An Investigation of Purple and Violet Feather Coloration

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

An Investigation of Purple and Violet Feather Coloration AN INVESTIGATION OF PURPLE AND VIOLET FEATHER COLORATION A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Nicholas Matthew Justyn August, 2017 AN INVESTIGATION OF PURPLE AND VIOLET FEATHER COLORATION Nicholas Matthew Justyn Thesis Approved: Accepted: Advisor Dean of the College Dr. Todd Blackledge Dr. John Green Co-Advisor Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Matthew Shawkey Dr. Chand Midha Faculty Reader Date Dr. Peter Niewiarowski Department Chair Dr. Stephen Weeks ii ABSTRACT The wide range of feather colors are produced by the pigments deposited within the feather, structural components of the feather interacting with light, or in some cases, a combination of both of these mechanisms. Elucidating the mechanisms of color production is essential to understanding the underlying functions and behaviors that are associated with the colors. However, the mechanisms of purple and violet coloration in feathers have yet to be well-characterized, and in fact, the two colors are often carelessly used interchangeably with one another. Violet feathers can be identified by a single peak in the visible spectrum between 380 nm and 450 nm. However, purple feathers have a much higher amount of variability. This variability is created by differing amounts of reflectance in the violet-blue and red region of the visible spectrum in different species. In this study, I investigated 26 different species of birds with purple or violet plumage, and I attempted to characterize the current known methods of purple and violet feather color production. My data, along with previous studies, strongly suggests that non- iridescent purple feathers are produced exclusively by modified carotenoids, and non- iridescent violet is produced structurally with the inclusion of a spongy keratin layer and a basal melanin layer, similar to blue feathers. Lastly, Iridescent purple and violet colored feathers appear to both be produced structurally using melanin as a medium with a high refractive index to selectively scatter light. Additionally, there appear to be several limitations when producing these two colors. To my knowledge, within feathers there are not currently any examples of a violet pigment, a non-iridescent purple structural color, iii or purple plumage created through the combination of a colorful pigment and non- iridescent structural color. First and foremost, I think that this study will serve as a detailed guide on the current known mechanisms of purple and violet feather color production, and lead to a better understanding of the limitations when producing these two colors. Additionally, by combining both pigmentary and structural color analysis, I hope that this study will encourage more accurate and complete characterizations of animal coloration in the future and the functions that may be associated with the mechanism of color production. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee members Dr. Matthew D. Shawkey, Dr. Todd Blackledge, and Dr. Peter Niewiarowski for their guidance and support throughout the entirety of this project. Additionally, I would like to thank Jennifer A. Peteya, Bor-Kai Hsiung, Ming Xiao, Asritha Nallapaneni, Brani Igic, and Liliana D’Alba for training and assistance during the project. Additional thanks to Dr. Andrew Parnell from The University of Sheffield for providing the SAXS data, Dr. Bojie Wang for instruction on the SEM and TEM, and Dr. Zhorro Nikolov for instruction on the Raman spectrometer. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER I. AN INVESTIGATION OF PURPLE AND VIOLET FEATHER COLORATION .... 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................. 6 Sampling ............................................................................................................... 6 UV-Vis spectroscopy ............................................................................................ 7 Confocal Raman spectroscopy .............................................................................. 8 Electron Microscopy ............................................................................................. 9 Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) ............................................................... 11 Analyses .............................................................................................................. 11 III. RESULTS ................................................................................................................. 13 UV-Vis spectroscopy ......................................................................................... 13 Feather Morphology............................................................................................ 17 Confocal Raman Spectroscopy ........................................................................... 19 Electron Microscopy ........................................................................................... 21 Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) ............................................................... 21 Analyses .............................................................................................................. 25 vi IV. DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................... 29 V. CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................... 36 LITERATURE CITED ................................................................................................... 37 APPENDICIES ............................................................................................................... 45 APPENDIX A: UV-VIS SPECTROSCOPY ...................................................... 46 APPENDIX B: MICROSPECTROPHOTOMETRY ......................................... 60 APPENDIX C: LIGHT MICROSCOPY ............................................................ 67 APPENDIX D: CONFOCAL RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY .............................. 80 APPENDIX E: SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM) .................. 94 APPENDIX F: TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (TEM) ......... 96 APPENDIX G: SMALL ANGLE X-RAY SCATTERING (SAXS) ................. 98 vii LIST OF TABLES Page Table 3.1 CIE 1931 Color Space Key ....................................................................................... 28 4.1 Summary of Results for Each Species ...................................................................... 30 viii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 3.1 Measured eflectance spectra exhibiting the variation in violet and purple coloration in A) capped conebill B) Costa’s Hummingbird and C) Knysna turaco feathers. .................................................................................................... 14 3.2 Microspectrophotometry reflectance spectra of the individual purple barbs of both the A) Purple Finch (1, 2, 4, 7) and B) Capped Conebill (1, 2, 3, 4) compared to their black barbules (1, 3, 5, 6, 8) and (5, 6, 7, 8). ......................... 15 3.3 The barb of a lilac-breasted roller feather with A) individual cell boundaries. B) microspectrophotometry sampling of an individual cell. C) Reflectance spectra obtained from cells located in the apical, middle, and lower regions of a single barb running the entire length of the feather. .................................... 16 3.4 Violet or purple color located in the barbules of the A) yellow-bibbed fruit dove. B) Costa’s hummingbird barbs. C) capped conebill. D) Both the barbules and barbs of the purple-breasted cotinga. .................................................................. 18 3.5 Raman spectra of A) eumelanin in barb and barbules of a Bufflehead feather. B) Carotenoids in the barb and eumelanin in the barbules of a purple finch feather. C) Turacoverdin in the barbs and barbules of a Knysna Turaco feather. D) Turacin in the barbs of a Ross’s Turaco feather. .............................. 20 ix 3.6 TEM images of the (A) spongy layer of a southern crowned pigeon barbule with a basal layer of melanosomes. B) Arrangement of elongate hollow melanosomes of a Costa’s hummingbird barbule. C) Arrangement of melanosomes near the outer edge of a Bufflehead barbule D) Carotenoids deposited in the Purple-breasted cotinga barbule (left) and barb (right) of the feather............................................................................................................ 22 3.7 SEM image of a superb fairy wren barb revealing a quasi-ordered, channel- type spongy layer and the shape of the melanosomes that form the basal melanin layer in the center of the barb................................................................ 23 3.8 SAXS showing peaks characteristic of an ordered spongy layer in the barbs of A) lilac-breasted roller and B) capped conebill feathers. An absence of peaks, and therefore structure, is seen in the barbs of C) non-iridescent purple finch and D) iridescent bufflehead feathers. ............................................ 24 3.9 A) A magnification of the spongy layer in the barbule of a Southern- crowned pigeon. B) FFT showing an isotropic
Recommended publications
  • Species Limits in Some Philippine Birds Including the Greater Flameback Chrysocolaptes Lucidus
    FORKTAIL 27 (2011): 29–38 Species limits in some Philippine birds including the Greater Flameback Chrysocolaptes lucidus N. J. COLLAR Philippine bird taxonomy is relatively conservative and in need of re-examination. A number of well-marked subspecies were selected and subjected to a simple system of scoring (Tobias et al. 2010 Ibis 152: 724–746) that grades morphological and vocal differences between allopatric taxa (exceptional character 4, major 3, medium 2, minor 1; minimum score 7 for species status). This results in the recognition or confirmation of species status for (inverted commas where a new English name is proposed) ‘Philippine Collared Dove’ Streptopelia (bitorquatus) dusumieri, ‘Philippine Green Pigeon’ Treron (pompadora) axillaris and ‘Buru Green Pigeon’ T. (p.) aromatica, Luzon Racquet-tail Prioniturus montanus, Mindanao Racquet-tail P. waterstradti, Blue-winged Raquet-tail P. verticalis, Blue-headed Raquet-tail P. platenae, Yellow-breasted Racquet-tail P. flavicans, White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon (smyrnensis) gularis (with White-breasted Kingfisher applying to H. smyrnensis), ‘Northern Silvery Kingfisher’ Alcedo (argentata) flumenicola, ‘Rufous-crowned Bee-eater’ Merops (viridis) americanus, ‘Spot-throated Flameback’ Dinopium (javense) everetti, ‘Luzon Flameback’ Chrysocolaptes (lucidus) haematribon, ‘Buff-spotted Flameback’ C. (l.) lucidus, ‘Yellow-faced Flameback’ C. (l.) xanthocephalus, ‘Red-headed Flameback’ C. (l.) erythrocephalus, ‘Javan Flameback’ C. (l.) strictus, Greater Flameback C. (l.) guttacristatus, ‘Sri Lankan Flameback’ (Crimson-backed Flameback) Chrysocolaptes (l.) stricklandi, ‘Southern Sooty Woodpecker’ Mulleripicus (funebris) fuliginosus, Visayan Wattled Broadbill Eurylaimus (steerii) samarensis, White-lored Oriole Oriolus (steerii) albiloris, Tablas Drongo Dicrurus (hottentottus) menagei, Grand or Long-billed Rhabdornis Rhabdornis (inornatus) grandis, ‘Visayan Rhabdornis’ Rhabdornis (i.) rabori, and ‘Visayan Shama’ Copsychus (luzoniensis) superciliaris.
    [Show full text]
  • Lilac,Breasted Roller
    soon as they leave the nest, although Keeping and breeding the the coloration could be described as being softer and not quite as intense in its brightness. The bird in the Lilac,breasted Roller accompanying photograph was among the first Lilac-breasted Rollers (Coracias caudata) to be reared at Birdworld and is pho­ byRoger Sweeney tographed here at five months ofage. formerly Uvestock Manager The wild distribution of this bird Birdworld Bird Park covers Somalia and Ethiopia through Holt Pound, Farnham, Surrey, U.K. east and central Africa. Although spor­ adically available throughout avicul­ tural history, the Lilac-breasted Roller As the movement of birds between recent years is the Lilac-breasted has never been considered to be different countries becomes increas­ Roller (Coracias caudata). "commonly kept" and has only ingly restricted, one avicultural group I have long rated birds of the genus recently begun to be consistently bred that will become increasingly more Coracias among my personal favor­ in reasonable numbers. difficult to maintain in aviculture will ites. Birdworld Bird Park in Farnham, The husbandry requirements of Cor­ be softbills. Already, as the number of England, currently maintains three acias rollers are easily met. Accom­ species imported into the United species from this genus. Out ofthese it modation, in the form of a large Kingdom CU.K.) has dwindled, a harsh is the Lilac-breasted Roller which was planted aviary will suit them. In Eng­ spotlight is being cast on some species the first to breed and has proved to be land and other temperate countries of as to whether or not they can be real­ the most productive species, the other the world, the additional need of a istically sustained as a captive popula­ two species which are the European heated shelter for the winter period tion in future years.
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Rosella (Platycercus Eximius)
    Eastern rosella (Platycercus eximius) Class: Aves Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittaculidae Characteristics: The Eastern rosella averages 30 cm (12 in) in length and 99gm (3.5oz) in weight. With a red head and white cheeks, the upper breast is red and the lower breast is yellow fading to pale green over the abdomen. The feathers of the back and shoulders are black, and have yellowish or greenish margins giving rise to a scalloped appearance that varies slightly between three subspecies and the sexes. The wings and lateral tail feathers are bluish while the tail is dark green. Range & Habitat: Behavior: Like most parrots, Eastern rosellas are cavity nesters, generally Eastern Australia down to nesting high in older large trees in forested areas. They enjoy bathing in Tasmania in wooded country, puddles of water in the wild and in captivity and frequently scratch their open forests, woodlands and heads with the foot behind the wing. Typical behavior also includes an parks. Nests in tree cavities, undulating flight, strutting by the male, and tail wagging during various stumps or posts. displays such as courting, and a high-pitched whistle consisting of sharp notes repeated rapidly in quick succession. Reproduction: Breeding season is influenced by rain and location. Courting male bows while sounding out mating call followed by mutual feeding and then mating. Female alone incubates eggs while male bring food. 2-9 eggs will hatch in 18 - 20 days. Hatchlings are ready to leave the nest in about 5 weeks but may stay with their parents for several months unless there is another mating.
    [Show full text]
  • MADAGASCAR: the Wonders of the “8Th Continent” a Tropical Birding Custom Trip
    MADAGASCAR: The Wonders of the “8th Continent” A Tropical Birding Custom Trip October 20—November 6, 2016 Guide: Ken Behrens All photos taken during this trip by Ken Behrens Annotated bird list by Jerry Connolly TOUR SUMMARY Madagascar has long been a core destination for Tropical Birding, and with the opening of a satellite office in the country several years ago, we further solidified our expertise in the “Eighth Continent.” This custom trip followed an itinerary similar to that of our main set-departure tour. Although this trip had a definite bird bias, it was really a general natural history tour. We took our time in observing and photographing whatever we could find, from lemurs to chameleons to bizarre invertebrates. Madagascar is rich in wonderful birds, and we enjoyed these to the fullest. But its mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and insects are just as wondrous and accessible, and a trip that ignored them would be sorely missing out. We also took time to enjoy the cultural riches of Madagascar, the small villages full of smiling children, the zebu carts which seem straight out of the Middle Ages, and the ingeniously engineered rice paddies. If you want to come to Madagascar and see it all… come with Tropical Birding! Madagascar is well known to pose some logistical challenges, especially in the form of the national airline Air Madagascar, but we enjoyed perfectly smooth sailing on this tour. We stayed in the most comfortable hotels available at each stop on the itinerary, including some that have just recently opened, and savored some remarkably good food, which many people rank as the best Madagascar Custom Tour October 20-November 6, 2016 they have ever had on any birding tour.
    [Show full text]
  • Colors of the Rainbow 105
    ©2011 by Connie Bergstein Dow. Published by Redleaf Press, www.redleafpress.org. Unauthorized reproduction or distribution of these pages is strictly prohibited. Colors of the Rainbow 105 This activity is an extended movement study based on the theme of color. It will take about an hour to an hour and a half, including the time it takes to help the children make ribbon bangles. If you expand it into a presentation, plan to add about an extra half hour to hang the large sheet of paper on which you write the children’s suggestions in the opening section of the lesson, hang the paper plate rainbows, place the bangle props, get your music set up, and have the children in their spots ready to begin the dance. What You Need ` a large space ` “Catsup” instrumental (disc 1, track 17), “Goldie Rock” instrumental (disc 2, track 23), “Care of the Earth” instrumental (disc 1, track 16), and “Shine & Brighten” instrumental (disc 2, track 37) ` a large roll of paper; red, yellow, and blue markers; the book Color Dance by Ann Jonas; pipe cleaners and precut ten-inch strips of ribbon in many different colors; crayons of many colors; paper plates What You Do Begin with the children seated in a circle. These places will be their home spots as you introduce each new color. Say to the children: Today we are going to dance about all the colors! What is your favor- ite color? Why is it your favorite color? How does thinking about that color make you feel? First let’s talk about red.
    [Show full text]
  • How the Rainbow Was Made
    How the Rainbow Was Made A Creation Tale from the Ojibwe Nation retold by S. E. Schlosser One day when the earth was new, Nanabozho looked out the window of his house beside the wide waterfall and realized that all of the flowers in his meadow were exactly the same off­white color. How boring! He decided to make a change, so he gathered up his paints and his paintbrushes and went out to the meadow. Nanabozho sat down in the tall grass and arranged his red and orange and yellow and green and blue and violet paint pots next to him. Then he began to paint the flowers in his meadow in many different colors. He painted the violets dark blue and the tiger lilies orange with brown dots. He made the roses red and pink and purple. He painted the pansies in every color combination he could think of. Then he painted every single daffodil bright yellow. Nanabozho hummed happily to himself as he worked in the brilliant daylight provided by Brother Sun. Overhead, two little bluebirds were playing games with each other. The first little bluebird would chase his friend across the meadow one way. Then they would turn around and the second bluebird would chase him back the other way. Zippity­zip went the first bluebird as he raced across the sky. Zappity­zing went the second bluebird as he chased him in the brilliant sunshine. Occasionally, Nanabozho would shade his eyes and look up…up into the endless blue sky to watch the two little birds playing.
    [Show full text]
  • The Birds (Aves) of Oromia, Ethiopia – an Annotated Checklist
    European Journal of Taxonomy 306: 1–69 ISSN 2118-9773 https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.306 www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu 2017 · Gedeon K. et al. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Monograph urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A32EAE51-9051-458A-81DD-8EA921901CDC The birds (Aves) of Oromia, Ethiopia – an annotated checklist Kai GEDEON 1,*, Chemere ZEWDIE 2 & Till TÖPFER 3 1 Saxon Ornithologists’ Society, P.O. Box 1129, 09331 Hohenstein-Ernstthal, Germany. 2 Oromia Forest and Wildlife Enterprise, P.O. Box 1075, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia. 3 Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Centre for Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany. * Corresponding author: [email protected] 2 Email: [email protected] 3 Email: [email protected] 1 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:F46B3F50-41E2-4629-9951-778F69A5BBA2 2 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:F59FEDB3-627A-4D52-A6CB-4F26846C0FC5 3 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:A87BE9B4-8FC6-4E11-8DB4-BDBB3CFBBEAA Abstract. Oromia is the largest National Regional State of Ethiopia. Here we present the first comprehensive checklist of its birds. A total of 804 bird species has been recorded, 601 of them confirmed (443) or assumed (158) to be breeding birds. At least 561 are all-year residents (and 31 more potentially so), at least 73 are Afrotropical migrants and visitors (and 44 more potentially so), and 184 are Palaearctic migrants and visitors (and eight more potentially so). Three species are endemic to Oromia, 18 to Ethiopia and 43 to the Horn of Africa. 170 Oromia bird species are biome restricted: 57 to the Afrotropical Highlands biome, 95 to the Somali-Masai biome, and 18 to the Sudan-Guinea Savanna biome.
    [Show full text]
  • Influences of Oceanic Islands and the Pleistocene on The
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by LJMU Research Online 1 1 Manuscript for European Journal of Ecology http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/eje 2 Influences of oceanic islands and the Pleistocene on the 3 biogeography and evolution of two groups of Australasian parrots 4 (Aves: Psittaciformes: Eclectus roratus, Trichoglossus haematodus 5 complex). Rapid evolution and implications for taxonomy and 6 conservation 7 8 Michael P. Braun1*, Matthias Reinschmidt2, Thomas Datzmann3, David Waugh2, Rafael Zamora2, Annett Häbich2, 9 Luís Neves2, Helga Gerlach2, Thomas Arndt4, Claudia Mettke-Hofmann5, Hedwig Sauer-Gürth1 & Michael Wink1 10 11 Author Affiliations: 12 13 1Heidelberg University, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Dep. Biology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 14 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany 15 2Loro Parque Fundacíon, Camino Burgado, 38400 Puerto de la Cruz (Tenerife), Spain 16 3Senckenberg Collection of Natural History Dresden Museum of Zoology, Koenigsbruecker Landstr. 159, 01109 17 Dresden, Germany 18 4Thomas Arndt, Brückenfeldstraße 28, 75015 Bretten, Germany 19 5School of Natural Sciences & Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, 20 United Kingdom 21 * corresponding author 22 Michael P. Braun 23 Email: [email protected] 24 University of Heidelberg 25 Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB) 26 Dep. Biology, 4th floor 27 Im Neuenheimer Feld 364 28 69120 Heidelberg 29 Tel.: 0049 176 - 228 59 333 30 Fax.: 0049 62 21 - 54 48 31 2 32 SUMMARY 33 Background 34 The Australasian region is a centre of biodiversity and endemism, mainly based on the tropical climate in 35 combination with the large amount of islands.
    [Show full text]
  • Cfreptiles & Amphibians
    HTTPS://JOURNALS.KU.EDU/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSTABLE OF CONTENTS IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANSREPTILES • VOL &15, AMPHIBIANS NO 4 • DEC 2008 • 28(1):157–158189 • APR 2021 IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS CONSERVATION AND NATURAL HISTORY TABLE OF CONTENTS FEATUREPredation ARTICLES on a Common Wolfsnake, . Chasing Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) in Wisconsin: LycodonOn the Road to aulicusUnderstanding the Ecology (Colubridae),and Conservation of the Midwest’s Giant Serpent ...................... by anJoshua M. KapferIndian 190 . The Shared History of Treeboas (Corallus grenadensis) and Humans on Grenada: Roller,A Hypothetical Coracias Excursion ............................................................................................................................ benghalensis (Coraciidae),Robert W. Henderson 198 RESEARCH ARTICLES in. The the Texas Horned Sathyamangalam Lizard in Central and Western Texas ....................... Emily Henry, JasonTiger Brewer, Krista Mougey, Reserve, and Gad Perry 204 . The Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) in Florida .............................................TamilBrian J. Camposano, Kenneth Nadu, L. Krysko, Kevin M. Enge,India Ellen M. Donlan, and Michael Granatosky 212 CONSERVATION ALERT . World’s Mammals in Crisis ...............................................................................................................................Sreedharan Nair Vishnu and Chinnasamy Ramesh .............................. 220 . More Than Mammals .....................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Fruit Nutritional Composition and Non-Nutritive Traits of Indigenous South African Tree Species ⁎ A.-L
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com South African Journal of Botany 78 (2012) 30–36 www.elsevier.com/locate/sajb Fruit nutritional composition and non-nutritive traits of indigenous South African tree species ⁎ A.-L. Wilson, C.T. Downs School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa Received 12 January 2011; received in revised form 11 April 2011; accepted 13 April 2011 Abstract Frugivorous animals play a major role in dispersing tropical, and to a lesser extent, temperate tree species. In order to attract potential seed dispersers, plants generally offer a reward of fleshy fruit pulp. Criteria for fruit choice by avian frugivores are influenced by a number of non- nutritive (e.g. fruit size and colour) factors; and nutritional composition of the fruit. There is a paucity of nutritional composition and other fruit trait data of indigenous South African fruit. This information is necessary in order to determine which frugivores are likely to ingest which fruits and consequently act as potential seed dispersal agents. This information would provide us with an understanding of the inter-relationships between indigenous fruit and frugivores in South Africa. Consequently nutritional composition was investigated in various indigenous fruit species that avian frugivores feed on. Fruits were collected from 38 indigenous tree species found in KwaZulu-Natal Afromontane and coastal forests. Pulp was freeze-dried to constant mass and then analysed for sugar, lipid and protein content; and for water content determination. Fruit width in this study ranged from 4 mm (Searsia rehmanniana and Trema orientalis)to40mm(Annona senegalensis, Ficus sur and Xylotheca kraussiana).
    [Show full text]
  • RAL COLOR CHART ***** This Chart Is to Be Used As a Guide Only. Colors May Appear Slightly Different ***** Green Beige Purple V
    RAL COLOR CHART ***** This Chart is to be used as a guide only. Colors May Appear Slightly Different ***** RAL 1000 Green Beige RAL 4007 Purple Violet RAL 7008 Khaki Grey RAL 4008 RAL 7009 RAL 1001 Beige Signal Violet Green Grey Tarpaulin RAL 1002 Sand Yellow RAL 4009 Pastel Violet RAL 7010 Grey RAL 1003 Signal Yellow RAL 5000 Violet Blue RAL 7011 Iron Grey RAL 1004 Golden Yellow RAL 5001 Green Blue RAL 7012 Basalt Grey Ultramarine RAL 1005 Honey Yellow RAL 5002 RAL 7013 Brown Grey Blue RAL 1006 Maize Yellow RAL 5003 Saphire Blue RAL 7015 Slate Grey Anthracite RAL 1007 Chrome Yellow RAL 5004 Black Blue RAL 7016 Grey RAL 1011 Brown Beige RAL 5005 Signal Blue RAL 7021 Black Grey RAL 1012 Lemon Yellow RAL 5007 Brillant Blue RAL 7022 Umbra Grey Concrete RAL 1013 Oyster White RAL 5008 Grey Blue RAL 7023 Grey Graphite RAL 1014 Ivory RAL 5009 Azure Blue RAL 7024 Grey Granite RAL 1015 Light Ivory RAL 5010 Gentian Blue RAL 7026 Grey RAL 1016 Sulfer Yellow RAL 5011 Steel Blue RAL 7030 Stone Grey RAL 1017 Saffron Yellow RAL 5012 Light Blue RAL 7031 Blue Grey RAL 1018 Zinc Yellow RAL 5013 Cobolt Blue RAL 7032 Pebble Grey Cement RAL 1019 Grey Beige RAL 5014 Pigieon Blue RAL 7033 Grey RAL 1020 Olive Yellow RAL 5015 Sky Blue RAL 7034 Yellow Grey RAL 1021 Rape Yellow RAL 5017 Traffic Blue RAL 7035 Light Grey Platinum RAL 1023 Traffic Yellow RAL 5018 Turquiose Blue RAL 7036 Grey RAL 1024 Ochre Yellow RAL 5019 Capri Blue RAL 7037 Dusty Grey RAL 1027 Curry RAL 5020 Ocean Blue RAL 7038 Agate Grey RAL 1028 Melon Yellow RAL 5021 Water Blue RAL 7039 Quartz Grey
    [Show full text]
  • Growing and Enjoying Lilacs (Syringa) in Central Ohio
    OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION Franklin County Master Gardener ClassFranklin of 2020 County Community Master Gardener Meetings Growing and Enjoying Lilacs in Central Ohio July 8 – Northern Lights Library July 22August – OSU 4 – ExtensionOnline Class Office Presenter:Aug 6 – HilltopDr. Mark LibraryL. DeBard MGV Intern, Franklin County OH International Lilac Registrar Mike Hogan,Board Extension of Directors, Educator International & Associate Lilac Society Professor OSU Extension Organized by Mike Hogan, Extension Educator & Associate Professor OSU Extension Photo: Montreal Botanic Gardens Dr. Mark L. DeBard MGV Intern, Franklin County OH Growing and Enjoying Lilacs International Lilac Registrar Board of Directors, International Lilac Society (Syringa) in Central Ohio Contents • Key Facts • Types of Lilacs • Flower Forms & Colors • Growing Conditions & Maintenance • Making More Lilacs • Cut Lilac Flowers and Perfume • Public Collections & Festivals to Visit • Well-Known Lilacs • 4 Series: Common (Syringa), Littleleaf (Pubescentes), Late (Villosae), Tree (Ligustrina) • (1) Common species: vulgaris, ×hyacinthiflora, Types of Lilacs ×chinensis, ×persica • (2) Littleaf species: pubescens, patula, microphylla • (3) Late species: josikaea, komarowii, tomentella, ×prestoniae, ×josiflexa, ×henryi, ×swegiflexa • (4) Tree species: reticulata, pekinensis • LILAC SERIES CAN’T INTERBREED OR HYBRIDIZE Reproduced with permission of Vectorstock Lilacs Leaf Comparisons of the Four Lilac Series Left to Right: Left to Right: (1) Common Lilac and (3) Late Lilac and (2) Littleleaf Hairy Lilacs (patula, pubescens, (4) Tree Lilacs (Japanese, Amur, Peking) microphylla) (1) Common Series: S. vulgaris • The common lilac in stores. • Comes in lilac and white colors. • Native to Eastern Europe. • Brought to USA by early settlers 1700’s. • Largest flowers, mid-season May bloom. • Great lilac fragrance! ‘President Lincoln’ (1) Common Series: S.
    [Show full text]