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

8.1 Employment and training

Local labour employed for Mr Omar Ali Mgombe; TTCL 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: This will be the case throughout the construction must work under Mr Bahati Cosmas; Ministry of Communication construction period. supervision. Mr Msolwa; and Transport – TTCL Mr Waziri Nguvu; Hussein Nguvu

During the project, the local Community members Sebleni Community 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: population should be given first Sebleni Community priority for training and employment Mr Rehema Khalidi Farmer February 2010 Written Comment as technicians and other skilled Abdala positions, so that they can understand issues like advantages Mr Digayo Aliy Community member February 2010 Written Comment and disadvantages of trenches. This Abdallwa Mruguru will improve the unemployment situation. The ZUSP will endeavour to use local Labour from local communities Community members Sebleni Community 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: labour as far as possible during project should be employed during project Sebleni Community construction and implementation. implementation, in their specific Employment recommendations have Mr Ameir M Mwinyi Community member February 2010 Written Comment areas. been made in the EMP. Mr Ramadhani Salum Community member February 2010 Written Comment Ally Kapera

Mr Sheha Khamis Community member June 2010 Written Comment Rashid

The project will at least help to Mr Ali Mussa; ZASOSE 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: alleviate some of the unemployment Mr Hassan Ali Kombo ZASOSE issues.

Project 12574 29 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

The Municipality should use local Participant 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: community members to undertake Ward Councillors and trenching for underground cables and Community Leaders other manual construction work. (Sheha)

The community would like to be Community members Bint Ampani, Kwahani, 28 – 29 January Focus Group Meetings: employed during the construction Mangagoni A and 2010 Bint Ampani, Kwahani, phase of the project so that they can Jangombe Mangagoni A and benefit and already develop an Communities Jangombe Communities ownership mentality for the project.

During project implementation, local Community members Magogoni A 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: communities, especially the youth Community Magogoni A Community should be given priority for Mr Ali Hassan Community members June 2010 Written Comment employment opportunities. Mjombo and Fatma Mbarouk Rashid Mr Shoka Ali Makame

Electrical engineering graduates from Mr Ali Mussa; ZASOSE 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Employment recommendations have the technical college should be Mr Hassan Ali Kombo ZASOSE been made in the EMP. employed on this project.

People from the Sebleni area should Community member Sebleni Community 27 May 2010 Open House: Sebleni TheZMCwillhaveanemployment be given first priority for construction policy. jobs in their area. However, for specialised jobs local and outside experts must be employed.

Will people from Magagoni be Community member Magagoni Community 27 May 2010 Open House: Magagoni TheZMCwillhaveanemployment employed during the construction policy phase of the project in their area?

Project 12574 30 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

8.2 Awareness creation and education

People need to be educated not to Mr Muna Omar Ministry of State 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for this comment and build on the waste collection slabs. Regional Department of Local highlighting a potential issue. The waste Administration and Government collection slab placement and the Local Government management will be the responsibility of the municipality to ensure that people do not build on waste collection slabs.

People sometimes use the concrete Mr Abdurrahman H Ministry of State 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The waste collection slab placement waste collection slabs to extend their Mnoga Regional Department of Local and the management will be part of the houses and must be educated to Administration and Government design and development process; the stop this practice. Local Government slab will be managed by the municipality and it is not envisaged that there will be opportunity for illegal construction to take place. There is an urgent need for Mr Ameir Ali Khatib Ministry of Finance 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: awareness and education of and Economic Affairs: Ministry of Finance and communities. Should the project be Department of Economic Affairs – implemented it must be preceded by Planning and Policy Department of Planning community awareness and education and Policy programmes to educate people, Community awareness and education including learners and students, Mr Nadya Said Community member June 2010 Written Comment has surfaced as an important about the use and maintenance of all Khamis component of the project and this components of the project as well as Mr Asma Khalfani sentiment was raised on numerous the need to pay fees for services. Ameir occasions throughout the public Mr Rahma Ali Juma consultation meetings held in Zanzibar in January 2010. ZUSP will consider an An awareness campaign is needed Mr Ameir Ali Khatib Ministry of Finance 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: education and awareness program as to education people to understand and Economic Affairs: Ministry of Finance and part of the implementation of this the consequences of poor waste Department of Economic Affairs – project. management and to show them the Planning and Policy Department of Planning benefits of taking ownership to and Policy ensure the sustainability of the upgrade project, The campaign must Mr Saita Issa Boi Community member February 2010 Written Comment be aimed at changing people’s Mr Ramla Oman Ali

Project 12574 31 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

mindsets and also focus on health Ms Fatma Abubakari HIV/Aids Education February 2010 Written Comment education for children at all levels. Ali Community members indicated that Community members Shaurimoyo 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: many residents dispose of their Community Shaurimoyo Community waste just outside their homes or in streams at night, and that these people need to be educated. Once the project is implemented, it is Mr Abdurrahman H Ministry of State 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: not likely to be sustainable unless Mnoga Regional Department of Local much effort is put into awareness and Administration and Government education of the community to take Local Government ownership of the project. Government should commit to an Mr Thuwaiba Kassim Community member June 2010 Written Comment ongoing awareness programme to Mussa ensure the sustainability of the Mr Khamis Hassan project. Khamis The people of Zanzibar need to be Mr Muna Omar Ministry of State 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: educated about waste management Regional Department of Local and hygiene because if the project is Administration and Government implemented without education and Local Government awareness, it will not be sustainable.

Communities must be educated Mr Moh’d Mbaya Ali Sebleni Community 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Community awareness and education about the environment and how to Sebleni Community has surfaced as an important keep it clean and conserve it for component of the project and this future generations. sentiment was raised on numerous

Project 12574 32 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

Education and awareness campaigns Mr Amour Mtumwa; Zanzibar Tourism 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: occasions throughout the public are an extremely important Mr Ilyas Rajab; Commission and Zanzibar Tourism consultation meetings held in Zanzibar component of this project. Mr Nassor; Tenants Association Commission and Tenants in January 2010. ZUSP will consider an education and awareness program as Mr Said Soud Said; Association part of the implementation of this Mr Hassan Ameir project. Vuai; Mr Mohammed Maulid Mussa

Raising awareness and educating Mr Ali Mussa: ZASOSE 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: communities about environment Mr Hassan Ali Kombo ZASOSE issues through focus group discussions works well.

A community awareness campaign Participant Sheha of Mutukuja, 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: must be undertaken to ensure that Shaurimoyo and Ward Councillors and people are educated on all aspects of Chunguni Community Leaders upgrade project. The community (Sheha) must also be engaged on an ongoing basis to ensure their ownership of the project. If this does not happen the project will not be sustainable.

Some people are careless in the way Community members Bint Ampani 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Bint that they dispose of their refuse and Community Ampani Community do not use the designated waste collection points.

A community awareness and Community members Bint Ampani, Kwahani, 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meetings: Community awareness and education education campaign on health, Mangagoni A and Bint Ampani, Kwahani, has surfaced as an important environmental aspects, waste Jangombe Mangagoni A and component of the project and this management and sanitation is Communities Jangombe Communities sentiment was raised on numerous

Project 12574 33 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

essential for this project to be Mr Mwatima Abdulla Community member February 2010 Written Comment occasions throughout the public sustainable. Juma consultation meetings held in Zanzibar in January 2010. ZUSP will consider an There were several attempts to Dr Salim Mohammed Institute for Marine 29 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: education and awareness program as improve the solid waste management Studies Institute for Marine Studies part of the implementation of this system but they were not successful Mr Idrisa Hassan Community member February 2010 Written Comment project. due to a lack of public “ownership”. Tongoa A public awareness and education programme is absolutely critical in ensuring successful implementation and sustainability of a project of this nature.

A community awareness and Mr Ali Salum Haji Zanzibar Municipal January 2010 Written Comment education programme must be Council (ZMC) conducted before implementation of this upgrade project to ensure that the project is sustainable. Local Community Based Capt Hamza Makame CODECOZ 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The Involvement of all stakeholders is Organisations and NGOs should be Omary CODECOZ crucial to the success of the project. The involved in environmental education possibility of using the services of CBOs programs. and NGOs has been put forward to the ZUSP and ZMC for consideration. The government should impose Mr Mtumwa Makame Sebleni Community 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Collection of waste is integral to the penalties or fines on those who Mzee Sebleni Community success of the project. Such a project it pollute the environment. often only successful if all role-players The project should ensure that trucks work together towards the same goal. are available to collect solid waste Communities are encouraged to from collection points. participate in the current ZUSP process to ensure that all the needs, of the communities as well as of the municipality are met.

Project 12574 34 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

The community needs to be Capt. Hamza CODECOZ 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for the suggestions; there educated on environmental and Makame Omary CODECOZ are many good and practical ideas that waste management aspects. In 2009 ZUSP can consider for raising an EU funded programme involving 8 awareness. countries was undertaken on the protection of coastal environments and inter-coastal zones. This included an environmental education radio programme every fortnight and a chat programme on government radio and FM stations. A similar approach could be adopted for this project. School contests and newsletters can also be included. Awareness campaigns about safe Mr Omar Abubakar ANGOZA 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The proposed ZUSP is endeavouring to dumping were undertaken previously ANGOZA remedy inadequate facilities and build and people understand but continue on the knowledge of the communities; to dump waste indiscriminately due this should lead to an improved quality to inadequate waste collection and of life. disposal facilities. This leads to outbreak of disease. It is essential to raise awareness and Mr. Said Alawi Kwahani Development 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: educate people because people do Hassan Committee / Urban Kwahani Development not have the “prevention is better West Civil Society Committee / Urban West than cure” mentality. They need to be Organisation Civil Society Organisation educated about the impact of dumping waste in open channels and Community awareness and education is filling channels with sand in order to crucial for the success of the ZUSP and cross over. The awareness campaign the ZMC has been made aware of this should also include HIV/AIDS requirement. awareness. An awareness campaign to educate Mr Said Alawi Hassan Kwahani Development 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: people on how to use bins is Committee / Urban Kwahani Development essential for the success of this West Civil Society Committee / Urban West project. Organisation Civil Society Organisation

Project 12574 35 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

Community awareness and Ms Participant JUMAKA 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: education is essential to ensure that JUMAKA this project is sustainable. However, it is preferable that this is conducted by external people as awareness creation and training by local people is not taken seriously. If possible, community members Community members Karakana Community 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for this suggestion. Such should be encouraged to recycle Karakana Community suggestions can be considered through some of their waste. collaboration between ZUSP, communities and NGOs. Awareness and education on Mr Ameir Ali Khatib Ministry of Finance 02 February 2010 Written Comment Community awareness and education stormwater and waste management and Economic Affairs: has surfaced as an important and general environmental issues will Department of component of the project. ZUSP will assist in changing the mindset of the Planning and Policy consider an education and awareness public to take ownership. However program as part of the implementation the responsibility for maintaining the of this project. The proposed ZUSP components of the project and project will endeavour to remedy monitoring the effectiveness of its inadequate facilities and build on the implementation still lies with the knowledge of the communities, which Municipality. will in turn help to curb disease and bad sanitation. An education and awareness Mr Rashid Moh’d Zanzibar Water 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: programme must be undertaken to Yussuf Authority Zanzibar Water Authority ensure that people change the way Awareness creation and education on they use the current waste collection the benefits of efficient services and the system. negative impacts of environmental pollution are issues that have been raised throughout the consultation process. ZUSP will consider an education and awareness program as Communities must be educated on Community members Jangombe and 26 – 27 May 2010 Open Houses: Jang’ombe part of the implementation of this waste management, environmental Magagoni and Magagoni project. conservation, health and sanitation Communities Communities issues.

Project 12574 36 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

People should be educated not to Community members Kwahani Community 27 May 2010 Open House: Kwahani drain their household waste water Community into stormwater drains. There should be adequate training Mr Zubeir Tum Community member February 2010 Written Comment for communities on the proper use Abdulla and care of drainage systems, as well as what associated dangers to Mr Saada A Abdi Social Welfare February 2010 Written Comment be aware of during construction. Department Radio and television are good Mr Muna O Said Social Welfare February 2010 Written Comment Thank you; it is recommended that an awareness creation media in Department awareness programme is implemented. Zanzibar. 8.3 Compensation Provision should be made to Community members Sebleni, Bint Ampani, 27 – 29 January Focus Group Meetings: compensate community members, Kwahani, Magagoni A 2010 Sebleni, Bint Ampani, where necessary, for loss or damage and Jangombe Kwahani, Magagoni A and to houses and/or structures, as well Communities Jangombe Communities as if drainage channels traverse their property or part of it. Mr Digayo Aliy Community member February 2010 Written Comment Abdallwa Mruguru ZUSP will need to come to an Mr Ramla Oman Ali Community member February 2010 Written Comment agreement with affected landowners in terms of compensation prior to construction beginning.

Community members Mpendae/ Magomeni 28 May 2010 Open Houses: Mpendae/ Communities Magomeni Communities Compensation payments must be Community members Sebleni Community 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: made directly to the affected person Sebleni Community rather than via the authorities.

Project 12574 37 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

During construction of the drains, Mr Bakari Makame Sheha of Karakana; 26 – 28 January Focus Group Meetings: would people who lose their homes, Omari and other Shaurimoyo 2010 Ward Councillors and fields or part of their assets, be participants; Community Community Leaders compensated? (Sheha) and Shaurimoyo Community Community members Magagoni Community 27 May 2010 Open House: Magogoni Community ZUSP should consider compensating Community members Bint Ampani, Kwahani, 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meetings: affected families for any loss or and Mangagoni A Bint Ampani, Kwahani, and damage that they suffer. Communities Mangagoni A Communities It is suggested that affected Community members Kwahani Community 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: households be surveyed and Kwahani Community assessed, should compensation be necessary for damage or loss. TTCL would need to be Mr Omar Ali Mgombe; TTCL 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Such issues can be discussed with the compensated for any damages to or Mr Bahati Cosmas; Ministry of Communication ZUSP team during meetings held with relocation of underground cables. Mr Msolwa; and Transport – TTCL role-players prior to the start of Mr Waziri Nguvu; construction. Hussein Nguvu 8.4 Resettlement Where necessary provision must also Community members Sebleni, Bint Ampani, 27 – 29 January Focus Group Meetings: Golder has included information to be made for temporary resettlement Kwahani, Magagoni A 2010 Sebleni, Bint Ampani, ZUSP for undertaking a Resettlement as well as compensation for loss of and Jangombe Kwahani, Magagoni A and Action Plan. This work will be livelihood and other losses. Communities Jangombe Communities undertaken as soon as sufficiently detailed plans are available. Should relocation be required, Community members Magogoni A 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: A Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) will relocation sites must be carefully Community Magogoni A Community be required for any relocation as selected. determined by the project. As part of the RAP, landowner consultation will be required.

Project 12574 38 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

An independent resettlement MrRafiiHajiMtumwa ZECO January 2010 Written Comment The compilation of a Resettlement specialist should be appointed to Action Plan will be undertaken in due compile a Resettlement Action Plan course. Before such a study can be and provide an objective evaluation undertaken, the exact number of of project affected people’s assets. households to be impacted upon needs to be finalised Should temporary resettlement be Community members Karakana Community 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: ZUSP will need to come to an required, the affected households Karakana Community agreement with landowners prior to should be compensated. construction beginning. Will community members be Community member Karakana Community 26 May 2010 Open House: Karakana resettled if their houses are affected by the new drainage channels? Mr Digayo Aliy Community member February 2010 Written Comment Abdallwa Mruguru 8.5 Community involvement and ownership The project should be implemented Community members Shaurimoyo 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Communities are encouraged to timeously and community members Community Shaurimoyo Community participate in the current ZUSP process must be mobilized and educated to to ensure that all the needs, of the participate fully for the project to be Mr Suleiman Daud Community member June 2010 Written Comment communities as well as of the sustainable. municipality are met and that the project is executed effectively. It is suggested that tasks such as Mr Omar Abubakar ANGOZA 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for the suggestion. ZUSP will cleaning litter traps in the drainage ANGOZA give consideration to all options for system should be undertaken by the maintaining and cleaning the drains. young people in the community to instill a sense of ownership. Currently JUMAKA assists the Mr Ibrahim Muhajir JumuiyayaUhifadhi 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: community with solid waste collection Kadir wa Mazingira JUMAKA The involvement of all stakeholders is by wheelbarrow and only charges a (JUMAKA) crucial to the success of the project. The small fee, which does not sustain the possibility of using the services of the business. The NGO therefore Shehas and community leaders has requires capacity building and been put forward to the ZMC. training and funding to carry out this service more efficiently.

Project 12574 39 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

The sustainability of the project lies in Mr Omar Abubakar ANGOZA 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: the successful collaboration with ANGOZA existing projects, the Shehas and community leaders, as well as continuous awareness raising programmes, preferably by external groups. In general, NGO groups and Mr Said Alawi Hassan Kwahani Development 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for this input. communities work well together, Committee / Urban Kwahani Development however sometimes individual West Civil Society Committee / Urban West interests and concerns dominate. Organisation Civil Society Organisation CODECOZ had a project in the past Capt Hamza Makame CODECOZ 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The project will no doubt also that collected waste from households Omary CODECOZ investigate the successes and twice a week and charged people challenges of past waste collection Tsh500 each time. The project was initiatives to learn from these. abandoned due to lack of financial resources. The proposed project should be Capt Hamza Makame CODECOZ 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Community and NGO involvement is an owned by the community – people Omary CODECOZ important component of the project and need to understand why and how this message has been communicated they benefit from it. Shehas should to the ZUSP team by the ESIA be involved and some sort of consultants, both verbally and through retribution system shoud be put in the ESIA. place should people not comply with the rules. Waste collection initiatives started by Mr Omar Abubakar ANGOZA 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you. Community initiatives are community members often struggle ANGOZA welcome and commendable. ZUSP may to be sustainable because of lack of consider collaborative initiatives during resources and funds. project implementation. Sustainability of the project requires Mr Abdurrahman H Ministry of State 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for this comment; the ZUSP commitment by the government and Mnoga Regional Department of Local team and the municipality will take this local communities. Communities Administration and Government into consideration as the benefit of the need to be empowered to share Local Government project should benefit all if everyone

Project 12574 40 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

responsibility for improvement of their Community members Mpendae/ Magomeni 28 May 2010 Open Houses: Mpendae/ plays their part and are equipped to do environment. Communities Magomeni Communities so. Some community members have Community members Shaurimoyo 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Whilst a positive attitude towards established a community refuse Community Shaurimoyo Community helping to resolve the waste challenges collection group. They were not is to be commended, it often only is successful due to lack of support and successful if all role-players work tools. together towards the same goal. Communities are encouraged to participate in the current ZUSP process to ensure that all the needs, of the communities as well as of the municipality are met. The community and relevant NGOs Mr Ali Salum Haji; ZMC January 2010 Written Comment Stakeholder involvement on all levels is should be involved in every stage of Mr Amour Hassan; very important and that is the reason for project implementation to ensure Mr Said; Muna Omar the comprehensive stakeholder sustainability of the project. . engagement process that is being undertaken during this ESIA process. Community and NGO involvement is an important component of the project and this message has been communicated to the ZUSP team by the ESIA consultants, both verbally and through the ESIA. The community should be involved in Participant; Mr Bakari JUMAKA 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The ZUSP and the ZMC intend to the identification of suitable waste Makame Omari Sheha of Karakana 28 January 2010 JUMAKA involve the community as much as disposal sites. Focus Group Meeting: possible in the selection and Ward Councillors and implementation of the solid waste Community Leaders management component of the project (Sheha) to ensure that the project is sustainable. Communities should be trained and Community members Sebleni, Karakana, 27 – 29 January Focus Group Meetings: Thank you for this suggestion. The empowered to undertake Mangagoni A and 2010 Sebleni, Karakana, ZUSP acknowledges community and maintenance work on channel drains. Jangombe Mangagoni A and NGO involvement is this project to Communities Jangombe Communities ensure maintenance and sustainability and will consider suggestions in this regard.

Project 12574 41 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

For the solid waste collection Participant Zanzibar Municipal 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Community and NGO involvement is an component of the project to succeed, Ward Councillors and Ward Councillors and important component of the project and the ZMC should involve current Shehas Community Leaders this message has been communicated initiatives being carried out by NGOs (Sheha) to the ZUSP team, both verbally and and community based organisations. through the ESIA. The local administration, namely the Community members Magogoni A 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Noted. ZUSP recognises that Shehas as the traditional authorities Community Magogoni A Community community, community leaders and within the community, must be NGO involvement is an important involved in all aspects of the project. component for the sustainability and success of the project. The Zanzibar Association for Clean Community members Kwahani Community 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for your willingness to be Environment and Development of Kwahani Community involved. The ZUSP acknowledges Youth (ZACEDY) a local NGO, community and NGO involvement is this indicated its willingness to be project to ensure maintenance and involved and empowered in the sustainability and will consider project. suggestions in this regard. Waste management and Community members Kwahani Community 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: maintenance of channel drains Kwahani Community should be a collaborative effort between the private sector, NGOs, and the community. The ZUSP acknowledges community How will the community be involved Participant Zanzibar Municipal 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: and NGO involvement is this project to in this project to ensure its Ward Councillors and Ward Councillors and ensure maintenance and sustainability sustainability? Shehas Community Leaders and will consider suggestions in this (Sheha) regard. Community members wish to work Community members Jangombe Community 29 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: closely with the project team from the Jangombe Community outset of the project because they can assist in identifying the problem areas. The community is ready and willing Sheha: Karakana and Karakana Community 26 May 2010 Open House: Karakana Thank you for the proposed support. to contribute to this project in terms community member of manpower.

Project 12574 42 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

The community should establish a Community member Magagoni Community 27 May 2010 Open House: Magagoni It is recommended that there is group to oversee the waste collection cooperation between the authorities and process and ensure that the solid communities to make the project waste collection facilities are used successful. properly. For the community to be fully Ms Latifa Llias Rajab Community member June 2010 Written Comment supportive and involved in the project, regular feedback meetings Mr Khamis Hassan Community member June 2010 Written Comment must be held throughout the Khamis construction and implementation of the project. There must also be regular feedback on progress from the Minister whose Department is responsible for the project. 8.6 Social ills Many community members indicated Community members Shaurimoyo 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The Social Impact Assessment their concern about the increase in Community Shaurimoyo Community addresses the possible increase in social ills in their community. social ills and has made recommendations to mitigate these issues. See section 8.4 of the ESIA Report. Poverty and unemployment Community members Kwahani and 28 – 29 January Focus Group Meetings: Comment noted. Thank you. contributes to crime for example drug Jangombe 2010 Kwahani and Jangombe trafficking which is a major concern in Communities Communities the area. Crime in Stone Town has increased Mr Said Alawi Hassan Kwahani Development 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The SIA study mentions that an due to poor or no street lighting. This Committee / Urban Kwahani Development improvement in street lighting in the is also a problem in KwaHani. Lights West Civil Society Committee / Urban West area will assist in reducing crime. The should be placed closer to each Organisation Civil Society Organisation placement of the street lights will be other. refined in the design stage of the process.

Project 12574 43 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

Sebleni is no longer safe because of Community members Sebleni Community 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The present ESIA only deals with street an increase in theft and other crimes. Sebleni Community lighting in Stone Town. The situation will improve if street lighting is upgraded. Crime and other anti-social behaviour Community member Shaurimoyo/ 26 May 2010 Open House Shaurimoyo/ Street lights are proposed for Stone will decrease if there are street lights Makadara Community Makadara Community: Town and some municipal areas in the Shaurimoyo/ Makadara areas. outside. 9. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT The ESIA team should liaise with the Mr Mussa Bakari Ministry of Water, 25 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Therewillbeanextensiveconsultation environment department on the Construction, Energy Ministry of Water, period (approx. 3 months) with the environmental and social aspects of and Lands: Stone Construction, Energy and authorities and other stakeholders, to the proposed project. Town Conservation Lands: Stone Town ensure that all social and environmental and Development Conservation and aspects have been considered. Authority Development Authority Does Golder have any experience in Mr Swalehe Mubarak Attorney General’s 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Golder Associates is a global consulting undertaking similar UNESCO Office Attorney General’s Office engineering company who has vast Heritage type ESIA projects? experience including heritage studies world-wide; a Tanzanian specialist was included in the team to bring local knowledge to the project. Much work has already been done Mr Abdurrahman H Ministry of State 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Funding is always an issue in the on solid waste management but none Mnoga Regional Department of Local upgrading of municipal infrastructure. of this has been implemented due to Administration and Government Any documentation that can aid the lack of funds. The Zanzibar Local Government swift progress of the proposed project is Sustainable City Programme report is appreciated. available to the ESIA team for reference. ANGOZA has collected information Mr Omar Abubakar ANGOZA 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you, a copy of this report had on the sewer and drainage systems ANGOZA been requested. Any documentation as well as, people’s issues and that can aid the proposed project will be concerns and is compiling a report welcomed. forsubmissiontotheUNHabitatin Kenya.

Project 12574 44 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

The ESIA should take all relevant Mr Swalehe Mubarak Attorney General’s 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The ESIA has taken relevant legislation aspects of Zanzibar law into account. Office Attorney General’s Office into account. Concept technical and The law and inputs from communities design plans are made available for and the authorities should come comment by stakeholders and before technical planning and design. authorities during the public consultation period. The ESIA team are referred to the Mr Swalehe Mubarak Attorney General’s 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: This is the website of the Chief laws and regulations of Zanzibar as Office Attorney General’s Office Government Statistician for Zanzibar well as, the international laws and and does contain valuable statistics and treaties signed by Zanzibar, which information. Thank you for your are all available on the following contribution. website: www.ocgs.go.tz The commitments in the ESIA Khadija Khatibu Omar Community member June 2010 Written Comment An EMP is included in the ESIA so that documentation must be implemented the commitments are implemented. by ZUSP. Mr Mohamed Said Community member June 2010 Written Comment Mkurungo The ESIA Report should show the Mr Farashuu KH Community member February 2010 Written Comment Plans are included in the ESIA and routes of the stormwater drainage Makame specialist reports, specifically the systems to be constructed - exactly surface water specialist report. what will be done and where. The ESIA should take into account Mr Salim Saleh Said Community member February 2010 Written Comment Property and services have been the removal of road side kiosks, addressed in the ARAP. phone booths, fire hydrants etc. 9.1 Public consultation ANGOZA welcomes this project and Mr Omar Abubakar ANGOZA 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for the contribution, the is pleased that they are being ANGOZA project team looks forward to more consultedforthefirsttimeinaproject interaction with ANGOZA. of this nature.

Project 12574 45 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

The environmental NGO, Labayka in Mr Amour Mtumwa; Zanzibar Tourism 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Community and NGO involvement is an Northern Zanzibar and the NGO, Mr Ilyas Rajab Commission and Zanzibar Tourism important component of the project and ACRA should be involved in this Nassor; Tenants Association Commission and Tenants this message has been communicated project. Mr Said Soud Said; Association to the ZUSP team by the ESIA Mr Hassan Ameir consultants, both verbally and through Vuai; the ESIA. Mr Mohammed Maulid Mussa The ESIA findings must also be Mr Ali Mussa; ZASOSE 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: A Draft ESIA Report will be made presented to the public for comment. Mr Hassan Ali Kombo ZASOSE available for public comment in May This will encourage a better 2010. There will be an extensive understanding of the issues and consultation period (approx. 3 months) stimulate ownership of the project. with the authorities and other stakeholders, to ensure that all social and environmental aspects have been considered. There should be ongoing community Participant Zanzibar Municipal 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The Public Consultation team will have engagement throughout the project, Ward Councillors and Ward Councillors and ongoing community consultation especially after the ESIA as well as, Shehas Community Leaders throughout all stages of the ESIA. throughout the project construction (Sheha) and implementation. Should the project not go ahead, the community should be kept informed? Councillor Mwaka H Massanga of Participant Ward Councillors and 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for your willingness to Mtendaji Manispaa is very Community Leaders Ward Councillors and provide input. knowledgeable about the study area Community Leaders and offers his assistance to the public consultation team.

Project 12574 46 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

Focus group meetings are excellent Councillor Hariri A Councillor of 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Public consultation forms a key in obtaining people’s comments on Bori Magomeni and other Ward Councillors and component of the ESIA in all phases of the project. This approach should participants Community Leaders the project, including focus group also be used in feedback sessions to (Sheha) meetings and open house meetings. the community, for all phases of the Stakeholders will also have an ESIA. opportunity to comment on the findings of the ESIA during public consultation meetings in May 2010. The community’s comments and Community members Bint Ampani 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Bint All stakeholder comments and suggestions should be considered Community Ampani Community suggestions have been recorded in this during project implementation. Comment and Response Report accompanying the ESIA Report, and have either been considered in the ESIA or passed onto the ZUSP for consideration. The ESIA team should also consult Mr Ameir Ali Khatib Ministry of Finance 02 February 2010 Written Comment Thank you for your input. Refer to the shop owners, tour operators, the and Economic Affairs: list of stakeholders consulted to date as police and institutions/ organizations Department of part of the ESIA process – these include dealing with social issues such as the Planning and Policy stakeholders from various sectors of drug abuse. society including the authorities, NGOs, community leaders and members, of the general public. The community is tired of attending Community members Jang’ombe and 26 and 28 May Open Houses: Jang’ombe The ZUSP has received funding from meetings and commenting on and Bakari Mpendae/Magomeni 2010 and Mpendae/ Magomeni the World Bank and specialists have projects because they see no Mwinyimkuu Communities Communities been appointed to undertake design and progress or government commitment construction. and involvement.

Having attended the open houses, I Mr Nadya Said Community members June 2010 Written Comment We are pleased to hear this and thank now understand the purpose of the Khamis you for taking the time to respond. ESIA and its role in the ZUSP Mr Idrisa Tongoa Project, as well as the role of stakeholders’ participation in the Mr Siti Mohammed public consultation process. Khatibu

Project 12574 47 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

The discussions at the public Mr Khadija Hakim Ali; Community members June 2010 Written Comment Thank you for letting us know. We are consultation meetings and, posters Mr Vaule Faki; Mr Ali pleased to hear that you found value and documentation presented were Hassan Mjombo; from attending the meetings. very informative and valuable in Fatma Mbarouk providing information to stakeholders Rashid; Mr Salma and optaining their comments. Abdalla; Mr We are satisfied that our comments Mohammed Said have been correctly recorded and Mukarango; Mr Bakari taken into consideration. Makame Omari: Mr Issa Sharifu Hamadi; Mr Thobias Pascal Mkude; Mr Idrisa Ali Kirobo; Mr Ali Abdilahi Jongo; Mr Mwinshehe OmariWiziri; Mr Rajab Ismail Rikwete; Mr Suleiman Daud; Mr Sabra Said Nassor I attended the public consultation Mr Thuwaiba Kassim Community member June 2010 Written Comment The purpose of public participation is meetings and there are still people, Mussa not to consult with each and every including children who need to be individual, but rather with sectors of informed about the project. society and spokespeople of organisations. It is also logistically impossible to consult with every interested and affected party. For this Ms Latifa Alias Rajab Community member June 2010 Written Comment reason, posters and background information documents were made available to the Shehas and other community leaders for dissemination to the broader community.

Project 12574 48 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

The public consultation meetings Mr Hariri Abdalla Bori; Community members February 2010 Written Comment All stakeholder comments and gave affected people an opportunity Mr Khamis Nasor suggestions have been recorded in this to voice their views. This has resulted Salum Comment and Response Report in useful contributions and will enable accompanying the ESIA Report, and the project to take the required have either been considered in the ESIA direction for the benefit of all. The or passed onto the ZUSP for project should proceed based on consideration. these comments. Mr Mohamed Ahmed Zanzibar Telecom Ltd February 2010 Written Comment Jaye (Zantel)

Mr Mtumwa Community member June 2010 Written Comment Mohammed Machano

The ZMC should take all public Mr Digayo Aliy Community member February 2010 Written Comment The ZMC are keen to implement the comments into consideration to Abdallwa Mruguru project and understand the benefit of prevent any misunderstandings after ensuring the systems are maintained. the construction

9.2 Specialist Studies The project should consider the Mr Amour Hassan ZMC January 2010 Written Comment Various studies that take all aspects into geographical environment of Said consideration are being undertaken as Zanzibar and the likely impacts on part of the ESIA eg. Aquatic ecology, the community. socio-economic, hydrology, heritage and visual.

Project 12574 49 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

A draft report on stormwater Mr Mzee Khamis Ministry of State 25 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Any documentation that will enhance management will be made available Juma Regional Ministry of State Regional the specialist studies will be welcome, to the ESIA project team. Administration and Administration and Local thank you. Local Government Government The ESIA focuses on street lighting Mr Mzee Khamis Ministry of State 25 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Lighting for Stonetown in its capacity as only for Stone Town – what about Juma Regional Ministry of State Regional a World Heritage City is part of this other areas? Administration and Administration and Local study. Lighting for other areas is not Local Government Government included in the scope of this study. What are the general potential social Mr Mussa Bakari Ministry of Water, 25 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The Visual and Heritage Impact and environmental impacts related to Construction, Energy Construction, Energy and Assessments (ESIA Appendix C) installation of street lights and which and Lands: Stone Lands: Stone Town contains detailed information on the are specific to Stone Town as a Town Conservation Conservation and impact of the street lighting in Stone heritage site? and Development Development Authority Town, both from a social and Authority environmental perspective. This project is welcome and has Mr Ameir Ali Khatib Ministry of Finance 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Any documentation that will enhance come at the right time. A similar and Economic Affairs: Ministry of Finance and the specialist studies will be welcome. previous proposal under the Zanzibar Department of Economic Affairs – Thank you. Sustainable City Programme did not Planning and Policy Department of Planning go ahead due to the lack of funds. and Policy Reference documents in this regard can be made available to the ESIA team. What are the objectives and goals of Mr Asha Maulid Sebleni Community 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: TheSeblenicommunityislocatedinthe this project in improving the Mussa Sebleni Community centre of the study area and will environment of Sebleni? therefore benefit from the upgrade of When and how will this benefit the both waste collection sites and Sebleni community? stowmwater infrastructure. Government should also address the Mr Asha Hassan Haji Sebleni Community 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Suggestions for enhanced benefits to unemployment issue and assist in Sebleni Community communities are documented in the providing scholarships to students for Social Impact Assessment (See Section higher learning. 8.4 of the ESIA Report).

Project 12574 50 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

Involving people promotes Capt Hamza Makame CODECOZ 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Recommendations have been made in ownership. Therefore, local people Omary CODECOZ the Social Impact Assessment (SIA) on should be employed as casual labour employment opportunities on the project on the project as this provides an (See Section 8.4 of the ESIA Report). incentive. There are two springs and an aquifer Mr Rashid Moh’d Zanzibar Water 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for this information. This and boreholes in the central Zanzibar Yussuf Authority Zanzibar Water Authority information will be very valuable in the area that supply Stone Town and the planning and design of the project. central city. There is concern about the quality of this water supply. In general, the deep wells (50-100m) have good quality water but the yield is rapidly decreasing. Before final design and construction, Community members Sebleni Community 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The engineering team calculate flows a study on water flows should be Sebleni Community when designing drains and stormwater undertaken during the rainy season. systems; this is part of the usual design procedure. Have the project consultants visited Councillor Hariri A Councillor of 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Site visits have been conducted by the the project areas? Bori Magomeni Ward Councillors and team of specialists undertaking the Community Leaders ESIA. These include the heritage, (Sheha) aquatic ecology, hydrology, social and ESIA team members. The Zanzibar fish market should also Dr Jiddawi Institute for Marine 29 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The fish market forms part of this ESIA be taken into account in the design of Studies Institute for Marine Studies scope of work and provision has been the waste management system. made for a collection point. Waste disposal and running water is a huge problem at the market.

Project 12574 51 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

Some people have reservoirs for Mr Ameir Ali Khatib Ministry of Finance 02 February 2010 Written Comment Thank you for this information. The stormwater collection; others and Economic Affairs: waste collection and stormwater construct wells to obtain drinking Department of drainage system should be a first step water. With the current waste Planning and Policy to improving this situation. management challenges and contamination of water sources, there is a huge possibility of people using unsafe drinking water. The ESIA specialist studies have not Mr Aisha Saleh Community member June 2010 Written Comment Field tests for water quality were part of addressed water quality which is a Abdalla the aquatic ecology study. These major concern for communities indicated the water quality is poor; other throughout Zanzibar. indications of poor quality included the presence of sewage algae in bodies of water. I agree with the findings of the ESIA Mr Idrisa Tongoa; Mr Community member June 2010 Written Comment All stakeholder comments and as they touch on all the major Shoka Ali Makame; suggestions have been recorded in this environmental and social problems, Mr Sheha Khamis Comment and Response Report in particular, the water management Rashid; Mr Vaule accompanying the ESIA Report, and problems that Zanzibar experiences Faki; Mr Issa Sharifu have either been considered in the ESIA and that need to be addressed as a Hamadi; Mr Omar or passed onto the ZUSP for matter of priority. Said Ngagi; Mr consideration. Mwinshehe Omari Waziri; Mr Rajab Ismail Rikwete; Mr Suleiman Daud Mr Ali Abdilahi Jongo Jang’ombe Secretary June 2010 Written Comment of Provision Kikundi Group Shaurimoyo Zone June 2010 Written Comment A soil study should be conducted to Ms Fatma Suleiman Community member February 2010 Written Comment A soil study was undertaken by Gauff investigate the soil structure, type Juma Engineers as part of their drainage and drainage properties. design project.

Project 12574 52 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

10. PROJECT SPECIFIC ISSUES Has a similar project been carried out Mr Omar Ali Mgombe; TTCL 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Projects of this nature (i.e. municipal in other countries? Mr Bahati Cosmas; Ministry of Communication infrastructure upgrade) are common Mr Msolwa; Mr Waziri and Transport – TTCL throughout the world and is part of Nguvu; Hussein urban development and maintenance. Nguvu Stormwater management is complex where rapid development takes place; the need to upgrade and re-align drains is undertaken in response to needs. 10.1 Project scope Karakane Zones number 1, 2, 4 and Community members Karakana Community 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for this information. 5 are most needy of this upgrade Karakana Community project. Is this project linked in any way to the Mr Mussa Bakari Ministry of Water, 25 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The Sea Wall Upgrade Project is a sea wall upgrade project? Construction, Energy Ministry of Water, separate initiative and does not form and Lands: Stone Construction, Energy and part of this study. Town Conservation Lands: Stone Town and Development Conservation and Authority Development Authority The project should not only focus on Mr Ameir Ali Khatib Ministry of Finance 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Stone Town, other areas are also in and Economic Affairs: Ministry of Finance and urgent need of upgrading. Department of Economic Affairs – Planning and Policy Department of Planning and Policy The project study area includes Stone Town and the greater Ng’ambo area. Mr Safia Ahmed Community member June 2010 Written Comment Stone Town forms only a small portion Himidi of the study area. How will this project benefit other Mr Zaharan Salum Shaurimoyo 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: areas other than Stone Town, for Ameir Community Shaurimoyo Community example the Ng’ambo Area?

Project 12574 53 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

Priority should be given to the Mr Amour Hassan ZMC January 2010 Written Comment Different areas are indeed given priority Ng’ambo area to enhance its Said for different aspects of the study and development. Ng’ambo has been identified to receive priority in waste and stormwater management. Will the project cover Shaurimoya Community member Shaurimoyo 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Yes, Shaurimoya Zone D falls within the Zone D? Community Shaurimoyo Community project study area. Upgrade and construction is also Mr Amour Mtumwa; Zanzibar Tourism 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Comment noted for ZUSP’s required in areas outside Stone Mr Ilyas Rajab Commission and Zanzibar Tourism consideration. Town. Nassor; Mr Said Soud Tenants Association Commission and Tenants Said; Mr Hassan Association Ameir Vuai; Mr Mohammed Maulid Mussa The implementation of this project Mr Bakari Makame Sheha of Karakana 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Noted. All areas forming part of the should start in the northern part of Omari Ward Councillors and study are given priority and the municipal area (Karakana area) Community Leaders implementation will follow phases of the since projects always start elsewhere (Sheha) project. and the funds run out before implementation in these areas. The Mto Mpepo area of the Karakana Mr Bakari Makame Sheha of Karakana 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Noted. All areas forming part of the Ward should be given high priority in Omari Ward Councillors and study are given priority, however certain this project because all previous Community Leaders areas for varying reasons, i.e. Stone upgrade projects excluded this area. (Sheha) Town for heritage and Ng’ambo for waste and stormwater management. The Magomeni area has been Councillor Hariri A Councillor of 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The Mangomeni area forms part of the neglected in all previous phases of Bori Magomeni Ward Councillors and study area and was included in the the urban services upgrade project. Community Leaders assessment. (Sheha) The Jang’ombe area has been Mr Ali Abdilahi Jongo Jang’ombe Secretary June 2010 Written Comment This area is included in the project neglected in all previous service of Provision (system E of the stormwater drainage upgrading projects and should be project). given preference.

Project 12574 54 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

10.2 Roles and responsibilities Employees within the Ministry also Mr Abdurrahman H Ministry of State 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for the comment; roles and need to understand their roles and Mnoga Regional Department of Local responsibilities of all the role-players responsibilities in making this project Administration and Government have been addressed in the EMP but a success. Local Government will need to be verified before the project begins. It is important that a specific authority MrAminaFaudAbas; Community members June 2010 Written Comment This will be managed through ZMC and takes responsibility and Mr Khadija Hakim Ali the relevant departments. accountability for the day to day management of this project. During this project, there should be Mr Swalehe Mubarak Attorney General’s 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The ZUSP is a project of the Zanzibar close collaboration between the Office Attorney General’s Office Municipal Council (ZMC) and therefore Municipality and Ministry of ownership will ultimately fall within the Environment. There must also be a sphere of the ZMC. clear understanding about who takes ownership of this project to ensure its sustainability. The Municipality must uphold its Mr Omar Moh’d Omar Sebleni Community 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The ZMC, through their ZUSP are commitment to implementing this Sebleni Community committed to the implementation of all upgrade project. the different aspects of the proposed project once they have received authorisation to proceed. The ZUSP project team should Community members Kwahani Community 27 May 2010 Open House: Kwahani This task will be part of the routine permanently employ people to Community maintenance undertaken by the inspect and maintain the drainage authorities. systems. ZUSP must take responsibility for the Community member Magagoni Community 27 May 2010 Open House: Magagoni The project has received funding from sustainability of all components of the the World Bank and systems are in project. Without a sustainability plan place to assist with project success e.g. this project may also end up like so the EMP. many others have in the past.

Project 12574 55 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

10.3 Project planning and design The project should look at Mr Ghalib Omar DepartmentofSurvey 25 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Coordination between the proposed coordinating its development Awadh and Urban Planning Department of Survey and development and the existing town components with the existing town Urban Planning planning schemes is important; it is planning schemes (1955 CAP 55, envisaged that the planners will consult CAP 79). the ESIA studies. The development of Mr Ghalib Omar DepartmentofSurvey 25 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Kidongo,Chekundu and Jang’ombe Awadh and Urban Planning Department of Survey and followed Cap 55 of the town planning Urban Planning scheme. Around 70% of Zanzibar City Mr Ghalib Omar DepartmentofSurvey 25 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: comprises informal developments, Awadh and Urban Planning Department of Survey and Thank you for this information. which are not covered or controlled Urban Planning by planning laws. Planning laws are however outdated (1955 Town and Country Planning and 1958 Masterplan) but are still applicable. The Director of Planning and Policy Mr Ameir Ali Khatib Ministry of Finance and 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Noted, with thanks. is overseer of the ZUSP project. Economic Affairs: Ministry of Finance and Department of Planning Economic Affairs – and Policy Department of Planning and Policy The Zanzibar Water Authority (ZWA) Ms Rukia Masheko Zanzibar Water 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: This comment is welcome and will be would like to collaborate closely with Authority (ZWA) Zanzibar Water Authority addressed by the ZUSP team. ZUSP during the design period of the drainage channels. ZUSP must collaborate with ZWA Ms Rukia Masheko Zanzibar Water 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for this information; ZUSP regarding stormwater disposal Authority Zanzibar Water Authority will consider this comment. because ZWA is planning to do a rainwater harvesting project in the near future.

Project 12574 56 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

ZUSP and ZECO Engineers should Mr Thabiti Hlamisi; Zanzibar Electricity 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Meetings will be held with all role- collaborate on the final design of the Mr RafiiHaji Mtumwa; Corporation ZECO players, before construction begins, to project to ensure proper planning and Mr Lulu Stanley ensure a smooth execution of the no damage to electricity cables. Dandarow project. The Water Authority and Mr Thabiti Hlamisi; Zanzibar Electricity 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Meetings will be held with all role- Telecommunication Authority must Mr RafiiHaji Mtumwa; Corporation ZECO players, during final project design and also be consulted about the final Mr Lulu Stanley before construction begins, to ensure design and servitudes. Dandarow smooth execution of the project. There is concern about the overall Mr Omar Abubakar ANGOZA 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The ZUSP that entails upgrading of the upgrade master plan for the city ANGOZA stormwater, street lighting and waste because it seems that there is no collection systems reflects the intention long-term integrated plan in place. of the ZMC to make inroads to planning issues. ZUSP should adopt the approach Mr Moh’d Moh’d Sheha of Shaurimoyo 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for your input. and plans of a previous similar Salum Ward Councillors and project that did not go ahead Community Leaders because of lack of funding. (Sheha) Community members are aware of Community members Magogoni A 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for the information. Areas will existing unplanned settlements in the Community Magogoni A Community be investigated in great detail upon area which could affect finalisation of the detailed engineering implementation of the project. design. It is important to work with Dr Salim Mohammed Institute for Marine 29 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: This will be recommended to the ZUSP oceanographers when designing the Studies Institute for Marine Studies engineers when final designs are being outfalls because they have good done. understanding and knowledge of the currents, etc. Note that the currents in Zanzibar are ocean driven. The channel drains should be Community members Jang’ombe Community 29 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: This has been recommended in the designed and constructed with Jangombe Community stormwater management specialist enough slope to allow water to flow report. Refer to Appendix C of the ESIA easily.

Project 12574 57 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

Main channel drains and smaller Community members Jang’ombe Community 29 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Engineers are designing channels with feeder drains should be constructed. Jangombe Community reference to flow volumes.

Wide, open channel drains are better Community members Jang’ombe, 26 and 28 May Open Houses: Jang’ombe; because they will be easier to clean Shaurimoyo/ Makadara 2010 Shaurimoyo/ Makadara and maintain than closed drains and and and Mpendae/ Magomeni no waste will accumulate in them. Mpendae/Magameni Communities Tobias Pascal Nkude Community member June 2010 Written Comment

All drainage channels from other Community member Jang’ombe Community 26 May 2010 Open House: Jang’ombe This has been considered and areas converge on Jang’ombe Community addressed int eh engineering design therefore the area is always flooded (Gauff Engineers) because the current drainage channels are too small. This must be taken into consideration in the design of the project. The existing drainage in some areas Community member Jang’ombe Community 26 May 2010 Open House: Jang’ombe This has been addressed in the is not properly designed and does Community engineering design – some systems are not function efficiently, so there is still being upgraded for reasons that you standing water in these drains. have raised. Existing drains were constructed Sheha: Karakana and Jang’ombe; Karakana 26 May 2010 Open Houses: Jang’ombe; Engineers are designing channels with when the population was much community members Communities Karakana Communities reference to flow volumes. smaller. Much larger drains are therefore needed to address the current drainage problems. Ali Juma Shirika La Meli (Marine June 2010 Written comment Corporation)

Project 12574 58 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

The design engineers should look at Community member Jangombe Community 26 May 2010 Open House: Jang’ombe Upgrading has been part of the overall all problems associated with the Community design philosophy. existing drains before doing the final design of the upgraded drains. Upgraded drains should have the Community member Karakana Community 26 May 2010 Open House: Karakana Volumes have been considered in the capacity to accommodate the large designs. volumes of stormwater. The Lumumba to Kinazini drain Sheha: Shaurimoyo Shaurimoyo/ Makadara 26 May 2010 Open House: Shaurimoyo/ This has been considered. currently works the best because it is and community Community Makadara Community deep, wide and has cross over slabs. members This type of design must be used in this project. The drains must be constructed with Community members Shaurimoyo/ Makadara 26 May 2010 Open House: Shaurimoyo/ The drains will be constructed using the correct mix of cement and sand Community Makadara Community materials to engineering specifications – in order for them not to deteriorate as the engineering design report and theexistingonesdo. according to good operating practices The contractor should be made the lifespan is expected to be 30 years. aware of theft of construction The information provided is welcomed. materials. The community will assist contractors by protecting their materials from theft. Drains must be designed with litter Community members Shaurimoyo/ Makadara 26 – 27 May Open Houses: Litter traps are included as part of the screens to trap waste that could and Magagoni 2010 Shaurimoyo/ Makadara design to ensure they function properly. block up the drains. Communities and Magagoni Communities In the Shaurimoyo area there are Community members Shaurimoyo/ Makadara 26 May 2010 Open House: Shaurimoyo/ Other services have and will be drinking water pipes under drainage Community Makadara Community assessed prior to construction and in channels and people are concerned consultation with service providers. that this design could cause pipes to burst and contaminate their drinking water.

Project 12574 59 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

The current drain at Kwahani is Community member Kwahani Community 27 May 2010 Open House: Kwahani These types of issues have been poorly designed because the drain is Community identified and should be corrected when higher than the ground level and the upgrading takes place. water cannot get into the drain. The drainage channel in Kwahani Community member Kwahani Community 27 May 2010 Open House: Kwahani The systems have been designed to should be joined with the one from Community function effectively; designs have been Uwanja Wa Farasi because they are adapted to work with reference to close and it will stop water from existing systems. flowing into the Kwahani area. The planning and design of Community member Kwahani Community 27 May 2010 Open House: Kwahani The systems have been designed to stormwater drainage should include Community function effectively; designs have been improvement to the existing Uwanja adapted to work with reference to Wa Farasi.drain because it is not existing systems. properly designed and takes hours to drain the area. A drainage channel should also be Community member Kwahani Community 27 May 2010 Open House: Kwahani These types of issues have been constructed from Kibanda Hatari to Community identified and should be corrected when drain water away from the Kwahani upgrading takes place area and to prevent waste from being Rajab Ismail Rikwete June 2010 Written comment waste into the nearby fields. Drainage channels should be Community member Kwahani Community 27 May 2010 Open House: Kwahani Other services have and will be designed in such a way that they do Community assessed prior to construction and in not cross over water pipes because consultation with service providers. in the existing system in the Kwahani area, this causes water pipes to burst. The design should include modifying Community member Kwahani Community 27 May 2010 Open House: Kwahani Areas that have malfunctioned have the drain at Kizingo because it is Community been considered when upgrading. always getting blocked. Why does the ZUSP project team not Community member Sebleni Community 27 May 2010 Open House: Sebleni This has been done through the consult with the people to understand consultation process undertaken by their problems and collaborate on the Golder. design of the project?

Project 12574 60 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

Closed drains with smaller mesh size Community member Sebleni Community 27 May 2010 Open House: Sebleni Designs have been planned to ensure litter screens will work better to free flow of water in all systems. prevent drains from blocking. The design engineers must study the Community member Sebleni Community 27 May 2010 Open House: Sebleni The engineers have undertaken water flow in the Sebleni area during extensive studies so that they flooding and then use this information understand the systems. to properly design the drains. Drains should be designed like those Community member Magagoni Community 27 May 2010 Open House: Magagoni Gauff engineers have studied the at Ziwa Tuwe where the channels run catchment and systems and understand close to houses and work well during such issues. heavy rains. What approach will be used to design Community member Magagoni Community 27 May 2010 Open House: Magagoni This is understood and thank you for drains in areas where it seems raisingtheissue.Thedesignhas impossible? ZUSP should be aware considered difficulties and should lead that there are many such areas. to alleviation of flooding.

The current drains in the Mpendae/ Bakari Mwinyimkuu; Mpendae/ Magomeni 28 May 2010 Open House: Mpendae/ Gauff engineers have studied the Magomeni areas must be upgraded Mohammed Communities Magomeni catchment and systems and understand and made much deeper. Drainage Abdulahman; Khamis such issues. They are experienced from other areas should not be Hassan engineers that have brought their passing through Mpendae. experience to the design of drains for There should be three types of drains the ZUSP. namely, street drains, roadside drains, and the main drain that these lead into, which should be a deep covered drain. The current drainage in the area is Maulid Pandu Bakari Mpendae/ Magomeni 28 May 2010 Open House: Mpendae/ Screens are being incorporated into the not effective. Upgraded drains must Communities Magomeni design. have screens to prevent blockages from waste.

Project 12574 61 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

If the project is implemented, open Community member Mpendae/ Magomeni 28 May 2010 Open House: Mpendae/ Open and closed drains are included in channel drains must be constructed Communities Magomeni the systems as appropriate to the because closed drains are difficult to topography and surrounding terrain. maintain. The existing drains in Darajani, Stone Mwinyi Ameir Mpendae/ Magomeni 28 May 2010 Open House: Mpendae/ Thank you for bringing this information Town work well and ZUSP should Communities Magomeni to the ZUSP. investigate building those types of drains in other areas. Drainage systems should be durable Mr Asha A Bahani Agriculture Zanzibar February 2010 Written Comment Open and closed drains are included in and of modern and be constructed by the systems as appropriate to the suitably qualified. contractors. Hussein Abdala Community members June 2010 Written Comment topography and surrounding terrain. Omar; Omar Said Ngagi Ali Juma; Shirika La Meli (Marine June 2010 Written Comment Corporation) Water catchments and the natural Mr Issa Sharifu Community member June 2010 Written Comment Open and closed drains are included in drainage patterns must be taken into Hamadi the systems as appropriate to the consideration in the design and topography and surrounding terrain. construction of the new and Mr Salum Mrisho Farmer February 2010 Written Comment upgraded channels. The drainage channel at Genegeni Mr Thobias Pascal Community member June 2010 Written Comment Rehabilitation is part of the upgrade of should be rehabilitated. Mkude the systems. There should be one main Mr Abdalla Suleiman Cleanliness Committee February 2010 Written Comment The designs are based on each having stormwater channel which collects Ali of Jang’ombe a main drain with secondary drains, as water from a system of smaller appropriate. drainage channels. Mr Khamis Ahmada Committee of February 2010 Written Comment Salum Environmental Cleanliness

10.4 Project construction ZUSP should communicate the Mr Hussein Nguvu TTCL 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Meetings will be held with all role- schedule of project construction Ministry of Communication players to ensure a smooth execution of activities to TTCL. and Transport – TTCL the project.

Project 12574 62 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

TTCL would like to work in close Mr Bahati C. Masolwa Tanzania 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Once the ZUSP has received collaboration with Zanzibar Urban Telecommunication Ministry of Communication authorisation to proceed, meetings will Services Project (ZUSP) and the Company Limited and Transport – Tanzania be held with all role-players to ensure a contracted engineers to ensure that (TTCL) Telecommunication smooth execution of the project. Any TTCL cables are not damaged during Company Limited (TTCL) documentation or plans that can aid the construction of drains etc. A detailed project will be welcomed e.g. showing cable layout plan will be made cable layout. available to ZUSP. During construction, contractors will Mr Thabiti Hlamisi; Zanzibar Electricity 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Briefings and training will be provided to need to be made aware of where Mr RafiiHaji Mtumwa; Corporation ZECO all contractors before construction electricity cables are located and of Mr Lulu Stanley begins, to ensure that they are aware of the safety aspects that must be taken Dandarow all health and safety aspects related to into account. their work. Health and safety measures have been referred to in the ESIA (See section 8.4 of the ESIA Report). During the construction of channel Community members Karakana Community 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Mitigation measures to be implemented drains, impacts to the community Karakana Community during the construction phase have must be avoided or reduced as far as been included as part of the EMP. possible. There are concerns about the Mr Omar Ali Mgombe; TTCL 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Mitigation measures have been increase in traffic during the Mr Bahati Cosmas Ministry of Communication proposed in the EMP to address construction phase. Msolwa; Mr Waziri and Transport: Tanzania potential traffic congestion during Nguvu; Mr Hussein Telecommunication construction. Nguvu Company Limited (TTCL) Concrete channel drains must be Community members Karakana, Kwahani 27 – 28 January Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for your comment. constructed properly to ensure their and Mangagoni A 2010 Karakana, Kwahani and Stormwater management is a key durability. Communities Mangagoni A Communities component of the proposed project, and the system will be designed and upgraded using modern technology and best practice. A reputable construction company Community members Kwahani Community 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for your suggestion. This will should be employed for construction Kwahani Community be taken into consideration by ZUSP. and maintenance of the channel drains.

Project 12574 63 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

10.5 Project implementation and maintenance During project implementation, Community members Sebleni Community 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: This concern has been addressed and damage to houses and structures Sebleni Community suitable mitigation measures proposed should be avoided or minimized as in the EMP. far as possible. There is concern about capacity in Mr Abdurrahman H Ministry of State 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: The ZUSP has been planned by the terms of resources and materials to Mnoga Regional Department of Local ZMC taking resource and material implement this project. Administration and Government availability into account from the outset. Local Government The ESIA will identify any restraints that would hamper the effective commissioning of the project as far as resources and materials are concerned. Regular maintenance will ensure that Aisha Saleh Abdulla Community member June 2010 Written Comment project infrastructure lasts longer and prevents further degradation of the Ms Tahiya Abdalla Social Welfare Febraury 2010 Written Comment environment. Hussein Department Mr Haji Mussa Haji Who will ultimately be responsible for Khamis Hassan Mpendae Community 28 May 2010 Open House: Mpendae/ The authorities will be ultimately the maintenance of the drainage and Magomeni responsible but the support of the waste collection systems, the communities will be required for it to be municipality or the community? a success. The project must be implemented Mwimshehe Omari Community member June 2010 Written Comment The project is on schedule. and completed, as planned and not Waziri put on hold like previous projects. 10.6 Project timeframes and phases How many phases are there in the Mr Amour Mtumwa; Zanzibar Tourism 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: As part of the overall ZUSP overall project? Mr Ilyas Rajab Commission and Zanzibar Tourism infrastructure upgrade project, this Nassor; Mr Said Soud Tenants Association Commission and Tenants project forms part of Phase 1. Said; Mr Hassan Association Ameir Vuai; Mr Mohammed Maulid Mussa

Project 12574 64 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

It is very important for ZUSP to Community members Bint Ampani 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Bint ZUSP has committed to the proposed ensure that the project is completed Community Ampani Community timeframes and implemented within the promised timeframes. Are the proposed project Mr Mussa Bakari Ministry of Water, 25 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Yes. Construction is planned to begin components planned to run in Construction, Energy Ministry of Water, on all three components once the parallel? and Lands: Stone Construction, Energy and projects have received authorisation Town Conservation Lands: Stone Town from the authorities. and Development Conservation and Authority Development Authority 11. OTHER ISSUES The Chief Minister’s Office is Muna Omar Ministry of State 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for this information. responsible for addressing Regional Department of Local emergency-related issues, as well as Administration and Government undertaking development Local Government programmes. All underground telecommunication Mr Omar Ali Mgombe; TTCL 26 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for this information. cables have warning tape to prevent Mr Bahati Cosmas; Ministry of Communication damage. Mr Msolwa; Mr Waziri and Transport – TTCL Nguvu; Hussein Nguvu The Tourism Commission would like Mr Amour Mtumwa; Zanzibar Tourism 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Thank you for this suggestion, for to collaborate with the Municipality to Mr Ilyas Rajab Commission and Zanzibar Tourism consideration by the ZUSP. focus efforts on sustainable tourism. Nassor; Mr Said Soud Tenants Association Commission and Tenants Said; Mr Hassan Association Ameir Vuai; Mr Mohammed Maulid Mussa

Project 12574 65 COMMENT AND RESPONSE REPORT

COMMENTS, ISSUES AND COMMENTATOR ORGANISATION DATE SOURCE RESPONSE SUGGESTIONS RAISED

The impact of waste water and Dr Jiddawi Institute for Marine 29 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: This has not been included as part of sewage on coral reefs must be Studies Institute for Marine Studies this ESIA, however marine biologists investigated? were included in the consultation process. It is proposed that future specialist investigation work be undertaken to determine the impact of waste water and sewerage on the coral reefs. Ward Councillors and Shehas would Councillor Haji Lila Councillor of 28 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: Noted. This is beyond the scope of work like an opportunity to visit another Haji and other Jang’ombe Ward Councillors and for this project. ZUSP and the ZMC will country where a similar project has participants Community Leaders consider this suggestion. proven successful. (Sheha) The ZWA uses stormwater to Ms Rukia Masheko Zanzibar Water 27 January 2010 Focus Group Meeting: ZUSP will address these issues, during recharge aquifers because of the Authority Zanzibar Water Authority the final design and implementation of ever decreasing yield from water the project. wells. The Sebleni community has faith that Mr Idrisa Tongoa Community member June 2010 Written Comment The project will be a success based on Golder Associates will solve its collective efforts of all involved with the problems. projects and this includes community members. Thank you very much for the comment.

Project 12574 66 ZUSP ESIA

APPENDIX C Document Limitations

September 2010 Report No. 12574-10008-13

ZUSP ESIA

DOCUMENT LIMITATIONS This Document has been provided by Golder Associates Africa Pty Ltd (“Golder”) subject to the following limitations: i) This Document has been prepared for the particular purpose outlined in Golder’s proposal and no responsibility is accepted for the use of this Document, in whole or in part, in other contexts or for any other purpose. ii) The scope and the period of Golder’s Services are as described in Golder’s proposal, and are subject to restrictions and limitations. Golder did not perform a complete assessment of all possible conditions or circumstances that may exist at the site referenced in the Document. If a service is not expressly indicated, do not assume it has been provided. If a matter is not addressed, do not assume that any determination has been made by Golder in regards to it. iii) Conditions may exist which were undetectable given the limited nature of the enquiry Golder was retained to undertake with respect to the site. Variations in conditions may occur between investigatory locations, and there may be special conditions pertaining to the site which have not been revealed by the investigation and which have not therefore been taken into account in the Document. Accordingly, additional studies and actions may be required. iv) In addition, it is recognised that the passage of time affects the information and assessment provided in this Document. Golder’s opinions are based upon information that existed at the time of the production of the Document. It is understood that the Services provided allowed Golder to form no more than an opinion of the actual conditions of the site at the time the site was visited and cannot be used to assess the effect of any subsequent changes in the quality of the site, or its surroundings, or any laws or regulations. v) Any assessments made in this Document are based on the conditions indicated from published sources and the investigation described. No warranty is included, either express or implied, that the actual conditions will conform exactly to the assessments contained in this Document. vi) Where data supplied by the client or other external sources, including previous site investigation data, have been used, it has been assumed that the information is correct unless otherwise stated. No responsibility is accepted by Golder for incomplete or inaccurate data supplied by others. vii) The Client acknowledges that Golder may have retained sub-consultants affiliated with Golder to provide Services for the benefit of Golder. Golder will be fully responsible to the Client for the Services and work done by all of its sub-consultants and subcontractors. The Client agrees that it will only assert claims against and seek to recover losses, damages or other liabilities from Golder and not Golder’s affiliated companies. To the maximum extent allowed by law, the Client acknowledges and agrees it will not have any legal recourse, and waives any expense, loss, claim, demand, or cause of action, against Golder’s affiliated companies, and their employees, officers and directors. viii) This Document is provided for sole use by the Client and is confidential to it and its professional advisers. No responsibility whatsoever for the contents of this Document will be accepted to any person other than the Client. Any use which a third party makes of this Document, or any reliance on or decisions to be made based on it, is the responsibility of such third parties. Golder accepts no responsibility for damages, if any, suffered by any third party as a result of decisions made or actions based on this Document.

GOLDER ASSOCIATES AFRICA (PTY) LTD

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September 2010 Report No. 12574-10008-13

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