INDEX

Ancient and modern place names are listed indiscriminately, according to the usage of the various contributors. All lake and river names are listed under ‘Lake’ and ‘River’.

Abate, Pietrantonio, 255 Iulia, 239 Abella, 254 Traiana, 255 Abellinum, 245 Virgo, 255 Acarnania, 184 and see Acquedotto Acer spp.: see maples Arabia, 199 Acquaro spring, 242–246 arboreal pollen, 183–185 and see Serino and see palynological evidence Acquedotto: Arcadia, 180 della Bolla, 254 aridification, 4–5, 41, 203, 208–210 Campano, 254 Aristotle, 267–268 di Serino, 255 Arpinum, 240 Aegean, 160 Arruntius, L. (curator aquarum), 248, Islands, 180 252 Africa, north, 178, 188, 263, 273 Asia, central, 4–5, 89–102 passim Proconsularis, 81 Asia (Minor), 179 agriculture, beginnings of, 105 Ateius Capito, C. (curator aquarum), 248, alder, 53 252 Alexandria, 178, 180, 184 Athens, 115, 177, 179 Alps, 151, 185 Attica, 177, 184, 194 Althiburos (Numidia), 273 Augustus, 242, 248, 252–253, 269 Amisus, 179 Aurelian, 271 Ammerman, A., 260 Ausonius, 4, 63–68, 87 amphorae, 272–273 Avars, 5, 89–93, 101 , 161–163 Ancient Climatic Optimum, 24 Baiae, 241 animals, working, 32 Basilicata, 237 Anio Novus, 254 beech (Fagus sylvatica), 3, 53, 56, 216 anthropogenic factors: see human impact Behre, K.-E., 4 on landscape and rivers, pollution Bereket Basin (), 161 Antigonus the One-Eyed, 180 Beryllium-10 records, 121–123, 126–127, 130, , 178, 186 132, 134 Antonine Plague, 27, 264–265 Bologna, 255 Antonius, M., 181 Bonneau, D., 4, 71, 76–82 Apicius, 55 Boswijk, G., 93, 102 Appennines, 182, 216, 233, 235 bradyseism, 242 aqueducts, 9–10, 233, 254–255, 268 Bresson, A., 3, 22 Acqua Felice, 255 Britain, Roman, 23, 259–260 Marrana Mariana, 254 Bronze Age, Early, 132 Paola, 255 Bucca della Renella (cave in the Apuan Aqua Alexandrina, 254 Alps), 147–148, 149, 150 , 9, 240–246, 252, 254–255 Büntgen, U., 89, 103, 105, 116, 117, 139–145, 157, Claudia, 254 262, 266 Crabra, 239 328 index

Caesar, C. Iulius, 248, 251–252, 269–271 coastline changes, 218–221, 225–228, Calpe (), 179 n. 229–231, 275 Campania, 9, 233–246, 253–256, 268 colonization, Greek, 114–115, 219 Campi Flegrei, 214–215, 218 Columella, 32, 190–191 Carbon-14: see Radiocarbon Comte, Auguste xiii Carpinus spp.: see hornbeams Constantinople, 72, 240, 268 Carthage, 268 construction, timber for, 177, 179–183 Catalonia, 184 consular honors, consulate, 65–67 Cato, 32, 190–191 Cook, E., 2, 4, 262 cedars, 40, 180 coppicing, 44, 190, 191–192 cereals, 83–84 Corcyra, 179 chaff, 39 Corfinium, 255 Chakrabarty, D., 2 Corinth, 179 charcoal, 3, 37–58, 190 Corsica, 182 varieties of, 54–55 cremation, 179 n. China, climate in, 4–5, 89–101, 161, 275 Crete, 137 use of machines in ancient, 22 Cumae, 215 Cicero, 239–240, 250 curatores alvei Tiberis et riparum, 270 Cilicia, 179 Curius Dentatus, M’., 250 Claudian, 251 cypresses, 136–137, 180, 190–191 Claudius, 270–271 Cyprus, 180 Cleopatra, 181 climate, climate change, 1–10, 21, 24–29, Dalton Minimum, 124 61–170 passim, 185, 192–193, 200–211, Danube provinces of Roman Empire, 186 261–266, 276 Dead Sea, 70–72, 157, 160, 203–204 central-European, 4, 24, 26–29, 67, 85, 89, ‘declarations of unflooded land’ (apographai 136–143, 145, 150, 152–153, 157, 163–165, abrochias), 81–82 167, 169–170, 188–189, 213 deforestation, 8, 27–28, 42, 116, 173–194, 236, defectiveness of concepts of ‘favourable’, 273 ‘unfavourable’, 211 Delos, 40 indifference of rural settlement to, δ13C, 146, 148, 150, 167 197–211 δ18O, 146, 147–148, 235 methods for studying, 61–63, 74–76, 82, demography: see population 168–170 dendochronology, 73 regional differences within the Mediter- and see tree rings ranean world, 109–112, 113–170 passim Dio Cassius, 251–252 ‘see-saw’ relationship between eastern Diocletian’s Price Edict, 40 n. and western Mediterranean, 116, 162 Dionysius of , 181 short- and long-term, 82 Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), 93, stability during Roman period, 26, 70, 96–100 104, 133, 149, 151, 154, 157, 161, 169 Drake, B.L., 115 timescales in, 108–109, 197; droughts, 89–101 passim, 114, 243–244 and see Ancient Climatic Optimum, Dulan-Wulan (north-central China), 90–91, Dalton Minimum, Greenland temper- 100–101 ature proxy record, instability, Iron Dumbarton Oaks, 4, 69, 102, 103 n. Age Cold Period, Little Ice Age (LIA), Dumnissus (Kirchberg), 63–64, 67 Maunder Minimum, Medieval Cli- mate Anomaly, microclimates, North earthquakes, 274–275 Atlantic Oscillation, precipitation, Egypt, 4, 31, 71, 82, 174, 178–180, 265 Roman Climate Optimum, Roman and see River Nile Warm Period Elba, 178 coal, 22–23, 28 Elea: see Velia