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What Are Common Geological Settings for Subduction Initiation, and What Tectonic Events Precede the Development of Self- Sustaining Subduction?

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What Are Common Geological Settings for Subduction Initiation, and What Tectonic Events Precede the Development of Self- Sustaining Subduction? What are common geological settings for subduction initiation, and what tectonic events precede the development of self- sustaining subduction? Mark Reagan University of Iowa With thanks to: Julian Pearce and the IODP Expedition 352 Scientific team Outline • Magmas in subduction initiation (SI) settings o FAB and boninite • Examples of SI o Eocene: Izu-Bonin-Mariana (IBM) o Puysegur o Matthew & Hunter • SI through geologic time o Boninites over Earth history o Implications for changes in dynamics of SI Sheeted dike complex Troodos Ophiolite, Cyprus olivine olivine Boninites opx orthopyroxene Low-Si High-Si (LSB) (HSB) boninite komatiite komatiite picrite picrite High-Mg Andesite basalt picro- basalt bas. (HMA) basalt HMA & BADR and. andesite dacite Siliceous High-Mg Basalt series BADR (SHMB) LSB HSB Low-Ti basalt series (LOTI) After: Pearce and Reagan (submitted – ST2B-2) Mantle melting opx opx HSB komatiite komatiite Harzburgite LSB dry, 1.5 GPa 1550oC ( ) ~2 GPa ~cpx Hz ~2 GPa picrite wet, 1.2 GPa picrite 1240oC DMM ~0.5 GPa boninite basalt ~0.5 GPa melting HMA HMA & BADR basalt bas. and. and. Based primarily on equilibrium melting experiments by: Hirose & Kawamoto (1995); Hirose & Kushiro (1998); Falloon & Danyushevsky (2000); Parman & Grove (2004); Wood & Turner (2009); Mitchell & Grove (2015) Izu-Bonin-Mariana (IBM) subduction system • IBM forearc recognized as early subduction terrane since ~ 1980 • Stern and Bloomer (1992) suggested boninites erupted at arc inception during near-trench rifting resulting from slab rollback • Recent work has shown that the IBM forearc preserves an ophiolitic rock record attributed to a large scale, but short duration, subduction initiation event Reagan et al. (2013) Drill Sites for IODP Expedition 352 Perid Site U1440 Site U1441 Site U1439 Site U1442 Gab Bon FAB Dol geology after Ishizuka et al. (2011) (Reagan et al. 2017; Shervais et al. 2019; Li et al. submitted) LSB HSB bon komatiite komatiite picrite picrite basalt HMA basalt HMA & BADR Chichijima Marubewan IODP Site U1439 BADR SHMB IODP Sites U1440, U1441 FAB HSB LOTI Data sources: Taylor et al. (1994); LSB Shervais et al. (2019) Godard et al. (in prep) ? • Transform boundary before 52.5 Ma? • Rapid, SI and near-trench sea floor spreading beginning at 52.0-52.5 Ma • Flux melting and LSB to HSB generation begins within 1 m.y. • Why? • Spontaneous? (e.g. Stern, 2004) • Induced by India-Asia collision? by plume? 1st “normal” arc volcanism at 45-46 Ma after Reagan et al. (2019) (Whattam and Stern 2015) Early Eocene events ? 50-47 Ma 52 Ma (from: Dilek and Furnes, 2009) Ongoing subduction initiation I 160oE 162oE 164oE 166oE. 168oE. 170oE 44oS New Zealand 46oS Puysegur Solander trench volcano 48oS Map base: 50oS GeoMapApp geology: Sutherland et al. (2006) Puysegur arc Solander volcano komatiite LSB HSB komatiite boninite picrite picrite basalt basalt HMA bas. and. BADR/HMA and. dacite Data: Foley et al. (2013) Ongoing subduction initiation II Monzier rift Matthew-Hunter subduction system Monzier rift komatiite LSB HSB boninite komatiite picrite picrite basalt HMA basalt bas. BADR/HMA and. and. dacite Data: Patriat et al. (2019) BADR SHMB Modern Ophiolitic Archean+ oceanic terranes arcs(?) arcs and (< 2 Ga) basins Monzier Nuvvuagittuq Mata (Lau Basin) LOTI LSB HSB Flin Flon Modern Continental continental rifts (< 3 Ga) “Boninitic” magmas arcs Shasta through time Red lettering – arc-like trace Stillwater element abundance patterns Phanerozoic Archean plumes plumes Black lettering – MORB/OIB- like trace element abundance patterns Manihiki Plateau Commondale (LIP) (Kaapvaal) After Pearce and Reagan (submitted) Archean Proterozoic Phaner- ozoic Subduction-related boninites LSB/HSB IBM-type SI terranes ophiolites - protoarcs LSB/SHMB Other arc-basin systems ? arc-basin systems and localized SI Intraplate boninites Plume- LSB/LOTI/SHMB sourced ? komatiitic terranes, LIP LSB/SHMB SHMB only SCLM- derived intracratonic rifting 4 3 2 1 0 Age (Ga) after Pearce and Reagan (submitted) Conclusions • Organized FAB to LSB to HSB volcanism in IBM related to a large-scale SI event that resulted near-trench sea-floor spreading associated with slab rollback and extreme mantle depletion before establishment of the volcanic arc. • In IBM, FAB to HSB transition took ~ 1 Myr beginning about 52 Ma. “Normal” arc volcanism began at 46 Ma. • SI in W. Pacific was a relatively rare significant tectonic and magmatic event; approximately synchronous with India-Asia collision and initiation of Manus plume; preceded bend in Hawaii-Emperor seamount chain by ~ 2 Myr. • Recent SI events (Puysegur and Matthew-Hunter) have localized causes and effects. Similar events may be common. • Evidence for subduction goes back to >3.8 Ga, modern strong plate SI could be <2 Ga..
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