International Journal of Research and Review Vol.8; Issue: 3; March 2021 Website: www.ijrrjournal.com Research Paper E-ISSN: 2349-9788; P-ISSN: 2454-2237

The Analysis of Conversion of Rice Functions and Regional Development of South Tapanuli Regency on the Rice Production

Juni Warda Siregar1, Zulkifli Nasution1, Agus Purwoko1

1Department of Regional and Rural Development Planning at Universitas Sumatera Utara,

Corresponding Author: Juni Warda Siregar

ABSTRACT Keywords: Rice Field Conversion, Regional Development, Rice Production, Rice Self- The increase in land needs for the economic Sufficiency, Tapanuli Selatan Regency sector can converse land use function within the food production sector, particularly rice fields. INTRODUCTION The objective of this research was to 1) Analyze Economic transformation is a the percentage of rice field coverage area in significant challenge faced by the Tapanuli Selatan Regency, 2) Analyze the agricultural sector. The occurrence of impacts of rice field conversion on the rice economic transformation can have production in Tapanuli Selatan Regency, 3) Analyze the effects of rice field conversion on consequences for the increasing need for rice self-sufficiency in Tapanuli Selatan land for the non-agricultural sector. On the Regency, and 4) Analyze what factor influenced other hand, the land area in an area tends to the reduction of rice field area in Tapanuli be fixed so that an increased land demand Selatan Regency. It is research conducted in for a specific economic sector can only be Tapanuli Selatan Regency. It employed met by transferring land use functions in Geographic Information System, explanation other sectors, including the food, energy, analysis with a quantitative approach, and and forestry production sectors (Harahap et multiple regression analysis methods. Land al., 2017; Mahmood et al., 2016). function conversion harmed rice production as it Agricultural land is the land most used for kept on increasing despite area reduction. The land conversion activities. The land area in production kept growing because the agricultural land in Tapanuli Selatan Regency the farm sector is relatively more extensive used an intensification system with a 2 and 3 than the land area in other sectors. times planting system in 1 year. The rice field Agricultural land is considered very function conversion did not negatively impact potential for land conversion for the non- rice self-sufficiency because there was an agricultural sector (Millar & Roots, 2012). increase in rice productivity. Factors such as The conversion of agricultural land population, number of industries, number of functions has occurred in various provinces houses, road length, and gross regional domestic in Indonesia, including the South Tapanuli product simultaneously significantly influenced Regency. the rice field area. Partially, several industries Agricultural land is the type of land and houses had a negative and significant that has been converted the most, especially influence on the rice field area. In contrast, road length positively and significantly affected rice paddy fields. It occurs due to farmers' low field area, population rate, and gross regional incentives or income while managing rice domestic productivity positively and fields compared to use for activities for significantly influenced rice field area. other sectors (Daulay et al., 2016; Demmallino et al., 2018). The high rate of conversion of paddy fields has implications

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 380 Vol.8; Issue: 3; March 2021 Juni Warda Siregar et.al. The analysis of conversion of rice functions and regional development of South Tapanuli Regency on the rice production. for decreasing food availability for the of the Province districts with population. It will impact reducing food an excellent agricultural system and fertile production, especially rice, which can soil. Therefore the farm sector is a sector threaten the population's food security. Food that plays a vital role in regional revenue security can be achieved if the available (RTRW South Tapanuli Regency, 2017). food can meet Indonesia's entire population In 2010, the land used for lowland (Law No. 18 of 2012). The population's rice farming was 12,478 ha with 135,284 food needs are expected to increase and tons. The largest area is in Batang Angkola increase the population (Prasada & Tia, District, which is 2,689 ha. Meanwhile, for 2018). the year 2010, there was 1,010 ha of upland In regional development planning, it rice with a total production of 5,460 tonnes will not be separated from regional (South Tapanuli Regency in Figures, 2011). economic development. Spatial Factors that cause land-use change include development of the region or a regional (Sembiring, 2013), namely population spatial plan where economic development is factors, land requirements for non- a multidimensional process involves agricultural activities, and economic factors. considerable growth in economic structure, Regional development means social change, reducing or eliminating increasing the value of the benefits of the poverty, reducing inequality, and area for the people of a specific area and unemployment (Sirojuzilam, 2016). being able to accommodate more residents, Regional spatial planning is planning for the with an average level of community use/utilization of restricted space, which is welfare, many facilities/infrastructure, essentially land use planning and scheduling goods or services available and increased for space's movement (Tarigan, 2016). community business activities, either in Likewise, in preparing the RTRW of the terms of type, intensity, service, and quality South Tapanuli Regency, all economic and (Sirojuzilam, 2005). Nachrowi and social aspects will be considered. Suhandojo (2001) suggest that three The decline in the agricultural essential factors must be considered in sector's contribution to GDP is related to the regional development: natural resources, more excellent conversion of land functions human resources, and technology, which are or converting agricultural land to non- known as the three pillars of regional agricultural uses. It indicates that agrarian development where the goal is to equalize land utilization is still low in line with regional growth and reduce gaps between increasingly advanced economic growth. regions (Adisasmita, 2008). Land Land conversion is defined as the change in development is a vital process in changing a part's function or all the land that harms one land use to another. Land development the environment and the land's potential limitation is extensive because it includes (Utomo, 1992). several activities such as converting forest South Tapanuli Regency, with the land to intensive agricultural land and capital city of Sipirok, is a district in North settlements (Purwoko, 2005). Exploitation Sumatra between (the capital of activities that are not environmentally North Sumatra Province) and Padang (the friendly or other forms of land conversion capital of West Sumatra). The development fulfill community needs, such as land for of the South Tapanuli Regency population housing, agriculture, plantations, and fishery can be seen from the data of the last ten cultivation. The interactions between people years, namely, from 2010, there were and land that cause land-use changes can 264,108 people to 281,933 people in 2019. have an enormous negative impact on these This increase in population is influenced by resources' sustainability. For this reason, it three main factors, namely birth, death, and is necessary to monitor land changes so that migration. South Tapanuli Regency is one the negative effects due to land change can

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 381 Vol.8; Issue: 3; March 2021 Juni Warda Siregar et.al. The analysis of conversion of rice functions and regional development of South Tapanuli Regency on the rice production. be overcome and future resource agricultural land is also perfect for other management efforts can be planned with interests such as industry, trade/services, more reference to the optimization of the and housing (Siahaan, Nasution, and benefits of sustainable resources Purwoko, 2014). (Sembiring, 2009). Spatial planning is a controlling Particularly in Indonesia, some instrument and a regulatory procedure that central problems in the effort to organize must be obtained: supporting community land use and the environment include: economic development, achieving a 1. There is a contradiction between the reduction of disparities between regions, need to become a broader user on the supporting growth and stability of resources, one hand and severe constraints for the supporting the sustainability of environment. environmental protection, including human 2. Increasing the necessities of life in rural safety. More broadly, spatial planning areas which are not accompanied by an emphasizes various aspects and views as expansion of employment opportunities, follows: and a) Spatial planning is carried out to create a 3. The occurrence of soil damage due to land-use territorial organization to lack of maintenance. balance development demands to protect According to Jayadinata (1992), land the environment and achieve socio- use in rural areas is carried out carefully and economic goals. limited by observing conservation rules in b) Spatial planning includes measures to all socio-economic activities and must coordinate the spatial impact of other receive protection to be sustainable. sectoral policies. Meanwhile, land in urban areas is generally c) Efforts are made to achieve a more used for industry and services (economic equitable economic development (not activities), requiring relatively small land. only left to market forces). The number of people working on the land d) To regulate land use conversion. area is large (intensive land use). The increasing demand for land for Land use implicitly contains the various activities causes the villagers' meaning of space in it because it is related inability to control the land more widely. to use, arrangement, or regulation of Maybe even release the land they own to service, both in the context of space and gradually change their position from being a time. Meanwhile, land use is not farmer who owns the land to become a emphasized like that. Land use is a form of cultivator, farm laborer, unemployed, or space in nature about how land use is moves to another job (Todaro, 2000). organized, both naturally and planned. Land Besides, the existence of land control by use will continue to develop in the planned people who come from outside the village, state by the spatial pattern and structure in due to purchases, especially in industrial the specified period. According to FAO's and residential areas, causes a narrowing of Framework for Land Evaluation (1993), the village area controlled by local villagers looking at land use from an intervention so that land tenure by residents is getting perspective provides encouragement and narrower and more unbalanced (Soegijanto, assistance to land use in managing land. 1997). With the increasing pressure on According to FAO's Framework for Land agricultural land availability due to the Evaluation (1993), land use planning aims increasing demand for land, it is feared that to get the best use of land through achieving this condition will worsen the structure of efficiency, equity, acceptance, and agricultural land ownership in rural areas. In sustainability. general, agricultural land is the most According to the Presidential manageable land to be converted. This Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia,

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 382 Vol.8; Issue: 3; March 2021 Juni Warda Siregar et.al. The analysis of conversion of rice functions and regional development of South Tapanuli Regency on the rice production.

Number 59 of 2019, the change in paddy leadership, and pioneering) simultaneously fields' function is the change of paddy fields has a positive and significant effect on the to non-rice areas, either permanently or control of the conversion of agricultural temporarily. According to Nyak (2000), the land in North Labuhanbatu Regency. factors influencing the conversion of paddy Partially the variables of economic resource fields are: (1). Economic pressure during the development, increased environmental financial crisis caused many farmers to sell awareness, leadership, and youth leadership their assets in rice fields to make ends meet. have a positive and significant effect on The impact generally increases the controlling the conversion of agricultural conversion of paddy fields and increases land in North Labuhanbatu Regency. land tenure on the part of capital owners. Meanwhile, the variable of increasing public (2). residential development and the awareness does not have a significant effect competitiveness of agricultural products are on preventing the conversion of agricultural economic factors that determine the land in the North Labuhanbatu Regency. conversion of paddy fields. Meanwhile, in The role of youth as agents of change in the macro context: wetland conversion has a controlling rural land conversion in the positive correlation with GDP / GDP North Labuhanbatu Regency is positive. growth; The transformation of paddy fields 2. Abror, Said Muhammad, et al. with the negatively correlates with the farmer title Analysis of the Effect of Road Network exchange rate. Both of these are in line with Development on Land Use Change in the findings in the microscope. (3). Residential Aek Kanopan Area. Based on the research development, which is proxied by an results, conclusions can be drawn, namely: increase in population, does not show a The construction of the ring road network in positive relationship. It indicates a trend of the Aek Kanopan area has brought about homeownership not only as a place to live significant land-use changes in the study but as an investment. location within five years (2010-2014). According to Irawan (2005), two things affect land-use change. First, in line Framework with the construction of a residential or Following the description of the industrial area in a land conversion location, background of the problem, literature accessibility in that location becomes review, and previous research, a conceptual increasingly conducive to industrial and research framework is prepared as follows: residential development, which ultimately encourages increased demand for land by H1: The area of conversion of paddy fields other investors or land speculators price of in the South Tapanuli Regency continues to the surrounding land increases. Second, the increase every year, and what causes people rise in land prices can further stimulate to change the function of paddy fields. other farmers in the vicinity to sell land. H2: The change in the function of rice fields has an impact on rice production in Related Research South Tapanuli Regency. 1. Adetiya Nopa et al. with the title Analysis H3: The conversion of paddy fields has an of the Role of Youth as Agents of Change in impact on rice surpluses in South Tapanuli Controlling the Change of Function of Regency. Agricultural Land in North Labuhanbatu H4: The factors that affect the decline in Regency. The results of this study are the paddy fields in South Tapanuli Regency are influence of the role of youth as agents of the population, the number of industries, the change (development of economic number of houses, the length of roads, and resources, increasing community awareness, the GRDP. increasing environmental awareness, youth

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 383 Vol.8; Issue: 3; March 2021 Juni Warda Siregar et.al. The analysis of conversion of rice functions and regional development of South Tapanuli Regency on the rice production.

RESEARCH METHODS The type of research used in this research is explanatory research with a quantitative approach by utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This study's population was the people who converted the paddy fields in Sipirok and Batang Angkola Districts, South Tapanuli Regency. The sample to be selected is using a multi-stage sampling method. The respondents' sample was determined to Figure 2 Normal P-Plot of Standardized Residual Regression follow Roscoe's opinion (Sugiyono, 2003), Source: data processed by researchers, 2021 which states that regardless of the population, in social research, the appropriate sample size is between 30 to 500 people. Based on the above opinion, the researcher determined a sample of 100 farmers who had converted the paddy fields.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION Normality test

Figure 3 Histogram Source: data processed by researchers, 2021

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 384 Vol.8; Issue: 3; March 2021 Juni Warda Siregar et.al. The analysis of conversion of rice functions and regional development of South Tapanuli Regency on the rice production.

By looking at the normal plot graph variables (total population, number of display in Figure 2, it can be concluded that industries, number of houses, road length, the data spread around the diagonal line and and GRDP) above. In comparison, the follows the direction of the diagonal line. It remaining 34.6 percent is explained by other shows that the residual data is normally variables not included in this research. distributed. Likewise, the histogram graph results in Figure 3 show that the residual Simultaneous Test Results (Test F) information is normally distributed as seen from the almost perfect (symmetric) bell- Table 2 Simultaneous Test (Test F) Model F Sig. shaped image. 1 Regression 14,377 0,000a Residual Total Heteroscedasticity Test a. Predictors: (Constant), PDRB, Number of Industry, Length of Road, Number of Population, Number of Houses) b. Dependent Variable: Rice field area Source: data processed by researchers, 2021

Simultaneous statistical test with a probability level of 0.000, it can be concluded that P = 0.000 <α = 0.05, which means that Ha is accepted. It means that the independent variables (total population, number of industries, number of houses, road length, and GRDP) together significantly explain the decline in paddy fields. Figure 4 Graph of the Scatterplots Source: data processed by researchers, 2021 Hasil Uji Parsial (Uji-t) The scatterplots graph in Figure 4 Tabel 3 Uji Parsial (Uji t) shows that the dots spread randomly and Model Unstandardized t Sig. spread both above and below the number 0 Coefficients B Std. Error on the Y-axis and do not form a specific 1 (Constant) 11.696.805 5.601.867 2,088 0,044 regular pattern. It can be concluded that Total -0,072 0,085 - 0,405 there is no heteroscedasticity in the population 0,841 Number of -4,049 1,876 - 0,037 regression model. So it can be supposed Industries 2,159 overall that the regression model meets the Number of -1,832 0,523 - 0,001 Houses 3,502 requirements of the classical assumption Road Length 92,170 16,511 5,582 0,000 test. PDRB 0,115 0,134 0,858 0,396 a. Dependent Variable: Land Area Decrease Source: data processed by researchers, 2021 Hypothesis test Result of Determination Coefficient Test Based on table 3 above, it can be (R2) concluded that the population has a negative Table 1 Coefficient of Determination (R2) and insignificant effect on the decrease in Model R R Square 1 0,809a 0,654 the paddy field area. The number of a. Predictors: (Constant), PDRB, Number of Industry, Length of industries and the number of houses Road, Number of Population, Number of Houses) negatively and significantly impact the b. Dependent Variable: Rice field area Source: data processed by researchers, 2021 partial decrease in the rice field area. The length of the road has a positive and The result of the calculation of the significant effect on the decrease in the rice value of R Square is 0.654. It means that field area, and the GRDP has a positive and 65.4 percent of the decline in paddy fields insignificant effect on the decrease in the can be explained by the independent rice field area.

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 385 Vol.8; Issue: 3; March 2021 Juni Warda Siregar et.al. The analysis of conversion of rice functions and regional development of South Tapanuli Regency on the rice production.

Percentage of Area of Conversion of Rice are in line with Aminuddin's (2009) Functions in South Tapanuli Regency research, which states that the area of rice and which is the Cause for Communities fields that has been changed to non-rice to Conversion the Function of The Rice fields has not been able to prove that it Fields affects reducing total rice production in The function change of paddy fields Gowa Regency. The results of this study are to non-agriculture in South Tapanuli not in line with research conducted by Regency from 2010-2019 shows a total of Sunartomo (2015) which states that the 34.72 percent. It can occur as a logical conversion of agricultural land (rice fields) consequence of population growth and in Jember Regency during the period 2006– economic development, so resource 2013 resulted in a reduction in rice allocation changes, particularly land production by 4,593.09 Kw with a resources, are difficult to avoid. As a result production reduction rate of 31.92 %. of not paying attention to the priority scale of land resource use allocation, there is also Impact of the Conversion of Rice conflict in allocating land resources for the Functions on Rice Surplus in South provision of food sources and the Tapanuli Regency construction of housing facilities and The change in the function of paddy infrastructure. The high conversion rate of fields to non-rice fields impacts the paddy fields can be caused by the increasing decreasing number of land that can be used population, which encourages the growing for food crop cultivation. It directly impacts need for settlements (Gardi et al., 2015; decreasing the amount of food that can be Jiang & Zhang, 2016). Besides, the rising produced in an area, assuming that land demand for land for non-agricultural productivity is constant. Of course, this activities, including industrial, trade, and phenomenon can affect the fulfillment of other activities, has also contributed to the people's food needs. When the community's high conversion rate of paddy fields (Yasar food needs can be adequately fulfilled, that & Siwar, 2016). is, the available food is greater than the amount of food needed. The organization Impact of the Conversion of Rice can be said to be food resistant. Functions on Rice Production in South On the other hand, when the Tapanuli Regency available food is less than the level of The change in the function of paddy community food demand, it can indicate the fields in the South Tapanuli Regency has community's condition that is not food not harmed rice production. It can be seen resistant. The results showed that although from the decreasing area of rice fields, but there has been a change in the function of production has increased. Due to rice paddy fields in the South Tapanuli Regency, plantations' management in South Tapanuli food security (rice surplus) in the South Regency using intensification methods, they Tapanuli Regency has not had a negative manage rice cropland with 1 X, 2 X, and 3 impact. It is because rice availability is still X in 1 year. Intensification through more significant than the community's food increasing IP (cropping index) by needs (consumption), or it can be said in the rehabilitating village irrigation networks, Regency. South Tapanuli still has a surplus using superior seeds (blue label). The of rice even though the rice fields are planting method with the Jarwo system decreasing. (jajar legowo), the SRI method (rice This study's results are in line with intensification system), hazton, and others, research conducted by Catur et al. (2010), and organic fertilizers distribute it. On-time, which states that even though there is a on target, on a dose, and maximizing process of conversion of agricultural land agricultural machinery. This study's results functions throughout the year, Klaten

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Regency can meet the basic food needs people, the area of agricultural land tends to (rice) of its population. There is even a decrease. surplus that can be exported outside the The results showed that the GRDP region in the period 1998-2007. had a positive and insignificant effect on the This study's results are not in line rice field area decrease in South Tapanuli with Karini's (2013) research in Tanggerang Regency. This study's results are in line with Regency, which states that the amount of the research of Lagarense et al. (2015), lowland rice production from 2009-2010 which states that the GDP per capita has a has increased by 57,257 tons of GKG or positive and insignificant effect on the 14.54%. Due to the use of the right decrease in agricultural land in Southeast agricultural technology, and is supported by Minahasa Regency. the socialization of acceptable farming From the above description, it can be methods by the Tangerang Regency seen that the process of systematic land use agriculture and livestock office. The risk of change in the long term will remain crop failure (puso) can be avoided. vulnerable to existing rice fields, especially However, between 2010-2011, the amount those that are not irrigated. It is only of lowland rice production decreased by possible to make regulations/laws that 12,890 tons of GKG or 2.85%. explicitly determine the compensation for the loss of paddy fields due to the process of Factors Affecting the Decrease of Rice changing the function of paddy fields to Field Area in South Tapanuli Regency suppress the conversion of paddy fields in a The results showed that the number systematic manner, of industries and the number of house buildings had a negative and significant SUGGESTION effect on decreasing the area of paddy fields Based on the results of data analysis in the South Tapanuli Regency. This study's and research discussion, the following results are in line with Mustofa's (2011) conclusions can be drawn: research that concluded that land conversion 1. The South Tapanuli Regency was used for residential areas and factory Government needs to regulate a construction for the industrial sector. development policy requiring land that The results showed that the length of needs to be regulated and implemented the road had a positive and significant effect under applicable regulations. on paddy fields in South Tapanuli Regency. 2. The South Tapanuli Regency This study's results are in line with Pujianti's Government continues to increase its research (2020 which states that Road rice production. Length (PJ) has a positive and significant 3. Rice self-sufficiency does not threaten effect on Rice Field areas. South Tapanuli Regency. It is hoped that The results showed that the it will maintain its condition and even population had a positive and insignificant increase production. effect on the decrease in rice field area in 4. The South Tapanuli Regency South Tapanuli Regency. This study's government controls the population by results are in line with Rahmadani's research making the family planning program a (2019), which states that population does success. not have a significant effect on the area of 5. The South Tapanuli Regency agricultural land in Central Java Province. government controls the number of This study's results are contrary to industries whose development is in rice Lagarense et al. (2015), which states that the fields. population has a significant effect on the 6. In the construction of houses not in the decline in agricultural land in the Southeast red zone, the South Tapanuli Regency Minahasa Regency. The more extensive the Government has determined.

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7. So that the government in a program to Tengah). Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi increase road construction converts land Pertanian, 14(2), 161–170. and raises the wheels of the economy. 8. FAO (Food and Agriculture 8. The South Tapanuli Regency Organization). 2000. Declaration of The government, in increasing economic World Food Summit: Five Years Later, growth, must pay attention to the International Alliance Against Hunger. conversion of paddy fields that are not FAO, Rome following the direction of the Spatial 9. Gardi, C., P. Panagos., M. Van Plan for the South Tapanuli Regency. Liedekerke., C. Bosco., and D. de 9. For further researchers to add related Brogniez. 2015. Land Take and Food variables. Security: Assessment of land take on the agricultural production in Europe. Journal

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Kabupaten Jember. JSEP, Vol 8 (2) : 47- Challenges. Rona Teknik Pertanian, 9(2), 58. 168–177. 38. Tarigan, R. 2016. Perencanaan 41. Todaro, M.P. 2000. Pembangunan Pembangunan Wilayah. Jakarta: PT. Bumi Ekonomi Di Dunia Ketiga. Erlangga, Aksara. Jakarta. 39. Utomo, 1992. Pembangunan dan Pengendalian Alih Fungsi Lahan. Bandar How to cite this article: Siregar JW, Nasution Lampung: Universitas Lampung Z, Purwoko A. The analysis of conversion of Indonesia. rice functions and regional development of 40. Yasar, M., dan C. Siwar. 2016. Paddy South Tapanuli Regency on the rice Field Conversion in Malaysia : Issues and production. International Journal of Research and Review. 2021; 8(3): 380-390.

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