Proceeding International Seminar on Accounting for Society Bachelor Degree of Accounting Study Program, Faculty of Economy Universitas Pamulang Auditorium Universitas Pamulang, March, 21st, 2018

THE ROLE OF USERS COMUNITY IN DIRECT APPLICATION AS MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE

Srie Nuning Mulatsih*), Aisyah Ratnasari Department of Accounting, Faculty of Economics, Universitas Islam Syekh-Yusuf, Tangerang *Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The issue of going back to use gold dinar and silver dirham as currency has become warmly discussion since the ASEAN currency depreciation crisis in 1997/998 and the global economic crisis going on nowadays. Until now, there is still no one ideal mechanism implemented globally the use of gold dinar and silver dirham. Even has still not implemented globally yet but there are efforts for some of communities to implement them in daily life, transaction, like the community of the entrepreneurs’ community of dinar dirham users. The question arose: will gold dinar and silver dirham can be used back as currency in current economy? So, this study aims to examine the role of the entrepreneurs’ community of dinar dirham users in effort implementation of dinar dirham as currency. This is quantitative study going by the strategy of the field research and by using the variables, economic aspects and religious aspects. This study also used library research approach. The research shows that the role of the entrepreneurs’ community of dinar dirham users in effort implementation of them as currency are quite suitable, because of inadequate awareness reforms and lack political will (consensus from other nations to use gold dinar and silver dirham as money) and the ignorance of people about the function of gold dinar and silver dirham as medium of Exchange.

Key Words: Gold Dinar, Silver Dirham, Entrepreneurs Community of Dinar Dirham Users, Economic Crisis

1. INTRODUCTION the Islamic world, gold and silver Money in its various forms as a money known as Dinar Dirham is also means of exchange of trade has been used since the beginning of Islam both known thousands of years ago as in the in muamalah and worship activities such history of Ancient Egypt around 4000 as zakat and diyat (fines) until the end of BC-2000 BC, but before people know the Turkish emporium 1924. money as a means of exchange of trade, Gold and silver were used because although people barter, exchange of they had the content and value of the goods with goods or goods with essence in globally universal, applicable services. in all parts of the world. By the times, In its more standard form of money the capitalists who make gold and silver in the form of gold and silver was not merely as a medium of exchange but introduced by Julius Caesar from Rome also as a trade of commodity Replacing around AD 46 and valid in the European the role of gold and silver as a medium world for about 1250 years. Until the of exchange. Until slowly gold year 1204. In other parts of the world in and silver replaced with fiat

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Proceeding International Seminar on Accounting for Society Bachelor Degree of Accounting Study Program, Faculty of Economy Universitas Pamulang Auditorium Universitas Pamulang, March, 21st, 2018

money (paper money). The banknotes earlier, it can be defined some of the recognized by many capitalists can solve problems encountered in the use of dinar the problem, facilitating the transaction dirham as a medium of exchange among cannot solve the problem, because it the community of entrepreneurs dinar does not have a standard that is dirham users as follows: recognized by the whole world. The 1. What are the economic factors that value exists because it was held by those play a role in the use of dinar who have the authority to issue dirhams among the entrepreneur banknotes different from gold and silver community of dinar dirham users as which have value attached to the object. a medium of exchange? The above circumstances led to the 2. What are the religious factors that idea of reusing gold dinars and silver play a role in the use of dinar dirhams since several countries in dirhams among the entrepreneurial Southeast Asia and some other countries community of dinar dirhams as a experienced economic crisis in medium of exchange? 1997/1998 and in recent years. Gold 3. Does the role of entrepreneur dinars and silver dirhams are believed to community of dinar dirham users overcome this, referring to the idea of have an effect on the application returning the supply of gold to the real ofdinar dirhams as a means of money system. exchange? The idea that was initiated by some economists, Islam is not easy to 2. LITERATURE REVIEW implement given the world economic 2.1 Understanding of Dinar and system is interrelated and affect. Dirham Nevertheless it is not impossible to Money in its various forms as a restore the function of gold dinars and means of trade exchange has been silver dirhams into a medium of known thousands of years ago as in the exchange in transactions, bermuamalah, history of ancient Egypt around especially in transactions like this there 4000SM-2000SM. In its standard form is a value of worship in it, taught by of gold and silver money was introduced Rasulullah Muhammad SAW, and some by Julius Caesar from Rome around verses of Al-qur'an also explain the 46SM. In the rest of the world in the function Gold and silver. Islamic world, gold and silver are Of this concern, some circles who known by the name of Dinar Dirham. have a concern to restore the function of Currency Dinar and Dirham origin the gold dinars and silver dirhams form is the original currency of Roman and a community called the User Persian which in ancient times are both Community Dinar Dirham. Members of superpowers in the world. The word this community are individuals and dinar in Arabic and Persian is derived institutions who care about from the word "" Roman bermuamalah with dinar dirham. currency. However, "denarius" is Given the above exposure, the different from the 'golden dinar' of authors are interested in researching on Islam. how the ROLE OF DIRHAM USER From another perspective, more ENTREPRENEURSHIP philosophical, the dinar currency called COMMUNITY IN DIRHAM 'Dinar' comes from the words 'Din' and REPLACEMENT EQUIPMENT AS A 'Nar'. Din means religion and Nar means MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE. hell. As for the meaning is who takes it Based on the background of by his right. Weighing then it is his problems that have been described religion and on the contrary the one who

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Proceeding International Seminar on Accounting for Society Bachelor Degree of Accounting Study Program, Faculty of Economy Universitas Pamulang Auditorium Universitas Pamulang, March, 21st, 2018

takes it without right then it is the fire of happened in the money market or the hell. (IbnKathir's commentary 2/60). capital market today. In general, Dinar means gold The use of dinars and dirhams as a currency71.5 sya'ir or approximately means of exchange of payments and 4.68 grams, gold coins weighing 4.25 economic transactions activities is based grams and 22 carat contents (91.7%). on the following: Dinar is also the basic unit of currency 1. The Qur'an and As Sunnah mention Abu Dhabi, Algeria, Bahrain, Jordan, wealth and wealth with the terms Libya, South Yemen, Tunisia, Kuwait, gold and silver (dinar and dirham). Iraq which is different from the dinar as 2. Efforts to uphold the pillars of Islam gold coins. is to pay zakat and enforce Islamic Dirham or dirhm is a currency unit law. A Muslim who possesses gold, in some Arab countries also Tajikistan. money and other possessions who The former was associated with the have attained nishab (weight size) mass dram units of the Ottomanand worth of gold 20 dinars shall pay Persian empires. This name is derived zakat. from the Greek currency, drachma or 3. Gold money is universal and bidrachm. In Roman times, acceptable to all parties because As with the use of drachmas, dirhem is thematerial is gold and relatively used as a unit of weight across North more difficult to forge. Gold money Africa, the Middle East and Persia with has certain colors, levels and different values. In its development strengths that cannot be made from Dirham is a silver currency weighing other metals. 2,295 grams. Another opinion states that 4. Gold money can be used as a the weight of 1 dirham equal to 7/10 savings tool whose value is dinar or equal to 2.975 grams. relatively more stable. With gold money, its value does not 2.2. Dinar, Dirham in Islamic View experience sharp fluctuations, In Islamic Jurisprudence, gold and because the nominal value is equal silver coins are known as an essential to its intrinsic value. means of exchange (real) while copper In Islamic economics, the function or bronze money is known as fulus and of money is recognized only as a is a means of exchange by agreement. medium of exchange and unit of Fulus is closer to the nature of the account. Money itself does not provide banknotes we know today, because they usefulness / benefit but the function of do not have intrinsic value (value money that provides usability. A inherent in the physical) of the exchange Muslim who possesses gold, money and rate. other possessions who have attained The function of money in the nishab (weight size) worth of gold 20 Islamic economic perspective is limited dinars shall pay zakat. to money as a means of exchange of goods and services. Islam prohibits the 2.3. Al-qur'an Verses Relating to accumulation of money and makes Dinar-Dirham money as a commodity, because the Long before the West used the hoarding of money means slowing the money in every transaction, the Islamic velocity of money. This means world was familiar with the means of minimizing the occurrence of exchange and measurement of that transactions, so the economy becomes value, even the Qur'an explicitly stated sluggish. Islam forbids usury and rejects the value measuring instruments in the all kinds of artificial transactions, as

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Proceeding International Seminar on Accounting for Society Bachelor Degree of Accounting Study Program, Faculty of Economy Universitas Pamulang Auditorium Universitas Pamulang, March, 21st, 2018

ٓ ۞ َٰيَأَيَُّٓب ٱنَّ ِزي ٍَ َءا َي ُ ٕٓ ْا إِ ٌَّ َكثِي ٗشا ِّي ٍَ form of gold and silver expressed as ۡ َ ۡ ُ َ .dinars and dirhams ٱۡل ۡحجَب ِس َٔٱن ُّش ْۡجَب ٌِ نَيَأ ُكهٕ ٌَ أ ۡي ََٰٕ َل ۡ ٱنَُّب ِط ثِٱن َٰجَ ِط ِم َٔيَ ُ ُّذٔ ٌَ َعٍ َعجِي ِم ٱ َّ ۗ ٱِ Dinar 2.3.1 َّ ۡ َّ ۡ Understanding / usage of Dinar is َٔٱن ِزي ٍَ يَكُِ ُضٔ ٌَ ٱنزَْ َت َٔٱنفِ َّضخَ َٔ ََّل contained in the Qur'an Surah Imran يُُفقُٕ َٓب في عجيم ٱ َّٱ فَج ِّش ۡشُْى ثع َزا ٍة verse 75 ِ َ ِ َ ِ ِ ِ َ ِ َ أَنيى ٣٤ ۡ َٰ ۡ ِ ٖ َٔ ِي ٍۡ أَ ْۡ ِم ٱن ِكتَ ِت َي ٍۡ إٌِ تَأ َي ُُّۡ ثِقُِ َطب ٖس ۡ ۡ ۡ ۡ O ye who believe! Truly, most of the“ يُ َؤ ِّد ِٓۦ إِنَۡي َك َٔ ِيُُٓى َّيٍ إٌِ تَأ َيُُّ ثِ ِذيَُب ٖس Jewish people and the Christian monks ََّّل يُ َؤ ِّد ِٓۦ إِنَۡي َك إِ ََّّل َيب ُد ۡي َت َعهَۡي ِّ قَبٓئِ ًٗ ۗب actually eat the treasures of men by the ََٰ َ َّ ُ ْ َ َ ۡ ُ (way of vanity and they hinder (man رنِ َك ثِأَُٓۡى قَبنٕا ن ۡي َظ َعه ۡيَُب فِي ٱۡل ِّيي ِّۧ ٍَ from the way of Allah. And those who َعجِي ٞم َٔيَقُٕنُٕ ٌَ َعهَى ٱنهَّ ِٓٱۡن َك ِز َة َُْٔۡى store gold and silver and spend it not in ۡ َ the way of Allah. Tell them (that they يَعه ًُٕ ٌَ ٧٥ will get) a painful punishment” “Among the scribes there are those who, if you entrust to him a great deal of D. Waraq or silver treasure, return it unto you; And among The use of waraq or silver apparatus as a them is someone who, if you entrust him medium of exchange is contained in sura with a denarius, will not return it to you Al Kahfi verse 19 unless you always charge him. That is َٰ ۡ َٰ ُ ْ ۚۡ because they say: "There is no sin for Us َٔ َك َزنِ َك ثَ َعثَُُٓۡى نِيَتَ َغبٓ َءنٕا ثَۡيَُُٓۡى قَب َل against the ummah [206] They say a lie قَبٓئِ ٞم ِّي ُُۡٓۡى َك ۡى نَجِ ۡثتُۡۖۡى قَبنُٕ ْا نَجِ ۡثَُب يَ ٕۡ ًيب أَ ۡٔ [against Allah, but they know. [206 ُ ْ ُ َ ۡ َ َ ۡ What they mean by the Ummi people in ثَ ۡع َض يَ ٕٖۡۚۡو قَبنٕا َسثُّك ۡى أعه ُى ثِ ًَب نجِثتُۡى this verse is Arabs فَٱ ۡث َعثُ ٕٓ ْا أَ َح َذ ُكى ثِ َٕ ِسقِ ُك ۡى ََْٰ ِز ِٓۦ إِنَى ٱۡن ًَ ِذيَُ ِخ فَۡهيَُظُ ۡش أَيَُّٓبٓ أَ ۡص َك َٰى َط َعب ٗيب Dirham 2.3.2 ۡ ۡ ۡ The usage / understanding of Dirham is فَهيَأتِ ُكى ثِ ِش ۡص ٖق ِّي ُُّۡ َٔنيَتَهَطَّ ۡف َٔ ََّل contained in the Qur'an of Surah Yusuf يُ ۡشعش ٌَّ ث ُك ۡى أَح ًذا ١٩ verse 20 ِ َ ِ َ ۡ And thus, did We wake them up so that“ َٔ َش َش ُِۡٔ ثِثَ ًَ ِۢ ٍِ ثَخظ َد ََٰس ِْ َى َي ۡع ُذٔ َد ٖح َٰ ٖ they might question each other among َٔ َكبَُٕ ْا فِي ِّ ِي ٍَ ٱن َّض ِْ ِذي ٍَ ٢٠ themselves. One of them said: how long “And they sell Joseph for a bargain have you been here? "They replied:" We price, that is a few dirhams only, and are (here) a day or half day. "Say they feel uninterested in Yusuf “ (another):" Your Lord knows better how long you have been (here). Then send 2.3.3 Gold, Silver one of you to go into the city with your The use of gold and silver as a medium silver money, and let him see what better of exchange is contained in the Qur'anic food is. Then let it bring the food to you, chapter of At-Taubah verse34 and let it behave in gentleness and never tell you Anyone”.

E. Commercial merchandise

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Proceeding International Seminar on Accounting for Society Bachelor Degree of Accounting Study Program, Faculty of Economy Universitas Pamulang Auditorium Universitas Pamulang, March, 21st, 2018

Commercial merchandise commonly charity to Us, Allah rewards those who used as a tool of exchange is contained give charity ". in the Qur'an, Surah Yusuf verse 88 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Methods 3.1 ٓ ۡ فَهَ ًَّب َد َخهُٕ ْا َعهَۡي ِّ قَبنُٕ ْا َٰيَأَيَُّٓب ٱن َع ِضي ُض This research is based on the level ۡ of explanation using descriptive method َي َّغَُب َٔأَ ْۡهََُب ٱن ُّض ُّش َٔ ِجئَُب ثِجِ ََٰض َع ٖخ ۖۡ of research that is characteristic of ُّي ۡض َج َٰى ٖخ فَأَ ۡٔ ِف نََُب ٱۡن َك ۡي َم َٔتَ َ َّذ ۡق َعهَۡيَُبٓ describing the existence of variables َّ ۡ research objects) on the question of the) إِ ٌَّ ٱٱَ يَ ۡجضٱن ًُتَ َ ِّذقِي ٍَ ٨٨ existence of variables. In this research “And when they went into Joseph they the variable in question is the use of said: "Al Aziz, We and Our family have dinar dirham as a medium of exchange been afflicted with misery, and We have in the community environment of dinar come with unworthy goods, and dirham users in muamalah. complete the garment for Us, and give Independent Variable Relationship Schemes and Dependent Variables

X1

Y X2

Information: In this study, the variables are X1 X1 = The role of the Community in an (Dinar usage is viewed from the effort to use Dinar Dirham in terms of religious aspect among user religious aspects community), X2 variable (Dirham use in X2 = The role of the Community in the terms of economic aspect among user effort of using Dinar Dirham in terms of community / user), and variable Y is economic aspects. Community Role in effort the use of Y = The role of the Community in the Dinar Dirham as a medium of exchange. effort of using Dinar Dirham as a medium of exchange. 3.3. Data collection technique RYX1 = The structural parameter of the This research was conducted by relationship X1 to Y collecting data in the form of: RYX2 = The structural parameter of 1. Observation / Observation relationship X2 to Y The writer / researcher directly RYX1X2 = The structural parameters of observe the economic activities the relations X1 and X2 together with Y. conducted by the Community, such as the activities of Muamalah School 3.2 Research Variables which is done several weeks. The research variables are basically 2. Interview anything in the form of what is Authors / researchers conducted determined by the researcher to be direct interviews to activist studied to obtain information about it, muamalah activities that use Dinar then drawn the conclusion, (Sugiyono, Dirham as a means of transaction. 2004: 58). 3. Questionnaire

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Proceeding International Seminar on Accounting for Society Bachelor Degree of Accounting Study Program, Faculty of Economy Universitas Pamulang Auditorium Universitas Pamulang, March, 21st, 2018

The writer / researcher distributes Indonesia and WakalaInduk Nusantara questionnaire / questionnaire (WIN) and witness by number of dinar regarding the role of Community in dirham users who gathered on the effort of applying Dinar, Dirham SauqiWakala on January 10, 2009. The as a medium of exchange. main mission of Jawara is to Develop 4. Documentation the practice trade transaction (product This technique is done to support andservices) Probably in the community theoretical or conceptual ideas about nationally and internationally. research variables, in this case the Jawara is an open network for all reference books, documents and parties, individuals and institutions articles that have been there before without differentiating the types of and there is relevance to the problem business and services of real sector, will be solved. race, ethnicity, and the area of its activities. Intiative of Jawara will 3.4. Sampling technique complement the use gold dinars – silver The population used in this study dirhams which limited as investment but were the Community while the samples use to paying zakat, infak, sedekah (ZIS) used random sampling technique with and Wakaf medium of exchange free Purposive Sampling method. Because and inflation, mahar. sampling from the population was done Jawara's initial program was to randomly but paid attention to the same revive trade routes, charitable activities, purpose of the sample. direct transactions using gold dinars and silver dirhams, and set up open markets. 3.5. Instrument Testing To facilitate the transaction along with All data from the results of this the establishment of Jawara, also questionnaire were scored and analyzed presented m-Badar(Payment Barter by using the test Voluntary Dinar-Dirham Electronic), Statistics. Technique Data analysis used which has been accessed at in this research is correlation and http://wakalanusantara.com/. In the early regression, that is stages m-Badar is provided as an Simple correlation to determine the information service of the gold dinar relationship of each variable X and Y, exchange rate and silver dirham. simple regression Now renamed the User Community To determine each of the variables X / Dinar Dirham Users as a medium of and Y, the double correlation to exchange. The users of Dinar Dirham determine the relationship are combination of entrepreneurs, Variable X1, X2 with variable Y. traders, producers and service providers Instrument instrument used is SPSS 22. who use gold dinars and silver dirhams as a means of exchange in daily trading 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION activities it‘s called muamalah market. In order to expand the use of gold Monthly activity is always held by dinars and silver dirhams in practical user community gold dinars and silver activities in practical day –to-day a real dirhams as medium of exchange at intiation has begun in the form of Tanah Baru Beji Depok Jawa Barat. The network of users of gold dinar and silver community really concern on the dirhams. This intiative is called The sunnah, do transaction using dinar and Network of Entrepreneurs Dinar-Dirham dirham. Nusantara (JAWARA- The m-Badar facility is a tool for www.jawaradinar.com). Jawara was transactions between Dinar Dirham initiated in Bandung by Amirat users, both in personal transactions and

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Proceeding International Seminar on Accounting for Society Bachelor Degree of Accounting Study Program, Faculty of Economy Universitas Pamulang Auditorium Universitas Pamulang, March, 21st, 2018

payment of services and corporate Adiwarma K, A, Ir, Ekonomi Makro trading. The electronic payment system Islam, Edisi Kedua, Rajawali Pers, is backed up 100% with gold dinars and Jakarta, 2008 silver dirham in this physical form, also Ahmad Ifham Solihin, Buku Pintar connected with e-dinar (http: www.e- Ekonomi Syariah, Gramedia, dinar.com), provider of international Jakarta, 2010 electronic Dinar Dirham payment Mohammad Hidayat, An Introduction system that has been operating since To The Sharia Economic, Zikrul, year 2000. Thus the users of gold dinars Jakarta, 2010.Mudrajat Kuncoro, and silver dirham in Indonesia will be Metode Riset Untuk Bisnis Dan connected with users of gold dinars and Ekonomi, Erlangga, Jakarta, 2009. silver dirhams around the world. With Muhaimin Iqbal, Dinar Solution, Gema m-Badar and e-Dinar, Dinar and Dirham Insani, Jakarta, 2008. transactions do not always have to be Sugiyono, Metode Penelitian Bisnis, done physically until the hassles that Alfa Beta, Bandung, 2008. may arise in various situations can be Sukirno, Sadono, Makro Ekonomi Teori resolved. Pengantar, Edisi Ketiga, Rajawali But now the m- Badar facility is on Pers, Jakarta, 2010. recovery caused by the increasing of Siswntoro, Dodik, Kecukupan Emas wakala and muamalah market in Untuk Dinar Dan Rasionya dengan Indonesia. A long time ago just Cirebon Dinar Dirham, Studi Kasus Residen whose printed gold dinar. A few Indonesia, Journal of The Islamic days ago, Mangku Negeri Tanjung Pura Economic Forum for Darussalam whose printed silver dirham. IndonesiaDevelopment, Vol. I. The result of this research with Jakarta. purposive sampling method at user Yimi Diantoro, Emas, Investasi Dan community gold dinars and silver Pengolahannya, Gramedia, Jakarta, dirhams as medium of exchange effort 2010. religion aspects is dominant factor than YusAgusyana, Olah Data Skripsi Dan economical factor. This is not in line Penelitian Dengan SPSS 22. Elex with research conducted by Srie Nuning Media Computindo, Jakarta, 2014. Mulatsiheith title of analysis of factors that affect the use of Dinar-Dirham as currency where economic factors are more dominant than religious factor. User community gold dinars and silver dirhams as the medium of exchange know and understand the basic of doing transaction to avoid usury for muamalah activities get blessing from Allah SWT because in a accordance with the Qur‖an and Sunnah.

REFERENCES

Al-Qur‘an dan Terjemahan. 2002, Jakarta: Departemen Agama RI. Adiwarman K, A, Ir, Sejarah Pemikiran Islam, Edisi Ketiga, Rajawali Pers, Jakarta 2010

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