46 July 2012

Sustainable Tourism Development: Case Study in Denpasar Municipality, ,

By I Ketut Sudiarta, Lecturer and Researcher, Fisheries and Marine Science Department, , Bali, Indonesia.

Background sub-optimal, unsustainable and sectoral 3. The dense population and management. Considering existing high level of development ali, as a small island, has limited potential resources, opportunities, along the coastal areas put natural resources. Development is challenges and problems, appropriate much pressure on the coastal Bprimarily based on cultural values coastal management is important and environment thereby also and environmental services provided strategic for the future. There are six increasing vulnerability to through the tourism sector. Most of the reasons why the marine and coastal natural disasters. famous tourist destinations in the island areas, including small islands, need to are located in the coastal zone, which be managed carefully (Dahuri, 2002): 4. Coastal and marine resources is not only economically important but are commonly open access, that socioculturally as well. The majority 1. The coastal area has a very is, any user has rights to use of the Balinese are and they high biological productivity, the resources. This condition believe that the marine and coastal which supports the values gives opportunities to people to area is sacred. Hence, many religious and functions of the coastal exploit the resources as much activities take place there. environment to provide living as possible. Thus, achieving resources and environmental marine resources sustainability However, development along services. becomes difficult. the coastal area has increased environmental and social problems. 2. The coastal area and small islands 5. Small islands specifically, Pollution and degradation as well have beautiful and unique which are mostly remote and as threats to the sacred areas have ecosystems for recreation and isolated, are quite fragile to become more complex. Socioeconomic tourism. They are also strategic global environmental changes. gaps and multi-use conflicts of marine for transportation activities, In the future, small islands resources have also worsened. services and distribution of management needs to be goods, industrial activities, enhanced. Community-based Much of the natural resources human settlement, business and management and carrying degradation may have resulted from other human activities. capacity must be considered. Tropical Coasts 47

6. Poor people, particularly Figure 1. Study Area. fishers, are affected most by mismanagement of marine resources and limited access to capital, technology, information and market.

Integrated coastal management (ICM) as a new approach to address complex issues in the coastal area was initiated in 2000 through collaboration between the GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme on Building Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA) and the Government of Bali Province. The project aimed to motivate paradigm shifts in concepts, approaches and methodology employed to resolve environmental problems and promote sustainable development in coastal areas. The new paradigm makes serious study is focused in the Sanur area in The center of tourism development in efforts to build local capacity within Denpasar (Figure 1). Denpasar is located in the coastal area of the local government and community Sanur. Tourism development in Bali also in order to implement more holistic Denpasar Coastal Areas started in this area, which used to be a and integrated approaches as well traditional fishing village, but is now an as to develop a good coordination Denpasar, the capital of Bali Province, international village and center of tourism mechanism for resolving coastal has a land area of 127.78 km2 and a in Denpasar Municipality. In 1991, 18 star environment problems, identify population of 608,595 in 2007. The hotels (with a total of 2,312 rooms) were opportunities for and develop municipality serves as the parameter built in Sanur. By 2007, Sanur already had environmental investments, empower of Bali economic development and 23 star hotels (2,844 rooms) and 227 non- the community and improve scientific the main gate of Bali. Its economic star hotels (4,849 rooms). The contribution contribution to environmental pillar is the tourism industry and of the tourism sector to the regional GDP management. Kota Denpasar (Denpasar several sectors related to it have a increased from 20.7 percent in 1991 to municipality) was one of the ICM dominant contribution to the regional 35.6 percent in 2007 (Statistics of Denpasar demonstration sites in Bali. This case gross domestic product (GDP). Municipality, 1991–2008) (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Structure of Denpasar’s economy in 1991 and 2007.

1991 2007

5.8 % 14.5% 20.7 % 13.3 % 35.6% 7.1%

15.2 % 10.7%

25.3% 19.2% 19.7% 12.9%

Agriculture Trading, Hotel and Restaurant Monetary Mining, Industry, Construction, Water Supply and Energy Transportation Services

Reference: Statistics of Denpasar Municipality, 1991–2008. 48 July 2012

barrier reef Box 1. Peaks and Ebbs of a Tourist Economy.

Tourism in Denpasar accelerated most in 1990–1996. However, in 1997–2006, Bali tourism, in general, was negatively influenced by the economic crisis Sanur Beach (1997), political chaos (1998), Gulf war and the World Trade Center tragedy (2001), and the two bombing events in Bali (2002 and 2005). Seagrass Public Works Agency of Bali Province Public Works In 1990-1997, the average growth rate of foreign visitors arriving directly Sanur beach in Bali was 17 percent per year with a peak number of 1,140,988 persons in 1996. Trading and tourism-related industries grew rapidly. In 1990–1996, the economic growth rate of Denpasar averaged at 9.9 percent per year although it declined to 2.7 percent per year in 1996–1997. However, since 2007, the economy has been showing recovery, at 5.6 percent (Statistics of Denpasar Municipality, 1991–2008).

Sanur has a beautiful, panoramic and areas, making Sanur socioculturally I Ketut Sudiarta white sandy beach stretching 7 km. rich. For the Hindu Bali society, the Sanur beach The coast is clean and the waters are beach and the sea are considered calm. Sanur is a good place to watch sacred. As such, they should be the sun rise. During clear weather protected in order to sustain religious in the morning, the view is further ceremonies being held there by the charmed by the Agung Mountain, the local people as well as those from other formation (such as Ipomoea pescaprae, highest mountain in Bali, and the Nusa places. Some temples have also been Spinifex littoreus, Clerodendron inerme, Penida islands, small islands at the built in the area. Calotropis gingantea, Pandanus tectorius) southeastern cross of Bali. The sight of and Baringtonia formation (such as traditional fishing boats (called jukung) Unification among diversity, high values Baringtonia sp., Callophyllum inophyllum, along the edge of the beach adds to the of coastal environment services, and Thesfesia populnea, Terminalia catappa serenity of the area. cultural and tourism values make Sanur and Hermandia feltata. Land and marine a famous tourist destination in Bali. In ecosystems harmoniously interacted Coral reefs, typically barrier reefs, marine tourism, the activities relate to with and strengthened each another. have developed along the beach. “triple s” — sun, sea and sand. The local Physically, the reefs act as coastal community has capitalized on these With tourism development, barriers protecting the beach and by offering such activities and facilities environmental pressures from human coastal communities from storms, as diving (scuba, snorkeling), sailing, activities on land and at sea came about, wave damage and erosion. White fishing, surfing (board, kite and wind/ causing the deterioration of the coastal sand is also produced from the coral sailing), reef watching (glass bottom, environment. Initially, the problems reef ecosystem to supply the beach seawalker), water and marine sports consisted of beach erosion, deterioration sediments. The coral reefs linked to the (banana boat, jet skiing, parasailing, of ecosystems and pollution. Later, there seagrass beds are biologically diverse canoeing, swimming), beach recreation was a new awareness of Sanur becoming and produce communities. They are (sunbathing), etc. highly vulnerable to natural disasters home to several marine species and are such as storms, flooding, tsunami and used by countless other marine species sea level rise. The complexity of the area’s at some point in their life cycle. The Problems and Threats on the environmental problems is shown in surrounding waters are rich in fishes Coastal Environment Figure 3. and invertebrates which are essential food sources for coastal communities. Three decades ago, Sanur was a Rapid development in Kota Denpasar The coral reefs also attract tourists, traditional fishing village characterized was followed by a high rate of boosting the local economy. by a stable beach, healthy coral reefs urbanization. Population growth rate in and rich fishery resources. At that time, 1990-2000 was 3.01 percent per year, There are also historical sites and the beach was protected landward by which increased from 2.78 percent archeological artifacts along the coastal dense vegetation, namely, per-caprae per year in 1900-1990. The population Tropical Coasts 49

density of Denpasar in 1990 was 2,628 of wastes. Based on an environmental is beach erosion, which usually can persons/km2 , which increased to 4,214 risk assessment in 2002, seawater be due to natural causes but can be persons/km2 in 2000 and 4,909 persons/ quality parameters of concern included accelerated by human-induced factors. km2 in 2007 (Statistics of Denpasar biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), The threat will continue to increase with Municipality, 1991 to 2008). phosphate, nitrate and Escherichia coli sea level rise caused by global warming. (E. coli). A 6 to 7 km long beach in Sanur was The high rates of population growth seriously eroded in 1997. Serious and development were followed by Coral reef destruction. Coral reef socioeconomic problems occurred with uncontrolled land conversion. About 440 resources have been seriously degraded the erosion and loss of beach, such as ha (12.3%) of ricefields were converted to in many parts of Sanur. The causes damage to infrastructure (e.g., houses, developed land from 1995 to 2000, and included both human-induced and roads, temples, recreation sites) and 430 ha (13.7%) from 2000 to 2007. The natural factors. Human-induced factors commercial property (e.g., land, hotels, proportion of developed land to total included intensive collection and restaurants). The human-induced factors area in 1995 was 46.5 percent; in 2000, extraction of corals, ornamental fish that directly and indirectly accelerated 58.6 percent; and in 2007, 61.3 percent trade, destructive fishing methods, beach erosion in Sanur included the (Statistics of Denpasar Municipality, pollution, anchor damage, careless following: 1991–2008). The maximum ratio should diving, and overfishing, among others. As only be 40 percent. a critical habitat, the coral reefs were also t coral mining and pollution; threatened by high levels of nutrients t construction of coastal engineering Pollution. Coastal water pollution in that caused eutrophication in the reef structures (such as groins and Sanur area was caused dominantly environment leading to excessive growth breakwaters); by liquid and solid wastes from land- of green algae that widely kills corals. t reclamation of Serangan Island; based activities. The sources included In 1998, there was only an average of t alteration of vegetation along the households, hotels and restaurants 36.1 percent live coral cover in Sanur beach; and and industries, among others. The (Sudiarta, 2000). The coral reef t invasion of beach setback line by dense settlements in Denpasar were degradation in Sanur had serious buildings. not provided with adequate waste consequences for tourism, fishing, beach treatment. Many hotels along the beach stability and biodiversity. Hotels along the beach constructed discharged their untreated sewage some groins and breakwaters spatially in to the sea. Poor waste management Beach erosion. Another environmental order to control erosion. However, many turned the coastal water into a reservoir problem in the whole island of Bali of these structures induced downdrift beach erosion. Figure 3. Interrelationships among human activities and natural impacts to the coastal ecosystems. Natural disasters. The tsunami in Aceh in 2004 and in in 2005 raised the consciousness of the Sanur coastal community to the high risks they face. The risk of tsunami disaster in Sanur is high as it is located close to the zone of an earthquake generator in the . Furthermore, Bali is located at a triple junction plate convergence, namely, the Eurasian Plate, Pacific Plate and -Australia Plate, hence, it is a tectonically unstable area and is one of the very active continental edges in the world.

According to a seismic-tectonic map, Bali is located in an earthquake lane with a high seismic zone. An earthquake with a 7.3 magnitude occurring at 300-km depth had an epicenter at 50 July 2012

the northeastern part of Denpasar. A tsunami is induced by an earthquake which has an epicenter at sea. Data from the Meteorology and Geophysics Agency

in Regional III of Denpasar showed that I Ketut Sudiarta Some coral reefs covered by green algae in Sanur. majority of earthquakes in Bali occur in the sea (Figure 4). which are particularly important in point for policy change on coastal A numerical model was applied in 2007 view of the characteristics of the area as resource management in the country. to assess a tsunami scenario in Denpasar follows: The act entails decentralization and (Diposaptono, 2007). The model used the transfer of authority on coastal historical tsunami data, fault parameter t Physically: the geomorphology of and marine resources to the local using a tsunami case in in 1994 the area is a low-sloping coastal government as an autonomous body. and other parameters based on tsunami plain. histories that were generated by tectonic t Economically: it is a center The ICM program in Denpasar earthquakes along Sunda Arc with an of tourism and of economic municipality was implemented together earthquake magnitude of 6 to 7 on the infrastructure. with the beach conservation program. As Richter scale and a distance from the t Demographically: it has high Sanur is the focal point for coastal area beach of 200 km. The information was population density. and tourism, the beach conservation analyzed using geographic information t Socially: the coastal community, in policy emphasizes that it is in the best system (GIS). The scenario results showed general, has low level of knowledge interest of the local government to that: and awareness of and preparedness achieve sustainability of resources and to risks from natural hazards. long-term protection of tourism assets. t The tsunami reaches the beaches On a micro scale, the beach conservation in Denpasar within 35-40 minutes program was addressed to rehabilitate after the earthquake. Integrated Beach Conservation the eroded beach. On a macro scale, it t The high wave of tsunami at sea is Program Through the ICM aimed to develop sustainable tourism 11 m. Approach destinations in the coastal area with t The high wave of tsunami on the a healthy ecosystem, beautiful beach, beach is 5 m. The initiation of the ICM program in Bali enjoyable recreation, clean human in 2000 coincided with the genesis of habitat and an environment safe from The vulnerability of Denpasar to a reforms era in Indonesia. Political reform hazards and disasters. tsunami was assessed in order to prepare through Act No. 22/1999 concerning a strategic plan for mitigation impacts, Local Government became an entry A regional coastal management strategy was organized to address the cumulative environmental impact. A Figure 4. Distribution of earthquakes centered in PGR Region III in 2007. vision to realize sustainable coastal development based on sociocultural EARTHQUAKE CENTER DISTRIBUTION values in Denpasar was implemented through the ICM approaches. Integrated approaches were developed involving: Shallow Earthquake (a) institutional strengthening and M < 4.0 local capacity building; (b) improving 4.0 < M < 5.0 M > 5.0 awareness, participation and Middle Earthquake responsibility among all stakeholders; M < 4.0 4.0 < M < 5.0 (c) economic empowerment of the M > 5.0 coastal community; (d) developing Depth Earthquake environmental investments; (e) M < 4.0 4.0 < M < 5.0 restoration and rehabilitation of the M > 5.0 coastal ecosystem; and (f) integrated natural disaster mitigation and management (see Table 1).

Reference: Meteorology and Geophysics Agency of Denpasar, Region III, 2007. Tropical Coasts 51

t Developing community environmental awareness program based on customary village through collaboration between

Public Works of Bali Province Works Public the local government and a Eroded beaches in Sanur before rehabilitation. nongovernmental organization (NGO), focusing on education and municipality to develop an integrated land- training on and applications of Strong leadership and policy support sea use plan. The scheme of the coastal use small-scale garbage management of the ICM program. In terms of ICM zoning was adopted and integrated in the and processing. Small-scale achievements, Denpasar is the most Regional Land Use Plan. The municipality businesses on garbage processing progressive among the other regencies also has a special Strategic Plan for Coastal were developed as demonstration in Bali. This has been due to the strong Disaster Mitigation Impact based on the units in the application of the “Triple leadership and commitment of the Regional Action Plan for Disaster Mitigation R“ (reduce, recycle and reuse). Regent (Mayor), who has led Denpasar Impact. A Disaster Management Board was t Giving the Tri Hita Karana award since 2000. The strong leadership has also created. for hotels that have good practices been important in creating a strong in environmental management. interagency coordinating mechanism, Collective awareness and responsible The corporations in the tourism which ensured broad and effective participation of stakeholders. Balinese sector, as main users of coastal participation of government agencies society in general is characterized by resources, have important roles and other stakeholders, including the obedience to customary institutions within the coastal environmental local community. and respect to prominent figures and management programs. They have customary leaders. With these values, the responsibility to manage their The Regent’s strong commitment was the following approaches were used environment in accordance with indicated by the local government’s to increase ICM awareness through the the Tri Hita Karana, which pertains significant progress in the preparation customary village: to three relationships that humans of ICM planning documents and in need to sustain to achieve balance strengthening ICM implementation t Conduct of public awareness in Balinese society: with their God, in terms of organization, finances and campaigns through the customary with their fellow humans and facilities. Denpasar was also the first village. with their natural environment.

Table 1. Roles and functions of ICM framework in several activities of the beach conservation program in Denpasar municipality.

Integrated Beach Conservation ICM Function Implementation Program/Activities

Integrated regional planning t1MBOOJOHDPBTUBMSFTPVSDFVTFTGPSQSFTFOUBOEGVUVSFHFOFSBUJPOTUISPVHI a long-term vision Institutional strengthening and local capacity building t)BSNPOJ[JOHBOECBMBODJOHDPBTUBMVTFTUISPVHIDPBTUBMVTF[POJOHBOE Conflict resolution clear separation between private property and public domain in the coastal area

Improving awareness, participation Public awareness t%FWFMPQJOHBOJOGPSNBUJPOFEVDBUJPODPNNVOJDBUJPOTZTUFN *&$  and responsibility among all based on a traditional village stakeholders Participation of stakeholders t%FWFMPQJOHDPSQPSBUFFOWJSPONFOUBMSFTQPOTJCJMJUZ t*ODSFBTJOHBQQSPQSJBUFDPBTUBMBOENBSJOFSFTPVSDFT Economic empowerment of the Community empowerment and t*ODSFBTJOHBDDFTTBOEPQQPSUVOJUJFT coastal community alternative livelihood development t.PWJOHQBSUOFSTIJQBNPOHUIFMPDBMDPNNVOJUZ QSJWBUFTFDUPSBOE government

Integrated investment t%FWFMPQJOHHPWFSONFOUBOEQVCMJDQSJWBUFQBSUOFSTIJQ 111 JOWFTUNFOUT Developing environmental in order to resolve main environmental problems investments Securing coastal resources-based t3FIBCJMJUBUJOHBOEDPOTFSWJOHUIFCFBDI industry t3FTUPSJOHBOESFIBCJMJUBUJOHUIFDPSBMSFFGT

Restoration and rehabilitation of Ecosystem conservation for t3FTUPSJOHBOESFIBCJMJUBUJOHUIFDPSBMSFFGT the coastal ecosystem sustainable use t$POUSPMMJOHQPMMVUJPO t.POJUPSJOHUIFCFBDIFOWJSPONFOU Integrated natural disaster Secure public safety t4FDVSJOHQVCMJDTBGFUZGSPNUTVOBNJEJTBTUFS mitigation and management 52 July 2012

A balance among these three organic wastes, as indicated by declining the governments of Bali province and elements is believed to generate concentration of BOD, phosphate, nitrate Denpasar municipality have been social welfare and peace and and E. coli (Figure 5). collaborating since 2003 with NGOs, happiness for human life. the academe and the private sector in t Holding the Sanur village festival Co-beneficial approach to coral reef developing a coral reef rehabilitation annually every August to promote restoration and rehabilitation. Coral program. The local program was adopted Sanur as a tourism destination. This reefs are the most important coastal as a National Program on Coral Reef event is organized by the private resources in Sanur such that coral Destruction Mitigation, which was sector and local community to restoration and rehabilitation is always launched in Denpasar in December mobilize participation of the private one of the priorities besides beach 2004 by the Minister of Marine Affairs sector in revitalizing cultural and rehabilitation and pollution control. and Fisheries. Since 2004, coral reef coastal values in sustainable tourism Control of coral reef destruction was rehabilitation in Sanur has a common development and social prosperity. done through strong law enforcement agenda among national and local against destructive fishing and governments and local stakeholders. Strong law enforcement in coastal coral mining. A community-based pollution control. Consistent law surveillance group composed of The coral reefs were rehabilitated in enforcement is one of the effective tools fishers and other community figures Sanur using the coral transplantation to reduce or minimize environmental was formed to support this effort. At method and biorock. Aside from coral problems. A coordinating team, present, destructive fishing and other recovery, the rehabilitation also aimed to consisting of government agencies, illegal practices have practically been create new diving sites and to develop customary leader, academe and eliminated in Sanur. conservation tourism packages within NGOs, was formed to strengthen law the “Bali Reef Aware” program where enforcement to control environmental In order to accelerate recovery of habitat tourists were willing to pay to transplant pollution and ecosystem degradation. functions as well as develop awareness corals themselves. The co-benefit The team’s efforts resulted in significantly and participation of the coastal concept of this program integrated reducing pollutant discharges, especially community in coral reef conservation, conservation with economic generation. As the coral reefs improved, the local community and private sector also Figure 5. Key parameters of seawater quality in Sanur. benefited economically. BOD5

20,00 ST1 To empower the local community, the 15,00 ST2 government and the private sector 10,00 ST3 5,00 ST4 purchased corals for their rehabilitation o 08.672765 S; 0,00 ST5 Consentration (mg/l) 115.264100o 2002 2004 2006 2008 program from the coral nurseries E of communities. This served as an Phosphate important incentive for the fishers group. 2 o ST1 Trained fishers also served as guides 08.676842 S; 1,5 ST2 o 115.266212 1 ST3 within the Bali Reef Aware Program, E 0,5 ST4 managed by the private sector. o 0 ST5

08.682651 S; Consentration (mg/l) 115.265345o 2002 2004 2006 2008 E Coral reef monitoring was also done Nitr ate annually by the government of 1 ST1 08.691862oS; 0,8 Denpasar. Four permanent monitoring ST2 o 0,6 115.268112 ST3 sites were maintained along the beach. E 0,4 0,2 ST4 Line intercept transect (LIT) monitoring 0 ST5 Consentration (mg/l) 2002 2004 2006 2008 results showed that the coral reef conservation program during the last ten E. coli years was successful, as indicated by the 30000 08.706815oS; ST1 increasing live coral cover in all the sites 115.265151o 20000 ST2 ST3 E 10000 (Figure 6). ST4 0 ST5 Consentration (mg/l) 2002 2004 2006 2008 Economic empowerment. A

Reference: Environmental Management Board of Bali Province 2002, 2004, 2006 and 2008. collaboration program on economic Tropical Coasts 53

Figure 6. Live coral cover in Sanur area, 1998–2008, as monitored using the LIT method. Several alternative livelihoods for ST 1 ST 2 households were developed through 80,0 60,0 60,0 the skills improvement assistance 40,0 40,0 20,0 from the village associate team. 20,0 Cover (%) Cover (%) Live Coral Live Coral 0,0 0,0 These included seaweed culture, 1998 2002 2004 2008 1998 2002 2004 2008 fish processing, setting up of a small 3 meter 7 meter 3 meter 7 meter community-owned shop for fishery ST 3

60 products, and marine tourism, among

40 others. The local community also had 20 more opportunities to access capital Cover (%) Live Coral 0 from the EICD. 08.69167oS; 115.27167oE 1998 2002 2004 2008 3 meter 7 meter

ST 4 08.69837oS; 115.27268oE 60 Investments on Environmental 40 08.70338oS; 115.27310oE Management 20 Cover (%) Live Coral 0 1998 2002 2004 2008 The approach to government 08.71170oS; 115.26992oE 3 meter 7 meter investments on environmental

Reference: Environmental Management Agency of Denpasar, 2002-2008. rehabilitation and pollution control was integrated, comprehensive and holistic. Since the problems on deterioration of ecosystem, beach erosion and pollution empowerment of the coastal t Consultant: The ’s were considered linked with one another, community was launched in 2003 Management Consultant which some investments in environmental by the national, provincial and local included a village associate management in Denpasar included: governments and NGOs. The objectives team appointed to assist the of the program were as follows: government with program 1. Government investment on t To develop the capability of the implementation by serving as rehabilitation and conservation coastal community through facilitator, motivator, administrator through the Bali Beach Conservation the development of economic and catalyst. Project (2002–2004). Through activities, improvement of t Community’s economic this program, the 6-km long human resources, community institution: the Community eroded beach area in Sanur was participation, and strengthening of User Group and the Economic rehabilitated using a combination capital and economic institutions; Institution for Coastal of hard and soft structures. The t To enhance the capability of the Development (EICD), which hard structures included new and coastal community to manage and manages the fund from the planned groins and breakwaters, use coastal resources optimally government and the revolving which were constructed after in accordance with sustainable fund. demolishing private ones. The development principles; and soft structures included sand t To motivate the coastal Within the program, economic nourishment, setback line provision community to forge partnerships activities particularly those related to and beach vegetation. Since the with the private sector and coastal and marine resource uses, such project completion in 2005, the government. as fishing, fish culture, fish processing Sanur beach has become more and others that support fishery beautiful. There were three organizations in the activities are developed. The economic 2. Government investment on domestic economic empowerment program: activities and capital development wastewater through the Denpasar t Government: The Department of used the benefit accumulation and Sewerage Development Project. Marine Affairs and Fisheries, an revolving (BAREV) model for sharing Construction of the sewerage agency of the local government benefit combined with the revolving treatment plant, which has a responsible for facilitating, fund. Funds are facilitated by the capacity of 51,000 m3/day began developing, implementing, government through the national and in 2005 and operation started monitoring, and evaluating the local budgets and managed by the in 2008. The sewerage system program. EICD. transfers wastewater generated in 54 July 2012

Figure 7. Scheme of GALPHAD technology for garbage processing.

Several actions have been taken up in the coastal disaster mitigation program, as follows:

a. Institutional aspects t Development of the Strategic Plan of Disaster Mitigation and the Regional Action Plan. Strategic planning is the key to the entire integrated planning and management process for disaster mitigation as it provides the justification and lays the foundation for disaster mitigation through the ICM Program. The common vision is a disaster-aware, safe and resistant Denpasar. The mission is to minimize the impact

Reference: SARBAGITA Project. of emergencies and disasters on the people, property, environment, culture and economy of Denpasar. households, hotels and other sources to the The Regional Action Plan spells out the goals, treatment plant through sewers and pumping objectives, outcome indicators and impacts, locations stations. An aerated lagoon system is used in of activities and timeframes. Some 211 action plans the treatment process. have been formulated for implementation by the local 3. PPP approach in the investment on solid waste government and stakeholders. management. The present development of the integrated solid waste management plant is a collaboration among four regencies/ municipalities/city in the south of Bali, called SARBAGITA (Denpasar Municipality and Badung, Gianyar and Tabanan Regencies). The plant is developing a garbage processing system that will use the gasification, landfill and anaerobic digestion (GALFAD) technology Before After (Figure 7).

Integrated Disaster Impact Mitigation and Management

The Denpasar government and the community in Sanur has been developing a coastal disaster impact mitigation program since 2005. This program is Before After a systematic effort to prevent or minimize risk and to increase disaster resiliencies through both structural and nonstructural activities. The program was developed based on the awareness that the Denpasar coastal area is highly vulnerable to coastal hazards in terms of the physical infrastructural, socioeconomic, demographic and institutional aspects. ICM approaches were used to reduce the risk of disasters through strategic actions to increase Before After Public Works of Bali Province Works Public resiliency in these aspects. Beach rehabilitation and conservation in Sanur. Tropical Coasts 55

Figure 8. Tsunami-sensitive areas in Denpasar.

t Preparation of micro-zoning maps of disaster-sensitive areas. The maps are the most important information for the disaster impact mitigation program. The geographic information provides a basis to calculate the area’s mappable impacts. t Organizational strengthening. A strong disaster impact mitigation and management program needs a strong government organization. At present, Denpasar is one of the regencies/municipality in Bali Province that has a special coordinative disaster management institution in the form of a Disaster Management Board. t Organization of Save Community, an organization of information services (call centers) and emergency response units (mobile The above efforts were undertaken is supported by a network that emergency services). through the strong commitment of aims to harmonize collaboration t Establishment of a disaster task the local government and various and communication among force unit in each subdistrict. stakeholders. Implementation stakeholders. t Development of an early warning system, including one that is based Figure 9. Flowchart of the concept of disaster. on the traditional wisdom of the local village, and a regional early warning system controlled directly by the Regent. b. Sociocultural aspects: Building a traditional village-based disaster preparedness program and undertaking necessary campaign, education, training and simulation activities. c. Physical aspects t Installation of billboards along the beach with information on signs of an approaching tsunami and tips for securing oneself from hazards t Building and determining evacuation lanes, signs and evacuation sites in the entire area. t Planting along the beach, and identifying buildings in the area, which can serve as evacuation sites during disasters. t Building a siren tower as part of the early warning system. 56 July 2012

Constraints and Best Practices t The lack of capable human programs were fully supported by resources was caused by staff the stakeholders. The involvement Constraints policies, which did not consider of the local community in the t The autonomy and decentralization competency, as well as by programs was facilitated through concept in governance since inadequate training programs on the empowerment of the the year 2000 provided a good skills improvement. traditional villages. momentum and foundation for t The economic (tourism) crisis from t The co-benefit concept and implementing ICM. However, 1998 to 2006 influenced the low approach on ecosystem restoration decentralization was not followed capability of the government to and rehabilitation were used to by rapid changes from the old finance environmental programs mobilize the local community and development paradigm to the new as well as the lack of corporate private sector to participate. one, from a sectoral orientation social responsibility of the private t Strong and consistent law to an integrated one, and from a sector. enforcement was utilized for project orientation to a program pollution control in the coastal one. Furthermore, understanding of Best Practices waters. the regional autonomy on coastal t ICM approaches were used to t Strong policies and commitment and marine affairs was not well develop programs on beach and of the Regent accelerated the developed yet among the local coastal ecosystem conservation in implementation of the ICM governments. Sanur, Denpasar municipality. The program in Denpasar.

References: Environment of Bali Province 2004. Denpasar, Bali. Dahuri, R. 2002. “Building Partnerships and Integration for the Coastal and Environmental Management Board of Bali Marine Resources Management in Province. 2006. State of the Environment Indonesia.” Paper presented during the of Bali Province 2006. Denpasar, Bali. Third National Conference on Coastal and Marine Resources Management in Environmental Management Board of Bali Indonesia, Sanur, Bali, 21-24 May 2002. Province. 2002 to 2008. Water Quality Monitoring Results in Bali. Annual Diposaptono, S. 2007. “Tsunami Disaster Report. Denpasar, Bali. Mitigation.” Paper presented at the Natural Disaster Impact Mitigation Environmental Management Agency conference in Denpasar, Sanur, Bali, of Denpasar Municipality. 2002 to 14-15 April 2007. 2008. Coral Reef Monitoring Results in Denpasar. Annual Report. Denpasar, Environmental Management Board Bali. of Bali Province. 2008. State of the Environment of Bali Province 2008. Government of Denpasar Municipality. Denpasar, Bali. 2007. Strategic Plan of Disaster Mitigation and the Regional Action Plan Environmental Management Board of Bali for Denpasar Municipality 2008 – 2012. Province. 2002. Initial Environmental Denpasar, Bali. Risk Assessment of Southeastern Coast of Bali Province. Denpasar, Bali. Meteorology and Geophysics Agency Published as: PEMSEA and Bali PMO. of Denpasar Regional III. 2007. 2004. Southeastern Coast of Bali Initial “Distribution of Earthquake Centered in Risk Assessment. PEMSEA Technical PGR Regional III in 2007.” Denpasar, Bali. Report No. 11. 100 p. Bali Project A siren tower for a tsunami early warning system Management Office, Denpasar, Bali, Statistics of Denpasar Municipality. 1991 Indonesia and Global Environment to 2008. Denpasar in Figures. Denpasar, Facility/United Nations Development Bali. Programme/International Maritime Organization Regional Programme on Sudiarta, K. 2000. Coral Reef in Bali. Building Partnerships in Environmental Warmadewa University. Denpasar, Bali. Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA), Quezon City, Philippines. Images: Public Works of Bali Province. 2008. Arial Environmental Management Board photograph of Sanur Beach, Bali Beach of Bali Province. 2004. State of the Conservation Project. Denpasar, Bali.