The Mayor of London’s School Air Quality Audit Programme Bowes Primary School, London Borough of Enfield

MAY 2018

THE MAYOR OF LONDON’S SCHOOL AIR QUALITY AUDIT

THE MAYOR OF LONDON’S SCHOOL AIR QUALITY AUDIT

Mayor’s Foreword

Poor air quality is a major public health issue and cause of inequality in our city. It is shocking that in London alone, air pollution contributes to thousands of early deaths every year, and has been linked to strokes, heart attacks, asthma, dementia and

smaller lungs in our children.

We cannot allow this to continue. That is why, since becoming Mayor, I have made tackling poor air quality a priority. That is also why my administration has nearly doubled spending on cleaning up London’s toxic air and we are delivering the boldest and most ambitious plan to tackle air quality anywhere in the world.

This includes introducing a new charge on the oldest, most polluting vehicles coming into central London, consulting on expanding the Ultra Low Emission Zone, making buses in London cleaner and greener, and reducing exposure to air pollution around schools.

As part of this, we launched the Mayor’s School Air Quality Audit Programme in January 2017, with the aim of reducing emissions and primary school children’s exposure to polluted air. I am delighted that this programme has now been completed, with 50 audits undertaken at primary schools located in the most polluted areas of London.

We are confident that implementing the recommendations from these audits will go a long way to delivering cleaner air, reducing health inequalities and, most importantly, improving the health and wellbeing of our children.

But we want to go even further. The implementation of the recommendations and dissemination of this programme offers us an invaluable opportunity to really make a difference. So, I want to see the London boroughs rolling it out to every school located in pollution hot spots.

The audit recommendations for the 50 schools that have already gone through the process are bespoke to each school, and whilst some recommendations will require funding to implement, there will be some that will not; such as changing walking routes to less exposed routes. Each report also contains a tool kit and template that could be used locally by other schools and similar organisations to undertake their own air quality audit.

We understand that schools and boroughs are under enormous financial pressure, which is why I am encouraging boroughs to prioritise funding through their Local Implementation Plan budgets provided by Transport for London (TfL). I am also urging Clinical Commissioning Groups and local businesses to consider setting aside some funding to support the funding of these recommendations.

THE MAYOR OF LONDON’S SCHOOL AIR QUALITY AUDIT

In addition, we are keen to encourage schools to sign up to TfL’s STARS (Sustainable Travel: Active, Responsible, Safe) programme, if they have not already done so. By swapping car journeys for active travel, through STARS, schools can make a real difference to our city and help create healthier streets for Londoners.

Finally, I would like to commend all those involved in the successful delivery of the School Air Quality Audit Programme - the schools, boroughs, consultants and, above all, the school children.

Sadiq Khan Mayor of London

THE MAYOR OF LONDON’S SCHOOL AIR QUALITY AUDIT

THE MAYOR OF LONDON'S SCHOOL AIR QUALITY AUDIT Bowes Primary School, London Borough of Enfield

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS & CONTRIBUTIONS Bowes Primary School – Kyri Michaelides, Debbie Harris, Kelly Hitchcock London Borough of Enfield – Lars Chresta, James West ,Ned Johnson

MEMBERS OF THE PROGRAMME STEERING GROUP Annette Figueiredo- Programme Lead, Principal Policy & Programme Officer, Greater London Authority Bruce McVean - Principal Strategy Planner – Walking, Transport for London Oli Turk – Schools and Young People Project Manager, Transport for London Paula Martin- Air Quality Analyst, Transport for London Kate Findlay, City Planner, Transport for London Susan Crisp - Schools Places Strategy Delivery Manager, Greater London Authority Liz Prosser - Senior Project Officer - Healthy Schools London, Greater London Authority Rebecca Roper - Policy & Programme Officer, Greater London Authority Ben Connor - Senior Policy & Programmes Officer, Greater London Authority Sarah Morris- Graduate Intern, Transport for London Robert Sambrooks, Customer Marketing & Behaviour Change Executive, Transport for London

DISCLAIMER The contents of this report and its recommendations are principally based on the findings of the independent audit as of the date it was undertaken, and may not account for subsequent changes in local policy, conditions and/or circumstances in and/or around the school.

THE MAYOR OF LONDON’S SCHOOL AIR QUALITY AUDIT

Supplier

Glenn Higgs, Associate Director, Project Director, WSP Matt Croucher, Sustainable Transport, Project Manager, WSP Justin Lingard, Air Quality, WSP Paddy Pope, Sustainable Places & Energy, WSP George Buxton, Senior Engineer, Auditor, WSP

COPYRIGHT

Greater London Authority May 2018

Published by Greater London Authority City Hall The Queen’s Walk More London London SE1 2AA www.london.gov.uk enquiries 020 7983 4000 minicom 020 7983 4458 ISBN Photographs ©

Copies of this report are available from www.london.gov.uk

THE MAYOR OF LONDON’S SCHOOL AIR QUALITY AUDIT

CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION 2

1.1 BACKGROUND 2 1.2 OBJECTIVES 4

2 AUDIT APPROACH 8

2.1 OVERALL AUDIT APPROACH 8 2.2 AUDIT SCHEDULE – BOWES PRIMARY SCHOOL 10

3 CONTEXT AND INITIATIVES 12

3.1 SCHOOL CONTEXT 13 3.2 PLANNED SCHEMES & RECENT INITIATIVES 16

4 AUDIT FINDINGS: SOURCES OF EMISSIONS & EXPOSURE 22

4.1 INTRODUCTION 22 4.2 AIR QUALITY IN THE SURROUNDING AREA 22 4.3 HIGHWAYS – KEY OBSERVATIONS 26 4.4 SCHOOL GROUNDS / BUILDING - KEY OBSERVATIONS 29 4.5 KEY OBSERVATIONS – 32

5 RECOMMENDATIONS 35

5.1 DEVELOPING THE RECOMMENDATIONS 35 5.2 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS 42 5.3 PRIORITISED MEASURES FOR THE SCHOOL 43 5.4 STARS ACCREDITATION SCHEME FOR SCHOOLS 45 5.5 HEALTHY STREETS LONDON 46 5.6 AIR QUALITY ALERTS 47 5.7 ENGAGEMENT 47 5.8 FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES 48 5.9 MONITORING 53

THE MAYOR OF LONDON'S SCHOOL AIR QUALITY AUDIT WSP Project No.: 70035456 | Our Ref No.: 001 Greater London Authority THE MAYOR OF LONDON’S SCHOOL AIR QUALITY AUDIT

6 NEXT STEPS 55

TABLES Table 1 – Audit Details 10 Table 2 – Recommended measures for considerations 37 Table 3 – STARS Scheme Accreditation Requirements 45

FIGURES Figure 1 – Overview of Approach 8 Figure 2 – Key elements of the Audit 9 Figure 3 – Outer Context Plan 14 Figure 4 – Inner Context Plans 15 Figure 5 – Localised Air Quality modelling around Bowes Primary School 22

Figure 6 – Road Transport NOx Emissions and Volumes 24 Figure 7 – Air Pollution in the surrounding areas 25 Figure 8 – Summary of Issues 32 Figure 9 – Summary Recommendations Map 42 Figure 10 – Summary of funding opportunities 49

APPENDICES Appendix A – The Mayor’s commitment to improving air quality: Key Documents Appendix B - Audit template Appendix C - Engagement material Appendix D –Toolkit Summary

THE MAYOR OF LONDON'S SCHOOL AIR QUALITY AUDIT

Chapter 1 – Introduction

THE MAYOR OF LONDON’S SCHOOL AIR QUALITY AUDIT

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND 1.1.1. As part of the Mayor’s ambition to tackle poor air quality, WSP has been commissioned to identify a combination of hard-hitting measures and quick-win solutions to help protect pupils’ health from toxic air quality, and examine new ways to lower emissions and exposure to pollution in and around primary schools. 1.1.2. The Mayor has stated that London is experiencing a ‘public health crisis and that he is committed to improving air quality, particularly for the most vulnerable Londoners. Over 400 primary schools are located in areas which exceed legal pollution limits, and 25% of primary schools are in areas with dangerously high levels of air pollution. 1.1.3. Primary school children are amongst the most vulnerable of the at risk groups, as their lungs are still developing, and toxic air can stunt their growth, causing significant health problems in later life.

1.1.4. Road transport is a major contributor to emissions, has a significant impact on air quality, accounting 1 for around half of NOx emissions. Whilst private car use is decreasing, congestion is increasing . Without significant intervention, as the Capital grows rapidly these trends are set to continue.

1.1.5. In response the Mayor is implementing a significant programme of measures, including bold proposals to reduce London's deadly air pollution and protect the health and wellbeing of all Londoners, including:

1 London Assembly, London stalling: Reducing traffic congestion in London, January 2017, Transport for London, Travel in London - Report 9 data, 2017

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 The Toxicity Charge (T-Charge) now applies to older, more polluting vehicles in central London, which means that including the Congestion Charge drivers with these vehicles will now pay £21.50 total during peak congestion.  Cleaning up London’s Buses - The Mayor is spending more than £300 million to transform London’s bus fleet by retrofitting thousands of buses and committing to phase out pure diesel double deck buses from 2018. 12 Low Emission Bus Zones have been announced, two of which have already been delivered, putting the greenest buses on the capital’s most polluted routes.

The zones are expected to reduce NOx emissions by 84 per cent and thousands of school children in these areas will benefit from cleaner air.  The Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) will supersede the T-Charge, and operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a week within the same area as the current Congestion Charging Zone (CCZ), The world’s first Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) is to start 8 April 2019, approximately 17 months earlier than planned, and create stricter emissions standards for diesel vehicles, 24 hours, 7 days

a week. Those that do not comply will face a charge. This is expected to reduce harmful NOx (Nitrogen Oxides) emissions by about 50 per cent in central London, 40 per cent in inner London and 30 per cent in outer London.  Expanding the ULEZ and tightening the Low Emission Zone (LEZ) - As part of the Mayor‘s pledge to help improve air quality and health for all Londoners, he is also proposing to make the London-wide Low Emission Zone (LEZ) stronger, and expand the Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) requirements for vehicles. This involves introducing a Euro 6 emissions standard London- wide for heavy duty vehicles (i.e. buses, coaches, Heavy Goods Vehicles (HGVs) vehicles) from 26 October 2020, and expanding the ULEZ for light duty vehicles (i.e. cars, vans and motorcycles) so that all vehicles are subject to emissions standards within an area roughly bounded by the North and South Circular Roads from 25 October 2021. The introduction and expansion of the ULEZ, and tightening of the LEZ standards, is forecast to result in a significant reduction in NOx emissions across London.  London's taxis – New taxis licensed after 1 January 2018 will need to be zero emission capable to help clean up London’s dirty air, with new ‘zero emission’ ranks for drivers who pioneer green technology alongside a network of rapid electric charge points.  Low emission neighbourhoods – five low emission neighbourhoods have been founded across London to pioneer bold new measures to promote the use of low emission vehicles and improve local air quality, including low emission vehicle only streets, measures to promote deliveries by cycle cargo bikes and low emission vehicles, and bold proposals to promote walking and cycling.  The London Environment Strategy – is a bold and ambitious strategy, with a particular focus on air quality. The strategy was consulted on in 2017 and will be published in 2018, and seeks to address the most urgent environmental challenges facing our London, to safeguard its environment over the longer term. This will be the first strategy to bring together approaches to every aspect of London’s environment, including: air quality, green infrastructure, climate change mitigation and energy, waste, adapting to climate change and ambient noise. To make the Mayor’s vision of transforming the city’s environment a reality, this strategy establishes some key aims for London, which include having the best air quality of any major city, making more than half of London’s area green and for tree, canopy cover to increase by ten per cent by 2050, and making London a zero carbon city by 2050, with energy efficient buildings, clean transport and clean energy.  The Draft London Plan - published in November 2017, places a considerable emphasis on air quality, with policy S|1 stating that London’s air quality should be significantly improved, and

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exposure to poor air quality, especially for vulnerable people, should be reduced. The aim of this policy is to ensure that new developments are designed and built, as far as is possible, to improve local air quality and reduce the extent to which the public are exposed to poor air quality. This means that new developments, as a minimum, must not cause new exceedances of legal air quality standards, or delay the date at which compliance will be achieved in areas that are currently in exceedance of legal limits. Where legal limits are already met, or are predicted to be met at the time of completion, new developments must endeavour to maintain the best ambient air quality compatible with sustainable development principles. The draft London plan also highlights the importance of creating new, accessible green open space, particularly in areas where this access is lacking. The Mayor is providing funding through his Greener City Fund to create and improve green spaces and to plant trees, including in schools. A proposed new Urban Greening Factor seeks to encourage major new developments to contribute to the greening of London by incorporating measures such as green roofs, tree planting and green walls.  Healthy Streets Approach - the Mayor is embedding the ‘Healthy Streets’ approach in transport strategy. This promotes a holistic approach that can fulfill multiple objectives such as improving the health, liveability, social cohesion and economic prosperity of an area.  The Mayor’s Transport Strategy 2018 - The Mayor has set out ambitious plans to improve transport in London over the next 25 years in his draft Transport Strategy, which will act as the backbone of transport planning across London, helping to deliver The Mayor's ambition for 80% of trips in London to be made on foot, by cycle or using public transport by 2041. It includes record investment in new and improved rail, tube and bus services, an unprecedented focus on walking and cycling, and a commitment to make the entire transport system zero-emission by 2050.

1.1.6. These measures in combination will dramatically improve London’s air quality. However, the Mayor also wanted to take early action at 50 primary schools located in areas with some of the highest air pollution levels, so has provided £250k funding to commission The Mayor of London’s School Air Quality Audits programme, to identify hard-hitting measures to minimise the impacts of toxic air on primary school children in some of the worse affected areas across London. This is both in terms of reducing the sources of harmful emissions, as well as reducing the exposure to these emissions. The aim is to establish a robust process and toolkit of measures, which the London boroughs and primary schools can roll out, so that every school that is located in an area of high pollution can benefit from this approach. 1.2 OBJECTIVES 1.2.1. The key objectives of the Mayor of London’s School Air Quality Audit Programme is to:  Identify the sources of outdoor air quality and potential exposure by primary school children at the school and their surrounding catchment areas, and potential indoor exposure through the internal audits.  Identify, evaluate and recommend a combination of hard hitting measures and pragmatic approaches, both within and around the school that will help a borough to reduce emissions or reduce primary school children’s exposure to poor air quality at those sites, which could be delivered as part of the borough’s Local Implementation Plan (LIP) funding schemes, as well as other sources of funding such Clinical Commissioning Groups, local businesses and charitable trusts.

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 Engage school communities to educate stakeholders about the impacts of air pollution and contribute towards activities, initiatives and policies that the primary school community could implement.  Engage eligible London boroughs and other relevant stakeholders to inform the feasibility of the proposed recommendations.  Provide recommendations for the boroughs’ consideration and future implementation, and wider dissemination.

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Chapter 2 – Audit Approach

THE MAYOR OF LONDON’S SCHOOL AIR QUALITY AUDIT

2 AUDIT APPROACH

2.1 OVERALL AUDIT APPROACH 2.1.1. The Mayor of London’s School Air Quality Audits follow a structured approach, summarised in Figure 1. Figure 1 – Overview of Approach

2.1.2. Each audits consists of broadly three key stages:  Stage 1: Pre-planning and scheduling  Stage 2: Fieldwork and engagement  Stage 3: Recommendations and Reporting

Pre-planning and scheduling 2.1.3. The borough air quality primary contacts were contacted by the lead Auditor, and mutually available potential dates for the audit were agreed. The borough then introduced the auditor to the school, and a schedule for the tasks to be undertaken was agreed to fit in with the operations of the school and availability of key staff contributing to the audit. 2.1.4. Prior to the audit air quality modelling was undertaken for the area around the school, with an assessment of the contribution to emissions made by each vehicle type on the roads around the school. 2.1.5. A desktop review of the local areas around the school site, and the wider catchment was also undertaken, to highlight key features for the auditor to assess further on site. This includes sources of pollution, causes of exposure, and notable features in the local area which may have a bearing on the potential mitigation measures (i.e. bus routes, pedestrian crossing locations, nearby construction sites, physical barriers such as railways or rivers). The school's STARS2 travel plan progress was also reviewed for reference ahead of the audits. Engagement materials were developed for use in delivering bespoke awareness raising interactive presentations to the children. A toolkit of measures for addressing air quality issues was developed for use in informing our recommendations for each school. Fieldwork and engagement 2.1.6. The approach taken in carrying out the audit comprised of several elements, including a visit to the school by the WSP auditor and officers at the borough who deal with air quality, transport planning and school travel. A key element of the audits was to capture the views of school staff, wider school

2 STARS is TfL's accreditation scheme for London schools and nurseries, promoting travel to school sustainably, actively, responsibly and safely by championing walking, scooting and cycling.

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community and relevant borough officers, in understanding operational considerations, behavioural traits and recent history of the school. As such, we proposed a three-fold approach summarised below: Figure 2 – Key elements of the Audit

PART 1 PART 2 PART 3

Brainstorming workshop at Site walk with borough officers the school with key staff from Interactive classroom and a member of school staff, the school, recapping the emissions awareness raising during peak arrival / departure issues and discussing talk at the school. times potential solutions .

2.1.7. Initial observations and site familiarisation were undertaken by the auditor prior to the school opening. This allowed us to sense check the context maps compiled initially from desktop assessments. Observations with the borough officers and school staff were then undertaken throughout the period of drop-off and waiting activity, prior to the school gates opening, until parents have dispersed. During this critical period the auditors captured as much information as possible on activity in and around the school, with comprehensive photo records and discussions with the school staff to capture issues which often occur but were not evident during our observations. The external observations were then followed by a walk around the school building and grounds to enable the auditor to familiarise themselves with its layout, and the proximity of classrooms, nurseries, playgrounds etc to areas of poor air quality. 2.1.8. A brainstorming session was then undertaken, with key staff from the school and the borough officers in attendance. This session served several functions. It enabled the auditor to capture additional information on other issues and concerns not observed directly, and additional information on issues such as whether there are any plans for extensions or additional pupil intake for example. Whilst from the borough officers we were able to establish what planned or committed development is nearby, proposed or previously considered transport schemes etc. We then discussed a range of potential measures to address the issues discussed and collected feedback and suggestions from the borough and school representatives to inform the recommended measures. 2.1.9. An interactive and bespoke engagement activity was then delivered to the school council, using presentation slides to raise awareness of the air pollutions, its causes, the health impact, areas of pollution near the school and a range of measures to reduce air pollution. An audit of the building was then undertaken with the assistance of the facilities manager, including a review of the school's boilers, their flues, the ventilation systems and kitchen extraction.

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2.2 AUDIT SCHEDULE – BOWES PRIMARY SCHOOL 2.2.1. Table 1 provides further detail of the audit schedule and key participants from the school and borough.

Table 1 – Audit Details Date of Audit Wednesday 8th November 2017 School Representatives Kyri Michaelides, Debbie Harris, Kelly Hitchcock Borough Representatives Lars Chresta, James West ,Ned Johnson WSP Auditors George Buxton Timings Description Initial observations and site familiarisation 1230 – 1300hrs by WSP auditor External site walk to observe highway issues with borough school travel plan 1300 – 1330hrs coordinators/ air quality officer and school staff Itinerary Internal site walk to view the layout of 1330 – 1400hrs school buildings, playgrounds etc. 1400 – 1430hrs Engagement activity with school council Brainstorming workshop with school staff 1430 – 1530hrs and borough officers Internal audit of school building and 1530 – 1600hrs grounds, accompanied by caretaker

Recommendations and Reporting 2.2.2. The auditor reviewed the findings of the audit and preparatory assessments, with the specialist support of air quality, transport planning and buildings specialists, to develop advice and recommendations, based on a toolkit of best practice measures and case study examples.

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Chapter 3 – Context and Initiatives

THE MAYOR OF LONDON’S SCHOOL AIR QUALITY AUDIT

3 CONTEXT AND INITIATIVES

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3.1 SCHOOL CONTEXT 3.1.1. Bowes Primary School is located in North London and sits within the London Borough of Enfield. The main entrance is on Bowes Road. The school currently has approximately 450 pupils. 3.1.2. It is noted that the Bowes family of schools comprises three sites (New Southgate, Southgate Green and Edmonton). This audit and report are focused solely on the New Southgate site as this is the location which was identified as having a high level of air pollution. 3.1.3. Approximately 13,700 vehicles per day travel on the core roads within a 200m radius of the school3. This is within the 2nd quartile (25-50%) in terms of traffic volumes amongst of the 50 schools assessed as part of this programme. This figure is dominated by the North Circular which runs along the school’s northern frontage. 3.1.4. The desktop review and subsequent discussions with the school confirmed that the majority of pupils currently travel to / from school on foot (53%), 23% other modes which include Scooting (7%), Park and Stride (12%) and Car Share (4%), 12% by public transport and 12% via car. There is, however, minimal uptake of cycling amongst pupils. 3.1.5. We understand the majority of staff also travel by sustainable modes (walk, cycle, public transport), though no data was available. A possible contributing factor being that there is no on-site car parking. Deliveries to the school have to take place on the kerbside. 3.1.6. As shown by the plan on the right, the catchment area of Bowes Primary School does cover a relatively wide area; this could in part be due to its location in outer London and the lower density of housing in the surrounding neighbourhoods. . 3.1.7. The subsequent two pages illustrates the inner and outer context plans for the school that provides detail on the main access (both pedestrian and vehicular) to the school, the location of the playgrounds where children are most exposed to air pollution, as well as bus routes in the near vicinity of the school and the catchment area for the school.

3 The traffic flows and vehicles splits presented are based on the average number of vehicles on each LAEI modelled road link within 200m radius of the school in the LAEI 2013 base.

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Figure 3 – Outer Context Plan

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Figure 4 – Inner Context Plans

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3.2 PLANNED SCHEMES & RECENT INITIATIVES 3.2.1. Whilst there are no major developments planned within the immediate locality of the school, a number of notable transport schemes were highlighted that will have a significant bearing on the air quality around the school, these include: LOCAL SCHEMES GREEN WALL A 12-metre ivy wall was installed in the nursery entrance area of the school, with the screen designed to fill gaps in an existing barrier and reaching up to 2.4 metres in

height. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was measured either-side of the green wall and the difference in concentration between the roadside-side and playground-side of the green wall was assessed as it matured. King’s College London’s Environmental Research Group undertook research into the effectiveness of the screening on

behalf of the borough. This entailed monitoring NO2 concentrations either side of the green wall. The research suggested that the measure was effective in reducing exposure to NO2 in affected areas by nearly a quarter (22%), once the ivy screen matured. LOCAL ROAD CLOSURE Stanley Road’s northern end was closed to vehicular traffic relatively recently, leaving only a pedestrian and cycle connection to the North Circular. This has eliminated through traffic along Stanley Road (as it is now a cul-de-sac).

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WIDER SCHEMES ULTRA LOW EMISSION ZONE (ULEZ) AND LOW EMISSION ZONE (LEZ) 3.2.2. The ULEZ will operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a week within the same area as the current Congestion Charging Zone (CCZ), and comes into force on 8th April 2019. The introduction of the ULEZ will reduce

exhaust emissions of NO2 and particulate matter PM10

and PM2.5. In 2019, all cars, motorcycles, vans, minibuses, buses, coaches and heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) will need to meet exhaust emission standards, or pay a daily charge. In the case of petrol cars and vans this means Euro 4, and Euro 6 for diesels. HGVs and coaches are also Euro 6. 3.2.3. As part of the Mayor‘s pledge to help improve air quality and health for all Londoners, he is proposing to make the London-wide Low Emission Zone (LEZ) stronger and expand the Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ). This involves introducing a Euro VI emissions standard London-wide for heavy duty vehicles (buses, coaches, Heavy Goods Vehicles (HGVs) and other specialist heavy vehicles) from 26 October 2020 and expanding the ULEZ for light duty vehicles (such as cars, vans and motorcycles) so that all vehicles are subject to emissions standards within an area roughly bounded by the North and South Circular Roads from 25 October 2021. 3.2.4. The introduction and expansion of the ULEZ, and tightening of the LEZ standards, is forecast to

result in a 14% reduction in NOx emissions in the London borough Enfield by 2020 and whilst the school itself is on the edge of the proposed enlarged ULEZ zone, we would anticipate that it will still benefit significantly as all buses and taxis traveling past on route to the zone will be required to meet the tougher new standards. LOW EMISSION BUS ZONES 3.2.5. TfL has started to deliver on plans to introduce around 3,000 Low Emission double-deck buses in central London by 2019 and over 250 Zero Emission single-deck buses into central London by 2020. They have also announced plans for 12 low emission bus zones outside central London, where only low emissions will be permitted to run within the Putney Low Emission Bus Zone. 3.2.6. The new buses, will be a combination of hybrid and clean buses that meet Euro VI standards, and

expected to reduce NOx emissions from buses along the routes by around 84 per cent. The Mayor’s manifesto commitment is to introduce Low Emission Bus Zones by 2020. 3.2.7. Bus routes 34 and 232 run past the northern perimeter of the school (along the North Circular), with a combined frequency of up to ten buses per hour in each direction. A transition towards cleaner buses would therefore benefit the air quality in the area local to Bowes Primary School.

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SCHOOL STARS ACTIVITIES 3.2.8. STARS (Sustainable Travel: Active, Responsible, Safe), is TfL's accreditation scheme for London schools and nurseries, to inspire young Londoners to travel to school sustainably, actively, responsibly and safely by championing walking, scooting and cycling. 3.2.9. As part of the STARS scheme schools receive bespoke guidance from the borough, high quality on-line resources with over 120 activity cars, access to a London-wide community of schools, priority access to funding, accreditation and recognition. 3.2.10. Bowes Primary School holds Gold status of the STARS programme, and has been active in undertaking range of STARS activities, with the following recorded since November 2016:  Travel Activity: Walk to school week, Car sharing promotion, Other cycling activity, Walking zones, Zigzag lines enforcement, Scooter training, Public transport for school trips, Promote responsible behaviour on public transport, Walk once a week, Road safety talks, Junior Citizenship scheme, Cycle skills sessions for adults, Bikeability training, Pool bikes and scooters scheme, Bike maintenance skills, Pedestrian skills training, Pre-transition in school presentation, Walking trips, Park and stride.  Supporting Activity: School travel noticeboard and web page, The A-Z of Traffic Tales, Health benefits of active travel, Healthy Schools London, Working in partnership with local police, Communicating with parents/carers, environmental benefits of active travel.

3.2.11. In addition to the STARS activities set out above, Bowes Primary School is also already engaged in a number of initiatives to promote sustainability. These include:  Organising an Eco Week within the school to raise awareness of environmental issues;  Setting up an Eco Club amongst pupils with an interest in environmental activities. One of their achievements has been to add plants to the school grounds;  Bowes Parliament (the school council) running green activities;  Walking Wednesdays to encourage greater uptake of walking by building momentum on a particular day of the week;  Bike It, a campaign to encourage more pupils to cycle;  Securing funding from Virgin Atlantic’s ‘Change is In the air programme’. This contributed to the purchase of plants and bird feed which enhanced the biodiversity of the school grounds;  Organising a Walking Bus to encourage pupils to walk to school. LONDON BOROUGH OF ENFIELD INITIATIVES 3.2.12. The Borough supports Bowes Primary School in a number of ways to attain and enhance its STARS accreditation, as part of broader initiatives to improve uptake of active and sustainable across Enfield. 3.2.13. Programmes such as Cycle Enfield – which encompasses a range of measures from cycle loans and security marking through to cycling proficiency training and accompanied bike rides – complement the School’s initiatives encouraging pupils to cycle to Bowes Primary School.

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3.2.14. Enfield is one of London’s three Mini Holland boroughs and has put in place a wide range of initiatives under the Cycle Enfield brand, with the aim of not only improving infrastructure for existing experienced cyclists but also increasing the uptake among other groups, including children and families. Group rides can be a fun and effective way of getting occasional cyclists to ride together, and this in turn could lead to pupils travelling to school together by bike. For cyclists who have not ventured out by bike in some time, Dr Bike repair sessions and training courses in cycle maintenance are also effective ways of encouraging local people to be more confident in looking after their bikes, while the installation of more cycle parking across Enfield in a variety of locations will make people feel more confident in finding secure cycle parking in convenient locations. HEALTHY SCHOOLS LONDON ACCREDITATION 3.2.15. Healthy Schools London is a programme that supports London’s schools to provide an environment and culture that helps their pupils grow to be healthy happy and learn. This programme supports schools as they work towards an award scheme (sponsored by the Mayor of London), with a network of local coordinators, and a range of resources, tools and advice provided through this website and regular workshops for schools 3.2.16. Bowes Primary School is registered under the Healthy Schools London accreditation scheme.

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Chapter 4 – Audit Findings: Sources of Emissions and Exposure

THE MAYOR OF LONDON’S SCHOOL AIR QUALITY AUDIT

4 AUDIT FINDINGS: SOURCES OF EMISSIONS & EXPOSURE

4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.1.1. The audit findings are summarised in this chapter as follows:  Air Quality Data  Observed issues, emission source or exposure:  Highways  School grounds and buildings 4.2 AIR QUALITY IN THE SURROUNDING AREA 4.2.1. The air quality data used to assess the pollution climate immediately around each school has used a

combination of modelled and measured data. Modelled baseline NO2 annual mean concentrations

have been taken from the 2013 London Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (LAEI) model. NO2 measurements have been derived for the past ten years (2006-16) for the closest monitoring site to the school from a combination of measurements taken from the London Air Quality Network (LAQN) and Local Authority diffusion tube sites, where available.

Figure 5 – Localised Air Quality modelling around Bowes Primary School

4.2.2. Briefly, the LAEI model provides mapped annual mean NOx, NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations on a 20m x 20m basis for the whole of London from a base-year of 2013 for 2020, 2025 and 2030. The LAEI uses air pollution emission estimates from a wide range of sources including transport, industrial, domestic and commercial combustion, agriculture and long-range transport using the

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most up-to-date activity data, emission factors and projection factors. Figure 5 shows the 2013 LAEI

baseline annual mean NO2 concentrations within the vicinity of Bowes Primary School in the London Borough of Enfield. The contours (changes in colours) show how the pollution gradient changes,

with distance, away from the heavily trafficked North Circular. NO2 concentrations are predicted to be higher along the northern boundary of the school, which is closest to the main road. Furthermore, as shown in the figure, there are clusters of pollution at junctions and in particular at the intersection of the North Circular, the A1110 and the B1452.

4.2.3. Nearly 50% of NOx emissions in London are from road transport. Vehicle emissions data for the LAEI modelled road links within 200m of the school, split by source, have been analysed to identify

the key sources contributing to NO2 in the vicinity of the school. The pie chart below shows that

HGVs account for 6% of the total traffic but contribute 36% of the transport related NOx emissions locally. The fact that the North Circular is a strategic road means that HGVs are particularly likely to travel along it; furthermore, the North Circular would lie outside of the expanded ULEZ (see section 3.2.5) and thus the number of HGVs passing along the school’s northern frontage is likely to remain high in future.

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Figure 6 – Road Transport NOx Emissions and Volumes

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Figure 7 – Air Pollution in the surrounding areas

Note: Part A and B Processes include regulated industrial installations that have the potential to cause pollution and are required to have an Environmental Permit to operate, including facilities which carry out industrial processes, waste activities, mobile plant and solvent emission activities.

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4.3 HIGHWAYS – KEY OBSERVATIONS

Looking south along Highworth Road Sign stating period of operation of zigzag alongside the eastern frontage of Bowes markings Primary School. Note the zigzag markings and speed humps

Looking east along the North Circular outside North Circular / A1110 / B1452 junction the school, showing the wide footway and the looking east towards Bowes Primary School. bus loading bay Note the height of the footbridge and the number of separate crossings

Northern section of Stanley Road: previously a

road, and now converted to a footway/cycleway. Bowes Primary School is

on the left.

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4.3.1. Pupils, staff and visitors enter and exit Bowes Primary School via a gate on Highworth Road which runs along the eastern side of the school. 4.3.2. To the west of the school runs Stanley Road. This is a cul-de- sac and does not have a junction with the North Circular; however pedestrians and cyclists can use the shared route which connects Stanley Road to the southern pavement of the North Circular. 4.3.3. Highworth Road is a two-way street with a left-in, left-out priority junction at the intersection with the North Circular; this junction is at the north-eastern corner of the school. The carriageway features speed humps. 4.3.4. Zigzag markings are present on the eastern kerb of Highworth Road along part - but not all - of the school’s frontage. These markings are mostly complied with, though some stopping does take place. 4.3.5. In addition to unauthorised stopping on the zigzag markings, Steps leading to the footbridge across the North Circular. The idling also takes place by cars stopped on the kerbside (i.e. on construction is modern and not unrestricted sections) and, whereas the school building acts as unattractive, however the height a barrier between the North Circular and the playground, there is significant. is no barrier from Highworth Road and thus pollution from idling cars can easily reach the school grounds. 4.3.6. Staff observed that the volume of traffic on Highworth Road has increased since Stanley Road was made a cul-de-sac for motor vehicles. 4.3.7. The North Circular runs along the school’s northern frontage. It is a TfL Red Route and a major road carrying large volumes of traffic, including HGVs of which many appear to be construction vehicles. At the point where it passes Bowes Primary School, the road has two eastbound lanes and three westbound lanes. In addition a bay is present on the westbound carriageway outside the school, the usage of which is limited to buses for a maximum stay of one hour. 4.3.8. There is a footway on the southern side of the North Circular outside the school, and a segregated footway / cycleway on the northern side. Both are of good width and well maintained. 4.3.9. From discussions with school staff it is understood that unauthorised vehicles do use the bay on the westbound North Circular; however numbers are low (typically three or four cars at pick-up / drop-off times) and, given the volume of traffic on the road, idling in the bay is unlikely to significantly increase emissions. 4.3.10. It is however recognised that the travel to school by car activity is only a small contributor to overall poor air quality around the school, and that the majority of air pollution in this location will be associated with wider background emissions. 4.3.11. A short distance to the west of the school there is a major intersection where the North Circular Road meets the A1110 and the B1452. Whilst the North Circular carries the most traffic, the other

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two arms are also busy and thus this is a congestion hotspot, with long queues extending back eastwards to Bowes Primary School. 4.3.12. Furthermore, on the eastbound carriageway there are also queuing vehicles present waiting to turn right into Warwick Road (the next road east from Highworth Road). From discussions with school staff it is understood that the turnings in and out of the North Circular were revised around four years ago, resulting in more traffic turning right into Warwick Road which in turn increased the queuing past the school on the eastbound carriageway. 4.3.13. The North Circular / A1110 / B1452 intersection is a large at-grade junction and pedestrians may need to use three or even four staggered crossings depending on their origin and destination. This not only increases walking time (it can take several minutes to cross the whole junction) but also leads to exposure to emissions, since large volumes of traffic (including a high proportion of HGVs) are idling at the junction. 4.3.14. Westbound traffic on the North Circular is not subject to box markings at the intersection, leading to vehicles stopping across the pedestrian crossing. This not only intimidates and inconveniences pedestrians (who have to weave their way between misaligned vehicles) but also poses a hazard in that westbound vehicles, which have passed a green signal but then stopped due to congestion, may suddenly move forwards without warning. 4.3.15. The eastern arm of the junction (North Circular – east) is spanned by a footbridge of relatively recent construction. It features a ramp for cyclists and persons of reduced mobility; however the height is noticeable and this means that crossing the bridge – whether by stairs or ramp – can take over a minute. Consequently, whilst removing the need to cross one arm of the junction at grade, it does not materially reduce walk times. Furthermore, pedestrians wishing to walk from Bowes Primary School to Arnos Grove station (the closest station to the school) still need to use the staggered at- grade crossing to cross the other arm of the junction, the B1452. 4.3.16. Pupils at Bowes Primary School reported experiencing respiratory problems when walking along the North Circular, particularly when passing junctions east of the school (which are regularly the site of idling traffic awaiting a green signal). Summary – Key Issues  Heavily trafficked road along the school’s northern frontage which is a significant source of pollution and has an impact on the health and wellbeing of pupils in the school and en route to and from school. The pedestrian crossings at the North Circular / A1110 / B1452 junction cause long delays for pedestrians and the westbound North Circular traffic represents a potential hazard to pedestrians. Idling on Highworth Road outside the

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4.4 SCHOOL GROUNDS / BUILDING - KEY OBSERVATIONS

Air conditioning unit present in an upper floor classroom.

Looking north from an upper floor classroom at the northern end of the school. The North Circular can be seen below; opening the window increases the classroom’s exposure to pollution.

Grille supplying circulated air to an upper floor classroom.

4.4.1. The school site is accessed from the eastern frontage via a gate on Highworth Road. A gate on the northern frontage is not normally used for school access, though it is used to access the Early Years centre (which is not the subject of this audit). 4.4.2. Pupils approach the site from a variety of directions, however a large number travel from the east along the North Circular. 4.4.3. The site comprises two separate school buildings, separated by the playground. The northern building is around a century old and contains all the classrooms and most facilities. The southern building is of recent construction and contains a hall plus offices and the reception area; pupils enter via a gate adjacent to this building, and then walk via the playground to the northern building. 4.4.4. At Bowes Primary School each class has its own classroom in the northern building (i.e. pupils do not rotate rooms for different lessons, with the exception of activities such as PE). The reception classes are accommodated on the ground floor of the northern building, fronting onto the North

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Circular. As a consequence, the youngest pupils (who could be deemed the most vulnerable in terms of air quality) are located closest to the source of emissions i.e. the North Circular. 4.4.5. Furthermore, the play area in the north-western corner of the school grounds (and used by the youngest pupils) is exposed to pollutants from the adjacent North Circular without any green screening along this section of the perimeter wall/railings. 4.4.6. Classrooms located on the upper floors of the northern frontage experience warm temperatures in summer. Opening the sash windows to reduce the temperature leads to enhanced exposure from the North Circular outside. Air conditioning units are present in certain classrooms, though it is noted that air conditioning can reduce the temperature but does not provide fresh air in the same way as circulation sourced from outdoors. 4.4.7. In addition to air conditioning, air from outdoors does get circulated to classrooms via an internal network leading to grilles. The air quality audit itself did not extend to measuring the internal air quality within individual classrooms; however it is likely that, due to the age of the building combined with the proximity to the North Circular, the circulated air within the classrooms may contain at least some of the pollutants which enter the school grounds from the North Circular. 4.4.8. The school playground benefits from being sited entirely to the south of the northern building, and is thus shielded from the North Circular. The northern perimeter (between the building and the road) incorporates a green

wall, installed circa eighteen months prior to the audit. There is less green screening in the north- western corner (alongside Stanley Road) and thus pollution from the North Circular may be more likely to enter through this gap. Notwithstanding this, there could be the potential to increase the vegetation planted at the northern end of the school grounds given the good quality of planters (including being fitted with automatic watering systems), which could be extended. 4.4.9. The Borough have installed an air quality monitoring station on the northern perimeter of the school (between the northern building and the North Circular), and thus up-to-date air quality data can be measured. 4.4.10. The school playground has been recently refurbished and is equipped with sports and recreational facilities which are popular with pupils of all ages. The eastern frontage onto Highworth Road does not have a tall perimeter wall, and the gaps in the wall (filled instead with railings) are permeable by pollutants from the road. 4.4.11. The southern building is situated furthest from the North Circular and is of modern construction; it is not considered to have particular air quality issues. 4.4.12. The boilers are of modern construction and work well; the same applies to the kitchen extractor fans. Flues are on the roof and therefore have minimal impact on 4.4.13. There is parking for both scooters and bicycles in the school grounds. Some parking is of the ‘wheel bender’ variety and uncovered, but there are also covered Sheffield stands which were only lightly used on the day of the audit. It is therefore unlikely that cycling demand is lowered by the quality or availability of cycle parking. 4.4.14. There is no car parking for staff or visitors on the school premises. 4.4.15. A supply of bicycles for cycling proficiency training is kept on-site by the school.

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Summary – Key Issues  Lack of screening in the north-western corner of the school grounds, as well as along the eastern perimeter.  Lack of filtration for the internal air circulation system.

Air quality monitoring station alongside the Covered Sheffield stands North Circular

Covered Sheffield stands

Looking west across the play area used by the

youngest pupils, adjacent to the North Circular

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4.5 KEY OBSERVATIONS – Figure 8 – Summary of Issues

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THE MAYOR OF LONDON'S SCHOOL AIR QUALITY AUDIT

Chapter 5 – Recommendations

THE MAYOR OF LONDON’S SCHOOL AIR QUALITY AUDIT

5 RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 DEVELOPING THE RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1.1. Based on the preceding desktop research, site audits and stakeholder feedback, a range of recommended measures and initiatives have been identified to deliver air quality improvements and reduced exposure to air pollution. The recommendations will not in themselves solve the air quality problem, but will each contribute directly or indirectly to helping improve the situation in and around the schools. 5.1.2. These recommendations are drawn from a comprehensive School Air Quality Audit Toolkit of Measures, researched and developed as part of the Mayor’s Air Quality Audits project (see Appendix D for further details). The toolkit has been compiled from a review of best practice approaches and new technologies, including both well established and simple measures, and more innovative or harder hitting measures. The measures include both physical measures and softer behavioural measures. 5.1.3. The characteristics of the local area, school site and school building have then been accounted for in identifying and tailoring a suitable package of measures to address the issues identified in causing sources of pollution or exposure to air pollution. These recommendations have also sought to be cognisant of any relevant existing plans for the local and wider area around the school (see Section 3.2). 5.1.4. A key facet of this approach, and the palette of measures from which measures were identified, is that they represent a holistic approach, as promoted by the Healthy Streets approach, in seeking to address a broad range of factors which each influence how streets are used, how people travel and consequently how clean the air is in and around the school. As such whilst a number of measures are less directly related to air quality, they were felt to offer the potential for contribute indirectly, for example through creating a better and safer environment for travelling by sustainable modes. 5.1.5. Table 2 on the following page sets out the list of recommendations. For the purposes of this assessment they have been categorised as proposals associated with either highways, school grounds or school building. In order to enable comparison of each measure, and to assist the school, borough and other stakeholders, in determining which measures to prioritise, each has been assessed against a series of key criteria:  Potential Air Quality Improvement  Low – normal measurable change but a tangible reduction in sources or exposure  Medium – a small measurable change in air quality  High – a large measurable improvement in air quality  Wider Benefits  Such as improved safety, visual amenity, child health and welfare, improve learning environments, costs savings, promotion of sustainable transport, contributes to STARS or Healthy Schools London.

 Cost (Note these reflect the overall costs, but these may vary amongst difference stakeholders).  Low – <£10k

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 Medium - £10k – 100k  High - >100k

 Deliverability  Quick Win – readily deliverable within 12 months  Medium term – deliverable within 1 – 3 years  Longer term – only deliverable in the longer term (i.e. over 3 years)

 Stakeholder Support  Low –likely to be significant objections which could delay/prevent the scheme  Medium – may be some objections and will require consultation but not significant delays  High – likely to have strong support from key stakeholders

5.1.6. These are high level comparative analyses intended to offer a means of considering the recommendations against one another in relative terms. Further more detailed research and options development would be required to quantify these recommendations in greater detail, such as would be undertaken in a subsequent feasibility study. The implementation of the measures will be dependent on securing funding to enable delivery over time (see section 5.8), as well as undertaking feasibility assessments and scheme prioritisation.

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Table 2 – Recommended measures for considerations Potential Air Quality Cost Deliverability Stakeholder Support Improvement

Measure Description Purpose Low Medium High Wider Benefits Low Medium High Win Quick Term Medium Term Long Low Medium High

Highway (Key Stakeholder: Borough)

A combination of one-off and sustained measures: erection of a banner on the  Supports Highworth Road frontage to deter idling, as STARS well as holding an Anti-Idling Day to increase Reduce sources 1 Anti-Idling X and HSL X X X parents’ compliance with this message. This and exposure objectives will also serve to remind parents that stopping on the bus bay or zigzag markings is not permitted. The North Circular / A1110 / B1452 junction currently does not have a box junction in place for westbound traffic on the North Circular. While the Highway Code (rule 192) Road Promoting  Road states that vehicles in traffic should not stop 2 improvement walking and X safety X X X on a pedestrian crossing, this is not a legal s improving safety requirement and, as discussed, contributes to poor pedestrian amenity at this junction. Box markings would be more effective in removing this hazard. Healthy Streets Promote the Mayor of London's Healthy approach, Streets approach which aims to improve air sustainable quality, reduce congestion and help make  Promotion transport and London's diverse neighbourhoods greener, Reduce sources of 3 X X X X roadspace healthier and more attractive places to work, and exposure sustainabl reallocation play and do business. Take a proactive role e travel from in endorsing the approach and supporting vehicular these initiatives. traffic Consider introducing surcharges on top of Additional existing parking charges for more polluting parking vehicles. A trial in Westminster found that the  Improved charges for Reduce sources 4 number of dirtier diesel vehicles using the X air quality X X X more and exposure parking bays dropped by 12%. polluting Westminster’s, and Islington also looking to vehicles introduce a similar scheme.

Non-Road The Council could consider a requirement for Reduce sources 5 X  Reduce X X X Motorised a Non-Road Motorised Mobile Machinery of emissions noise Mobile (NRMM) Audit to be undertaken at

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Potential Air Quality Cost Deliverability Stakeholder Support Improvement

Measure Description Purpose Low Medium High Wider Benefits Low Medium High Win Quick Term Medium Term Long Low Medium High

Machinery construction sites. This requirement is being Audit trialled within some Low Emission Neighbourhoods to help ensure compliance of vehicles used for developments. Currently, NRMM is the third largest contributor of NOx emissions and the fifth largest contributor of PM emissions in London, and any comprehensive plan to reduce London’s emissions should attempt to address emissions from construction machinery. Introduce a requirement in planning conditions to manage dust and emissions Control of associated with construction based on the Dust and Control of Dust and Emissions during Emissions Construction and Demolition SPG prepared  Improved during by the GLA, which includes requirements for Reduce sources 6 X air quality X X X Construction construction sites to monitor air quality and of emissions

and share the results with the borough council – Demolition https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we- SPG do/planning/implementing-london- plan/supplementary-planning- guidance/control-dust-and

Highway (Key Stakeholder: TfL)

By 2020 all buses in London will meet the Euro 6 standard. In addition, from 2018 no new diesel double deck buses have been procured and from 2020 only zero emission Low Emission single deck buses will be procured. As Reduce sources 7 X  Improved X X X Buses cleaner buses are introduced or retrofitted and exposure air quality these will be prioritised on some of the most polluted corridors through the Low Emission Bus Zone programme. These improvements can have significant benefits for the school.

School Grounds (Key Stakeholder: School/ Borough)

Install green screening/climbers around the exposed north-western corner of the school  Visual Green Reduce 8 grounds and also along the eastern frontage X amenity X X X Infrastructure exposure along Highworth Road, in the gaps. A dense vegetation layer with a high leaf density can catch some pollutant and particulates and Page 38 of 57 THE MAYOR OF LONDON’S SCHOOL AIR QUALITY AUDIT

Potential Air Quality Cost Deliverability Stakeholder Support Improvement

Measure Description Purpose Low Medium High Wider Benefits Low Medium High Win Quick Term Medium Term Long Low Medium High

hang on to them until they can be washed away by rainfall. The green screening will not only reduce exposure to emissions but also act as a safeguarding tool for the playground in the north-western corner. The existing automatic watering system could be extended to cover this corner of the school grounds.

School Building (Key Stakeholder: School/ Borough)

Consider investing in air filtration systems in classrooms most exposed to poor air quality and reliant on natural ventilation. These systems are relatively high cost, only cover a single room per unit, and require ongoing maintenance and power consumption, but have demonstrated some encouraging initial scientific evidence of efficacy, with titanium  Improved dioxide proven to act as a reducer for NOx Reduce learning Air Filtration 9 and NO2, and assist with virus reduction. exposure to X environme X X X Systems However, given that the school currently does emissions nts not have air handling units installed, free- standing units in the most affected classrooms (e.g. fronting onto the A406) are likely to be the most beneficial. Noise is also an issue at the school due to the busy A406 nearby, so it would be important for the unit to operate quietly without further elevating noise levels.

Behavioural Measures (Key Stakeholder: School / Borough)

Work with partners e.g. Living Streets and www.walkit.com and use mapping software to Pupil and produce bespoke walking route plans for parent pupils. This can be promoted using initiatives Reduce  Road behaviour which have been successfully implemented in 10 exposure and X safety X X X change other Boroughs (e.g. Beat The Street). LBE improve safety (existing has several existing ways of promoting pupils cleaner cycling routes, including Active Travel Maps; additional routes may be developed in future through collaboration with Cycle Enfield, and bespoke walking and cycling Page 39 of 57 THE MAYOR OF LONDON’S SCHOOL AIR QUALITY AUDIT

Potential Air Quality Cost Deliverability Stakeholder Support Improvement

Measure Description Purpose Low Medium High Wider Benefits Low Medium High Win Quick Term Medium Term Long Low Medium High

route plans can also be produced using mapping software in collaboration with Cycle Enfield, Living Streets and www.walkit.com. Given that the North Circular is a notable source of emissions, and pupils have reported experiencing the effects of this directly, promoting alternative routes to school (especially approaching from the south) would reduce pupils’ exposure to pollutants.  Awarenes Prepare ‘Welcome Packs’ for new pupils / Pupil and Behavioural s raising parents that includes an ‘Active Travel Map’ parent measures / as well as the promotion of apps / sites such 11 behaviour reducing X  Secure X X X as ‘www.walkit.com’ to a) promote walking to change (new exposure to communit / from school and b) promote the suitable y buy-in pupils emissions. walking routes to avoid air pollution hotspots. for measures

Wider Measures (Key Stakeholder: Borough/ TfL / GLA / Central Government)

Engage with any future proposals or con- Targeted sultations regarding the introduction of a tar- scrappage geted scrappage scheme, aimed at more pol- scheme for luting vehicles recorded entering London reg- Reduce sources 12 polluting X X X X ularly over an extended period, promoting a and exposure vehicles transition to ultra-low emission vehicles, in entering conjunction with measures to promote more London sustainable transport. Lobby national government to reform Vehicle Reform Excise Duty to reflect emissions of local Reduce sources 13 Vehicle pollutants as well as CO , and remove the X X X X 2 and exposure Excise Duty ongoing incentivisation this lends to diesel vehicles. Seek to promote the principles of ‘an all- Promote a electric city’, including reducing/eliminating transition to the use of gas in buildings, which city wide Reduce sources 14 electric account for over 33% of emissions, by X X X X and exposure heating and requiring or incentivising the use of electric heat pumps heating/cooling via heat pumps in new buildings and major redevelopments.

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Potential Air Quality Cost Deliverability Stakeholder Support Improvement

Measure Description Purpose Low Medium High Wider Benefits Low Medium High Win Quick Term Medium Term Long Low Medium High

Support and promote dialogue at a national Reform level concerning buildings regulations and Buildings how they’re calculated to better account for Reduce sources 15 Regulations X X X X local air quality issues as well as energy and exposure to promote efficiency, and so promote wider deployment heat pumps of technologies such as heat pumps. Review the effectiveness of planned measures and develop an approach for introducing a zero emission zone in central London and town centres in the short to medium term, and larger inner London and London-wide zones in the longer term. To be Reduce sources 16 Zero emission developed in conjunction with other policies X X X X and exposure zones such as the creation of Liveable Neighbourhoods, reducing road danger and making more efficient use of the street network, including for freight and servicing. Any specific schemes would be subject to statutory consultation.

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5.2 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS

Figure 9 – Summary Recommendations Map

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5.3 PRIORITISED MEASURES FOR THE SCHOOL 5.3.1. To help prioritise what measures should be progressed for the school, borough officers and representatives of the school were asked: ‘Based on the toolkit of measures and the findings of the observations and initial analysis, what are the top three measures you would prioritise for the school?’

5.3.2. The three measures identified as a priority were (in no particular order): Anti-Idling Day 5.3.3. It is recognised that idling by through traffic on the North Circular is largely the result of vehicles being stationary whilst awaiting a green signal. Whilst desirable in theory, it is therefore impractical to expect North Circular traffic to turn off engines. In contrast, parents dropping off and picking up pupils at Bowes Primary School can be encouraged to turn off their engines whilst stationary, given that they are waiting in their vehicles for several minutes or longer. 5.3.4. The school, in conjunction with the Borough, could organise an Anti-Idling Day to encourage parents to switch off their engines whilst waiting or parking in the vicinity of the school, in particular on Highworth Road. There are likely to be engagement activities before and after the Anti-Idling Day, with a draft schedule to be as follows:  Before: the school and Borough are best placed to decide whether details of the Anti-Idling Day be provided to parents in advance (e.g. via newsletter) or whether it is instead preferable for it to take place unannounced, for maximum impact. School staff present in the morning and afternoon peaks on one day will undertake an incognito count of the number of the number of vehicles idling with their engines on, both on Highworth Road and in the bus bay on the North Circular. Borough officers can assist with downloading air quality data from the monitoring station located at Bowes Primary School. Finally, educational material relating to the impact of idling vehicles on air quality can be included within relevant lessons, to increase pupil awareness of this issue.  On the Anti-Idling Day itself: School staff will be present on the Highworth Road kerbside (and, periodically, on the North Circular bus bay) to remind parents to turn off their engines, as well as to deter unauthorised stopping on the zigzag markings.  After: School staff will undertake another count of idling vehicles on one of the days after the Anti-Idling Day, so that a comparison of idling before versus after the initiative can be undertaken. Details of the results, as well as the purpose of the Anti-Idling Day, will be included within the next issue of the school newsletter circulated to parents. Further pupil engagement activities will emphasise the benefits of discouraging idling, such that pupils can also remind their parents of this. Anti-idling signage, for example banners to be attached to the Highworth Road frontage, could serve to reinforce this message once the Anti-Idling Day has passed.

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5.3.5. Following the initial engagement with the School, the Borough have since undertaken an initial Anti-Idling Day at Bowes Primary School on March 21st 2018, the results of which will be monitored in due course. Green screening 5.3.6. It was agreed that there is an opportunity to introduce further green screening at the north-western corner of the school grounds. Installing green screening/climbers inside the existing railings would accomplish the dual objectives of safeguarding and capturing emissions, particularly with regard to the Stanley Road frontage. 5.3.7. A green wall is already present north of the school building (see photograph on the right), although this does not extend to the playground where pupils are more exposed to pollutants from the North Circular. 5.3.8. Furthermore, green screening can be installed in the gaps in the wall along Highworth Road. 5.3.9. A dense vegetation layer with a high leaf density can catch some pollutant and particulates and hang on to them until they can be washed away by rainfall. 5.3.10. The existing automatic watering system at the northern end of the school grounds can be extended to the north-western corner. It should be noted however that the same level of reduction would not necessarily be achieved in each instance, as the local conditions and designs are specific to each site Internal air filtration 5.3.11. Firstly, internal air quality measurements can be taken using a portable in different classrooms and with different scenarios e.g. windows open versus closed and air conditioning on versus off. This can be compared against the internal temperature with these scenarios, to determine the typical reduction in temperature which open windows bring, and the consequent increase in exposure to emissions. 5.3.12. Subsequently, air filtration systems can be installed within the classrooms which are identified as having the highest levels of exposure to pollution from outside. There is already a ventilation system within the school, supplying air to classrooms via grilles. However the internal air filtration system is a different method, consisting of standalone units which filter the air in each room; as a consequence, the units can be installed in specific classrooms without the requirement for a large, integrated system across the building. 5.3.13. It is important to recognise that childrens’ learning can be affected not just by consistently high air temperatures but also by a lack of fresh air; consequently, air conditioning on its own does not provide the same quality of environment as fresh air which is sufficiently clean as well as cool. Installation of an air filtration system would reduce the levels of pollutants present in the affected classrooms. 5.3.14. The A406 is a noticeable source of noise throughout the school day, which can be disruptive to childrens’ learning. Modern air filtration units generate minimal noise levels, and thus would not disrupt the classroom environment. At times when traffic levels are lower, the filtration system could be turned off and the windows opened, thus giving the opportunity for natural ventilation to complement the filtered air.

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5.4 STARS ACCREDITATION SCHEME FOR SCHOOLS 5.4.1. STARS is TfL's world leading school travel accreditation scheme, inspiring young Londoners to travel smarter and more sustainably, and should form the framework within which the behaviour change related components of the above recommendations are recorded. 5.4.2. Many of the recommendations would also serve to contribute towards the required ‘travel activities’ and ‘support activities’ required to attain Gold status – which should ultimately be the aim for the school. 5.4.3. Equally by embracing the STARS process, delivering sustainable travel activities, achieving modal shift targets and demonstrating effective community engagement, the school will have successfully delivered air quality improvements through reduced travel by cars. The framework of STARS enables the school and borough to document, track and share their continued progress, and embed and implement the recommendations throughout the school community. 5.4.4. Schools are encouraged to note any air quality related activity undertaken on their TfL STARS profile stars.tfl.gov.uk, and to help inspire other schools, they are required to tell their story for each activity they have delivered. 5.4.5. Table 3 outlines the requirements for achieving the Bronze, Silver and Gold accreditation. Bowes Primary School currently has Gold status and will continue with initiatives to retain this status.

Table 3 – STARS Scheme Accreditation Requirements

Bronze Silver Gold — Complete 10 different — Complete 20 different — Complete 25 different ‘travel activities’ from the ‘travel activities’ from the list ‘travel activities’ from the list of 80. Evidence is not of 80. Evidence is required list of 80. Evidence is required but it is and must be submitted to required and must be recommended. the STARS website. submitted to the STARS — Complete 6 different — Complete 10 different website. ‘supporting activities’ from ‘supporting activities’ from — Complete 15 different the list of 40. Evidence is the list of 40. Evidence is ‘supporting activities’ from not required but it is required and must be the list of 40. Evidence is recommended. submitted to the STARS required and must be — Complete a hands up website. submitted to the STARS survey (with a respondent — Demonstrate that a shift website. rate of at least 90%) to get away from the car has been — Demonstrate that mode a baseline understanding of achieved through hands up share has been shifted how pupils get to school survey results away from the car by at — Set targets for a minimum — Record its staff travel least 6%, or that 90% of of two modes patterns, through the same travel is done by non-car hands up survey method modes — Set up a School Travel Plan — Demonstrate that the working group with student targets from the last representatives

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— Present various bits of academic year were evidence of pupil, governor, achieved or exceeded staff and school council — Demonstrate that residents involvement (such as and neighbours are aware meeting minutes) of the school’s plans to — Conduct consultation with promote safer and more parents and show results of active travel this — Demonstrate that the travel — Carry out research and/or plan is an agenda item on consultation at least one senior management meeting per year — Demonstrate that safe and active travel is part of the School Development Plan

5.4.6. Our recommended measures for the school include a number of initiatives that would also count towards maintaining their Gold STARS scheme accreditation, including anti-idling awareness raising. STARS activity cards are available for these measures, as well as wide range of other topics https://stars.tfl.gov.uk/Explore/Idea 5.5 HEALTHY SCHOOLS LONDON 5.5.1. The Healthy Schools London programme should also as framework for promoting sustainable transport measure that will contribute towards improved local air quality. To achieve the Healthy Schools London Bronze award, one of the criteria is that “the school promotes active travel to and from school”, and provides a number of examples, including:  By implementing a school travel plan and running active travel initiatives such as:  Walk/cycle to school days  Walkers/cyclers breakfast clubs  Cycling at break times  Pedestrian skills and cycle training  Active travel competitions  Accreditation programmes

5.5.2. The schools must complete the following statements:  Active Travel is promoted by:  School travel plan: Date awarded/reviewed  Active travel initiatives including:

5.5.3. Our recommended measures for the school include a number or initiatives that would also count towards these criteria, including a variety of proposals to promote improved environments for walking, scooting and cycling, and initiatives to promote behaviour change and raise awareness of benefits of active travel.

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5.6 AIR QUALITY ALERTS 5.6.1. When high and very high air pollution is forecast, air quality alerts are displayed at many public locations across London including 2,500 bus stop countdown signs and all Tube stations. Alerts and guidance are also available via social media, an app and a text alert service providing information and guidance on the alert level. 5.6.2. The Mayor has recently (January 2018) expanded his existing air quality alerts systems and appointed King’s College London to continuously monitor air pollution using the existing air quality monitoring network and cutting-edge modelling tools, delivering alerts as required. They will also directly notify a wider group of stakeholders so that the alerts are disseminated more widely and targeted at Londoners who are most vulnerable to the impacts of poor air, including schools. 5.6.3. Each school has been provided with further information via email on what the alert means, and how to reduce pupils’ personal exposure, and they can contact [email protected] for more information. 5.7 ENGAGEMENT 5.7.1. Engagement activities to raise awareness of the issue of air quality amongst children and the school community are fundamental to achieving change. MAYOR’S LONDON CURRICULUM PROGRAMME 5.7.2. The London Curriculum offers a wide range of high-quality teaching resources supporting most subjects on the national curriculum, CPD for teachers and events for children. Resources and activities are inspired by the city’s diverse culture, heritage, science and technology, built environment, green spaces and rivers. 5.7.3. The Mayor of London’s Air Quality Audits will be supported by a new programme of targeted activity delivered through the London Curriculum. The focus of the programme is to support teacher subject knowledge, and confidence to tackle air quality as a science subject recognising that this requires a wide knowledge and skill base of science, statistics and mapping. Activities associated with the above is detailed in Appendix C, for delivery by the schools / London Curriculum during the spring and summer terms, and summarised below: AUTUMN TERM  WSP undertake school AQ audits  London Curriculum engage with schools / school champion  By mid-October publish forward dates for spring term activity  Publish London.gov.web page which brings together the offer

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SPRING TERM – TEACHER FOCUSED ACTIVITY  STEM Learning package of available cpd on air quality  RGS primary school geography network meeting  ESRI training on mapping software for schools  GLA provides schools with results and recommendations from WSO’s audits, including outputs to be used for lesson material to use in future projects / initiatives.

SUMMER TERM – PUPIL FOCUSED ACTIVITY  Schools undertake project with pupils  National Clean Air Day June 2018  Support from IRIS/Science Learning Partnership/STEM Ambassador TBC  Schools recognition of air quality projects/celebration TBC HEALTHY EARLY YEARS LONDON (HEYL) 5.7.4. Building on the success of Healthy Schools London, Healthy Early Years London is an awards scheme funded by the Mayor of London that supports and recognises early years setting achievements in child health, wellbeing and school readiness. Healthy Early Years London focuses on the whole child and gives settings a framework for their activity with children, parents, carers and staff and the wider community. HEYL will help to reduce health inequalities by creating environments which support a healthy start to life and promote a whole setting and targeted approach across a number of themes including Sustainability-active travel and air quality. 5.7.5. HEYL complements and enhances the statutory Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) framework, providing further focus on children, families and staff health and wellbeing. There are 4 levels of Awards: HEYL First Steps, Bronze, Silver and Gold. HEYL can be used as an improvement tool to support practice in all Early Years settings including active travel:  Active travel is supported and encouraged, both for journeys to and from the setting and for trips (e.g. walking, scooting)  The setting is signed up to receive air quality alerts from www.airtext.info/alerts  There are activities and information available for parents and carers to support sustainability including: active travel, recycling or energy saving  Practitioners are able to discuss and advise parents and carers on active travel

5.7.6. The full programme is due for official launch in spring 2018 which is intended to reach all 13,000+ settings and providers of childcare across London. 5.8 FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES 5.8.1. A wide range of potential funding sources are available and should be considered to progress some of the measures outlined above, as set out in the figure below.

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Figure 10 – Summary of funding opportunities

Department for Environment Department for Food & Rural Education (DfE) Affairs (Defra) Section 106 / Community STARS Infrastructure Levy (CIL)

Mayor’s Air The Greener City Quality Fund Fund

Local Funding School Implementation Community Led Plan (LIP) Opportunities Fund Raising

5.8.2. Below, we discuss each of these in turn and set out the criteria associated with obtaining these funding opportunities, to enable the borough / schools to understand what measures they could progress with the funding opportunities that exists. Local Implementation Plan (LIP) 5.8.3. A primary source of funding is linked to the Local Implementation Plan (LIP) 3 that will provide spending from April 2019 until April 2020, with bidding closing in October 2018. The guidance on bidding specifically references the need to improve air quality at schools: ‘2.34 In the short-to medium-term, there must be a particular focus on action to reduce air, pollution, reducing exposure to it and tacking pollution hotspots, which boroughs should support through their LIP. Locations that have large numbers of vulnerable Londoners, such as schools, should be prioritised for action. In particular, the boroughs have an important role in ensuring recommendations from the Mayor’s school air quality audit programme are implemented, and LIP funding can be directed at both the audits and the delivery of measures.’

5.8.4. It is expected that recommendations from the audits can be implemented by the London boroughs using funding from TfL’s Local Implementation Plan (LIP) funding stream, but this is subject to boroughs prioritising this area. It is ultimately at the discretion of the borough to follow this guidance and allocate money to fund the measures outlined above. 5.8.5. Whilst the Mayor has allocated funding for the first 50 audits, he expects the London boroughs to roll this out so that every school that is located in an area of high pollution can benefit from this approach. LIP funds are a source of funding for this, and guidance is being developed, alongside an audit toolkit and template, to be used locally to complete school air quality audits for other schools.

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Mayor’s Air Quality Fund (MAQF) 5.8.6. The MAQF is a £20 million fund, over ten years to support new projects by London boroughs to improve air quality. The first round of funding supported a wide range of projects, including: freight consolidation, green walls, low emission vehicles, reducing pollution from construction sites and digital signage to reduce engine idling. 5.8.7. In summer 2018, the third round of MAQF funding will open for applications (for projects commencing in April 2019). Section 106 / Community Infrastructure Levy (CIL) 5.8.8. Section 106 (S106) agreements and Community Infrastructure Levy (CIL) are potential sources of funding towards measures to address local air pollution. 5.8.9. S106 agreements, also known as planning obligations, are legal agreements made between local authorities and developers, and designed to address issues that new developments may cause or worsen on local infrastructure. The content of a S106 agreement is agreed during the consultation period of the planning application and the agreement is prepared by the council’s solicitor. 5.8.10. A Community Infrastructure Levy (CIL) is a planning charge introduced by the government via the Planning Act 2008. It provides a means of ensuring that a new development contributes to the cost of the infrastructure that the development will rely on, such as schools and roads. 5.8.11. The levy applies to most new buildings and charges are based on the size and type of the floor space being created. The idea behind the CIL is that it’s fairer, faster and more certain than the system of S106 planning obligations, which are negotiated on a case-by-case basis and that contributions can be sought in accordance with local policy objectives. Liveable Neighbourhoods 5.8.12. A Liveable Neighbourhood scheme will deliver attractive, healthy and safe neighbourhoods for people and involves changes to improve conditions for walking and cycling and reducing traffic dominance – all of which can play a part in reducing air pollution. The types of measures that can be funded via this programme may include new pedestrian crossings, a network of good cycle routes, redesigned junctions, restrictions on motor traffic in town centres as well as wider improvements against each of the ten Healthy Streets Indicators. 5.8.13. The programme has a budget totalling £85.9m over the five financial years (2017/18 – 2021/22), excluding the funding for the remaining Major Schemes that will be completed during this period. Although costs will vary considerably from scheme to scheme, it is expected that TfL contributions for most schemes will fall within a range of £1m to £10m, with the majority probably under £5m. Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs (Defra) Air Quality Grant Scheme 5.8.14. Defra’s air quality grant scheme provides funding to eligible local authorities to help improve air quality. The scheme helps local authorities to make air quality improvements and to meet their

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statutory duties under the Environment Act 1995. It has awarded over £52 million in funding to a variety of projects since it started in 1997. 5.8.15. It is noted that the applications for 2017 to 2018 has now passed (December 2017) but it is recommended that Local Authorities submit future applications to implement some of the measures outlined within this report. It is noted that LA’s have previously successful applied for funding some behavioural / awareness raising measures. For example, the London borough of Islington was awarded £50,000 as part of a school focussed awareness and engagement campaign. Department for Education (DfE) 5.8.16. There may be scope for delivering some of the measures identified through DfE funding for school buildings and land, including capital funding for schools and academies, such as the Condition Improvement Fund, Priority School Building Programme, Early Years Capital Fund. 5.8.17. Additionally, the Salix Energy Efficiency Loan Scheme provides funding for schools and colleges through DfE, to reduce energy costs through the installation of energy efficiency technologies. This funding would apply to measures designed to reduce emissions through improving building energy use – such as replacing an older boiler with a heat pump, or increasing building insulation. To receive funding a project would need to save energy as well as improve air quality, and energy savings would need to have a payback period of eight years

or less. In addition, the project must not exceed a maximum cost of £200 per tonne of CO2 saved. Greener City Fund 5.8.18. The Mayor’s Greener City Fund (www.london.gov.uk/greenercity) includes a range of programmes to create and improve green spaces and encourage tree planting in London. This is part of the Mayor’s commitment to making a London a National Park City. 5.8.19. Two grant schemes, offering grants between £5,000 and £50,000 are open to applications from schools:  Community Tree Planting Grants will support applicants to plant trees and help improve children’s access to nature. This includes supporting tree planting in areas where there are currently low levels of tree cover, or where trees could help tackle issues such as air pollution. The next funding round will open in spring 2018 for projects to take place in the winter 2018/19.  Community Green Space Grants aim to improve and increase green space across London, and can include greening playgrounds or routes to school, or natural play space for children. The next funding round will open in summer 2018 for projects to take place in 2019. RE:FIT 5.8.20. RE:FIT London is jointly funded by the GLA and the European Union European Regional Development Fund, and is helping to achieve the Mayor's aim for London to be a zero carbon city by 2050. The programme is designed to help public sector organisations save carbon, energy and money by retrofitting buildings to make them more energy efficient, from simple measures like lighting and controls to solar panels. Since it was established in 2009 the programme has not only reduced carbon emissions, but also resulted in large guaranteed energy savings (typically around 15-25%). 5.8.21. The RE:FIT London Programme Delivery Unit is an expert team which provides free end to end support to deliver projects.

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5.8.22. The RE:FIT framework of energy service companies saves time and resources for organisations that are procuring retrofit services and works and – because it is an energy performance contracting framework - guarantees energy and cost savings. Schools in particular benefit from being able to procure through this framework via a fast-track route. Further information is available at www.london.gov.uk/refit TfL STARS Reward Scheme 5.8.23. Whilst there is no specific funding attached to STARS, as gaining STARS accreditation helps boroughs to achieve their targets for reducing school related car travel, and increasing cycling and walking, they often choose to link it to incentives – such as local grant funding through their LIP programmes and priority access to other opportunities. 5.8.24. It is important for boroughs to highlight that a possible benefit of getting STARS Accreditation is that it will potentially enable them to access funding for a variety of measures that contribute towards improving air quality and health. In broad terms, funding can be secured if the proposed measure:  Promotes one aspect of safer and smarter travel choices (walking, cycling, scooting, safer / smarter driving, public transport and road safety).  Helps the school reduce congestion (and pollution) in the vicinity of the school. 5.8.25. Ideas include, but are not limited to:  Training – pedestrian skills, scooter safety, balance bike, cycling  Cycling – storage, helmets, pool bikes, bike market, Dr Bike  Resources – sustainable travel and road safety books, reflective and fluorescent products  Staffing – supply cover to allow STP staff training and workshop attendance

5.8.26. It is increasingly important that boroughs seek to create a portfolio of funding opportunities, and with that in mind other potential funding sources include:  Local Clinical Commissioning Groups.(CCG) - https://www.nhscc.org/ccgs/  Health and Wellbeing Boards: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/215261/dh_1317 33.pdf  Charitable Trusts  Local business funding  Consortium approach – pooling funding with other boroughs and achieve economies of scale

Other Funding Sources 5.8.27. There are several grant funding bodies who may be interested in funding recommendations particularly if a borough links up with a community organisation - https://www.dsc.org.uk/category/fundraising/funding-sources/ 5.8.28. Boroughs could also seek to influence the Joint Strategic Needs Assessment process undertaken by Health and Well Being Boards and Directors of Public Health. This is the process which looks at local clinical, health and well -being population needs, and on which CCGs base their funding priorities.

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Other sources of funding for green infrastructure 5.8.29. Potential sources of funding for green infrastructure in schools include:

The Tree Council’s Trees for Schools programme offers grants between £100 and £700 to  fund tree planting www.treecouncil.org.uk/grants/trees-for-schools  The Woodland Trust offers free trees for schools www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/get- involved/schools/trees-for-schools/  The Gregg’s Foundation Environmental Grants offer up to £2,000 for projects that improve the physical environment in a way that will improve people's lives, including in schools where the project is accessible to the wider community www.greggsfoundation.org.uk/environmental- grant  Tesco Bags of Help offer up to £4,000 to a wide range of projects, including environmental improvements to school grounds www.groundwork.org.uk/Sites/tescocommunityscheme  The Big Lottery Fund’s Awards for All programme offers up to £10,000 for a wide range of projects that “improve the places and spaces that matter to communities”, including schools www.biglotteryfund.org.uk  Learning Through Landscapes Nature Grants Scheme –grants will re-open in Spring 2018 www.ltl.org.uk/naturegrants  Trees for Cities – are a charity able to match-fund the remaining shortfall after the financial contribution towards the project from the land owner. Their most notable schools programme is the Edible Playgrounds programme, which includes the design and creation of an edible teaching garden space within school grounds. Their other programmes include School Greening projects (mini forest style spaces, wildlife areas, biodiversity features) and Trees for Schools, a programme funded by Defra and delivered in partnership with the Woodland Trust. https://treesforcities.org/projects/schools/  Groundwork London – are an environmental regeneration charity specialising in community- based green interventions and behaviour change, with a team of Landscape Architects and community officers who can support schools in designing and implementing green interventions, supporting the curriculum and taking a ‘whole school’ approach to understanding air quality. They also manage programme that could offer funding for schools in considering their interventions, and fundraising support. . Contact [email protected] / www.groundwork.org.uk/london

School Community Led Fund Raising Initiatives 5.8.30. As well as the specific funding opportunities outlined above, there is an important role for the School, Ward Councillors, the Parent’s Teachers Association (PTA) and School Governors, both in a lobbying and leadership capacity, and as vehicles for fundraising to support and promote particular measures and initiatives. 5.9 MONITORING 5.9.1. An important outcome of the school air quality audits will be in assessing the effectiveness of different schemes and initiatives implemented, so that the findings can be used to continually update and refine the toolkit of measures for use in future audits. 5.9.2. Whilst it will likely prove difficult to disaggregate the impact of a range of measures when implemented simultaneously, by recording this information across all participating schools in

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London, and pooling the findings, it will provide some useful overall insights into what types of solutions work best in practice amongst a given set of conditions. 5.9.3. In order to undertake these assessments and build on the existing evidence available, it will be essential to establish an effective baseline dataset, and plan a programme of monitoring post implementation of any measures. This monitoring may include a wide range of metrics including surveys, traffic information, and air quality monitoring. The scope for monitoring should be proportionate to the extent of the problem and the scale of the investment. 5.9.4. Where possible such monitoring should cover:

 Key pollutants (NOx, PM10, PM2.5), and/or  a range of other suitable metrics (i.e. travel to school mode shares, STARS and Healthy Schools accreditations, traffic counts (as a proxy for road transport emissions), school buildings and boiler conditions, surveys and behavioural responses of parents/staff). 5.9.5. The Mayor recently announced the trial of new air quality monitoring sensors in hundreds of hot spots across London, including schools, as well as fleet of mobile sensors, which if successful may be used to monitor localised air quality around the school, in addition to the network of existing monitors when already located near the school. 5.9.6. The GLA will be seeking to maintain the dialogue with boroughs, and to facilitate the sharing of findings and experiences as different measures and initiatives are implemented following the audits. This will enable an assessment of their effectiveness in reducing sources of, or exposure to, local air pollution. It is envisaged this will take place 6-12 months after the audit programme is concluded.

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THE MAYOR OF LONDON'S SCHOOL AIR QUALITY AUDIT

Chapter 6 – Next Steps

THE MAYOR OF LONDON’S SCHOOL AIR QUALITY AUDIT

6 NEXT STEPS

6.1.1. Based on our experiences in undertaking the audit, we found there to be a passionate group of individuals representing both the school and the borough council, who were eager to make a difference, and enthusiastic about delivering a range of solutions to improve local air quality for the children, and the wider community as a whole. 6.1.2. The borough and key stakeholders should investigate the scope for rapidly delivering key measures from the recommendations, in order achieve a combination of quick win improvements for the school, but also thinking more holistically about how some of the medium to longer term recommendations can be progressed, to deliver transformational change, to the lasting benefit of future generations.’ 6.1.3. By participating in this audit the following steps have been completed:  Identified the sources of outdoor air quality and potential exposure by primary school children  Engaged school communities, including in a review of their TfL STARS travel plan, educating stakeholders about the impacts of air pollution and providing recommendations on activities, initiatives and policies that the primary school could implement to further reduce emissions and/or exposure  Engaged with the borough to inform the feasibility of the proposed recommendations  Recommendations for the boroughs consideration and future implementation.

6.1.4. In order to take forwards the recommendations identified within this report, the borough council will need to continue to work closely with the school and local community, building on the relationships already in place. 6.1.5. A wide range of potential funding sources are identified within the report, and borough councils and schools are encouraged to apply for these where appropriate to maximise the potential for delivering the recommendations. 6.1.6. The School and wider school community, including School Governors, have an important leadership role in ensuring that measures to reduce exposure and emissions are included in the school’s strategic plan. 6.1.7. STARS is an ongoing process, and the school should continue working towards the targets they have set, and continue adding to their air quality related activities, and uploading evidence to contribute towards achieving and sustaining higher levels of accreditation. 6.1.8. An important outcome from this project will be to build on our knowledge of how effective different measures prove to be over time, so that the findings can be used to continually update and refine the toolkit of measures for use in future audits. 6.1.9. We also hope that the borough and school will come together as part of a wider School Air Quality forum, to share their experiences with other boroughs and schools facing similar challenges.

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6.1.10. A wide range of guidance and useful literature is available to support further studies, schemes or initiatives with the aim of improving local air quality:  GLA – Local Authorities and Air Quality – A summary of action taken by London boroughs to improve air quality - https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/borough_air_quality_report_2017_final_2.pdf  GLA – Updated Analysis of Air Pollution Exposure in London https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/aether_updated_london_air_pollution_exposure_fin al_20-2-17.pdf  British Lung Foundation - Air Pollution Guidance for School Staff (https://neu.org.uk/system/files_force/publication- files/NEU%20BHF%20air%20pollution%20guidance%20FINAL.PDF?download=1  DfE - Guidelines on ventilation, thermal comfort, and indoor air quality in schools  Better Places for People (World Green Building Council) – Indoor Air Quality at Schools

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Appendix A – The Mayor’s commitment to improving air quality: Key Documents The Mayor’s commitment to improving air quality: Key Documents The Mayor is implementing a significant programme of measures to reduce London's deadly air pollution and protect the health and wellbeing of all Londoners, enshrined within the following key documents:  The London Environment Strategy – a bold and ambitious strategy, with a particular focus on air quality. This is the first strategy to bring together approaches to every aspect of London’s environment, including: air quality, green infrastructure, climate change mitigation and energy, waste, adapting to climate change and ambient noise. https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/london_environment_strategy- _draft_for_public_consultation.pdf

 The Draft London Plan - published in November 2017, places a considerable emphasis on air quality, with policy S|1 stating that London’s air quality should be significantly improved, and exposure to poor air quality, especially for vulnerable people, should be reduced. https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we-do/planning/london-plan

 The Mayor’s Transport Strategy 2018 - The Mayor has set out ambitious plans to improve transport in London over the next 25 years in his draft Transport Strategy. It includes record investment in new and improved rail, tube and bus services, an unprecedented focus on walking and cycling, and a commitment to make the entire transport system zero-emission by 2050. https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/mayors-transport-strategy-2018.pdf

 Expanding the Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) and tightening the Low Emission Zone (LEZ) https://consultations.tfl.gov.uk/environment/air-quality-consultation-phase- 3b/user_uploads/suporting-information-document-updated-12.12.17.pdf

A wide range of further information, guidance, funding and useful literature is available to support further studies, schemes or initiatives with the aim of improving local air quality, including, but not limited to:  Local Authorities and Air Quality – A summary by the GLA of action taken by London boroughs to improve air quality - https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/borough_air_quality_report_2017_final_2.pdf  Updated Analysis of Air Pollution Exposure in London – GLA https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/aether_updated_london_air_pollution_exposure_final _20-2-17.pdf  British Lung Foundation - Air Pollution Guidance for School Staff (https://neu.org.uk/system/files_force/publication- files/NEU%20BHF%20air%20pollution%20guidance%20FINAL.PDF?download=1  Guidelines on ventilation, thermal comfort, and indoor air quality in schools – DfE - https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/ventilation-thermal-comfort-and-indoor-air-quality- in-schools  Better Places for People (World Green Building Council) – Indoor Air Quality at Schools - http://www.worldgbc.org/sites/default/files/Better%20Places%20for%20People%20- %20Schools%20Briefing%20Notes%20-IAQ.pdf  Air quality alerts - Each school has been provided with further information via email on what the alert means, and how to reduce pupils’ personal exposure [email protected]  Control of Dust and Emissions during Construction and Demolition SPG prepared by the GLA, which includes requirements for construction sites to monitor air quality and share the results with the borough – https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we-do/planning/implementing-london- plan/supplementary-planning-guidance/control-dust-and  The Mayor’s Greener City Fund - www.london.gov.uk/greenercity  RE:FIT London - jointly funded by the GLA and the European Union European Regional Development Fund, and helping to achieve the Mayor's aim for London to be a zero carbon city by 2050 as part of the Mayor’s £34m Energy for Londoners programme. The programme is designed to help public sector organisations save carbon, energy and money by retrofitting buildings to make them more energy efficient. The RE:FIT framework of energy service companies saves time and resources procuring retrofit services and works. Schools in particular benefit from being able to procure through this framework via a fast-track route. Further information is available at www.london.gov.uk/refit

THE MAYOR OF LONDON'S SCHOOL AIR QUALITY AUDIT PROGRAMME

Appendix B – Audit Template SCHOOL AIR QUALITY AUDIT TEMPLATE

School Name:

Address:

Key Telephone Contact:

Key Email Contact:

Head Teacher:

School Staff (name/role):

School Staff (name/role):

School Staff (name/role):

Borough Name:

Sub-region: Audit Date: Borough AQ Officer: Audit Time: Borough TP Officer: Weather Conditions: Borough School Transport Officer: Any exceptional circumstances: WSP Auditor/s: Notable Events/ Traffic incidents: Background Information 1. Pupil Numbers: 6. Local Area Type

a. City Centre b. Major Centre c. Metropolitan Centre 2. Building Description d. Suburban e. Residential

3. School Building Age 7. Road Type 8. Street Type (Movement/Place) a. Any extensions (building age) a. TLRN Road b. Any planned growth? b. Main Road c. Near Main Road

c. BREEAM rating (if available) d. Residential Street e. Cul-de-sac

4. Mode share and trip numbers, recent trends 9. Proximity to Road a. Walk b. Cycle Distance to largest

c. Public Transport adjacent road (m): d. Car e. Other 10. Context Notes from School/Borough:

5. STARS status:

AIR QUALITY MODELLING RESULTS

NO2 Mapping

Road Transport Emissions – Split by Source Sector Road Transport Volumes (Split by Type)

SCHOOL GROUNDS AUDIT CHECKLIST School Grounds Checklist S School Visitor parking

1) Work through checklist - Label each observation/issue with applicable letter (A, B, C) A Vehicle access & egresses T School Staff parking 2) Add number prefix if multiple (A1, A2) B Pedestrian access & U School Vehicles (i.e. 3) Verify context plan – i.e. bus stop, tube station locations egresses Minibus)

C Key walking routes and V Other Parking pedestrian environment quality Y Cycling environment quality D Pedestrian crossings/ School crossing patrols Z Extent of Trees/ Shrubs/ Green E Configuration and use of barriers school outdoor space * Emissions from on- J Pick-up/ drop off activity site energy generating plant K Idling activity + Localised industrial L Road safety sources P Enforcement ! Construction activity R Delivery/ Servicing/ waste # Street canyons collection activity

SCHOOL GROUNDS Source Exposure Feedback Notes (i.e. factors influencing (i.e. factors influencing (i.e. from consultations, during OBSERVATION NOTES output of harmful movement of children observations/brainstorming session) emissions) through an area, or waiting in an area)

School Approaches Checklist SCHOOL APPROACHES AUDIT CHECKLIST C Key walking routes and pedestrian 1) Work through checklist - Label each observation/issue with applicable letter (A, B, C) environment quality 2) Add number prefix if multiple (A1, A2) D Pedestrian crossings/ School crossing 3) Verify context plan – i.e. bus stop, tube station locations patrols F Other pedestrian waiting spaces

G Traffic volumes, flow and composition

H Congested junctions

I Road widths, speed limit and traffic calming measures

J Pick-up/ drop off activity

K Idling activity

L Road safety

M Road access restrictions

N School Keep Clear hatching

O Waiting and Loading restrictions

P Enforcement

Q Bus stops/ Coach stops

R Delivery/ Servicing/ waste collection activity

S School Visitor parking

T School Staff parking

U School Vehicles (i.e. Minibus)

V Other Parking

W On-street parking restrictions X Key nearby attractors/ traffic generators Y Cycling environment quality

Z Extent of Trees/ Shrubs/ Green barriers

* Emissions from off-site energy generating plant

+ Localised industrial sources

! Construction activity

# Street canyons

SCHOOL APPROACHES Source Exposure Feedback Notes (i.e. factors influencing (i.e. factors influencing (i.e. from consultations, during OBSERVATION NOTES output of harmful movement of children observations/brainstorming session) emissions) through an area, or waiting in an area)

EXTERNAL CHECKLIST FACTORS – GUIDANCE FOR AUDITORS

School School Checklist Factors Description Grounds Approaches A Vehicle access & egresses Level of activity (indic % of total movements) x

B Pedestrian access & egresses Level of activity (indic % of total movements) x

Pedestrian Desire lines catered for? Footway widths (distance of peds from carriageway). Barriers/ obstacles to walking? Lighting? Public realm Key walking routes and C quality? Pedestrians from all walks of life? Shade and shelter? Places to x x pedestrian environment quality stop and rest? Not too noisy? People feel safe? Things to see and do? People feel relaxed? Proximity to emissions sources? Safety. Convenience. Routed over Pedestrian crossings/ School D crossing in proximity to traffic emissions? Wait time? Maintenance x x crossing patrols condition? Personal safety? Accessibility? Playgrounds, outdoor spaces. Proximity to emissions sources, particularly Configuration and use of school where children are exposed for longer durations. Where do children E x outdoor space spend time outside, during breaks, PE, queuing, off-site? Differ by age groups? F Other pedestrian waiting spaces i.e. outside the school gates, other areas children/parents wait x

Traffic volumes, flow and G HGVs? LGVs? Taxis? ULEVs? Nature of flow – speed, stop-start? x composition Congested - resulting in queuing vehicles, stop-start traffic and additional H Congested junctions x emissions? Road widths, speed limit and I Conducive to speeding, long crossing distances? Hostile/ unsafe? x traffic calming measures J Pick-up/ drop off activity Drop off location/ activity x x K Idling activity Where do vehicles idle, type, approx age, time, duration x x L Road safety Illegal or undesirable manoeuvring, pedestrian accident data x x M Road access restrictions Pedestrian Zones? No Motor Vehicles? Time based access restrictions? x

N School Keep Clear hatching Where? Observed/ enforced? x

O Waiting /Loading restrictions Single, double yellow lines? Kerb blips? Signage x

P Enforcement How well are restrictions obeyed/ enforced? x

Where do vehicles stop, type, approx age, time, duration? Which are used Q Bus stops/ Coach stops x by children, where do children wait? Delivery/ Servicing/ waste Delivery to school or other site? Vehicle types, routing, timings, goods, R x x collection activity locations S School Visitor parking Where, how many, vehicle mix, active during visit x x T School Staff parking Where, how many, vehicle mix, active during visit x x U School Vehicles (i.e. Minibus) Where, how many, vehicle mix, active during visit x x Nearby Resident/ P+D/ Business. Parking On-street/ off-street? V Other Parking x x Utilisation? Activity? W On-street parking restrictions Resident Permit holder only? Business Permit holder? P+D? Unrestricted? x

Key nearby attractors/ traffic X i.e. employment, supermarkets, shops, stations x generators Y Cycling environment quality Cycle parking? Evidence of demand? Cycle friendly/hostile? Cycle routes? x x Extent of Trees/ Shrubs/ Green Z Presence of planting and screening from roads x x barriers Emissions from on-site/ off-site * Gas-fired boilers and CHP Units x x energy generating plant Look out for additional part B sources not mapped – i.e. Dry cleaners, + Localised industrial sources x X takeaway’s etc. Car garages – painting cars Are there any construction sites? Construction traffic routing? Visible ! Construction activity x x dust? Visible dust suppression/monitoring in place? Street canyons Where building height on both sides of the road is greater than road # x x width SCHOOL BUILDING AUDIT CHECKLIST

Mark on plant room (i.e. Boiler Room).

Internal Layout Layout of building – class rooms and Mark onto map – classrooms/assembly hall/staff room other rooms and exposure to i.e. you could have store rooms or staff offices nearer the emissions sources roads rather than classrooms. Class room windows fronting onto main road?

Heating Heat source type e.g. gas boiler, heat pump, biomass boiler (wood fired, pellet fired, bio-diesel). Back up diesel generator?

Number e.g. 3

Heating only or heating & hot water?

Central or Distributed i.e. single plant room or smaller local boilers

If central, common flue i.e. do all the boilers run into a single large flue, or multiple small flues Height of flue? Take a picture

Short - <1m (i.e. similar to domestic boiler length of flue) Medium – 1m to 2m (small to medium commercial boiler size of flue) Tall – >3m (for larger boilers)

Boiler age

Boiler manufacturer

Boiler model

Boiler Rating (kW output)

Insert picture of rating plate Take a picture – includes info on boiler age, manufacturer, model, rating.

Boiler condition (fair, poor, excellent etc.)

Supply fan? Variable speed? (Sending air into boiler)

Boiler control system Advanced (digital, PC) or manual?

Air Conditioning? If so is it used – at what times of year and how frequently?

Local Heaters? Standalone heaters around the school?

Are these used? (e.g. in sports hall)

If yes, what kind? Convection (warm air blower), radiant?

Fuel source Gas or electric

Flue system I.e. flue to outside building?

Control system Simple, or advanced (e.g. tied to PC)

Maintenance Regularity

Ventilation Form i.e. centralised (air handling units), passive (windows)

If windows then Do any of the classroom windows which are regularly opened for ventilation or cooling purposes, front onto pollution sources (i.e. main roads)?

If centralised system then i.e. air handling units?

Air Handling Units Single or multiple?

Fed from boiler or direct fired?

Filters in place and changed regularly should have bag and screen filters, changed at least every 6 months or on pressure difference

Air intake location roof level?

Air intake suitable clear of other vents, heat sources, extract outputs?

General condition of system appears in good condition, average, dilapidated?

Extract from classrooms?

Recirculation of extract air? If so how much.

Control system manual, PC (i.e. building management system)

Variable speed supply & extract? Speed control on internal CO2 basis or temperature?

Hot Water Same as above or separate system?

If separate:

Gas or electric?

Central or local? i.e. one large central system or lots of small local water heaters

Control system? i.e. timer, thermostat?

Well insulated? must be greater than 25mm, ideally around 50mm on tank and pipework

Kitchen Extract system in place? most likely extract from e.g. hobs

Extracts to… Should exit to roof

Filtered? Should have local filters for great if above hobs

Control System Always on? On timed control?

Internal Conditions Incidence of overheating Occasional/regular/severe + temperature

Fresh Air Does it feel "stuffy"? Need more fresh air?

Green plants within building? If so, where?

Damp or mould present? If so, where and to what extent?

Comments

STAKEHOLDER DISCUSSION POINTS:

1) Is there anything you would like to add or comment on regarding our recorded observations? Where do children spend time outside, during breaks, PE, queuing, off-site? Differ by age groups?

2) Any comments on recent trends/ issues regarding travel to school? Travel patterns of children and parents etc.

3) What do you feel are likely to be key sources of emissions in and around the school?

4) Where do you feel exposure to poor air quality is greatest in and around to school?

5) Key initiatives already underway to promote sustainable travel and reduce emissions? Which have worked well? Which haven’t?

6) What more could the school do to lessen incidents of exposure and reduce sources of emissions?

7) Based on the toolkit of measures, and the findings of the observations and analysis, what are the top 3 measures you would prioritise for the school?

8) What sources of funding do you feel may be available to contribute towards localised schemes to address poor air quality at the school?

9) Is there any planned growth at the school (in terms of number of pupils or the school building/ grounds?

10) Are there any notable committed developments planned in the local area?

11) To what extent do you feel issues relating air quality are well understood by the children, parents, teachers, local community, borough officers and decision makers?

12) Are you aware of the air quality related lesson materials available?

13) Any other activities or behaviours not observed today you would wish to highlight?

14) Can you provide us with a copy of the deliveries log for the week of the audit?

STAKEHOLDER FEEDBACK NOTES:

THE MAYOR OF LONDON'S SCHOOL AIR QUALITY AUDIT PROGRAMME

Appendix C – Engagement Material THE MAYOR OF LONDON'S SCHOOL AIR QUALITY AUDIT PROGRAMME

Supporting material for Air Quality related lessons

Bespoke material for each school is provided to add value to lessons with a focus on air quality and the environment, including:

. Map of air pollution at the school; . Pie charts summarising the type of traffic near the school and how much air pollution is produced by which vehicles.

For example, this information could be used in conjunction with LSx Part 2: Investigating Air Quality whereby the objectives are listed as:

. Collecting scientific evidence . Carrying out fieldwork investigations . Making a labelled field sketch

The bespoke air quality modelling outputs for each school can add value to the lesson plan by being used to summarise the ‘baseline’ conditions prior to any measures being implemented and to identifying areas to target fieldwork investigations.

The pie charts illustrating the type of traffic near the school and how much air pollution is produced by which vehicles can contribute towards LSx Part 4: Action Planning whereby pupils learn about:

. How decisions and actions can affect the quality of people’s lives . Different ways in which people can improve their environment . How to present a persuasive argument . To make real choices and decisions

An understanding of how you travel to / from school (as well as other non-school related journeys) and the impacts it has on air quality can provide them with knowledge to travel via active means i.e. walking, scooting and cycling where possible.

The above can be linked to the National Curriculum, namely Science, Geography, PSHE / Citizenship and English Speaking and Listening. It is recommended that these lessons / materials are delivered by teaching staff as part of wider initiatives, such as National Clean Air Day.

Relevant Links:

. LSx: http://www.lsx.org.uk/get-involved/schools/ . National Clean Air Day: https://www.cleanairday.org.uk/ . London Curriculum: https://www.anewdirection.org.uk/what-we-do/london-curriculum

THE MAYOR OF LONDON'S SCHOOL AIR QUALITY AUDIT

Bowes Primary School

Bowes Primary School

Chart 1 - Traffic near Chart 2 - Air pollution by Key the school traffic near the school

Vans

Lorries

Buses & Coaches

Contact [email protected] to receive the accompanying PowerPoint slides for your school.

Introduction to air pollution (20-30 minutes)

· Interactive presentation highlighting the issue of poor air quality, the causes, the impacts, and the types of measures that can have a positive impact on reducing poor air quality. · Suitable for KS1 and KS2, with supplementary points for KS2. · Use the discussion questions on each slide to encourage the children to volunteer their own ideas. · Then reveal the answers, see if they got them all, and explain any they may have missed.

KS1/KS2

· It can be hard to describe can’t it? · It is made up of fumes (gas or smoke) and dust in the air. · Sometimes you can see it or smell it. · They are made up of gases, and tiny particles too small to see with the human eye. KS2

· Nitrogen Dioxide (fumes/ gases) · ‘Particulate matter’ or PM. The two main types are PM10 and PM2.5. · Really small particles – you could fit 40 PM2.5.particles across the width of a human hair. KS1/ KS2

· Factories · Power stations · Boilers heating houses, businesses, the school · Chemicals from cleaning products etc. · Transport produces a lot of pollution: o Cars, Taxis, o Lorries, Buses · Large vehicles like lorries and buses cause a lot of pollution. KS2

· Diesel vehicles are bad as they produce more Nitrogen Dioxide and Particulate matter’. · Lorries, buses, and vans and taxis are often diesels.

KS1/ KS2

· Cough · Breathing difficulties · Asthma – makes it harder for people with asthma to breath · Makes us ill · May need to see the doctor or go to hospital

· So it’s a real problem we need to something about. KS1/ KS2

· Can anyone tell me what this image is? · It’s our school – point out features like the playground and main roads to get bearings.

· Based on what we’ve talked about, and what the causes of air pollution are, which place do you think is most polluted by show of? o A o B o C

KS1/ KS2

· Explain the bar along the top shows that areas in blue or green are good, areas in yellows/orange/red/purple are more polluted · Well done to everyone who got it right · Explain it’s because all the traffic on the main roads is a major source of the pollution

KS1/ KS2

· We’ve seen what a big part transport plays in air pollution, so let’s think about how we travel to school · Show of hands · Which is best in terms of air pollution? · Why? KS1/ KS2

· Key in the ignition = stopping engine idling (where people leave the engine running when parked). · More travel by walking, scooting, cycling ….or public transport · Though we know some people may need to travel by car · Electric cars · Planting trees to capture and absorb some pollution (particulates)

KS1/ KS2

· Themselves · Class mates · Teachers · Family · Wider community · The Council · The Mayor · Transport for London · The Government · ….everyone has a part to play THE MAYOR OF LONDON'S SCHOOL AIR QUALITY AUDIT

Appendix D – Toolkit of Measures to Improve Air Quality at Schools The Mayor of London’s School Air Quality Audits Toolkit of Measures to Improve Air Quality at Schools May 2018 1. HIGHWAY MEASURES A Anti-idling A1 Fines A2 Campaigns, including driver engagement A3 Information signage B Reducing traffic flow B1 'School Streets' B2 Collapsible bollards B3 'Play Streets' (temporary measure) B4 Road closure B5 Filtered permeability B6 One-way streets/ No entry restrictions B7 ULEV-only streets B8 Width restriction (e.g. 7ft) B9 Environmental weight limit signs B10 Reallocate roadspace B11 Weight restrictions C Smoothing traffic flow/speed C1 Modify traffic calming C2 Optimise traffic signals C3 Junction improvements D Reducing drop-off activity D1 Public Space Protection Orders D2 School Keep Clear markings D3 Double/single yellow lines D4 Improve enforcement of restrictions Improved pedestrian and cyclist E environment Improved pedestrian environment - footway E1 widening, kerb build-outs E2 Improved crossing facilities on desire lines E3 Traffic calming E4 Improve Visibility of the School E5 Cycle hangers F Promote a switch to low emission vehicles Ultra-low Emission Zone (ULEZ) & Low F1 Emission Zone (LEZ) Support the delivery of comprehensive charging F2 provision for ULEVs G Parking/loading G1 Identify a Park & Stride site Remove or relocate parking/ loading bays G2 and/or amend restrictions G3 Introduce kerb blip loading restrictions G4 Enforce parking restrictions Additional parking charges for more polluting G5 vehicles Introduce or amend CPZ restrictions around G6 school to restrict non-residents parking Implement parking rationalisations and replace G7 with ULEV car clubs H Buses H1 Bus stop relocation H2 Low emission buses I Freight and Deliveries Engage with local businesses to reduce I1 freight/ delivery emissions Promote low emission vehicles for freight and I2 deliveries Delivery Servicing Plans (DSPs) for new I3 developments I4 Re-time Borough commercial waste collection

J Construction Planning conditions to reduce impacts of J1 freight traffic Managing the impact of dust and emissions J2 during construction and demolition Retrospective discussions with already J3 permitted developments to lessen the impacts

J4 Non-Road Mobile Machinery Audit K Planning Policy and Strategy Healthy Streets approach, sustainable K1 transport and roadspace reallocation from vehicular traffic L Green Infrastructure L1 Green screens L2 Trees, shrubs, planters L3 Green Gateways L4 Pocket parks 2. SCHOOL SITE MEASURES M School Grounds M1 Additional scooter/ cycle parking M2 Staff car parking M3 Anti-idling for deliveries M4 Re-timing for deliveries Reduce number of deliveries, staff/visitor M5 vehicle trips and/or use more sustainable modes M6 Relocate pedestrian entrances M7 Green screens M8 Trees/ shrubs/ planters M9 Green spaces M10 Pupil & staff cycle parking M11 Reduced waiting times to enter school grounds M12 Relocate playgrounds and free flow spaces Co-ordinate start/ finish times with nearby M13 schools Reconsider playground layouts to reduce M14 exposure

M15 Sheltered waiting areas for parents/ guardians School Building N School boilers/ heating N1 Upgrade aging boilers Install Optimising Compensator Control N2 System for School Boilers N3 Boiler flues and extraction equipment N4 Install thermostatic radiator valves (TRVs) N5 Replace aging radiators Improve product choice (e.g. cleaning O products) Improve product choice (e.g. cleaning O1 products) Regular service & maintenance of P appliances and equipment Regular service & maintenance of appliances P1 and equipment Q Improve school building insulation Q1 Improve school building insulation Q2 Upgrade windows Replace temporary classrooms with Q3 permanent structures Q4 Green Roofs S Ventilation / Air Filtration S1 Installation of Air Conditioning Units S2 Introduce Air Filtration Systems S3 Install HEPA Filters in Air Handling Units S4 Other air filtration systems - air purifiers Summary of Measures S Other Air quality monitoring and information7 provision S1 eco-monitors and walking route maps. 1. HIGHWAY MEASURES 2. SCHOOL SITE MEASURES 3. BEHAVIOURAL MEASURES M School Grounds Attain improved STARS accreditation status, A Anti-idling G Parking/loading T1 A1 Fines G1 Identify a Park & Stride site M1 Additional scooter/ cycle parking ultimately Gold status. A2 Campaigns, including driver engagement Remove or relocate parking/ loading bays M2 Staff car parking T2 Promote cleaner walking routes to school G2 A3 Information signage and/or amend restrictions M3 Anti-idling for deliveries T3 Promoting Park & Stride B Reducing traffic flow G3 Introduce kerb blip loading restrictions M4 Re-timing for deliveries T4 Promoting car sharing B1 'School Streets' G4 Enforce parking restrictions Reduce number of deliveries, staff/visitor T5 Walking Route Maps / Leaflets B2 Collapsible bollards Additional parking charges for more polluting M5 vehicle trips and/or use more sustainable T6 Parent and Public Workshops G5 modes Prepare ‘Welcome Packs’ for new pupils / B3 'Play Streets' (temporary measure) vehicles T7 B4 Road closure Introduce or amend CPZ restrictions around M6 Relocate pedestrian entrances parents G6 M7 Green screens B5 Filtered permeability school to restrict non-residents parking T8 Deliver Air Quality focused lesson/s to children B6 One-way streets/ No entry restrictions G7 Parking rationalisations with ULEV car clubs M8 Trees/ shrubs/ planters B7 ULEV-only streets H Buses M9 Green spaces T9 Awareness raising session amongst staff B8 Width restriction (e.g. 7ft) H1 Bus stop relocation M10 Pupil & staff cycle parking T10 Daily monitoring of London Air website/ app T11 Add Air Quality to Junior Citizenship Scheme B9 Environmental weight limit signs H2 Low emission buses M11 Reduced waiting times to enter school grounds B10 Reallocate roadspace I Freight and Deliveries T12 Anti-idling campaign M12 Relocate playgrounds and free flow spaces Attain an improved Award in Healthy Schools B11 Weight restrictions Engage with local businesses to reduce T13 I1 Co-ordinate start/ finish times with nearby London, ultimately a Gold Award C Smoothing traffic flow/speed freight/ delivery emissions M13 schools Awareness raising events amongst the wider C1 Modify traffic calming Promote low emission vehicles for freight and T14 I2 Reconsider playground layouts to reduce community C2 Optimise traffic signals deliveries M14 C3 Junction improvements Delivery Servicing Plans (DSPs) for new exposure T15 Cycle training and promotional initiatives I3 T16 Gamification to promote active travel D Reducing drop-off activity developments M15 Sheltered waiting areas for parents/ guardians D1 Public Space Protection Orders T17 Restrict or reduce personal deliveries I4 Re-time Borough commercial waste collection School Building CPD supporting teachers subject knowledge D2 School Keep Clear markings T18 D3 Double/single yellow lines J Construction N School boilers/ heating on air quality D4 Improve enforcement of restrictions Planning conditions to reduce impacts of N1 Upgrade aging boilers T19 Walking Buses J1 Improved pedestrian and cyclist freight traffic Install Optimising Compensator Control 4. WIDER MEASURES E N2 environment Managing the impact of dust and emissions System for School Boilers Targeted scrappage scheme for polluting J2 V1 Improved pedestrian environment - footway during construction and demolition N3 Boiler flues and extraction equipment vehicles entering London E1 4. WIDER MEASURES widening, kerb build-outs N4 Reducing over-heating and tackling heat gain V2 TargetedReform Vehicle scrappage Excise scheme Duty for polluting Retrospective discussions with already N5 Replace aging radiators U1 Promote a transition to electric heating and E2 Improved crossing facilities on desire lines J3 V3 vehicles entering London permitted developments to lessen the impacts Improve product choice (e.g. cleaning heat pumps E3 Traffic calming O U2 Reform Vehicle Excise Duty products) Reform Buildings Regulations to promote heat E4 Improve Visibility of the School J4 Non-Road Mobile Machinery Audit V4 Promote a transition to electric heating and Improve product choice (e.g. cleaning U3 pumps E5 Cycle hangers K Planning Policy and Strategy O1 heat pumps Introduce a zero emission zones in central Healthy Streets approach, sustainable products) Reform Buildings Regulations to promote heat F Promote a switch to low emission vehicles Regular service & maintenance of U4 London and town centres and larger inner K1 transport and roadspace reallocation from P V5 pumps London and London-wide zones in the longer Ultra-low Emission Zone (ULEZ) & Low vehicular traffic appliances and equipment U5 Zero emission zones F1 Regular service & maintenance of appliances term Emission Zone (LEZ) L Green Infrastructure P1 F2 Comprehensive charging provision for ULEVs L1 Green screens and equipment L2 Trees, shrubs, planters Q Improve school building insulation L3 Green Gateways Q1 Improve school building insulation L4 Pocket parks Q2 Upgrade windows Replace temporary classrooms with Q3 permanent structures Q4 Green Roofs S Ventilation / Air Filtration S1 Installation of Air Conditioning Units S2 Introduce Air Filtration Systems S3 Install HEPA Filters in Air Handling Units S4 Other air filtration systems - air purifiers S Other Air quality monitoring and information provision S1 eco-monitors and walking route maps. HighwayMeasures 1. HIGHWAY MEASURES (Key Stakeholder: Borough/ TfL) Borough/ HIGHWAY 1. MEASURES Stakeholder: (Key effectivenessof measures anapproach monitoring to the Establish F.) Identify ownersE.) funding and task sources informed findingsauditthe by issues, these D.)Identify frommeasures the of exposureand causes ofemissions C.)Review sources issues, findings and key identify reference. travel, school transportplanning). Use andfrom boroughschool the officers (air quality, inputwith templates auditFieldwork complete – B.) preparation plan and context assessments quality Air A.) approach: audit quality Air B11 B10 D4 D3 D2 D1 C3 C2 C1 B9 B8 B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 A3 A2 A1 B A D C Collapsiblebollards 'SchoolStreets' flow traffic Reducing Informationsignage Campaigns,includingdriver engagement Fines Anti-idling Improveenforcement of restrictions Double/singlelinesyellow KeepClear School markings Orders Protection Space Public drop-off activity Reducing Junctionimprovements traffic signals Optimise Modifytraffic calming flow/speed traffic Smoothing restrictions Weight Reallocateroadspace Environmentalsigns weightlimit 7ft)(e.g. restriction Width streets ULEV-only restrictions Noentry One-waystreets/ Filteredpermeability Roadclosure Streets' 'Play Summary of Measures, including Assessment (temporary measure) Toolkit to address to Toolkit as as Purpose X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Reduce Sources

X Reduce Exposure AssessmentCriteria M M M M M H L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L Potential Air Quality Improvement M-H L-M L-M L-H M M M M M H L L L L L L L L L L L Cost S-M S-M S-M S-M M-L M M M M M M S S S S S S L L L L Deliverability M-H L-M M M M M M M M M M M M H H H H H L L L Stakeholder Support

X X X X X X X X X X Road safety

X X X X X Promotion of sustainable transport Visual amenity Wider Benefits Wider Security, privacy Noise reduction Biodiversity C Improved learning environment riteria Reduced operating costs

X Awareness raising

X X X Support STARS and HSL objectives Suitability Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Main roads

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Minor Roads

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Suitability for a trial 8 Summary of Measures, including Assessment Criteria 9

Highway Measures

1. HIGHWAY MEASURES (Key Stakeholder: Borough/ TfL) Improved pedestrian and cyclist E environment Improved pedestrian environment - footway E1 X X L L-M S-M H X X Y Y Y widening, kerb build-outs E2 Improved crossing facilities on desire lines X L L-M S-M H X X Y Y Y E3 Traffic calming X L L-M S-M H X X Y Y Y E4 Improve Visibility of the School X L L S H X Y Y E5 Cycle hangers X L L-M S M X X Y Y F Promote a switch to low emission vehicles

Ultra-low Emission Zone (ULEZ) & Low F1 H H M M X Y Y Emission Zone (LEZ) X X

F2 Comprehensive charging provision for ULEVs X L M M M X Y Y Y G Parking/loading G1 Identify a Park & Stride site X L L M M Y Remove or relocate parking/ loading bays G2 X M L S-M M Y Y and/or amend restrictions G3 Introduce kerb blip loading restrictions X L L S M Y Y G4 Enforce parking restrictions X L L S M X Y Y Additional parking charges for more polluting G5 X M M M L Y Y vehicles Introduce or amend CPZ restrictions around G6 X M M M L X Y Y school to restrict non-residents parking G7 Parking rationalisations with ULEV car clubs X L M L L X Y Y H Buses H1 Bus stop relocation X M M M L Y H2 Low emission buses X H H M M Y Summary of Measures, including Assessment Criteria 10

Highway Measures

1. HIGHWAY MEASURES (Key Stakeholder: Borough/ TfL) I Freight and Deliveries Engage with local businesses to reduce I1 X M L M L X Y freight/ delivery emissions Promote low emission vehicles for freight and I2 X M L M L X Y deliveries Delivery Servicing Plans (DSPs) for new I3 X L L M L Y Y developments I4 Re-time Borough commercial waste collection X L M M M Y Y

J Construction Planning conditions to reduce impacts of J1 X M L M L X Y freight traffic Managing the impact of dust and emissions J2 X X L L S M X Y during construction and demolition Retrospective discussions with already J3 X M L L L X Y permitted developments to lessen the impacts

J4 Non-Road Mobile Machinery Audit X L L S M X K Planning Policy and Strategy Healthy Streets approach, sustainable K1 transport and roadspace reallocation from X X H H L L X Y Y vehicular traffic L Green Infrastructure L1 Green screens X L L S H X X Y Y L2 Trees, shrubs, planters X L L S-M M X Y Y L3 Green Gateways X L L S H X Y Y L4 Pocket parks X L M S-M H Y Y Summary of Measures, including Assessment Criteria 11 School Site Measures: school grounds

2. SCHOOL SITE MEASURES (Key Stakeholder: School/ Borough) M School Grounds M1 Additional scooter/ cycle parking X L L S H X X M2 Staff car parking X L L M L X M3 Anti-idling for deliveries X L L S H M4 Re-timing for deliveries X L L S M X Reduce number of deliveries, staff/visitor M5 vehicle trips and/or use more sustainable X L L M M X modes M6 Relocate pedestrian entrances X L L S M M7 Green screens X L M M M X X X M8 Trees/ shrubs/ planters L L-M M H X X M9 Green spaces X L L S H M10 Pupil & staff cycle parking X L L S H X X M11 Reduced waiting times to enter school grounds X L L S H X Y

M12 Relocate playgrounds and free flow spaces X M M-H M M X X Co-ordinate start/ finish times with nearby M13 X X L L S L X schools Reconsider playground layouts to reduce M14 X L L S M exposure M15 Sheltered waiting areas for parents/ guardians X X L L S M X Summary of Measures, including Assessment Criteria 12 School Site Measures: school building

2. SCHOOL SITE MEASURES (Key Stakeholder: School/ Borough) School Building N School boilers/ heating N1 Upgrade aging boilers X L L-H S-M M-H X Install Optimising Compensator Control N2 X L L S H X System for School Boilers N3 Boiler flues and extraction equipment X L L S M N4 Reducing over-heating and tackling heat gain X L L-M S H X X N5 Replace aging radiators X L M S-M M X X Improve product choice (e.g. cleaning O products) Improve product choice (e.g. cleaning O1 X X L L S H products) Regular service & maintenance of P appliances and equipment Regular service & maintenance of appliances P1 X L L S H and equipment Q Improve school building insulation Q1 Improve school building insulation X L L-M S-M M-H X X X Q2 Upgrade windows X L L-H S-M M-H X X X Replace temporary classrooms with Q3 X L H M-L M X X permanent structures Q4 Green Roofs X L M M M X X S Ventilation / Air Filtration S1 Installation of Air Conditioning Units X L L-H S-M M-H X S2 Introduce Air Filtration Systems X L M M M X S3 Install HEPA Filters in Air Handling Units X L L S-M M X S4 Other air filtration systems - air purifiers X L L-M S-M M X S Other Air quality monitoring and information provision S1 X X L L S H eco-monitors and walking route maps. X Summary of Measures, including Assessment Criteria 13 Behavioural Measures

3. BEHAVIOURAL MEASURES (Key Stakeholder: School/ Borough) Attain improved STARS accreditation status, T1 X L L S-M H X ultimately Gold status. T2 Promote cleaner walking routes to school X X L L S H X X X T3 Promoting Park & Stride X L L S-M H X X X T4 Promoting car sharing X L L S H X X T5 Walking Route Maps / Leaflets X L L S H X X X T6 Parent and Public Workshops X X L L S H X X Y Prepare ‘Welcome Packs’ for new pupils / T7 X X L L S H X X X X Y parents T8 Deliver Air Quality focused lesson/s to children X X L L S H X X Y

T9 Awareness raising session amongst staff X X L L S H X T10 Daily monitoring of London Air website/ app X X L L S H X X T11 Add Air Quality to Junior Citizenship Scheme X X L L S H X T12 Anti-idling campaign X L L S H X X Attain an improved Award in Healthy Schools T13 X X L L S-M H X X London, ultimately a Gold Award Awareness raising events amongst the wider T14 X X L L S-M M X community T15 Cycle training and promotional initiatives X L L S M X X X T16 Gamification to promote active travel X L L-M M M X X T17 Restrict or reduce personal deliveries X L L S M CPD supporting teachers subject knowledge T18 X X L L S-M M X X on air quality T19 Walking Buses X L L S M X X X Wider Measures 4. WIDER MEASURES (Key Stakeholder: Borough/ TfL/ GLA/ Central Government) Targeted scrappage scheme for polluting V1 X H H L L vehicles entering London V2 Reform Vehicle Excise Duty X H M L L Promote a transition to electric heating and V3 X H M L L heat pumps Reform Buildings Regulations to promote heat V4 X M M L L pumps V5 Zero emission zones X X H H L L

THE MAYOR OF LONDON'S SCHOOL AIR QUALITY AUDIT

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