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Boot the System LPI LINUX CERTIFICATION IN A NUTSHELL LPI LINUX CERTIFICATION IN A NUTSHELL Third Edition Adam Haeder, Stephen Addison Schneiter, Bruno Gomes Pessanha, and James Stanger Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Sebastopol • Taipei • Tokyo LPI Linux Certification in a Nutshell, Third Edition by Adam Haeder, Stephen Addison Schneiter, Bruno Gomes Pessanha, and James Stanger Copyright © 2010 Adam Haeder, Stephen Addison Schneiter, Bruno Gomes Pessanha, and James Stanger. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (http://my.safaribooksonline.com). For more infor- mation, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or [email protected]. Editor: Andy Oram Indexer: Jay Marchand Production Editor: Adam Zaremba Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery Copyeditor: Genevieve d’Entremont Interior Designer: David Futato Proofreader: Jennifer Knight Illustrator: Robert Romano Printing History: May 2001: First Edition. July 2006: Second Edition. June 2010: Third Edition. Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trade- marks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. LPI Linux Certification in a Nutshell, the image of a bull, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc. was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and authors assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. TM This book uses RepKover™, a durable and flexible lay-flat binding. ISBN: 978-0-596-80487-9 [M] 1276182761 Table of Contents Preface . ........................................................... xiii 1. LPI Exams . ..................................................... 1 2. Exam 101 Study Guide . .......................................... 5 Exam Preparation 5 3. System Architecture (Topic 101.1) . ................................. 7 Objective 1: Determine and Configure Hardware Settings 7 BIOS 7 USB Topology 10 USB Controllers 10 USB Devices 11 USB Drivers 11 USB Hotplug 12 Reporting Your Hardware 12 Manipulating Modules 14 Device Management Definitions 20 4. Change Runlevels and Shut Down or Reboot System (Topics 101.2 and 101.3) . ....................................................... 21 Objective 2: Boot the System 21 Boot-time Kernel Parameters 21 Introduction to Kernel Module Configuration 22 Objective 3: Change Runlevels and Shut Down or Reboot System 24 Single-User Mode 25 Overview of the /etc Directory Tree and the init Process 26 v Setting the Default Runlevel 28 Determining Your System’s Runlevel 28 5. Linux Installation and Package Management (Topic 102) . 33 Objective 1: Design a Hard Disk Layout 34 System Considerations 34 Swap Space 37 General Guidelines 38 Objective 2: Install a Boot Manager 38 LILO 39 GRUB 41 Objective 3: Manage Shared Libraries 44 Shared Library Dependencies 44 Linking Shared Libraries 45 Objective 4: Use Debian Package Management 46 Debian Package Management Overview 46 Managing Debian Packages 47 Objective 5: Use Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) 52 RPM Overview 52 Running rpm 53 YUM Overview 58 6. GNU and Unix Commands (Topic 103) . ............................. 63 Objective 1: Work on the Command Line 64 The Interactive Shell 65 Command History and Editing 71 Manpages 75 Objective 2: Process Text Streams Using Filters 77 Objective 3: Perform Basic File Management 91 Filesystem Objects 91 File-Naming Wildcards (File Globbing) 100 Objective 4: Use Streams, Pipes, and Redirects 102 Standard I/O and Default File Descriptors 102 Pipes 103 Redirection 104 Using the tee Command 106 The xargs Command 106 Objective 5: Create, Monitor, and Kill Processes 107 Processes 107 Process Monitoring 108 Signaling Active Processes 115 Terminating Processes 117 Shell Job Control 118 Objective 6: Modify Process Execution Priorities 120 nice 120 Objective 7: Search Text Files Using Regular Expressions 123 vi | Table of Contents Regular Expression Syntax 123 Using grep 125 Using sed 127 Examples 130 Objective 8: Perform Basic File Editing Operations Using vi 135 Invoking vi 135 vi Basics 135 7. Devices, Linux Filesystems, and the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (Topic 104) . ......................................... 139 Objective 1: Create Partitions and Filesystems 140 Disk Drives Under Linux 140 Objective 2: Maintain the Integrity of Filesystems 151 Monitoring Free Disk Space and Inodes 151 Monitoring Disk Usage 153 Modifying a Filesystem 154 Checking and Repairing Filesystems 157 Objective 3: Control Filesystem Mounting and Unmounting 161 Managing the Filesystem Table 161 Mounting Filesystems 163 Unmounting Filesystems 166 Objective 4: Set and View Disk Quotas 167 Quota Limits 168 Quota Commands 169 Enabling Quotas 175 Objective 5: Manage File Permissions and Ownership 176 Linux Access Control 176 Setting Access Modes 181 Setting Up a Workgroup Directory 186 Objective 6: Create and Change Hard and Symbolic Links 187 Why Links? 188 Objective 7: Find System Files and Place Files in the Correct Location 192 Datatypes 193 The root Filesystem 194 Locating Files 200 8. Exam 101 Review Questions and Exercises . 205 System Architecture (Topic 101) 205 Review Questions 205 Exercises 206 Linux Installation and Package Management (Topic 102) 206 Review Questions 206 Exercises 207 GNU and Unix Commands (Topic 103) 208 Review Questions 208 Exercises 208 Table of Contents | vii Devices, Linux Filesystems, and the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (Topic 104) 211 Review Questions 211 Exercises 212 9. Exam 101 Practice Test . ........................................ 215 Questions 215 Answers 226 10. Exam 101 Highlighter’s Index . 229 System Architecture 229 Objective 101.1: Determine and Configure Hardware Settings 229 Objective 101.2: Boot the System 230 Objective 101.3: Change Runlevels and Shut Down or Reboot System 230 Linux Installation and Package Management 230 Objective 102.1: Design Hard Disk Layout 230 Objective 102.2: Install a Boot Manager 231 Objective 102.3: Manage Shared Libraries 231 Objective 102.4: Use Debian Package Management 232 Objective 102.5: Use Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) 232 GNU and Unix Commands 232 Objective 103.1: Work on the Command Line 232 Objective 103.2: Process Text Streams Using Filters 233 Objective 103.3: Perform Basic File Management 235 Objective 103.4: Use Streams, Pipes, and Redirects 237 Objective 103.5: Create, Monitor, and Kill Processes 238 Objective 103.6: Modify Process Execution Priorities 239 Objective 103.7: Search Text Files Using Regular Expressions 239 Objective 103.8: Perform Basic File Editing Operations Using vi 241 Devices, Linux Filesystems, and the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard 243 Objective 104.1: Create Partitions and Filesystems 243 Objective 104.2: Maintain the Integrity of Filesystems 244 Objective 104.3: Control Filesystem Mounting and Unmounting 244 Objective 104.4: Set and View Disk Quotas 246 Objective 104.5: Manage File Permissions and Ownership 246 Objective 104.6: Create and Change Hard and Symbolic Links 248 Objective 104.7: Find System Files and Place Files in the Correct Location 248 11. Exam 102 Overview . .......................................... 251 12. Exam 102 Study Guide . ........................................ 253 Exam Preparation 253 viii | Table of Contents 13. Shells, Scripting, and Data Management (Topic 105) . 255 Objective 1: Customize and Use the Shell Environment 256 An Overview of Shells 256 The Bash Shell 257 Objective 2: Customize or Write Simple Scripts 267 Script Files 267 Basic Bash Scripts 272 Objective 3: SQL Data Management 285 Accessing a MySQL Server 285 Database Overview 287 Aggregate Functions 292 Multitable Queries 293 14. The X Window System (Topic 106) . 297 An Overview of X 298 Objective 1: Install and Configure X11 298 Selecting and Configuring an X Server 299 X Fonts 306 Controlling X Applications with .Xresources 308 Objective 2: Set Up a Display Manager 308 Configuring xdm 308 X Terminals 311 Configuring KDM 311 Configuring GDM 314 Objective 3: Accessibility 316 15. Administrative Tasks (Topic 107) . 319 Objective 1: Manage User and Group Accounts and Related System Files 319 User Accounts and the Password File 320 Groups and the Group File 321 The Shadow Password and Shadow Group Systems 322 User and Group Management Commands 323 Objective 2: Automate System Administration Tasks by Scheduling Jobs 326 Using cron 326 Using at 329 Controlling User Access to cron and at 330 Objective 3: Localization and Internationalization 330 16. Essential System Services (Topics 108.1 and 108.2) . 333 Objective 1: Maintain System Time 333 NTP Concepts 334 The NTP Software Package Components 334 The Hardware Clock 339 Table of Contents | ix Time Zones 340 Objective 2: System Logging 341 Configuring syslogd 341 Client/Server Logging 343 Logfile Rotation 343 Examining Logfiles 344 17. Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) Basics (Topic 108.3) . 347 Objective 3: Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) Basics 347 Configuration of Sendmail 348 Configuration of Postfix 351 Configuration of Qmail 353 Configuration of Exim
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