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AUTHOR Barrett, G. Jaia, Ed. TITLE ARL: A Bimonthly Newsletter of Research Library Issues and Actions, 1996. INSTITUTION Association of Research Libraries, Washington, D.C. ISSN ISSN-1050-6098
. PUB DATE 1996-00-00 NOTE 90p.; Published bimonthly. AVAILABLE FROM Association of Research Libraries, 21 Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20036 (members: $25/year for additional subscription; nonmembera: $50/year) .Tel:202-296-2296; Fax: 202-872-0884. PUB.TYPE Collected Works Serials (022) JOURNAL CIT ARL; n184-189 Feb-Dec 1996 EDRS: PRICE MF01/PC04 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Academic Libraries; Federal Government; Federal Legislation; Financial Support; Futures (of Society); Grants; Higher Education; *Library Administration; *Library Associations; *Library Services; Meetings; *Research Libraries IDENTIFIERS *Association of Research Libraries
ABSTRACT This document contains 6 issues (one year) of a newsletter devoted to information and reports on issues and actions of interest to research libraries. Each issue contains articles on current issues, federal relations, ARL activities, and a calendar of events, as well as columns by the Coalition for Networked Information and the Office of Management Services. The February 1996 issue also contains a column by the Office of Scientific and Academic Publishing, and the August and October 1996 issues also contain a column by the Office of Scholarly Communication. The highlights of each issue are as follows: (February 1996) "Scholarship, Research Libraries, and Global Publishing," "AAU ARL Research Libraries Project: Update Report," "New Learning Communities Conference," and "From Situational Leadership to SuperLeadership"; (April 1996) "The Age Demographics of Academic Libraries," "Fostering a Workplace Climate for Diversity," "Copyright, Copyright, Copyright," and "ARL Directors on an OMS Workshop Experience"; (June 1996 and June 1996 Supplement) "Universities as Agents of Change," "Trends in Expenditures for Library Materials," "The Networked Information User," "Conference on Fair Use," and "Fair Use in Digital Environments"; (August 1996) "A Peacetime Mission for Higher Education," "Supply and Demand in ARL Libraries," "Explosion of Electronic Publishing Reported in Directory," and "NII Copyright Bill Stalled; WIPO Takes Up 'Digital Agenda;'" and (October 1996) "The Diversity Necklace: Reflections on the State of the Art in Canadian Research Libraries," "Review of Recent Literature in Management," "Teaching and Learning in Cyberspace," and "Increase in Serial Cancellation Rates"; (December 1996) "The Medieval Future of Intellectual Culture: Scholars and Librarians in the Age of the Electron," "Ownership of Faculty Works," "International Intellectual Property Proposals," and "Getting to Know DeEtta Jones, ARL Program Officer for Diversity." (SWC)
Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ARL: A Bimonthly Newsletter of Research Library Issues and Actions, 1996
G. Jaia Barrett, Editor
Nos. 184-189 Feb-Dec 1996
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND yeThis document has been reproducedas DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS received from the person or organization BEEN GRANTED BY originating it. O Minor changes have been madeto improve reproduction quality. A.Mai-ofki Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 1
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2 A BIMONTHLY NEWSLETTER OF RESEARCH LIBRARY ISSUES AND ACTIONS Current Issues SCHOLARSHIP, RESEARCH LIBRARIES, AND GLOBALUBLISHING by Jutta Reed-Scott, Senior Program Officer for Preservation and Collections
RL libraries face a frustrating paradox as Canada, in the aggregate, are able to purchase a / \they support area studies and international smaller portion of internationally published materi- education programs: North American als than they did the year before. In response to dif- 'Tr research libraries' coverage of the world's pub- ficult financial times, many ARL libraries have lishing output is diminishing at a time when reduced the scope of their global information demand for international information is increas- resources by scaling back the budgets for area collec- ing. This inconsistency occurs despite increasing tions in order to protect acquisitions of more heavily emphasis, in the public and private sectors, on used English language materials. This results in seri- international interdependence, despite increasing ous gaps in collections and poses a long-term threat commitments in research universities to fostering to research and scholarship. Given that foreign "internationalization" in both the curriculum and materials are frequently in-print for only a short in research, and despite the exponential growth of time, these gaps cannot easily be remedied in the available foreign language titles in general. future. Over the past decade U.S. and Canadian In June 1991, with support from The Andrew research libraries have faced many pressures: W. Mellon Foundation, ARL began a four year study expanding scholarly disciplines and the growth of of trends in global information resources in ARL interdisciplinary studies; the demands of scholars libraries. Scholarship, Research Libraries, and for new and expanded services; the increase in the Foreign Publishing in the 1990's, the ARL Foreign number of formats collected; the need to preserve Acquisitions Project, was directed toward develop- the collections from the ravages of decay; the ing a clearer understanding of the forces influencing move to online catalogs; and budget constraints North American research libraries' ability to build that affect all library efforts. These challenges and maintain collections of publications produced intensify the disparity between available financial outside of the United States and Canada. The final resources to acquire global resources, a business report of this project, Scholarship, Research Libraries, community participating in a global marketplace, and Global Publishing was completed in December a research community working across internation- 1995. al boundaries, and the information needs of a Understanding the Challenges world undergoing dramatic change. Additional- The project findings underscore a pattern of ly, technological advancements and the move- retrenchment across most collecting areas and an ment toward an information society have brought aggregate reduction in the number of unique titles increased opportunities and stresses. acquired from overseas. The most influential factors North American research libraries' collection underlying this trend are a rapid growth in world coverage of global publishing output, once book production and sharp increases in the cost of thought to be comprehensive, is declining. Each library materials acquired overseas. These upward year research libraries in the United States and trends witnessed over the past decade will not only Continued continue but are certain to accelerate. commonality of the underlying problems is striking. Additionally, global political, social, and economic The study identifies the following nine factors as changes are a powerful stimulus for new scholarly work. having the greatest influence over the state of global For example, dramatic shifts such as the collapse of the collections in the 1990's: USSR, the emergence of nationalism in the successor O Area-relevant library expenditures are natural and states, the transformations in Eastern Europe, the rise of highly visible candidates for curtailment when institu- Asian economic powers, and the movement toward tional resources become constrained. democracy in Latin America create new research as well O The rapid increase in scholarly communication and col- as demands for new research resources. In a time of flux laboration across national borders and new scholarly in international affairs, an inevitable conclusion is that perspectives, such as cross-culturism, are international- the production of foreign information resources will con- izing scholarship itself. tinue to expand. Statistics on annual world production of book and journal titles show an estimated 45 percent O Cutbacks in foreign acquisitions are driven by local increase between 1980 and 1990. demands with little consideration of the effects on the Not only has worldwide book production increased entire North American access system for highly special- but during the same decade, the unit costs of this ized global resources. expanding universe of foreign acquisitions have sharply O In the aggregate, ARL libraries are spending more and risen. The single most influential factor affecting prices more and yet are acquiring an ever-decreasing portion of materials published overseas is the sharp decline in of the world's publishing output. the value of the dollar against major currencies. The O Data indicate a declining rate of foreign language declining dollar results in higher prices for materials acquisitions, a decrease in the percentage of unique acquired from outside the United States and Canada. titles in many subject areas, and an increased concen- Another trend identified in the project is that during tration on core materials. the last decade research has become steadily larger in O Price trends of foreign publications document the sharp scope and more international. In some fields this repre- price increases that have occurred in East Asia, Latin sents the increased demands for research to solve specif- America, Western Europe and other overseas regions. ic economic or political problems such as environmental pollution or political instability. In other fields, the O Publishing output in developing countries has growing emphasis on cross-cultural analysis is a power- increased by 58% between 1980 and 1990. ful stimulus. For example, the study of religious and O The corollary costs of acquisitions, bibliographic con- cultural conflicts is creating demands for data from dif- trol, and collection maintenance are disproportionately ferent corners of the globe. Scientific and technological high for international materials. efforts are increasingly collaborative on an international O The pressures on research libraries by users to acquire basis. As developments occur in laboratories around the more material from other countries have intensified world, scientists in the U.S. and Canada depend on particularly as electronic resources, audio cassettes and awareness of these developments for progress in their videotapes have become more prominent. own research. In addition, the results of research are increasingly being published outside North America. A Look to the Future The expanding boundaries of research add to the pres- A central premise of the ARL assessment is that informa- sures on libraries and their parent institutions not only to tion technologies afford an unprecedented opportunity to sustain but to expand access to international resources. rethink the ways research libraries manage global T'he detailed studies undertaken over the course of resources and to fashion cooperative strategies for ensur- this project provide persuasive evidence bf a growing ing the success of the aggregate holdings. Advances in gap between the level of acquisitions of overseas materi- computing and telecommunications technologies, togeth- als and the explosion of global knowledge. While the er with the development of the Internet, now make it pos- absence of uniform statistical data make it difficult to sible to leverage existing investments in technology and measure the exact dimensions of the aggregate decline, library materials to provide ubiquitous access to global the evidentiary record arises from the assembled assess- research resources through the creation of a distributed, ment data: analyses of national cataloging data for the networked program for coordinated management of glob- period 1988-1994; fourteen area- and country-specific al resources. studies; surveys of bibliographers; surveys of about forty During the next decade, research libraries will operate vendors supplying overseas materials; and five sampling in an ever more interconnected world. A key issue for studies. Although the needs for global research materi- libraries today and in the future is: "surviving in an age als may differ depending on the specific world area, the of interdependence. Increasingly, individual libraries 4 2 A R L1 8 4 0 F E B R U A R Y1 9 9 6 must act as if each is a part of a world library. Instead of gate goals...in a system in which disaggregation of edu- being self-sufficient, each library must find ways to put cation decisions is the dominant motif."3 Within the materials from the world library into the hands of its ownU.S. higher education system, "the most dominant char- patrons and must stand ready to supply materials from acteristic is a powerful culture of institutional autono- A its own collection to others, quickly and cost- my.Implicit in the move to build interdependent effectively."1 library collections is a fundamental shift in the culture The challenge of managing library collections in the or the expectations of faculty, students, and scholars. 1990's entails both significant conceptual and structural- It is clear that users must change the ways they obtain institutional changes. This applies not only in the library resources. It is equally clear that libraries must domain of area and foreign language acquisitions, but in overcome deficiencies in interlibrary loan services and the management of research collections as a whole. Con- improve the delivery of materials to users. Resources ceptually, building a network-based, distributed pro- will have to be adjusted and reallocated from those gram for coordinated development requires changing the library operations "associated with building a self-suffi- philosophy and culture of collection selection, manage- cient collection" to "those associated with cooperative ment, and user access. For all libraries the challenges are collection development and sharing."5 how to manage the complex transition from print-based, A successful implementation strategy will have to institutional collections to national and ultimately inter- balance the inevitable tension between institutional national networked resources. interests and consortial needs. Central to success is ARL libraries are strategically positioned to assume building support among faculty and students for strong leadership roles in shaping the distributed digital restructuring local collection development policies and libraries of the 21st century. The ARL project contributed access services. There are two challenges. One is to to and benefited from the separate but closely linked engage the campus community in shaping the long- work of the Association of American Universities (AAU) term strategies for managing foreign acquisitions. The Acquisition and Distribution of Foreign Language and other is to develop a common understanding of both the Area Studies Materials Task Force. The establishment of current problems affecting access to foreign acquisitions the Task Force in 1993 provided AAU and ARL a unique and the proposed improvements through strengthened opportunity to define new cooperative programs. The coordinating structures and electronic resource sharing. Task Force created an action plan to ensure access to Given the complexity and diversity of issues to be global resources within a "distributed North American addressed and the manifold ramifications of restructur- collection of foreign materials." Building on the work of ing library services, it is unrealistic to expect that the the AAU Task Force, ARL in partnership with AAU, has problems will be solved in their entirety or immediately. launched three demonstration projects to test the viabili- This is the time to act however, and to take maximum ty of implementing a distributed, networked, coordinat- advantage of information technologies and networks, ed collection management program for foreign research to move toward a multi-institutional, collaborative materials. ARL's Research Collections Committee has program that will expand North American access to charted the directions of a larger program in the Strategic global resources. Plan for Improving Access to Global Information Resources in Shirley K. Baker, "Introduction" in The Future of Resource Sharing U.S. and Canadian Research Libraries.' (edited by Shirley K. Baker and Mary E. Jackson) in Journal of The process of implementing the AAU/ARL Global Library Administration, vol. 21, no. 1/2 (1995): 1. 2The plan builds on the final report of the AAU Task Force on Resources Program has just begun, and there are already Acquisition and Distribution of Foreign Language and Area several insights gained from the three AAU/ARL Studies Materials. See the ARL Gopher demonstration projects and from other collaborative col-
5 A R L1 8 4 0 F E B R U A R Y1 9 9 6 3 Ail lir I Alb, \ I I \ Ink) WI le) I wrim . '1k I I 1 IV MI I" I-SHINC
AAU ARL RESEARCH LIBRARIES between five and eight grants, in the range of $75,000 to $150,000 each, as seed money to cover start-up costs. PROJECT: UPDATE REPORT The steering committee responded very positively to Overview the ESP Program proposal and made several suggestions astOctober 15, the joint AAU ARL Research Libraries to the Intellectual Property Task Force in order to advance Steering Committee, co-chaired by Myles Brand, the concept. In simple terms, the vision for this project is LPresident of Indiana University and Jerry Camp- to create an opportunity for a set of universities to act in bell, University Librarian and Dean of Libraries, Univer- concert to support electronic, scholarly communications sity of Southern California, met in Boulder, Colorado, in that are simultaneously more cost effective than the conjunction with the AAU fall membership meeting and current print mode, richer in their support of scholarship, reviewed the work of both the Intellectual Property Task and more accessible to students, researchers, and scholars. Force and the ARL Research Collections Committee. Among the objectives already embedded in the ESP Three related, but distinct, initiatives were on the agen- proposal or identified in discussions about the proposal da: (1) a "call for proposals" for electronic scholarly pub- are the following: lishing; (2) a comprehensive university license for the O foster a competitive market for scholarly publishing by reproduction of copyrighted materials; and (3) a pro- providing realistic alternatives to prevailing commer- gram to build a distributed collection of global research cial publishing options; resources to ensure North American access to foreign O develop policies for intellectual property management publications. The AAU presidents and chancellors were emphasizing broad and easy distribution and reuse of briefed in Boulder on these initiatives as well as the material; steering committee recommendations for their further O encourage innovative applications of available informa- development. Later the same week, these projects and tion technology to enrich and expand available means the steering committee's deliberations were reviewed for distributing research and scholarship; and and discussed by ARL directors during the October 17-20 ARL Membership Meeting. O assure that new channels of scholarly communication The outcome of these several discussions was agree- sustain quality requirements and contribute to the ment to move forward on development of the concept of promotion and tenure processes. an electronic scholarly publishing initiative and the The Task Force is continuing to develop the concept development of a global resources plan. On the subject and hopes to submit a proposal to AAU and ARL for of a university license for reproduction of copyrighted formal consideration later this year. materials, there was agreement that the terms of refer- Discussions with the ence and pre-conditions for such discussions needed fur- Copyright Clearance Center ther definition. The following review presents the status The AAU ARL Intellectual Property Task Force also devel- of the three major projects being carried out under the oped a draft set of "guiding principles" for negotiating guidance of the steering committee. with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) for a compre- Electronic Scholarly Publishing Program hensive university license for the reproduction of copy- In the spring of 1995, the AAU ARL Steering Committee righted materials beyond that permitted under the fair use asked the Intellectual Property Task Force to define an provision of the copyright law. The Task Force began in entrepreneurial venture in electronic publishing respon- May to explore such a possibility with the CCC and the sive to the needs and interests of the academic and schol- principles were developed as an initial response. The judg- arly community. While the assignment was made with ment of the Steering Committee about this type of arrange- an eye to developing cost-based electronic publishing in ment with CCC was interested and guarded. The ARL the sciences, the steering committee saw only advantages membership discussions concurred. The pros and cons of to broadening the initiative to encompass the humanities the concept of university-wide or comprehensive license for and social sciences as well. the reproduction of copyrighted materials were recognized The Task Force's response was to draft a "call for (for example, see ARL 181, pages 6-7). A consensus proposals" for an Electronic Scholarly Publishing (ESP) emerged that additional information is needed before the Program that encourages the establishment of electronic steering committee would put the initiative before the AAU information resources of significant value to scholars in a or ARL members to consider endorsement. chosen field or subfield; those resources would be expect- The Intellectual Property Task Force was asked to ed to operate at lower than the equivalent costs of printed pursue several additional steps including a revision of the works and to maximize the flow and convenient use of draft "guiding principles" doCument to reflect the point of scholarly material. To encourage ventures that meet these view of research universities' long-term goals, objectives, goals, the Task Force has tentatively suggested offering and ne6x1s, including for example, that such a license
4 A R L1 8 4 0 F E B R U A R Y1 9 9 6 encompass electronic resources. The Task Force was also O a proposal for a strategic investment by AAU and asked to investigate the university experience in Canada ARL institutions to fund program start-up and opera- and Australia, where similar agreements are in place. tion for 1996-1998; and The Global Research Resources Program O establishment of an advisory committee made up of The Steering Committee reviewed a report prepared by provosts and other academic administrators from the ARL Research Collections Committee on the scaling AAU and ARL institutions to guide the development up of the current demonstration projects that were of the program. launched to test the viability of a distributed, networked, In addition, in December, ARL reached a break- coordinated collection management program for foreign through agreement with OCLC to assist the projects with research resources. The document Options for and Issues technical capabilities to streamline the article request in Scaling up the AAU ARL Demonstration Projects is post- process for network users and for libraries. As a first ed to the ARL Gopher (arl.cni.org/collection develop- step, OCLC agreed to work with ARL's North American ment); the issues addressed in the report include: Interlibrary Loan and Document Delivery (NAILDD) O designing a mechanism for funding the global Project and the Latin Americanist Project to develop a resources program; standards-based linkage from the table of contents data- O assuring the availability of the electronic infrastructure; base hosted at the University of Texas, Latin Americanist O anticipating and addressing copyright obstacles; Network Information Center (UT-LANIC). Lessons from this application will be applied to other databases, O establishing a management structure for the global other ILL/DD messaging systems, and a wider set of resources program; libraries. OCLC is prepared to support the application O redesigning information access and delivery services; of the software package to as many as a dozen different O evaluating the current efforts to pilot test the global databases. This development has the potential for resources concept; and streamlining the process of access for users and dramati- O securing support of area studies faculty and librarians cally altering the costs of operating the distributed col- in the concept of distributed collections. lections concept. The Steering Committee agreed with the need to Next Steps evaluate progress and experience of the projects to The AAU ARL Research Libraries Steering Committee address the issues raised in the report. They urged, plays an active role in the intergration of the three sepa- however, that this evaluation be pursued simultaneously rate projects and their ramifications for the way universi- with expansions of current projects to advance more ties conduct their business. Even if a greater proportion quickly toward the ultimate goal of a North American of scholarly communications come under university con- distributed collection of global resources. There was a trol, universities may find it useful to develop new con- judgment that the vision of the program, especially the tractual arrangements with components of the commer- hoped-for benefits, will be more obvious to everyone cial sector thus, the importance of the discussions on when the demonstration projects increase access to a licensing. To the extent that electronic publishing per- larger universe of resources. mits greater inter-institutional cooperation, the coopera- This winter the ARL Research Collections Commit- tive, networked collections management arrangements tee is developing a plan to expand the demonstration developed by the Global Research Resources program projects by discipline, geography, and types of materials can serve as prototypes for broader resource sharing. and to engage larger numbers of university constituen- The impact of these new arrangements will likely affect cies in discussions around this set of issues. Elements how universities recognize and reward scholarship addressed in the draft tactical plan include: through tenure and promotion criteria and other institu- O the creation of a Global Resources Program with a tional actions. For example, see "Electronics and the federated management structure, and hosted by ARL Dim Future of the University," by Eli M. Noam (Science, in cooperation with AAU; vol. 270, 13 October 1995, pp. 247-249) for one view of O appointment of a full-time Coordinator for a three- the impact of the electronic environment on the future of year term with responsibilities for continued develop- the university. ment, growth and improvement of the program; The steering committee will meet again in April pre-
O the design of an educational effort to inform campus senting another opportunity to review progress toward faculty about the Global Resources Program and to the ambitious agenda pursued by the two associations. build consensus on the proposed strategies for addressing their needs for global resources; John Vaughn, AAU and Duane Webster, ARL
A R L1 8 4 0 F E B R U A R Y1 9 9 6 j 411 IMp ABM k I I I I 4111m N Alim. I ) I \ I 1. I \ W \ED INF RMATION--- Paul Evan Peters, Executive Director
NEW LEARNING COMMUNITIES 2. To provide the means for others in the academic com- munity, nationally and internationally, to benefit CONFERENCE from the expertise and experience of teams who have Introduction implemented teaching and learning programs using sing the Web is intrinsically engaging and inher- networks and networked information. ently encourages active learning," stated one of 3. To encourage and assist information technology pro- the participants in the Coalition for Networked fessionals and librarians to serve as partners with Information's New Learning Communities conference teaching faculty in the design and delivery of instruc- held in Indianapolis on November 17-19, 1995. Many tion using networking and networked information. of the participants in the conference, all of whom had CNI's first New Learning Communities conference created collaborative teaching and learning projects in was held in Phoenix at the Estrella Mountain College the networked information Center of the Maricopa environment, agreed. The The Indianapolis Conference Projects County Community Col- conference attendees, early lege District in July, 1994. adopters of networking tech- o "Collaboratory," University of Hawaii at Manoa; Both conferences were co- nologies into the teaching o sponsored by the Associa- and learning process in high- "Collaborative Development of Web Pages for Students in a First Year Colloquy Series," Gettysburg College; tion of College and er education, are finding that Research Libraries (ACRL), many others on their cam- G "Distance and Electronic Education Project: the American Association puses are seeking their A Mini-Grant Program," Johns Hopkins University; for Higher Education expertise and insights in o"LC Online," Louisiana College; (AAHE), and Educom's order to develop programs o"UWired: Teaching, Learning and Technology," National Learning Infra- in additional content areas. University of Washington; structure Initiative (NLII). The key challenge for many CNI received a grant from G "The California Young Scholar Program," California institutions is to find a way State Polytechnic, Pomona; the Department of Educa- to scale these early initiatives tion's HEA Title II-B and to build a campus infra- G "Student Directed, Information Rich (SDIR) Learning," "Library Education and structure to support these North Carolina State University; Human Resource Develop- new modes of learning. G "Fine Arts 121: A Model for Developing a Digital ment" program to assist Background Undergraduate Curriculum," University of Southern with the funding of a California; Under the leadership of three-phase implementa- Philip Tompkins, Indiana G "Integrating Networked Information into Instruction," tion of the New Learning University Purdue Univer- Mesa and Estrella Mountain Community Colleges; and, Communities Program in 1995-6. The first phase of sity of Indiana (IUPUI), and G "The Delta Project: Integrated Database: Biological Susan Perry, Mount Holyoke Sciences and Art," California State University System. the work under this grant College, CNI's New Learning was a three-day conference Communities Program seeks at RJPUI. to promote cross-fertilization of professionals in higher The Indianapolis Conference education institutions across the country who use net- Teams were selected to participate in the Indianapolis works such as the Internet and networked information conference based on their responses to a call for partici- resources to enrich their curriculum and broaden their pation issued by CNI earlier in 1995. students' learning experiences. The program brings The projects represented at the Indianapolis Confer- together institutional or inter-institutional teams of facul- ence speak to the wide range of subjects and types of ty, librarians, information technologists, instructional institutions that are integrating networking and net- technologists, and students, to share perspectives, critique worked information resources into the curriculum. The each other's programs, and develop a set of "best prac- tices" for the benefit of the larger educational community. content for the courses represented included the fine arts, English, natural resources, nursing, and social sci- The goals of the program are: ences. Higher education institutions of all types have 1. To provide a mechanism and a venue where experi- innovative projects involving new learning communi- enced, collaborative teams of individuals working on ties, from community colleges to liberal arts colleges, to curricular programs involving the use of networks large state and private universities. In addition to team and networked information can benefit from peer members from the faculty, library, computing center, advice, moral support, and program critiques. and instsctional development center on campus, some
6 A R L1 8 4 0 F E B R U A R Y1 9 9 6 programs also collaborated with local museums, high faculty in the process, to encourage students to be part schools, and university bookstores. of the development team, to incorporate information Team members attended presentations by selected literacy into the curriculum, to learn about each team IUPUI administrators and faculty on such topics as the member's competencies, to have students build a net- nature of faculty work (William Plater, Executive Vice work resource that has genuine use for the course as Chancellor and Dean of Faculties), collaborative learning part of the curriculum, and to tie the use of technology (Sharon Hamilton, Professor of English), teaching, learn- closely to the curriculum. One team's advice to others ing, and technology (Garland Elmore, Associate Execu- is simply, "Start!" tive Vice Chancellor), and assessment (Trudy Banta, Vice Key impediments identified by the teams included Chancellor, Susanmarie Harrington, Assistant Professor insufficient infrastructure (networking, personnel, of English, and Joe Lovrinic, Management Advisory equipment, facilities, etc.), difficulty scaling projects Office). But, most of the (reaching more courses and more students), the work at the conference was Further Information done in small group sessions time commitment Information on New Learning Communities. during which teams were required to develop such can be located on CNI's Web site: paired to share information projects, problems with
A R L1 8 4 o F E B R U A R Y1 9 9 6 7 EONS Prudence S. Adler, Assistant Executive Director-Federal Relations and Information Policy
TELCOM REFORM CONFERENCE The decentralized nature and scale of networked services in university settings makes it extremely difficult to moni- ADDRESSES ONLINE PORNOGRAPHY tor communications. In addition, such monitoring would embers and staff of a House-Senate confer- be in violation of long-standing principles of confidential- ence committee on telecommunications ity, privacy, and freedom of expression espoused by the reform have reached consensus on many library and education communities. thorny and contentious issues included in the House- and Senate-passed Telecommunications Competition and Deregulation Act of 1995 (H.R. 1555 and S. 652). GPO ISSUES ELECTRONIC The House and Senate passed this landmark legisla- TRANSITION PLAN tion on February 1. r`rlhe Government Printing Office (GPO) released the If the bill is signed into law by the President, there A long awaited "Electronic Federal Depository are provisions that are certain to result in litigation. --- Library Program: Transition Plan, FY 1996 FY Provisions approved by conferees impose unprece- 1998." The Plan was requested by Congress through the dented restrictions on communications among individ- Legislative Branch Appropriations Act of 1996 and has uals and impose fines and penalties for transmitting been included in the GPO FY 1997 appropriations material that is "indecent." Sen. James Exon (D-NB) is request. A hearing on these appropriations will be held sponsoring this amendment and in the House, Reps. in the House on February 21. ARL and others in the Christopher Cox (R-CA), Ron Wyden (D-OR), Rick library and federal sectors have been asked to comment White (R-WA), Henry Hyde (R-IL), and Robert on the Plan's impact on users and libraries. As noted by Goodlatte (R-VA) have taken the lead on this issue. GPO, there are several "key assumptions" in the plan: The common goal of the amendments is to establish additional ways to federally prosecute online pornog- O "Nearly all of the information provided through the raphers by criminalizing indecent communications. Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP) will be in Members of the House and Senate conference electronic format by the end of FY 1998." committee on telecommunications reform legislation O GPO will convert selected publications from paper into met on December 14 and considered the various electronic format. amendments intended to address online pornography. O "The responsibility for ensuring long-term access to Ultimately, the conferees agreed to the language electronic information will shift from the depository adopted by House conferees, which imposes new libraries to the Superintendent of Documents (SOD). criminal liabilities on the transmission of indecent Connection to electronic access services operated material. The "indecency" standard adopted by the under the authority of the SOD replace the geographi- conferees was in lieu of a "harmful to minors" cally-dispersed collections of books and microfiche." standard. Although both the "harmful to minors" and O In providing this long-term access to information, the "indecency" standards are problematic for libraries SOD "assumes such costs as data preparation for mount- and educational institutions, there are significant ing, maintenance, storage, and ongoing costs to mini- differences between them. Forty-eight states have mize deterioration and assure technological currency." adopted harmful to minors standards to criminalize O The transition plan assumes continued full funding of the display of pornography to minors. Some state the FDLP in the next several years. The shift away laws exempt libraries from these provisions. In addi- from paper and microfiche products will fund the new tion, the harmful to minors standard has been held to electronically-based services. be constitutional. The meaning of indecency, however, O GPO intends to provide "technology grants" to selected is linked to a local community's interpretation of that depositories to assist with the transition to an electroni- which is "patently offensive." Unlike the harmful to cally-based program. This is to "ensure reasonable minors standard, the indecency standard in the. public access and proximity to at least one electronical- telecommunications bill does not include exemptions ly-capable depository in every Congressional district." or exceptions for cultural, literary, political, or scientific materials or content. O Funds currently devoted to the depository library As they stand, the provisions imposing new crimi- inspection program will be redesignated to FDLP sup- nal penalties on the transmission of material consid- port services. ered "indecent" pose a number of very significant The Plan is available on the ARL Gopher: challenges to libraries and educational institutions.
8 A R L1 8 4 0 F E B R U A R Y1 9 9 6 COURTS RULE ON ONLINE LIABILITY that...the legislation addresses only the current state of A s Congressdebates the merits of holding online a rapidly-evolving technology, and that a more funda- / \ service providers liable for certain actions, two mental reexamination of the structure of the Copyright Courts have ruled on cases involving liability Act may be necessary in the near future." The Copy- for comments posted on a computerized bulletin board right Office will be submitting a second statement for and for copyright infringement. The New York State the record addressing these "broad range of issues." Some members of Congress did express concern Supreme Court for Nassau County declined to reverse a that international activities could overtake congression- ruling against the Prodigy Services Company, affirming al deliberations. Commissioner Lehman assured mem- that Prodigy is liable for comments posted to its service bers of the Committees that this would not occur. The by a subscriber. The decision also noted that the online House Subcommittee on Courts and Intellectual Proper- service provider did make some effort to screen out con- ty, Committee on the Judiciary, plans its next hearings tent posted by subscribers and that the service was a on these bills for February 7 and 8. publisher of information, not just a carrier. In an inter- esting twist, since the original ruling, the plaintiff investment bank and its president have withdrawn their UPDATES libel suit in return for an apology by Prodigy. Copyright Term Extension A federal judge in California has ruled that Netcom Rep. Moorhead, Chairman, Subcommittee on Courts may be held liable for copyright infringement because and Intellectual Property, has requested that the Regis- the company did not remove copyrighted materials ter of Copyrights "facilitate a discussion" between rep- posted by a subscriber. The judge's ruling included an resentatives of copyright owners and of the library com- important distinction: that Netcom may be liable for munity regarding a possible amendment to H.R. 989, "contributory" copyright infringement, not direct or the Copyright Term Extension Act. The first meeting to vicarious infringement. discuss possible changes to the bill was held on Decem- The Administration's White Paper on Intellectual ber 18 with additional sessions planned in January. Property and the NII, and the National Information Infrastructure Copyright Protection Act of 1995 (S. 1284 PTO Seeks Comment on Continuation of and H.R. 2441), include a proposal that would hold Online Dissemination Strategies Recently, the Patent and Trademark Office decided to online service providers liable for subscribers' postings provide no-fee public access via the Internet to approxi- of copyrighted works without permission. mately 20 years of searchable patent bibliographic records. PTO has since requested comment on their CONGRESS TAKES UP public dissemination program. On December 28, COPYRIGHT AND THE NII AALL, ARL, and ALA wrote in support of the PTO On November 15, the House Subcommittee on dissemination efforts. A copy of the letter is available Courts and intellectual Property and the Senate via the ARL Gopher:
11 A R L1 8 4 0 F E B R U A R Y1 9 9 6 9 SERIC-IES
FROM SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP however. In addition, the management simulations pro- vided a stimulating, nonthreatening environment for TO SUPERLEADERSHIP: ONE OMS self-evaluation. Moreover, the results shed valuable PARTICIPANT'S STORY light upon my character, tendencies, and preferences. by Roland Barksdale-Hall, Head Librarian, Shenango I returned home with renewed confidence. Campus, Pennsylvania State University The first week back at Pennsylvania State Universi- ty, I discussed the experience with my supervisor. The Participants in ARL/OMS Institutes often communicate with report was routine, yet there was a change in my per- OMS staff after their return to work. Frequently, these com- spective. I could not put my finger on it, but I felt better munications are sparked by a participant's insights regarding when I looked in the mirror. his or her own leadership values and To know thyself is the beginning practices. Roland Barksdale-Hall, a par- of true understanding.' Before the ticipant in a Library Management Institute, I was a situational leader. Skills Institute I in June 1995, is Head According to Paul Hersey, a situa- Librarian at the Shenango Campus of tional leader adapts "leadership Pennsylvania State University. With behaviors to features of the situation encouragement from both Penn State and followers."2 My situations, and OMS, he agreed to write this article which sometimes appeared bigger about his thoughts on leadership since than life, were regulated through a his Institute participation. We hope selection of various decision-making this will prompt other participants to styles in order to maximize the share with us developments in their achievement of various constituents. thinking. A drawback was that my personal Kathryn J. Deiss, ARL/OMS progress was tied to the con- Program Officer for Training stituents' perceived outcomes. If constituents' responses were in t the close of an exhilarating keeping with expected outcomes, / \ OMS Library Management I was an effective manager. But an Skills Institute I in Denver, unexpected outcome presented a I wondered, "Where do I go from challenge to my self-worth. At such here?" times I fastidiously sought advice "Back home, of course," came from mentors. On several occasions the immediate response. Unfinished work assignments group problem solving showed the situations to be
. and family commitments were waiting for me. It more complex than I even imagined. sounded simple enough. The thought prompted a mad After the Institute I aspired to become a superleader. dash for the airport. Charles C. Manz defines a superleader as an administra- On the airplane I reflected on what had brought me tor who focuses largely on developing the self-leader- to Denver. Although I was a hard sell for leadership ship abilities of constitutents.3 During a getaway this training, the OMS Institute swung open the doors of past August, I pondered what other applications there self-discovery. I had wondered what tangible difference were, if any, for the knowledge gained from the OMS a week-long management skills institute possibly could Institute. I concluded that, given the complexity of make because, in my book, technical competence held a today's organizational structures, the belief that the higher value than leadership training. In today's high heroic manager resolves all problems was pressure business world, where change is the only con- anachronistic.4 This thought provided the impetus to stant, adult learners reserve little time for nonessentials; explore other leadership paradigms. yet I committed to go and promised myself to keep an Superleadership provides a potential springboard open mind. for the promotion of steadiness within organizations. At the time of enrollment I had more than 17 years The multidimensional nature of change touches the of progressively responsible leadership experience. lives of all constituents. Consequently, "self-leadership Despite various professional pursuits, I had never is relevant to executives, managers, and all employees received a management skills assessment. Since child- that is to everyone who works."5 The search for solu- hood I have approached tests with apprehension. The tions requires an analysis of systems and procedures by instruments for the Library Management Skills Institute I constituents at all levels. were less tortuous than tests taken during childhood, Myltughts turned to former supervisors. Among
10ARL 1840 FEBRUARY 1996 the exemplary leaders that came to mind was one out- 4Bass, Bernard M. "Concepts of Leadership: The Beginning." standing library administrator, Gloria J. Reaves, at the Chapter 9 in The Leader's Companion, p. 50. Capitol Institute of Technology. She consistently 5Manz, Charles C. 1995. op.cit., p. 217. assigned me challenging assignments in keeping with 6 Roland C. Barksdale-Hall, "Nurturing Leadership Is Tops in Goals of Higher Education," The Herald, April 10, 1994, A-9. my skills and service. Gloria, like a coach, cheered for 7Baker, Shirley K., "Leading from Below; or Risking Getting the home team. This superleader also provided ample Fired," Library Administration and Management, vol. 9, no. 4, praise along with constructive criticism and good solid 1995, pp. 238-40. advice. When my first essay was published, my men- 8 Courses include Information Technologies for Modern Orga- tor showered me with encouragement: "Now that nizations, Conflict Resolution, Decision Making and Problem Solving for Leaders, Human and Financial Resources, Inter- you're over the first hurdle, other publications are sure personal Communication, The Ethical and Spiritual Dimen- to follow," she said in her quiet matter-of-fact way. sions of Leadership, and Valuing a Diverse Workforce: the Her confidence inspired me to write additional essays. Leader's Role. Through her mentorship I achieved in other profes- sional areas. At Penn State I aspired to emulate her RESEARCH LIBRARIES NEED MORE wonderful example.6 THAN LIBRARIANS The quest for self-fulfillment has led to a new OMS SPEC Kit #212, Non-Librarian Professionals emerging self. For a few months there were moments examines professional personnel in ARL of uncertainty as I shed the vestiges of thinking that I libraries who have not attained the M.L.S. had to be the heroic leader. I then realized that addi- degree. To take full advantage of the opportunities tional experiences were required for my development presented by emerging technologies, libraries need an into a well-rounded superleader such as Gloria infusion of diversified talent and a greater breadth of Reaves. Out of reflections in my journal also came perspective than what the traditionally trained and the knowledge that there was a developmental gap. oriented librarian brings. Libraries increasingly need I became determined to close th6t gap through further professionals who possess additional, advanced edu- learning experiences. cational qualifications or specialized training in order To be candid, a need existed inside me to grow to function effectively and efficiently. The systems beyond my leadership skill level. Few extensive lead- office is the major area in which other training or ership learning opportunities exist in my institution, education is accepted in lieu of the M.L.S. degree; as is common for academic libraries throughout the further study on the educational backgrounds of sys- nation.7 Because of these observations, I inquired tems staff will be undertaken in the form of a separate about additional education. SPEC Kit later this year. As a result of the summer OMS Management Skills M.L.S. degreed professionals do not face undue Institute I, I enrolled this fall in the first class of the new competition however, as there remains a wide gap master's degree program in Leadership and Liberal between an expressed willingness to consider such Studies at Duquesne University. The Saturday pro- individuals and actually making these appointments gram offers an eclectic curriculum that is designed for in any significant numbers. What is important is not inquisitive administrators.8 What I once understood that libraries need other professionals, but rather how intuitively, I am now understanding differently these positions are defined, their incumbents recruited through acquiring the appropriate underlying theoreti- and hired, and then once hired, how these profession- cal constructs. Best of all, I am growing again. As with als are oriented to the nature of their responsibilities in most processes, my transformation is ongoing, yet my a research library. new sense of direction is gratifying. Thanks to the SPEC Kit #212 was compiled by John Zenelis and insights that I gained through attending the OMS Insti- Jean Dorrian of Temple University Libraries. It is tute, I am on a leadership track which will help me con- available for $40 ($25 ARL members) from ARL tribute more effectively to my team and organization. Publications, Department #0692, Washington, DC 20073-0692, (202) 296-2296, (email: [email protected]). An inscription at the Delphic Oracle. John Bartlett, Familiar Quotations. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, and Company, 1980, p. 62. Laura Rounds, OMS Program Officer for Information 2Hersey, Paul, and Kenneth H. Blanchard. "Situational Leader- Services ship." Chapter 32 in The Leader's Companion: Insights on Leader- ship Through the Ages, edited by J. Thomas Wren. New York: Free Press, 1995, p. 210. 3Manz, Charles C. "SuperLeadership: Beyond the Myth of Heroic Leadership." Chapter 33 in The Leader's Companion, p. 216. 13
A R L1 8 4 0 F E B R U A R Y1 9 9 6 11 --eFF-ICIER-OFANAGEMENT SERVIC Continued
OMS TRAINING SCHEDULE 1996 To register, contact Christine Seebold, OMS Training Program Assistant, telephone 202-296-8656, [email protected].
FACILITATION SKILLS INSTITUTE LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SKILLS INSTITUTE II: March 1113 Chicago, IL THE MANAGEMENT PROCESS Sept. 1113 Baltimore, MD May 20 24 Philadelphia, PA participants will learn how to become skilled facili- his intensive 5-day program will use a simulated tators who can assume key roles within their work library workplace, in the framework of the learn- units and other groups to assist in producing better ing organization model, to focus on the individual's quality team/group results. Topics will include: ability to have a positive influence on the overall per- skills for effective facilitation; group dynamics and formance of the organization. Emphasis will be group process; facilitative versus controlling leader- placed on building and maintaining proficiency in the ship; managing meetings; dealing with difficult skills of observation, diagnosis and planning so that behaviors in groups; and problem-solving and deci- participants will become more effective in solving sion-making methods. Each participant will have an organizational problems and in recognizing organiza- opportunity to practice facilitation skills. tional opportunitites. ARL Members: $350 Nonmembers: $420 ARL Members: $695 Nonmembers: $745 ,
TRAINING SKILLS INSTITUTE: FACILITATING CHANGE: MANAGING THE LEARNING PROCESS THE INTERNAL CONSULTANIT March 20 22 Baltimore, MD Oct. 2123 Kansas City, MO This program will follow a five-stage model to pre- Management and staff in libraries will be increas- pare participants to design and conduct effective ingly expected to function as change facilitators training programs. Participants will learn how to withm organizations. Participants will examine the analyze needs, develop learning objectives, design a basics of organizational development; the methods curriculum, select methods, deliver training, and eval- and strategies of facilitating meaningful and success- uate outcomes. The program will include a practicum fully implemented change; the dynamics of organiza- experience. tional change; and the importance of transitions. ARL Members: $400 Nonmembers: $475 Ample opportunity will be devoted to skill practice and the application of concepts to participants' own work. ARL Members: $350 Nonmembers: $420 LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SKILLS INSTITUTE I: THE MANAGER April 22 25 Houston, TX (note location change) October 14 Chicago, IL WOMEN IN LIBRARY LEADERSHIP This Institute will explore and develop a range of Nov. 19 21 Safety Harbor, FL 1. concepts and techniques associated with effective Does the "glass ceiling" research apply to academ- management so that the individual will broaden ic libraries? Are there differences in the ways in his/her ability to function and to contribute to the which men and women lead? In this special 3 1/2- organization. The focus will be on the individual and day Institute, participants will examine these ques- the individual's relationship to the library organiza- tions; identify key skills for effective leadership in the tion as a whole, including relationships to peers, diverse workplace; explore personal values and how direct reports, and supervisors. Through feedback they fit into the workplace; assess developmental tools and learning experiences, participants have an needs; and explore and develop strategies for enhanc- opportunity to reflect on their current approach to ing personal and professional lives through under- managerial and leadership responsibilities. standing life/work balance behaviors. ARL Members: $490 Nonmembers: $550 ARL Members: $490 Nonmembers: $550 14
12A R L1 8 4 0 F E B R U A R Y1 9 9 6 ---STA7ISTICS MEASIJ Martha Kyrillidou, Program Officer for Statistics and Measurement
ARL SALARY SURVEY ARL PUBLISHES RATIOS 1995-96 RELEASED FROM ARL STATISTICS cA cording tothe recently published ARL Annual recently published Developing Indicators for l \ Salary Survey 1995-96 , the university library l \ Academic Library Performance, a compilation of Amedian beginning professional salary (BPS) for A30 selected ratios that describe changes in inter- 1995-96 is $27,000; the median BPS for ARL's 11 nonuni- nal library operations, as well as resources per faculty versity libraries is $28,162. The median salary figure for and per student, for ARL university libraries over a two university libraries is $41,901 and for nonuniversity year period. The ratios are based on data from ARL Sta- libraries is $49,149. The publication is an annual compi- tistics 1992-93 and 1993-94. The report is designed to lation of salary data for professional staff in ARL mem- enable library managers to analyze and compare ber libraries. resources in peer institutions. A brief overview of the An analysis of the salary, data since 1985 and a com- context of ratio analysis and the development of perfor- parison to cost of living increases indicates that the mance indicators in higher education and academic median professional salaries' purchasing power has libraries is also included. increased 9.4% since 1985 for university librarians. Higher education in North America is being pressed At the same time the beginning professional salary for greater accountability and improved attention to has increased even more outpacing inflation by 11.5%. quality. As legislators move towards "performance Minority librarians in the 95 U.S. university libraries incentive funding" and the public becomes more con- (including law and medical) number 842, and account cerned with the balance of costs and benefits, demands for 11.32% of ARL's U.S. library professionals. Minority on effectiveness and efficiency in higher education staff are disproportionately distributed across the coun- become more pronounced. For these reasons, it is try, with minority librarians underrepresented in the important for libraries to define their goals and develop New England, Middle Atlantic, East North Central, indicators for their performance. West North Central, East South Central, West South Performance indicators are tools that institutions Central, and Mountain regions and overrepresented in can develop to demonstrate progress towards accom- the South Atlantic and Pacific regions. The salary differ- plishing certain objectives. Accountability and quality ential separating average minority salaries from the improvement are some of the driving forces behind the average salaries of their Caucasian counterparts is development of performance indicators. Each institu- $2,060, or about 4.5% lower for minority staff. tion faces the responsibility to define and describe its The salary differential between women and men own goals, to place them in the context of peer group librarians is smaller at the director's level for all three comparisons, and demonstrate to the public the position types of libraries (main, medical and law). The differ- it holds in higher education. ence in the salaries between men and women is 8.1% in the general university libraries, 9.9% in the medical Developing Indicators for Academic Library Performance libraries, and 17.4% in the law libraries. At the same ($25 for members and $50 for nonmembers) and ARL time the salary differential between women and men Annual Salary Survey ($35 for membeis and $65 for non- library directors in these categories are respectively: members) are available from ARL Publications, Depart- 2.3% in the general university library, 8.8% in medical ment #0692, Washington, DC 20073-0692, (202) 296-2296, libraries, and 7.2% in law libraries. (email: [email protected]).
ARL University Librarians 1995-96 Women Men Combined Average salary $43,817 $47,372 $45,127 Average years of experience 16.0 16.8 16.3 Total number of filled positions 5,314 2,917 8,231 Minority librarians' average salary $41,787 $46,415 $43,067 Total number of minority librarians (U.S. only) 616 226 842 Average director salary $107,904 $110,417 $109,397 Total number of directors 41 60 101 15 A R L1 8 4 0 F E B R U A R Y1 9 9 6 13 A W I A . A\ \ I IIffit S G. Jaia Barrett, Deputy Executive Director
ARL SERVER OFFERS research libraries and their contribution to teaching, research, scholarship, and community service. NEW CAREER RESOURCES SERVICE Starting January 1, 1996, job hunters could access Directory of Electronic Journals, vacancy announcements from ARL member Newsletters & Academic Lists libraries on the World Wide Web. This new ser-
The address for the ARL Career Resources WWW. MICROFILMING GUIDE PUBLISHED site is
A R L1 8 4 F E B R U A R Y1 9 9 6 15 ARL: A Bimonthly Newsletter of Research Library Issues Executive Director: Duane E. Webster and Actions (US ISSN 1050-6098) is published six times Editor: G. Jaia Barrett, Deputy Executive Director a year by the Association of Research Libraries, Communications Specialist: Michael Matthews 21 Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20036. Designer: Kevin Osborn, Research & Design, Ltd., Arlington, VA 202-296-2296 FAX 202-872-0884 Copyright: © 1996 by the Subscriptions: Members$25 per year for additional crip1iononmembers-_=$51/per_year_ ARL policy is to grant blanket permission to reprint any article in be noted for certain articles. For commercial use, a reprint the newsletter for educational use as long as the source, author, issue, request should be sent to the ARL Information Services Coordinator. and page numbers are acknowledged. Exceptions to this policy may CALENDAR 1996
February 8-9 ARL Board Meeting August 25-31 International Federation of Washington, DC Library Associations March 25-26 Coalition for Networked Beijing, China Information October 13-16 LITA/LAMA National Spring Task Force Meeting Conference Washington, DC Pittsburgh, PA May 6-7 U.S. National Library October 15-18 ARL Board and Membership Legislative Day and Briefings Meeting Washington, DC Washington, DC May 14-17 ARL Board and Membership Meeting Vancouver, British Columbia OMS TRAINING SCHEDULE, Canada 1996 July 4-10 American Library Association New York, NY For information see page 12. July 29-30 ARL Board Meeting Washington, DC
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18 R E
A BIMONTHLY NEWSLETTER OF RESEARCH LIBRARY ISSUES AND ACTIONS
.0 Current Issues r-I HE AGE DEMOGRAPHICS OF ACADEMICLIBRARIANS r1 ;I by Stanley Wilder, Assistant Dean for Technical and Financial Services, Louisiana State University Libraries 0-1
'n demographic terms, librarianship in North 108 university member libraries. The data sets America is a profession apart. Relative to corn- were analyzed with three main objectives in mind: ..-parable professions, it contains one third the to explain the shape and movement of the ARL age number of individuals aged 35 and under and profile, to project retirements, and to examine sub- CA almost 75 percent more individuals aged 45 and groups within the ARL population for age-related r-I over. Librarians, particularly academic librarians, anomalies. are older than professionals in all but a handful of 714 The ARL Age Profile comparable occupations. The unusual shape of the ARL age distribution is The'relatively advanced age of librarians is anomalous because of its under-representation of not a new phenomenon. Library Manpower, a young people and over-representation of individuals landmark study of librarianship by the U.S. aged 45 to 49. Possible explanations for these anom- L() Bureau of Labor Statistics, established that as of alies include the unprecedented increase in the num- 1970, U.S. librarians were older than their counter- ber of librarian positions in the 1960s, the subse- parts in most comparable professions. Popula- quent, equally dramatic, reduction in the rate of hire tions do not age the same way that individuals for ARL libraries, the limited mobility of many ARL do; they may grow younger, remain the same, or librarians, and the transfer of experienced librarians age. In fact, the average age of U.S. librarians did into ARL libraries. not change between 1970 and 1990 and in theory, The ARL data reveals that the number of librari- librarianship could have remained older than ans employed grew by 50 percent between 1963 and comparable professions for the next 25 years in a 1970, 1 percent between 1971 and 1983, and 12 per- stable, predictable way. However, between 1990 cent between 1984 and 1988, after which there was a and 1994, librarians in the United States aged leveling off to near stability between 1989 and 1994. rapidly. In 1990, 48 percent of librarians were It is important to note that most of the 1960s aged 45 and over, compared with 58 percent in hires were not baby boomers; they were recruited to 1994. The aging work force is a well-established service the college-aged baby boom. But the baby phenomenon in North America, but it is unlikely boomers who became librarians, most of whom were to account for such dramatic change in so short a aged 40 to 48 in 1994, do have an enormous influ- time. ence on the age curve as they have been hired in dis- To understand better this change in the age proportionate numbers each year since 1970. demographics of librarians, this study drew from The ARL population also demonstrates limited LC') a variety of data sources, but is based on two mobility. Based on 1994 data, 54 percent of all ARL unpublished data sets collected by ARL. These librarians with 20 or more years of professional CO data sets, compiled from ARL's 1990 and 1994 experience have worked at only one library thus salary surveys, contain basic demographic data, ,reylucifig the number arid impact of transfers into including age, for librarians employed in ARL's and out of the ARL population. 19 SS-UES Continued The size and prestige of ARL libraries may have Retirement Projection some effect on retaining existing librarians and attracting The 1990 and 1994 ARL data, combined with U.S. demo- experienced ones. But there is a basic demographic graphic data, provide the basis for projections on the age explanation as well: ARL libraries hire disproportionately profile of ARL librarianship and allow for a reasonable from the 40-49 age group because it is unusually large. approximation of the rates at which ARL librarians will The pool of available librarians has a disproportionate retire over the next 25 years. The projected movement of number of baby boomers in it, and so they will account the age curve is like a wave crashing on the shore. The peak for an inordinate of this wave con- share of sists of the individ- new hires. AGE OF ARL LIBRARIANS, 1990 AND 1994 uals aged 45-49 in The under- 25 1995, and it moves representation of along with them younger people 20 . until 2010, when in the ARL distri- '-u large numbers of bution is baby boomers explained in part a15 1 2,' begin to leave the by the low rates o'-' profession. As a of hire in recent '1210 result, the projec- years, exacerbat- .11 .. tion for 2020 ed by the relative 5 ... reflects a younger lack of mobility it population than in of experienced ..... 0 9. 2010. The projec- ARL librarians 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 ?.. 65 tion analysis allows that reduces the 09 1990 -.0-1994 for a reasonable Source: ARL Annual SaSurvey, ary. 1990 and 1994 number of vacan- approximation of cies available for retirements. young people. The low number of younger people is Analysis of Subgroups also associated with the unusually high age of library Within ARL Populations and information studies students relative to those in There are a number of interesting anomalies associated other professional programs. with some of the subgroups in the ARL population. The movement of the ARL age curve between 1990 and 1994 is extraordinary for so short a period of time Catalogers and Reference Librarians and the best explanation is the outsized population of One commonly held belief among ARL librarians is that 1960s hires and baby boomers. Between 1990 and 1994, reference librarians are younger than catalogers, and this is the large number of librarians aged 40-44 moved into indeed the case. In 1994, 35 percent of ARL catalogers and the 45-49 age cohorts, and the population's apex moved only 27 percent of reference librarians were age 50 and with them. This group's influence is amplified by the above. Part of the disparity lies in the degree to which the reduction in new hires, from 15 percent of the popula- two populations are being refreshed with new hires. While tion in 1990 to 10.8 percent in 1994. The decline in the reference librarians constitute 20 percent of the ARL popu- number of new professionals, from 5 percent in 1990 to lation, they accounted for more than 27 percent of new 4 percent in 1994, may also have played a role in the hires in 1994. Catalogers also received a disproportionate movement of the curve. number of new hires, but the margin was much smaller: Many comparable professions experienced the catalogers were 12 percent of the population and 15 percent demographic pressures exerted by growth in higher edu- of the new hires in 1994. The combined effect of high cation in the 1960s and the baby boom, yet they did not retirement and low recruitment produced a 13 percent age between 1990 and 1994. What sets the ARL popula- decline in the number of catalogers between 1990 and 1994, tion apart? One possible answer is that ARL libraries compared with a seven percent increase in the number of have not hired large numbers of librarians since the early reference librarians. Considering that the number of new 1970s, and those who have been recruited were relatively hires was low in 1994, it is clear that ARL libraries are not old. These two factors increased the already pervasive replacing their retiring catalogers on a one-to-one basis. influence of the 1960s hires/baby boomer group on the Minority Groups ARL population. As the projections below indicate, this There are two minority groups in the ARL age profile group should continue to dominate ARL's age distribu- that stand out from the rest: first, there is a highly tion well into the next century. unusual Asian curve, which peaks in the 60-64 age cohort. 2 0 2 A R L1 8 5 * A P R I L1 9 9 6 ARL libraries are certain to lose large portions of their higher education, affected both Canada and the United Asian population in the very near future, although hire States, there are many obstacles to applying the same statistics indicate that the Asian population is being analysis to both countries. The array of federal laws refreshed so as to maintain the size of the group. that affect hiring, pension and retirement issues, and The African American curve is interesting because it is census data collection all complicate comparisons, as do skewed dramatically towards the younger age cohorts. differing employment patterns in higher education in Lower percentages of African Americans in the older age the two countries, and library and information science cohorts suggest that the portion of student demographics. A special the population they represent is study would be necessary to bound to increase over the next 10 PERCENT OF understand how these factors years, even without vigorous ARL POPULATION affect the Canadian age profile. recruitment efforts. This suggests EXPECTEDTO RETIRE Conclusion that tracking the African American The age profile of librarianship proportion of total new hires is a Years Percent has important implications for the better indicator of the success of health and continued viability of recruitment efforts than a simple 1995 to 2000 16% the profession. Career choice is a percent of total population. 2000 to 2005 16% complex matter, but money is one Directors compelling explanation of why Directors tend to fall into a narrow- 2005 to 2010 24% librarianship might be attractive to er range of ages than any other job 2010 to 2020 27% those in mid-life and relatively title category. In 1994, more than unattractive to young people. The 82 percent were between the ages growing scarcity of young people of 45 and 59. While the comparable figure from 1990 is in the general population may create pressure to almost identical, the age profiles for the 2 years are quite increase entry level salaries in librarianship. But different. The aging trend that affected the ARL popula- libraries might also adjust by moving work once per- tion between 1990 and 1994 apparently affected the direc- formed by librarians to support staff, or off-site in the tor group as well, since the percentage of the population form of outsourcing. The demographic aspects of the aged 55 and over rose from 25 to 43 percent. The per- salary issue may produce a decrease in the number of centage of the population in the 60 to 64 age group is librarians and an increase in the salaries of those twice, that of the population as a whole, but this is not remaining. surprising given the experience generally required of Librarianship has a record of successful adaptation, directors. However, directors are not more inclined most notably in its adoption of new technologies. The than other ARL librarians to remain in their positions next adaptation will require that librarianship translate after age 65. its print-centered expertise in the evaluation, selection, Male ARL directors are substantially older than their organization, and preservation of information to the female counterparts: 21 percent of male directors were new digital environment. Competition for this new role age 60 or over in 1994, compared with just 3 percent of will be intense, however, and the advantage will go to female directors. Thus, retirements in the near future are groups that can combine traditional "librarian" skills likely to have the effect of increasing the proportion of with technical and managerial ones. If librarianship is female ARL directors. successful in claiming this role, the new skill mix may well be recognized in the form of expanded opportunity Canadians and higher salaries, making librarianship a career of Canadian ARL librarians, who make up 9 percent of the first choice for more young people. ARL population, are significantly older than their coun- terparts in the United States. Only 16 percent of the The Louisiana State University Library supported Mr. Canadian ARL population is under age 40, com-pared Wilder's research as a Visiting Program Officer with ARL's with 23 percent of those in the United States. At the Statistics and Measurement Program. The complete study, other end of the scale, 42 percent of the Canadian librari- The Age Demographics of Academic Librarians: A an population are age 50 and over, 20 percent higher than Profession Apart, is available from ARL Publications. in the United States. It is also remarkable that there are Order information may be found on the ARL Server only slightly fewer librarians in the 50-54 age group than
FOSTERING A WORKPLACE services being used. We must take time to let individuals or units know that we have noticed and are appreciative CLIMATE FOR DIVERSITY of their work. by Kriza Jennings, Program Officer for Diversity Valuing requires us to take an interest in others: their and Minority Recruitment activities, work, and progress. We need to act on what hat do we have to do to create and foster a we learn by engaging others about their work. We must workplace climate where everyone feels listen and respond when colleagues share their progress; welcomed, valued, and respected? This is a this includes offering encouragement when we see central question in the diversity discussions I have held colleagues experiencing challenges in their efforts. in ARL libraries. The response centers on becoming Valuing is demonstrating to others that their presence more aware that each individual's behavior towards and contributions are noticed, make a difference, and mat- others contributes to the climate or atmosphere. The ter in the organization. Some libraries have implemented most common reason offered for why more attention recognition programs. Usually done only onde a year, is not paid to these issues is that "we're too busy." such programs can give a message that demonstrating To implement a successful diversity program, however, value is not an ongoing activity. these three practiceswelcoming, valuing, and respect- Rewards or recognition must have meaning to those ingmust receive regular and deliberate attention. to whom it is giv-en. A certificate may be less effective Welcoming than sharing a break with someone to discuss their work We usually think of welcoming as something that and their contributions; a salary increase may have more happens when an individual first joins an organization. impact if someone in a leadership role shares how much People need to feel welcomed regularly throughout their the contributions have helped the organization accom- employment. Almost everyone wants to be recognized plish its goals. by others and to know that their presence is important to Respecting the organization. In the context of diversity, respecting is finding ways to Co-workers feel connected when their presence is demonstrate our regard for the quality of work and the acknowledged on a regular basis. It is easy to speak only contributions of others. with certain people, those we consider our friends or Asking a co-worker questions about their work, or those with whom we work most closely. Speaking to offering observations about what is most impressive in those we pass in the hall or as we pass by their desk can their project is a good way to show clearly that we respect help others feel welcome. It is easy to assume that once another's skills and talents. Showing an interest in anoth- we've been here awhile, we no longer need to greet each er's projects, being aware of their personal work goals, or other regularly. just knowing that a co-worker attended a seminar, all In these busy times, how often do leaders in the provide opportunities for dialogue and exchange. organization walk through the library speaking to staff? Supervisors often expect employees to come to their We need to avoid coming to others only to resolve prob- offices or to make appointments to talk about their work; lems, or to request or pass on information. Employees many employees will avoid such meetings because they need to know that people in leadership positions are do not wish to give the appearance of a problem. What aware of the work of each unit, recognize that people are employees often are seeking is acknowledgment that their working hard, and care about the employees' well-being. supervisor is aware of their work, and cares enough to ask Activities where staff meet and talk outside of their how things are developing. own units is another way to encourage interaction and This means senior administrators may need to talk sharing. Usually such activities are held only once or directly to staff, otherwise they will not know that leader- twice per year; employees often interact only within their ship has noticed or cares. Some administrators send mes- immediate department or division most other times. sages through supervisors, when a direct note, phone call, Focusing on how to make others feel welcome can help to address other issues, such as classism (support or email would have a much more positive effect on self- staff interacting separately from librarians) or cliques esteem and a sense of personal accomplishment. (certain people only talking to certain others). Ignoring While these three factorswelcoming, valuing, and barriers that create divisions will not enhance efforts to respectingmust be applied to the entire library staff, foster a workplace supportive of a diverse staff. they are especially important if the organization plans to successfully retain minorities in the workplace. It is chal- Valuing lenging to be the only one, or one of few in a minority How do co-workers demonstrate that a colleague's con- group. Those in the majority group must make a consci- tributions are valued? It requires an awareness and entious effort, on a regular basis, to ensure that minorities knowledge of the roles and responsibilities of others. are aware and truly believe that their presence and contri- We must seek examples of work being implemented or bution as an employee matters.
4ARL 185 0 APRIL 1996 2 2 FAIR USE IN MULTIMEDIA: copyright could mean having to contact the studio, the songwriters, the singers, and/or the musicians. Com- DIGITAL AGE COPYRIGHT bine multiple works of multiple formats, and it can be by Stacey Carpenter, Multimedia Communications, extremely time consuming to locate all possible copy- Information Technology Division, Emory University right holders to all original works. A recent article in t is torture almost. Ten percent, 30 seconds, 250 Multimedia Law Reporter addresses such problems and words or 1,000 words or the whole thing, or three describes how the Library of Congress recently dealt -...minutesexamples and exceptions and important with this matter in a project to digitize unpublished 50+ remindersand then if you get all that down, there are year old photos from its collection. Given the problem still no guarantees. What you have just read are portion of identifying copyright holders, the Library concluded limitations from a set of recently proposed Guidelines for that without clear title and authority they faced a risk of Fair Use in Multimedia. violating someone's copyright. Rather than attempting It is no wonder that when copyright is mentioned, to locate all appropriate copyright holders or their heirs, most people get a far away look in their eyesfar, far they decided to modify the project by using works only away. The Copyright Act, and especially the applica- from the public domain (that is, use works on which the tion of the fair use doctrine, is confusing and ambigu- copyright has expired, were produced by the federal ous. It is not really surprising. Look up copyright in government, or have been "dedicated to the public"). your thesaurus and you will find out that it means And what if a professor, in an effort to reach the "control and license," "protection and privilege," most students, wanted to make a multimedia compila- "patent and concession." How many words do tion available over a network? Some holders of the you know that mean both "you cannot use" and original copyright assert that once one loses control over "you can use." the distribution of a such a work (through distance To Use or Not to Use learning, peer review, critiques, or collaborative projects Educators have long brought life to their teaching by over the networks, for example) any leeway built into engaging students through the use of sound, video, fair use through the course of face-to-face teaching dis- commentary, slides, photographs, art, and text. And, by appears. making it possible to combine different media, new technologies offer faculty many more opportunities for Digital Age Guidelines enhancing the texture of their teaching. But wait As academics plunge ahead into multimedia and net- while educators are free to present sounds, images, and work arenas, the debates over what can and cannot be text as separate entities, some suggest they may over- done has escalated and grown increasingly confusing. step the parameters of copyright if they compile such The copyright committee of the Consortium of College material into multimedia formats without first obtaining and University Media Centers (CCUMC) felt it could permissions from all copyright holders. The already tackle some of the problems by compromising with confusing issues that have applied to paper formats copyright proprietors on guidelines for educators. are magnified and confounded when applied to CCUMC held a satellite conference this past fall to pub- multimedia. licize their draft guidelines for fair use in multimedia. Under Section 106 of the Copyright Act, the owner To quote the members of the committee, these draft of a copyright has exclusive rights to prepare derivative guidelines were prepared with some degree of "blood- works. At the same time, the Act's fair use provision in letting." Over 600 sites from all sides of the copyright Section 107 may or may not protect professors-turned- debate downlinked the conference and were able to par- multimedia-authors against lawsuits asserting infringe- ticipate in the row by calling in and faxing questions to ment. It all depends on the circumstances of the use. the panel. This is the same in multimedia formats as it has been on Dr. Walter Reed, English professor and Director of paper; however, consider the added complications. Emory's new Center for Teaching and Curriculum, says, Most books and journals contain copyright information "the whole set of guidelines seem overbearing and over- within the first few pages, and, when it becomes neces- anxious. My reaction is to ask whose interests are being sary, tracking down permission to use portions of such servedcertainly not those of the university. The ratio- works is relatively straight forward. But sound, video, nale of the classroom is being overridden by the logic of and artwork are different. the marketplace." As to the specific portion limitations Take a song for instance. Just as with books, it is outlined in the guidelines, Dr. Reed believes they would not safe to assume that the author holds the copyright. "overly restrict the critical discussion of works of art." In many cases, it is not the author who holds the copy- And, he adds, "the goals of teaching need to be asserted right, but the publishers. With a song, tracking down against the goals of business here."
A R L1 8 5 0 A P R I L1 9 9 6 2 3' 5 Continued Rule of Reason an incomplete technological understanding" and that, if Because there are no hard and fast rules written into the adopted, there will be sweeping and unintended ramifi- fair use provision, there is room for legal interpretation. cations. This has been a bane on both sides of the debate for Congressional hearings are underway this winter those who would rather have rules and regulations and spring. And while Congress seems prepared to rec- spelled out. Fuzzy boundaries make a lot of people ognize that digital formats exist, it would rather leave it very uncomfortable. It takes guts on the part of educa- to the players to hammer out the details as they've done tors to test the boundaries, especially in a litigious in the past. CCUMC's copyright committeemade up climate and so, the guidelines. of lawyers, educators, and proprietorshopes that its But part of the real genius of the Copyright Act is voluntary guidelines receive "validation from Con- its deliberate vagueness in defining the boundaries gress." That is, if they are not written into the law, they surrounding fair use. The doctrine is "an equitable rule would at least be written into the record. of reason." In other words, it depends on the situation. Exercising the Fair Use Doctrine In determining fair use, the act says only that the follow- Arnold Lutzker, an attorney representing the library ing four factors must be taken into consideration: and educational community, said during the CCUMC (1) purpose and character of the use, (2) nature of the teleconference that "these [draft] guidelines are sitting copyrighted work, (3) amount and substantiality used, down hard on the educational environment...we've got and (4) market effect. So, the bane is also the beauty. to let educators educate." He stressed that the guide- Hard and fast rules can tie the hands of educators in lines represent a compromise and do not set the outer cases where fair use would allow more freedom than parameters of fair use. Mr. Lutzker attempted to assert guidelines. that the guidelines represented a "safe harbor," but But, says Dr. Michael Bellesiles, an Emory history Judith Saffer, counsel for the Broadcast Music Industry professor, a lot of faculty "roll over and play dead" representing the proprietor side of the debate, cautioned when it comes to learning about and understanding that there are no guarantees, even with the guidelines. copyright and fair use. Dr. Bellesiles, with the advice of Annoying, isn't it? a lawyer, has created a core collection of digital docu- Mr. Lutzker also wrote a summary of the IITF ments in American history and has made them available report for the library and educational community. He over the campus network. Included are early editions wrote that "since the pervasive theme of the recommen- of the Federalist Papers, Paine's Common Sense, Mary dations is the enhancement of the economic exploitation Jamison's 1757 Captivity Narrative, and Rufus King's of copyrighted works, less heed is paid to the public 1819 paper Against the Extension of Slavery. All docu- interest aspects of copyright law or established excep- ments in his "American Voices Project" are copyrighted tions to copyright rights." Non-profit institutions, such by Bellesiles himself or are within the public domain. as libraries and universities, may well face increasing He believes there is a "self-mystification" among faculty difficulty in securing or granting access to works for lit- who convince themselves that copyright is too hard to tle or no cost. understand. As far as CCUMC's draft guidelines go, there is a Updating the Copyright Act fear in educational and library circles that by subscrib- The same week CCUMC held its satellite conference, ing to such guidelines, educators would be agreeing to the White House's Information Infrastructure Task follow a narrow interpretation of fair use. Many in the Force (IITF) released a report that attempts to explain educational and library communities would urge a intellectual property law in the context of cyberspace. much broader interpretation of the fair use doctrine to The report also makes legislative recommendations to ensure that for non-profit educational purposes, the Congress to update the Copyright Act for the digital integrity of the doctrine is preserved. Further, if educa- age, though it still urges that the interest groups tors are not fully exercising the right to fair use, the involved (faculty, educators, creators, proprietors, and strength of the fair use argument could very well erode. commercial producers) come to their own conclusions A year ago, Fred Hofstetter, Director of the Instruc- and agreements. tional Technology Center at the University of Delaware, These proposed revisions to the Copyright Act have wrote in Educom Review that "the vagueness of the law set off a debate and spurred the establishment of a Digi- and the fear of lawsuits have led school administrators tal Future Coalition (DFC) of scholarly societies, library to publish guidelines that are much more restrictive and educational groups, and corporations that share an than the spirit of the law intends. Some of those guide- interest in having a robust National Information Infra- lines are especially detrimental to the classroom use of structure. The DFC believes the IITF's proposed legisla- multimedia...It must be fair for teachers to change the tive changes are based on "an unbalanced analysis and medium of a work, electronically combine that work
6 A R L1 8 5 A P R I L1 9 9 6 2 with other works for didactic purposes, use the work as COURT RULES ON FAIR USE frequently as needed for students to master the learning objective, and, for students registered in the class, pro- FOR COURSEPACKS vide access from student computer labs, dorm rooms, rA ecent decision by the Sixth Circuit Court of and homes over the information superhighway." / \Appeals in New York has stirred questions The uninitiated might see the copyright literature to Aanew about the fair use doctrine as it applies be a perfect cure for insomnia. But educators must be to a "coursepack" collection of materials. The decision, aware of the implications of recent activities surrounding rendered on February 12, holds that an off-campus, copyright and multimedia. Ivan Bender, CCUMC's for-profit photocopy shop may, as a matter of fair use, copyright attorney stressed, "it is crucial that faculty make coursepacks that include substantial portions of understand the law." Otherwise, they could well be in copyright protected books and sell them to students for a rude awakening. (Princeton University Press v. Michigan Document Services, Inc.). Sources An assessment of this recent ruling was prepared Consortium of College and University Media Centers. for ARL by Kenneth D. Crews, Associate Professor of Fair Use Guidelines for Educational Multimedia (draft). Law and of Library and Information Science at Indiana The draft of the guidelines discussed during the CCUMC University-Purdue University Indianapolis. Mr. Crews satellite broadcast was dated September 13, 1995; the writes that the MDS decision "in its reasoning and con- document continues to be revised based on ongoing clusions ... stands in nearly complete contradistinction discussion within CCUMC. For the current status, to the Kinko's decision of 1991." However, he goes on contact CCUMC at 121 Pearson Hall-MRC, Iowa State to caution that this decision "is not the end of this case. University, Ames, Iowa 50011 (515-294-1811; phone; We have months and possibly years of future appeals." 515-294-8089, fax). "We should at a minimum be wary of simplistic rules. Sweeping requirements of permission for every- Consortium of College and University Media Centers. thing in a coursepack are as overbroad as sweeping Multimedia Fair Use Guidelines: The Educational Gateway claims of fair use. In fact, even the Kinko's decision to the Information Age. Live via satellite, September 21, refused to adopt such a complete prohibition on photo- 1995. A videotape of the broadcast is for sale from copying in coursepacks, and the private settlement in CCUMC; the 1/2" VHS format is $225. that case allowed at least brief excerpts in coursepacks without further permission. Libraries and other organi- Digital Future Coalition zations should rely only cautiously on the MDS ruling
25 A R L1 8 5 0 A P R I L1 9 9 6 7 Prudence S. Adler, Assistant Executive Director-Federal Relations and Information Policy
HEARINGS ON NII COPYRIGHT regarding the impact of the bill on education and stated that libraries and schools were "meticulous" about PROTECTION ACT BEGIN respecting copyright, and that he could not appreciate r-ylhe House Subcommittee on Courts and Intellectual how "as a practical matter" the bill would work or be Property conducted hearings on H.R. 2441, effective. Another perspective was offered by Rep. the NII Copyright Protection Act of 1995, on Bono (R-CA) who characterized the Internet as a February 7-8. Six panels explored selected provisions "tremendous problem" and as "anarchistic." He sug- included in the bill that amends the Copyright Act as gested no one "wants responsibility" in this new envi- proposed in the Commerce Department IITF White ronment but also acknowledged that the "transforma- Paper Intellectual Property in the NII. There were a wide tion of education is a beautiful thing." range of views expressed by both witnesses and Mem- Like Committee members, the witnesses expressed bers attending the hearing. widely opposing views on the bill. Edward Black, Presi- The witnesses were from the commercial sector dent of the Computer and Communications Industry with two notable exceptions, Cornelius Pings, President Association, was highly critical of the legislation and of the Association of American Universities and Jeanne stated, "any final legislative proposal regarding changes Hurley Simon, Chair, National Commission on Libraries in intellectual property must be designed with public and Information Science. expectations in mind, not despite them. Any new legal Chairman Moorhead (R-CA) acknowledged that the construct created or modified to protect the rights of Subcommittee is at the beginning of a long process and copyright owners must vigilantly take into account the expressed the hope that they will move quickly so that paramount and underlying purpose of the intellectual the House will pass H.R. 2441 prior to the end of this property laws: to promote the sciences and useful arts." session. Given the complexities of the bill and the diver- Speaking on the same panel, Jack Valenti, President, gent opinions expressed by witnesses at this set of hear- Motion Picture Association of America, offered a con- ings, a great deal more discussion and deliberation will trary opinion focused on how to provide greater protec- be required in both the House and Senate before consen- tions to intellectual property owners, on the "need to sus is reached. resist the clamor for an exemption for online providers," As Rep. Moorhead stated in his opening statement, and commented that without additional protections, "we are at the beginning of a new frontier in the distrib- owners would be left in "cyberspace cold, stripped of ution and reproduction of copyrighted works" and our protective armor." Many other panelists endorsed "intellectual property has an impact greater than any Mr. Valenti's support for the bill. other on the economy." Co-sponsor Patricia Schroeder On a separate panel, David Ostfield, representing (D-CO) echoed Rep. Moorhead's interest in clarifying the Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the current statute and supported the conclusion in the and Cornelius Pings, were equally critical of the bill. White Paper that there should be third party liability for Speaking on behalf of higher education, Dr. Pings copyright infringement. Rep. Boucher (D-VA) called for stated that "the recommendations of the White Paper, if a "careful balance," that meets the needs of users and implemented, would impose the first economic model providers so that they are "appropriately treated." The a commercial modelonto virtually all intellectual balance, he noted, should include protections for property in the networked environment, posing a seri- providers, address the needs of users, and allow for new ous threat to the continued functioning of scholarly services. In addition, he expressed reservations about communication in that environment." the way provisions in the bill affected "fair use" and its Dr. Pings also endorsed the ARL Intellectual Prop- failure to address the first sale issue or the online service erty Statement of Principles as well as a statement sub- provider liability issue. He also called for revision and mitted for the hearing record by five library associa- amendment to the provisions relating to copyright man- tions, including ARL (see below). agement information. In her statement, Jeanne Simon, NCLIS, urged the Throughout the two days of testimony, Rep. Bouch- Subcommittee to "allow time to carefully research and er repeatedly called for a resolution to these issues prior understand the consequences of proposed changes on to the bill moving forward, focusing in particular on the the general public.jand that] Congress should make a online liability issues and the impact of provisions in the special effort to hear viewpoints from all interested par- bill on distance education. Rep. Goodlatte (R-VA) ties concerning the proposed changes." shared many of Rep. Boucher's concerns and stated that The Senate Committee on the Judiciary has indicat- the provisions regarding encryption and copyright man- ed that there will be hearings on the companion bill, agement information are "too far-reaching." S. 1284, but the Committee has not set a date. Rep. Lofgren (D-CA) was extremely concerned 26 8 A R L1 8 5 0 A P R I L1 9 9 6 Excerpts From the Library Community COMMUNICATIONS DECENCY ACT Statement on ILR. 2441, The NH CHALLENGED IN LAWSUIT Copyright Protection Act of 1995 RL has joedin a broad-based coalition, the Citizens / \ Internet Empowerment Coalition (CIEC), in a O The proposed legislation will greatly strengthen lawsuit that challenges provisions of the the rights of copyright proprietors in the electronic Telecommunications Act of 1996 signed into law by environment, providing them with near total President Clinton on February 8 (see ARL 184, pg. 8). control over the reproduction, distribution, and use The contentious provisions, known as the Communica- of their works. This level of control is far beyond tions Decency Act (CDA), make it illegal to knowingly what they enjoy today and will substantially raise transmit or display "indecent" or "patently offensive" the cost and reduce the flow of information that has sexual material over the network where minors may fueled growth in research, education, and creativity be able to view it. The lead plaintiff in the suit is the in American society. American Library Association; other plaintiffs include the American Booksellers Association, America Online, O In developing a digital update to the Copyright Microsoft, and Wired magazine. The suit will be consoli- Act, the existing balance should be maintained dated with another lawsuit filed by the American Civil by coupling provisions that benefit copyright Liberties Union (ACLU) on February 19. A federal owners with similar provisions for the benefit of judge has temporarily blocked the CDA until a panel information users. From the Library perspective, of judges hears arguments in the case. the need for this balance is particularly acute in the At a press briefing held in Washington, DC on Fair Use (Section 107) and Library provisions of February 26, Bruce Ennis of the law firm of Jenner and the Act (Section 108). Block, legal counsel for the ALA and lead attorney for CIEC, noted that the Internet is vastly different from oangress should resolve the issue of online service other communications media, and that "it is necessary provider liability by amending the law to provide to educate the courts to these distinctions in a way that that such providers are not liable for the acts of their the Congress was not informed." He made three argu- users, where they have no actual knowledge of an ments for challenging the constitutionality of the CDA: alleged infringement. its wording is overbroad, completely vague, and impre- cise; it makes no distinction between materials that may Also included in the statement is library be inappropriate for a very young child versus a seven- community recommended language to amend teen-year-old college student; and it is unnecessary Section 107 "to ensure that robust fair use in the because technologies are already available that provide electronic environment in an integral part" of protection for children without abridging the first the reformed Act; and to amend Section 108 "to amendment rights of adults. recognize the role of libraries and archives in Additional information about the progress of the the digital era," particularly for the purpose of case, including a full list of plaintiffs and coalition preservation of research material. members, is being made available at the CIEC Web site: The February 8th statement was filed with
27
A R L1 8 5 0 A P R I L1 9 9 6 9 I I\ Il ; ke, ; 1'11 1'1 a, 1.1 kei i 41'1 I
Paul Evan Peters, Executive Director
NETWORKED INFORMATION IN AN of electronic library services, to allow academic libraries to cope better with growth, to explore different models INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT of intellectual property management, and to encourage ibrarians, information technologists, and academics new methods of scholarly publishing. Currently, the from the United Kingdom and the United States eLib initiative is funding fifty projects in the following I agreed that in today's global information society, areas: document delivery, electronic journals, digitiza- there are many opportunities for multi-national collabo- tion, on-demand publishing, training and awareness, rations on networked information projects. This conclu- access to network resources, supporting studies, and sion was reached at the Networked Information in an Inter- images. national Context conference in London on February 9-10, New initiatives will be in the areas of preprints and 1996. The conference, sponsored by the U.K. Office for grey literature, quality assurance (refereeing), and elec- Library and Information Networking (UKOLN) in asso- tronic reserves. Sir Brian closed his remarks on the eLib ciation with the Coalition for Networked Information initiative by noting that the time is approaching when (CNI), CAUSE, the Joint Information Systems Commit- the developers must take the projects from experimental tee (JISC) of the three U.K. Higher Education Funding stage to the mass implementation stage, and it will be Councils, and the British Library (BL), was the first important to integrate the eLib projects with each other joint effort of these groups. The conference facilitated as well as with similar projects outside of the U.K. In communication about networked information priorities, this way, we will build the infrastructure for the digital strategies, and issues among senior managers of infor- library. mation resources. In addition, the conference show- The second plenary session included presentations cased initiatives in networked information in the by Terry Cannon and John Mahoney of the British U.S. and in the far-reaching and well-organized U.K. initiative known as the eLib Programme. Library. Mr. Cannon described the long history of In her welcome to over one hundred fifty attendees, research on electronic library projects by the BL and Lynne Brindley, chair of the U.K. Library Programme noted that partnerships and joint funding will be a large of JISC, noted that "all of the boundaries are disappear- part of BL's future. He described the success of the ing," as exemplified by the speakers from both sides of UKOLN effort that has resulted in a powerful facility for the Atlantic and the many sectors of academe represent- awareness, advice, research, and standards. He also ed on the program: faculty, librarians, information described the increased interest by the BL in networking projects in all types of libraries. Mr. Mahoney stated technologists, academic administrators, and others. She commented that JISC has pushed a program featuring that the BL's goal is to be a major center for storage of information and its management as well as strategies for and access to digital texts required for research by the service delivery. She noted that through membership in year 2000. They are supporting pilots and demonstra- CNI's Task Force and contact over the past few years, lions to exploit networking and information technology JISC had been influenced by CNI in the development of to develop new services. In their vision of the digital its program. Paul Evan Peters, Executive Director, library, there will be: Coalition for Networked Information, also welcomed O Integrated access to the BL and other collections the attendees and called for those present to ensure the O Organized and indexed digital collections building of an infrastructure that serves the needs of global science and scholarship. O Digital collections integrated with traditional In the keynote address, Sir Brian Follett reported on library collections the achievements, plans, and problems of the University O Increased access Libraries Review Group of the Joint Information Sys- O Assurance of continued availability of informa- tems Committee. The primary vehicle for addressing tion resources the recommendations of the 1993 Follett Report O Staff who have needed competencies to manage
A R L1 8 5 0 A P R I L1 9 9 6 In the closing plenary session, Richard West, Vice Chancellor, California State University and Chair of PROJECT BMEFINGS the CNI Steering Committee, presented his view of the Electronic Journals changing costs of information in the networked envi- O The CLIC Electronic Journal Project by Henry ronment. He described a framework, developed Rzepa, Imperial College, U.K. through an Association of American Universities (AAU) / Association of Research Libraries (ARL) O Internet Archaeology: Overcoming the Obstacles process which examined the potential effect of digital and Using the Opportunities by Seamus Ross, information resources on universities' costs for acquir- The British Academy, U.K. ing, storing and delivering information. Mr. West O From Ephemeral to Integral: Collaborative noted that currently our strategies for the electronic Management of Electronic Journals by Barbara market are based on our practices in the print environ- Allen, CIC Center for Library Initiatives, U.S. ment. We expect savings through resource sharing and savings in the acquisitions budget. However, in Teaching and Learning the networked information environment, savings may O New Learning Communities in the Networked be in other areas, e.g. storage, access, and circulation. Environment by Jana Bradley, Indiana University In addition, improving technology enables conceptual at IUPUI, U.S. changes in our view of the scholarly communications O Technology Enhanced Language Learning: A process. For example, we can eliminate the presump- Consortium Approach by Graham Chesters, The tion that the end result of the scholarly communication TELL Consortium, University of Hull, U.K. process is a print publication. In conclusion, Mr. West O IT POINT: Networking in the Community by stated that mixed models of scholarly communication Gulshan Kayam and Sue Turner, IT POINT are inevitable in this transition period. He urged the Project Solihull, U.K. attendees to focus on increasing support for fair use in the electronically empowered network environment, Management and Service Issues to explore cooperative content agreements with infor- O Information Services: Threat or Opportunity by mation providers that maximize economies of scale, to Richard Field, University of Edinburgh, U.K. keep public information in the public domain, to O Empowering the Millenium Citizen: Public invest in local campus networks, and to encourage a Library Networking Initiatives, The Library competitive market in scholarly information content. Association Millenium Project and Project EARL At the close of the meeting, Mr. Peters called for by Philippa Dobson, LA/EARL/UKOLN Joint more learning by doing, specifically supporting some Public Libraries Networking Initiative, U.K. cooperative and collaborative initiatives between U.S. O Collaboration: Partnerships between Librarians and U.K. projects. He suggested joint projects, replica- and Information Technologists by Joan Lippincott, tion of projects, exchanges of personnel, and work- Coalition for Networked Information, U.S. shops as possible follow-ups to this meeting. He also encouraged the sponsors to consider addressing such Networked Information Discovery cross-cutting perspectives and issues as economic and Retrieval models, strategic standards, assessment and perfor- A Summary of the Findings of CNI's NIDR mance measures, access by the disabled, preservation, Research Initiative by Clifford Lynch, University new learning communities, and collaboration. Finally, of California, Office of the President, U.S. he called for the next steps of the sponsors to be car- e The Subject Approach to Network Navigation by ried out in a broader international context. Nicky Ferguson, University of Bristol, U.K. Following the main meeting, invited delegates from the U.S. and U.K. met to evaluate the completed O Resource Organization and Discovery by Lorcan meeting and to discuss next steps. These leaders Dempsey, UKOLN, U.K. expressed commitment to the expansion of partners Technical Issues to involve additional countries, voiced a strong desire o Electronic Support for Scholarly Communication: for joint projects and exchanges of personnel, and Developing an Electronic Community by Dov expressed enthusiasm for building on the success of Gabbay, Imperial College, U.K. and Hans Jurgen this conference. Ohlback, Max Planck Institute, Germany Joan Lippincott, Assistant Executive Director O Administrative Computing Meets the Web: Discover the Possibilities by David Koehler, Princeton University, U.S. 29 ARL 185 0 APRIL 199611 I . I I ' hi" 1, oi IM I I I 11. aiL\ I I I I 11 \
DIRECTORS OF THREE MONTHS advantage of having worked together and having explored contemporary leadership ideas during the AND 22 YEARS SHARE AN previous five years. OMS WORKSHOP EXPERIENCE The OMS Institute was an opportunity for senior by Michael Ridley, Chief Librarian, University of Guelph management groups to work together, to learn common and Murray Shepherd, University Librarian, University skills, and to test key concepts and ideas that could form of Waterloo the basis of the management philosophy of both organi- From November 27 to December 1 we attended an zations. Office of Management Services institute, Library Inter-Institutional Cooperation Management Skills Institute II: The Management Because many participants were from three neighboring Process. This is notable since it was the first time in the institutions (Waterloo, Guelph, and Wilfrid Laurier) that experience of the two instructors (George Soete and are engaged in an innovative program of inter-institu- Kathryn Deiss) that one, let alone two, library directors tional collaboration, there was an added dimension to had been at any of their management institutes. Appar- the Institute. ently attendance by directors is rare. Our experiences The Institute offered an opportunity for staff at the during the week suggest that there is considerable value three institutions to observe each other in operation and for directors in this forum. to see the commitment of the senior executives to collab- We both attended with senior management staff orative learning and open processes. It was an impor- from our own and several other universities. This mix- tant, visible opportunity for the directors to "walk the ing of directors with their own management group talk." made the week challenging and ultimately very reward- ing. In previous workshops we had often heard staff Mental Models from other libraries say "I wish my director or boss had Much of the Institute was framed by ideas of the learn- come to hear these things." In our case the boss was ing organization as articulated by Peter Senge (The Fifth there, the boss did hear the same things, and the boss Discipline). While we were familiar with Senge's work, was a co-learner. it was fascinating to see it revealed during the week. The result was an important team-building experi- It was particularly interesting to address issues sur- ence. This shared experience has already been drawn rounding the idea of mental models (assumptions we upon as a touchstone to good ideas and management have about how things work or how we should act). processes. Mental models have a strong effect on how we manage. Recognizing and understanding our own mental mod- The First Day els are significant personal challenges. Having said these positive things, we have to admit that The OMS Institute also presented the concept of the the first day of the Institute was trying. Our presence "single loop learner" (as described in Chris Argyris' caused some tension. Even our own staff, who were article "Teaching Smart People How to Learn"). The aware that we would be there, were uneasy; they main idea expressed here is that certain behaviors are expressed concern about being open, honest, and free reinforced by success. These same behaviors can with their director present. Some other participants become unconscious barriers to learning. Clearly this may have been cautious too. There was some concern speaks specifically to directors. This was revealed in that a director would come to such institutes; some were our sessions, with our staff as both participants and looking for an ulterior motive. spectators, as we confronted our own mental models. One participant said it showed "courage" by the We wrestled, sometimes almost helplessly, with directors. This comment actually made us uneasy. assumptions that lead us into actions or decisions that What were we in for? As a result, on the second day, were ultimately counterproductive to the role-playing the group agreed to a new ground rule for the week: exercise or to the group work we were engaged in dur- the level playing field. ing the sessions. It was exactly the right kind of expo- Team Building sure and learning experience. Our mental models were At the libraries of both the Universities of Guelph and being gently, but resolutely, dismantled. Waterloo there is extensive management restructuring Co-learners in process. Waterloo is moving slowly but deliberately The best learning occurs in these intense moments toward a team-based management structure. Guelph's of revelation or flashes of understanding and aware- new director (three months) is in the initial stages of an ness. Unquestionably this was of great personal value organizational renewal program to introduce new struc- to us; it was also important that this experience occurred tures and processes to the library. We had the additional in the presence of our senior management group. We 3 12ARL 185 G APRIL 1996 recognized, first hand, the textbook declaration, the firm, Library Funding Associates; and Richard White, importance of lifelong learning. We realized that all Certified Fund-Raising Executive (CFRE) and Director of staff must continually learn, retool themselves, and Development for Libraries & Information Technology at open up for new experiences and new ideas, including Emory University. US. This is a prime opportunity for networking with Some also might say we publicly displayed our "the experts" and your peers. Please join us at this shortcomings or revealed weaknesses. For our staff and exciting program to be hosted by the University of others in the institute it helped to build stronger rela- Colorado at Boulder, October 21-23. tionships, relationships built on trust gathered through For information or registration, contact Christine challenging collective experiences. Seebold, ARL/OMS Training Program Assistant, phone Did we feel vulnerable or exposed? Did we feel (202) 296-8656, fax (202) 872-0884, email defensive or abused (especially when the group [email protected]. engaged in a lively round of "library administration bashing")? No, quite the opposite. Our leadership TECHNICAL SERVICES WORKSTATIONS roles were strengthened and enhanced by becoming co-learners. DOUBLE CATALOGING PRODUCTION Why don't more directors attend these institutes? s librariesincreasingly find themselves operating In part we think it is because they feel they already U more like businesses and under pressure to know the material (or should know the material). A improve their efficiencies, investing in powerful more significant barrier is concern about learning with Technical Services Workstations (TSWs) has come to other staff members and risking the public revelations make more and more sense from every perspective. that inevitably come during intense and rewarding TSWs are defined as a networked personal computer learning experiences. that has been customized for use in technical services Why should more directors attend? We all recog- departments, but which also includes the entire suite of nize that it is important for directors to continually standard administrative applications. SPEC Kit #213 learn. More important, however, it is worthwhile for Technical Services Workstations documents the number of senior management and administrative groups in a titles cataloged annually: the 37 responding institutions library to engage in common, team-building experiences with TSWs averaged 65,073, compared to 31,478 in the focused on real issues. The OMS Institutes are ideal 21 without. Supporting documentation relating to hard- forums for these opportunities. ware, software, and ergonomic considerations are also included. This Kit was compiled by members of the Program TRAINING INSTITUTE FOR LIBRARY for Cooperative Cataloging Standing Committee on DEVELOPMENT OFFICERS Automation: Judith Brugger, Cornell University; to be hosted by the University of Colorado at Boulder, Michael Kaplan, Harvard University; and Joseph Kiegel, October 21-23, 1996 University of Washington. . The ARL/Office of Management Services (OMS) Please consult ARL's online Publications Catalog and the Development Officers in Research and
A R L1 8 5 0 A P R I L1 9 9 6 13 , T-Aff-IS-TifeS NT 11 '`U-REMENT Martha Kyrillidou, Program Officer for Statistics and Measurement
SERVICE TRENDS CHARTED IN NEWLY for students and faculty has risen by more than a third, instructional sessions in libraries by a third, and circula- RELEASED ARL STATISTICS tions and information contacts by around 15 percent. by Kendon Stubbs, Associate University Librarian, One could speculate that the increasing availability University of Virginia of information in new electronic formats allows libraries he newly published ARL Statistics, 1994-95 includes to be more efficient in meeting some of the information six questions about public service activities that needs of students while also enhancing the ways in have been collected in the past through the ARL which libraries provide service. For example, online cata- Supplementary Survey: circulations (initial, total, and logs and new information tools such as CD-ROMs have reserve), reference transactions, and library instruction made library resources more easily accessible to library (group presentations and participants in these presenta- users, consequently increasing circulation of materials tions). With the recognition that the success of an academ- and general demand for other library services. ic library is dependent not only on the resources it houses, Perhaps most interestingly, by 1995 one of every four but also on how the resources are used by customers, the instructional sessions in a typical ARL library had been measurement of service has become increasingly impor- added since 1991. The 108 university library members of tant. Together with the continuing interlibrary loan ques- ARL provided 68,000 teaching sessions during 1994-95. tions, the new service questions describe a range of public If we assume that each session was an hour or more, service activities in ARL libraries. Readers should be cau- then, on the average, the typical ARL library offered the tious about using these data for institution to institution equivalent of 14 three-credit-hour courses last year. comparison because different local policies can influence These increases in service activities were carried out the measurement of such activities. For example, loan by approximately the same number of staff as in 1991. In periods vary widely among libraries, and the number of five years, library staff accommodated increases of 13,000 circulation and ILL transactions a library reports depends instructional sessions, almost 10 million additional circu- to some extent on the length of loan periods. lations, and almost 2 million additional requests for infor- With this in mind, however, it is useful to look at the mation assistance from students and faculty. Clearly, growth of services in ARL libraries. The accompanying restructuring and re-engineering of staff functions has graph illustrates that there has been a significant increase been underway in ARL libraries to support increases of in services delivered to users, without a corresponding such magnitude in staff workloads. increase in the staffing of libraries. It is clear that user demand for research library services has risen consider- ARL Statistics, 1994-95 was published in March and ably faster than numbers of both users and library staffs. can be purchased from ARL Publications. 'Please consult During the 1990s, ARL library staffs and their primary ARL's online Publications Catalog
SERVICE TRENDS IN MEDIAN VALUES FOR ARL LIBRARIES, 1991-1995 TIME-SERIES TRENDS 40 Year Interlibrary Library Total Reference Total Total BorrowingInstructionCirculation Transactions Staff Students 35 - (No. of 30 - - Libraries) (106) (87) (87) (83) (106) (106) 25 1991 10,342 512 501,128 131,441 271 18,290 20 - 1992 11,318 535 536,039 132,574 267 18,273 1993 12,486 620 559,383 139,044 263 18,450 1994 13,996 569 570,671 152,706 266 18,287 1995 14,403 683 575,731 149,326 267 18,089
5 Annual 8.6% 7.5% 3.5% 3.2% -0.4% -0.3% average percent I I MUM MN= change Interlibrary Library Total Reference Total Total -5- Borrowing InstructionCirculationTransactions Staff Students +39% +33%* +15%** +14% (-1%) (-1%) `Library Instruction represents the number of Group Presentations **Total Circulation includes Initial and Renewals but excludes Reserve Circulation
32 A R L1 8 5 0 A P R I L1 9 9 6 A\ MP I IOW
I 1\ 1 I
G. Jaia Barrett, Deputy Executive Director
UPCOMING WORKSHOPS and creatively build on the rich diversity of the nation's cultural heritage. With the support of the Gladys The Role of Assessment in Kreible Delmas Foundation, ARL joined for the first Advancing Diversity for Libraries year of the initiative. The formation of NINCH is the May 2-3, 1996 Washington, DC result of long standing collaborations among the Responds to the interest in and the need for assessment Coalition for Networked Information, the American strategies in libraries, and applies this expertise to devel- Council of Learned Societies, and the Getty Art History oping diversity programs for library personnel. The Information Program. assessment process offers an opportunity to understand how diversity is viewed and dealt with in the library, assists in identifying where there is a need to strengthen TRANSITIONS AT ARL Three key members of the ARL staff have announced skills or focus to advance a diversity agenda, and pro- plans to leave the association. vides a baseline for measuring future progress. Work- Kriza Jennings is resigning as Program Officer shop leaders: Kriza Jennings and Martha Kyrillidou. for Minority Recruitment and Cultural Diversity effec- $250 ARL Members, $300 Nonmembers. tive June 30, 1996. Kriza came to ARL in 1990 to help Conducting User Surveys in Academic Libraries establish a new and ongoing capability to attract and July 5, 1996 New York, NY retain talent for research libraries and to help these insti- Presents the basic concepts and steps in conducting a tutions thrive in an increasingly diverse cultural and user survey: defining objectives, sampling, measure- racial environment. During her 6 years at the Associa- ment scales, logistics, data analysis, and report writing. tion she has worked with a variety of member-leader $125 ARL Members, $175 Nonmembers groups to define what is needed, to secure the financial Statistics for Librarians resources, and to work directly with member libraries to make it happen. With Kriza's leadership, this set of September 26-27, 1996 Washington, DC issues has emerged as a key element in the ARL agenda. Introduces librarians to basic statistical concepts includ- Susan Jurow is resigning as Director of ARL's ing central tendency, variability, and inferential statis- Office of Management Services to accept the position tics. of Executive Director of the College and University $300 ARL Members, $350 Nonmembers Personnel Association, effective June 1, 1996. Susan has Registration inquiries to: been at ARL since 1984 when she was recruited as a Training Officer for OMS. During her 11 years at ARL, Allyn Fitzgerald, [email protected] she has held a number of positions and served as the Program inquiries to: point person for a wide range of projects. Of special Martha Kyrillidou, [email protected] significance was her leadership in fostering the develop- ARL, 21 Dupont Circle, NW, Washington, DC 20036 ment of ARL's diversity and minority recruitment Phone: (202) 296-2296Fax: (202) 872-0884 program; most recently, she served as Acting Director of ARL's Office of Scientific and Academic Publishing. TRANSITIONS Jutta Reed-Scott is retiring as Senior Program Nebraska: Joan Giesecke, formerly Associate Dean of Officer for Preservation and Collections Services at the Libraries, was named Dean of Libraries effective March 1. end of July 1996. During the past 13 years, Jutta has Notre Dame: Robert C. Miller, Director of Libraries held a series of positions and has made crucial contribu- since 1978, announced he will retire as soon as a tions to the ARL agenda. She oversees the operation of successor is found. the Preservation Planning Program and has served as Rutgers: Frank Polack took a leave of absence for project director for the multi-year effort to create reasons associated with his health; Marianne Gaunt, machine-readable records for the National Register of Associate Librarian for Research and Undergraduate Microform Masters. Most recently, she directed ARL's Services, was appointed Acting University Libiarian. Foreign Acquisitions Project and is playing an active role in implementing the three AAU/ARL global NINCH: David L. Green, Director of Communications, resources demonstration projects. New York Foundation of the Arts, was appointed the Collectively, these three women have worked for founding Executive Director of the National Initiative the Association for over 30 years. Their contributions to for a Networked Cultural Heritage (NINCH), effective ARL's agenda and programs are significant and long- March 8. The initiative seeks to encourage the lasting, leaving a strengthened legacy within the Associ- development of the GII as a means to preserve, access, ation and within North American research libraries. 33 A R L1 8 5 0 A P R I L1 9 9 6 15 A I I lV A A 41 I -MARK711/A 1 L onENa El -1101 MK 1=11
ARL: A Bimonthly Newsletter of Research Library Issues Executive Director: Duane E. Webster and Actions (US ISSN 1050-6098) is published six times Editor: G. Jaia Barrett, Deputy Executive Director a year by the Association of Research Libraries, Communications Specialist: Michael Matthews 21 Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20036. Designer: Kevin Osborn, Research & Design, Ltd., Arlington, VA 202-296-2296 FAX 202-872-0884 Copyright: © 1996 by the Subscriptions: Members$25 per year for additional Association of Research Libraries subscri tion; Nonmembers$50 erear. ARL policy is to grant blanket permission to reprint any article in be noted for certain articles. For commercial use, a reprint the newsletter for educational use as long as the source, author, issue, request should be sent to the ARL Information Services Coordinator. and page numbers are acknowledged. Exceptions to this policy may
CALENAR996
May6-7 U.S. National Library Legislative Day and Briefings ARL PUBLISHES PROCEEDINGS Washington, DC has published Proceedings of the ARL 124th Annual Meeting, The Research May 14-17 ARL Board and Membership ALibrary the Day After Tomorrow. The otz?" Meeting book contains papers or summaries of the pro- Vancouver, British Columbia gram held in Austin, Texas, May1994on the Canada transformation of all facets of scholarly commu- July 4-10 American Library Association nication and how this will affect research New York, NY libraries. Included is Richard Lanham's well- cfq received paper on "The Economics of Atten- July 29-30 ARL Board Meeting tion" and the panels, membership discussion, Washington, DC and adoptation of the AAU Research Libraries (.11 August25-31 International Federation of Project recommendations. Proceedings are avail- Library Associations able by standing order($45for members,$70 Beijing, China for others) or individually($25for members, $35for others). Please consult ARL's online October13-16 LITA/LAMA National Publications Catalog
November18-25 NASULGC Annual Meeting San Diego, CA
3 4 A BIMONTHLY NEWSLETTER OF RESEARCH LIBRARY ISSUES AND ACTIONS Current Issues O'N JNIVERSITIs As AGL-NTS OFCHANGE b David W. Stran ,President, Universit o British Columbia
Editor's Note: In a keynote address delivered May 16 opened its doors. The course description could to a joint program of ARL and the Canadian Associa- well be identical and it could have been the same tion of Research Libraries, Dr. Strangway reminded in 1925, in 1935, and in every year to the present. the audience that the changes we in higher education And yet think of the changes in that time to the now face are of our own making. His remarks include actual teaching in the course. Relativity, quantum examples of how the foundations for our knowledge- physics, solid state physics, low temperature intensive, interconnected world came from the research physics, the uncertainty principle, lasers, and on 7ri undertaken in laboratories and universities. Applying and on; all subjects that were not even on the hori- modern chaos theory to research organizations, he goes zon in 1915. on to cite libraries and network technologies as essen- Even in a few years, the content of this course tial contributors to new forms of communication with- will change dramatically. It will be different .0 in and among research enterprises and as the source for every year and yet always based on fundamental organizational agility and responsiveness. principles. And the same could be said for every other discipline as the discipline moves ahead, Universities are often cited as among those sometimes changing in spurts, sometimes in leaps institutions most unwilling to change. and bounds, but always continuously changing. 00 I thought first I would develop a slightly It has been estimated that 30% or more of the different themeuniversities as agents of change U.S. gross national product can be traced directly that undergo continuous change. Are we on the to the revolution in modern physics in the 1920's. receiving end of change or arewe in significant Think, for example, of some of the major events measure the cause of change? that have been the basis for today's information In thinking of continuous change, I asked revolution. The first major step was the remark- myself what changes take place in one of our most able advances of the 1920's with the discovery of important functionsteaching. What would the quantum processes and the development of wave catalogue description of a course such as Intro- mechanics as an alternate way to describe the ductory Physics 100 look like in 1996? It would nature of matter. probably say "This course is an introduction to This fundamental and exciting period chal- the principles of modem physics. These princi- lenged all conventional thinking. The research ples form the underpinning of today's scientific certainly had nothing whatsoever to do with the method; they build on a knowledge of elementary search for practical results. As time went on, the calculus. Examples from the world around us are first glimmerings of solid state physics were used to illustrate these principles." developed and the energy band gaps that became I then imagined what the description of that the basis for such devices as the transistor. But course might have been like 81 years ago, the year these were not possible without the incredible that the University of British Columbia (UBC) progress made in the preparation of ultra-pure
3 5 IENTiSS Continued materials and the ability to dope these materials with principal agents of change. It is our research and our controlled and very minute amounts of impurities. The faculty members and our graduates who have been, and metallurgical and materials developments of the 40's continue to be, the cause of those changes that have dri- made it possible to manufacture solid state devices. ven us into the knowledge-intensive, interconnected In the late 40's, a whole new field of communication world. Every time you use a portable computer or use a theory was developed to try to get the maximum modern medical breakthrough or, for that matter, travel amount of information into radio or telegraphic com- by car or plane, stop and think about the thousands of munications. Thus was laid the foundations for the university faculty members and their students who remarkable digital breakthroughs of the 50's and 60's. made all this possible. Whole new industries were built on these research This province is very proud of its newly found developments, carried out initially without practical bridges to the Pacific. There is no doubt of this signifi- purpose or expectation of economic returns. In my own cance. But in the 1930's, UBC started its first courses on field of geophysics, the digital revolution that came out Japan and China. Nobody told UBC that this was impor- of the universities created whole new ways of sounding tant. My predecessors at UBC understood very well that the earth for its resources. This revolution made Hous- Canadians must be increasingly aware of other nations ton, London, and Calgary the largest computing centers and become excited about the intellectual challenge of in the world. And yet today, we take for granted our learning and understanding about Asia and its languages ability to communicate around the world instantly, and and cultures. Even here, we can see that universities we have massive computing power in our own posses- have been the basis for the change driving us to focus on sion. All of these developments can be traced to the Pacific. This knowledge came directly from the stud- research carried out in the universities of the world. ies carried out by our predecessors in the universities. This research has become the basis for a massive I cannot predict the changes that we will face in the share of the world's economy and can all be traced months, years, and decades ahead. If I knew what they through dozens of chains of seemingly irrelevant were going to be, it would be too late to do anything research carried out in university laboratories around about them anyway. Instead, what I do know is that the world. The roots of the revolution in information what your and our faculty members are doing today technology comes directly from the universities. will be the basis for the next generation of changes Today, we read almost weekly about new break- whatever they may be. throughs in biomedical research, based on our ever- This is an interesting time indeed as companies and improving knowledge of genetics. Major industries governments are downsizing. I was intrigued by the have been built on the new biotechnologies but again, words of Matt Barrett, Chairman and CEO of the Bank all of this can be traced to basic research, carried out in of Montreal. He observed that any company that need- hundreds, if not thousands, of laboratories around the ed massive downsizing was a company that had not world. None of the pioneers could have had any idea of been well managed. We, at UBC, are especially proud what changes in our world would be unleashed by their of the fact that 40% of our faculty were hired in the last work or that the economies of the world would be dri- 10 years. This is massive change and yet it represents ven by them. Again, the biotechnology revolution is constant renewal and change. Four percent per year is a firmly based in university research. very sensible rate of renewal and we have not massively But we need not restrict our thinking to scientific downsized for the simple reason that our people are all revolutions. New ways of thinking in the social sciences working hard and effectively. and humanities are causing us to reexamine our I was also intrigued by recent words by Peter Senge, approach to policies, to values and ethics, to new ways author of The Fifth Discipline. He pointed out that of learning and to being sure we understand the best of companies are becoming more like universities as they yesterday to illumine today, and to help us be ready for delayer their many layers of management, as they focus tomorrow. Some years ago I was in a traffic jam behind on their people and increasingly empower their people. a bus in England. A large billboard proclaimed "How I can't think of anyone more empowered than a tenured like the British to preserve the best of the past while faculty member. adopting the best of the new." I thought, "What a good But this is the very basis of creativity, the academic description of universities," except I would have added freedom to create change without fear of retribution, "while creating the best of the new." and to dedicate oneself to those esoteric subjects that There seems to be a perception that universities are will be the unpredictable basis for tomorrow's change. unresponsive, unchanging institutions. Nothing could But none of this is to say that we do not have to con- be further from the truth. Through the centuries, and tinue to be sure that our people have the tools for the certainly through the 20th century, we have been the change.
A R L1 8 6 J U N E1 9 9 6 A very interesting concept linking modern chaos has on many of your campuses, it began with a belief theory to organizations was published recently. Chaos in the importance of broadening the communication theory is quite technical but it describes the characteris- beyond the university. tics of self-organizing systems. Examples range from One concrete result already underway is the col- the microscopic in the physical and biological worlds to laboration between the University of British Columbia the giant. For example, it explains how galaxies, with and Simon Fraser University, to co-sponsor a three- their great orderly patterns, arise from random clouds day national conference on scholarly communication, of gas or how some of the wonderful biological systems March 6-8, 1997. The purpose of the conference is to become ordered. The key to deriving order from chaos bring together the key players in Canadian scholarly to develop a self-organizing communication including system is communication. If The network associated with the library researchers and scholars, you think of this model then is what empowers each individual and, journal editors and pub- as applied to organizations, in turn, this empowerment, linked by lishers, technical consul- the common link that creates tants, CARL, AUCC, order out of all the things information and communication, SSHRC, NSERC, Industry that faculty members do in is what creates order out of chaos. Canada, Department of their teaching and research, Canadian Heritage repre- is communications. Here, of course, is the central role sentatives, learned societies, faculty associations, com- of the library and all the modern technologies that are munications law scholars, senior librarians, and uni- required to create this needed communication. The versity administrators. The goal of the conference is to network associated with the library is what empowers share knowledge, skills, and technology, and to pro- each individual and, in turn, this empowerment, linked vide the foundation for a national strategic plan for by information and communication, is what creates scholarly communication. A policy-drafting commit- order out of chaos. tee will be nominated by the conference. The strategic What I find attractive about this concept is that it plan will be designed to enhance the primary function describes the characteristics of a university very well and of scholarly communication: to share knowledge. ensures that we are not a top down organization as in a CARL and the Association of Universities and classic corporate command and control model. Rather, Colleges of Canada (AUCC) published a discussion we already function as a delegate and empower organi- paper, "Towards a New Paradigm for Scholarly zation; and what makes this work is communication. In Communication," in September 1995. It focuses on turn, the library is the key element of this communica- the current "crisis" in scholarly communication based tion strategy in all of its manifestation. As I see it, this is on print media arising from the following problems: the source of our agility and our responsiveness as the copyright surrender to publisher; escalating cost of corporate world is only now discovering. subscriptions for work done for free largely by the I was interested to see in the mission statements of readership of the journals; long delays between both your organizations the focus on an effective agility research and publication; and a proliferation of print strategy. I know that both ARL and CARL are proac- journals and limited library serials budgets. The paper tive, looking to see what is coming, and working to proposes a number of actions to help alleviate these shape the forces of change in a way that helps the uni- problems in the areas of copyright reform, intellectual versity achieve order out of chaos. This is key to me property policies of universities, and tenure and pro- and my colleagues (your presidents) in achieving our motion policies. It concludes that collaboration is a missions for our universities. necessary component of reform, and advocates pro- This understanding of this communication is being moting "partnerships which apply new networking developed by librarians through consortial library technologies" within universities as well as outside, groups that must include the various university com- and promoting "efficient resource-sharing between munity membersfaculty, students, deans, department universities in Canada and abroad." heads, and even presidents. Collaborative strategies such as these I've This discussion is beginning at UBC through a described are needed to build the understanding that mechanism of Library Advisory Committees for each of is the first step to gaining acceptance of and support the faculties, and through university-wide committees for change. Understanding is the basis of consensus which focus on change. We now have committees look- building, which is needed for effective change to take ing at rights and responsibilities in the communication place. It may even lead to enthusiasm! As for leader- age and at infrastructure designed to make electronic ship rolesleadership has to be and can be every- materials available to all. Although this particular activ- where and is everyone's responsibility in a self-orga- ity began within the confines of our own campus, as it nizing system.
37 A R L1 8 6 o J U N E1 9 9 6 3 STATISTIeS-&-MEASUREMNT Martha Kyrillidou, Program Officer for Statistics and Measurement
TRENDS IN EXPENDITURES ARL data has also charted the impact of the library materials trends on Resources per Student. Libraries FOR LIBRARY MATERIALS acquired 30% fewer monographs and 8% fewer serials per n a previous column in ARL, Kendon Stubbs described student now than they did in 1986. That is actually 840 the increasing demand for library services as docu- ....mented in ARL Statistics 1994-95. While the demand serial titles and 1,560 monographs per 1,000 students in for library services is increasing, library budgets are 1995 compared to 910 serial titles and 2,220 monographs constrained by the pressures of increasing costs for purchased per 1,000 students in 1986. Last year, the medi- library materials. an number of volumes added per student increased over ARL data show that since 1986 the unit price that 1986 levels for the first time in the last decade with 4.43 research libraries paid for serials increased by 138%. In volumes added per student compared to the 4.18 volumes spite of a doubling of the serials budget during this peri- added per student in 1986. od, the number of serials acquired actually declined by In sum,`purchases of fewer serials and monographs, 8%. During the same decade, ARL library expenditures coupled with increases in expenditures for serials and for monographs increased by 22%. However, when com- monographs, are indicators of the declining purchasing bined with a unit price increase for monographs of 58%, power of academic libraries. the number of monographs purchased declined by 23%. Some form of "serial pricing problems" have Law and Medical Library Data recurred throughout the 20th century but the last decade For the first time this year, ARL compiled and published has seen such extraordinary price increases that in many disaggregated data on law and medical library compo- libraries, serial cancellations is the norm. During the last nents of ARL university libraries. The accompanying six years, serial price increases have occured in an alter- table presents monograph and serial costs broken out for nating manner with one year of double-digit increase fol- law and medical libraries. Additional data are available lowed by a year of single-digit increase. Since 1986, on in the new statistical series published by ARL in May: average, the annual increase in unit prices was 11.4% for ARL Academic Law and Medical Library Statistics. Please serials compared to 5.9% for monographs. Both rates of consult ARL's online Publications Catalog at increase exceed the general inflation trends in North
MONOGRAPH COSTS IN RESEARCH . SERIAL COSTS IN RESEARCH LIBRARIES,1993-95,MEDIAN VALUES LIBRARIES,1993-95MEDIAN VALUES ARL University Libraries ARL University Libraries (including Law and Medical Libraries) (including Law and Medical Libraries) (No. of Libraries) (63) (99) (63) (No. of Libraries) (43) (103) (43) Monograph Monograph Monographs Serial Serial Serials Unit Price Expenditures Purchased Unit Price Expenditures Purchased Year Year 1993 $41.78 $1,295,807 25,583 1993 $184.71 $2,919,756 15,463 1994 44.51 1,309,807 25,803 1994 191.13 2,932,091 15,583 1995 45.27 1,365,575 25,719 1995 211.29 3,133,885 14,942 Annual Average 4.1% 2.7% -0.3% Annual Average 7.0% 3.6% -1.7% Change Change ARL Law Libraries ARL Law Libraries (No. of Libraries) (35) (35) (36) (No. of Libraries) (31) (31) (31) Monograph Monograph Monographs Serial Serial Serials Unit Price Expenditures Purchased Unit Price Expenditures Purchased Year Year 1993 $40.02 $62,920 1,473 1993 $132.85 $486,040 3,767 1994 38.23 71,572 1,921 1994 127.94 513,838 4,483 1995 45.01 67,580 1,743 1995 130.02 555,978 4,273 Annual Average 0.8% 0.5% 1.1% Annual Average -1.1% 7.0% 6.5% Change Change ARL Medical Libraries ARL Medical Libraries (No. of Libraries) (38) (38) (38) (No. of Libraries) (27) (27) (27) Monograph Monograph Monographs Serial Serial Serials Unit Price Expenditures Purchased Unit Price Expenditures Purchased Year Year 1993 $62.97 $95,949 1,512 1993 $282.77 $607,235 2,092 1994 66.61 95,243 1,500 1994 309.45 612,406 1,951 1995 62.04 92,350 1,563 1995 325.09 641,650 2,158 Annual Average -0.1% -0.3% 0.2% Annual Average 7.2% 2.8% 1.6% Change Change Source: ARL Statistics 1994-95; ARL Academic Law and Medical Library Statis cs Source: ARL Statistics 1994-95; ARL Academic Law and Medical Library Statistics 1992-93 to 1994-95. 1992-93 to/994-95. 38 4 A R L1 8 6 G J U N E1 9 9 6 MONOGRAPH AND SERIAL COSTS RESOURCES PER STUDENT IN ARL LIBRARIES, 1986-1995 IN ARL LIBRARIES, 1986-1995
150°k 100% Serial Unit Price Interlibrary (+138%) Borrowing (+88%)
130% 80%
110%
60% 90% Serial Expenditures (+106%) oc) 1-1 Monograph Unit Price (+58%) .5 cn Volumes Held co 50% (+25%)
cat Monograph U 30% Expenditures (+22%) Volumes Added (+6%)
10% 0% Total Staff (-6%) _....0141111111M
-10% Serials Purchased Serials Purchased (-8%) -20% Monograph Volumes -30% Monograph Volumes Purchased (-30%) Purchased (-23%)
-40% 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 Fiscal Year Fiscal Year Source: ARL Statistics 1994-95 Source: ARL Statistics 1994-95
RESOURCES PER STUDENT IN ARL LIBRARIES, 1986-1995, MEDIAN VALUES Interlibrary Volumes Volumes Total Serials Monographs Borrowing Held Added (Gross) Staff Purchased Purchased (No. of Libraries) (106) (106) (106) (106) (43) (63)
1986 0.42 123.97 418 0.016 0.91 2.22 1987 0.43 126.34 4.07 0.016 0.89 1.87 1988 0.43 129.34 3.85 0.016 0.87 1.66 1989 0.50 131.04 3.79 0.016 0.88 1.76 1990 0.54 134.45 3.90 0.016 0.85 1.87 1991 0.62 137.79 4.00 0.015 0.85 1.83 1992 0.61 140.79 3.97 0.015 0.83 1.56 1993 0.67 146.44 3.82 0.015 0.83 1.55 1994 0.74 151.77 4.17 0.015 0.82 1.52 1995 0.79 154.82 4.43 0.015 0.84 1.56 Annual average percent change 8.2% 2.8% -0.7% -0.8% -1.0% -4.3%
Source: ARL Statistics 1994-95
39 ARL 1860 JUNE 1996 1 ON-Fai\---1---7WORKIErD-frsT-PORMAON Paul Evan Peters, Executive Director
THE NETWORKED INFORMATION USER O Content (e.g., structure of syllabus, and transfer total of 384 people attended the Spring 1996 of content from teacher and library to student), Meeting of the Coalition for Networked O Context (e.g., learning environment, campus, Information (CNI) Task Force which was held resources, socialization, time and place), and on March 25-26 in Washington, DC. O Certification (e.g., course sequencing, program, Paul Evan Peters, Executive Director, Coalition for degree, skills, licensing, and outcomes). Networked Information, opened the meeting noting As the higher education market becomes segmented that it marks CNI's sixth birthday. He described CNI's between adults and traditional students, the emphasis original strategy of encouraging innovation and trans- on the importance of each of the three components will formation using networks and networked information. shift. The Coalition's new strategy is to focus on specific Dr. Green's extrapolations of his survey suggest that needs and issues that are impeding the progress that there are more than seven million users of the Internet institutions and organizations are trying to make in the on college campuses alone. This is a huge market for networked environment. He commented that the information services. In a year, the percentage of col- Coalition works best when it is a responsive, agile, lege classes using email has doubled, and between and dynamic presence for its sponsors and members. 6-10% of college courses are using the World Wide Web. Several plenary speakers addressed the theme for The use of technology has increased similarly in all the meeting, "The Networked Information User," focus- types of higher education institutions. Higher educa- ing on the growth in size and the diversity of the user tion has crossed over the line separating early adopters population of the Internet and the World Wide Web and from the early majority. the need for new strategies to reach specific elements of Dr. Green observed that there is a tension between that population. Summaries of presentations of two of faculty on the one hand and provosts and presidents on the speakers are provided below. the other regarding the meaning of "productivity." Fac- The New Role of Information Technology ulty generally think that technology makes them more in Higher Education productive in the sense of an improvement of quality. Kenneth C. Green, Visiting Scholar, The Claremont Presidents and provosts in general are focused on Graduate School, presented "From Unique to Ubiqui- improvements in costs. tous: The New Role of Information Technology in Dr. Green believes that the campus technology Higher Education." Since 1990, Green has produced an infrastructure drives innovation if it's not out there, annual Campus Computing Survey. He described the faculty will rarely push for more. Infrastructure encom- key underlying factors that affect use of technology in passes campus networks, libraries, bookstores and copy higher education: changing student demography, com- centers, off-campus network access, smart cards and petition for state money, aging faculty, questions about metermaids, and user support. quality from authorities, and infrastructure (e.g., build- Dr. Green closed by describing "Five Not So Easy ings and technology). Issues" that higher education must address: Dr. Green noted that our aspirations for technology O making copyright work; in the twentieth century have led to great expectations O differential access to the network; for each wave of technology: movies, television, and O sound planning for amortization of equipment; now computers. Our ability to deliver remains quite small in relation to expectations. Students coming to O infrastructure and support services; and campuses often have better technology in their homes O classroom and instructional integration of tech- than they find in laboratories on campus. Many come nology. from homes with long-standing subscriptions to online services like America Online or Compuserve. Cultural Transformation in Academe Dr. Green's research shows that campuses invest in Karen Hitchcock, Interim President, University of information technology because of: Albany, State University of New York, described the O market expectations and competitive position; higher education cultural transformations that are need- ed in relation to new technologies. She said, "This is a O expectations for curriculum enhancement; and defining moment for higher education; we need to be O labor market preparation (e.g. preparing students re-engaged with those we serve. The academy needs to for an information ecOnomy). examine its premises." Innovations in curriculum and Technology can be used to address in various ways pedagogy have not been embraced at the core of the the three components of the instructional mission of enterprise. The use of networks and networked infor- higher education institutions: mation resources has had profound effects on research 40 6 A R L1 8 6 0 J U N E1 9 9 6 'irnn A.113§0CLAUEIOR DTalgi@BAMCD11 11,IIMIEA113013 7AR USE IN DIGITAL NVIRONMENTS: THE WORK OF THE CONFERENCE ON FAIR USE (CONFU) by Douglas Bennett, Vice President, American Council of Learned Societies
Presented at The National Federation of Abstracting fulfilled any time soon; or publishers, because of the and Information Services in Philadelphia, PA on suggestion that technology is the only barrier to digitiza- February 27, 1996. tion, not (for example) permission from copyright hold- ers to allow materials to be put in digitized form. HAVE BEEN ASKED to speak today about fair use Certainly the University of Indiana couldn't have digi- in digital environments, and particularly about the tized all of its holdings even if the copyright holders had ..work of the Conference on Fair Use (or CONFU) that all agreed, and just as certainly the copyright holders has been meeting in Washington, DC over the past 18 have not all agreed. The new technology does open months. CONFU is attempting to work out guidelines marvelous possibilities, but putting them to good use for 'fair use' in educational and library settings now that will require us to settle a host of intellectual property digital, networked communication and publishing is questions. And fair use is central to these. becoming common, much as, twenty years ago, with The American Council of Learned Societies is photocopy and videotape technology becoming preva- concerned about these matters because we believe the lent, guidelines were negotiated for fair use in educa- new technology will plow up and replant the vineyard tional and library settings. of scholarly publishing and communication, but we Fair use is a critically important doctrine in copyright also believe that the settlement of intellectual property law, one of special value for scholarship and education. questions will be at least as decisive as developments in It allows users of copyrighted materialsteachers, technology in establishing what now flourishes and students, scholars, artiststo use copyrighted materials what withers. without seeking permission from the creator or publisher and without paying copyright fees. Fair use allows I. Fair Use in Copyright Law scholars to draw on the work of others in advancing a The Constitution gives the federal government the power new argument, reviewers to criticize, artists to parody, to make copyright law in order to promote the useful teachers to acquaint students with fresh insights. It is arts and sciences. This has been accomplished by giving critical for the advance of knowledge and for quality creators and their designated representatives the right to education. Of course there are limitations, the most basic profit from the expression of their ideas, but within of which is that the use cannot significantly undercut certain limits, which allow others to make use of new what the creator or publisher might gain from commer- ideasto build on the work of others. cial sale of the work. The doctrine of fair use was Copyright law thus involves a carefully designed set worked out in a world where print on paper has been the of balances. Section 106 of the copyright law gives the primary medium of communication. What can, what holder of a copyright a series of exclusive rights for a will it look like in a digital, networked world? number of years: the right to reproduce a work, the right Some of the new predicaments of copyright in digi- to make derivative works, the right to distribute copies, tal, networked environments are well illustrated in an the rights to perform or display a work in public. IBM ad now showing regularly on network TV. It shows Other sections of the copyright law place limitations a man walking in a vineyard with a younger woman, on these exclusive rights of copyright holders. Section apparently his granddaughter. They are speaking 108, for example, addresses some limitations that pertain Italian. He tells her he has just finished his thesis thanks to libraries, section 109 establishes the doctrine of first to IBM, which digitized the library at the University of sale, and section 110 provides exemptions for education- Indiana, presumably a considerable distance away. The al institutions. But beyond these, in many ways more ad is meant to dazzle you with the technology: you can fundamental and certainly critical to the world of schol- live in a faraway, rustic setting, and still have all the arship and education, are the provisions of section 107 world's knowledge and culture at your fingertips. regarding 'fair use.' This section reads: You have to care about copyright to be annoyed by Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106 the ad, and I don't know who should be more annoyed: and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, librarians, because the ad raises expectations that can't4e3 including such use by reproduction in copies
- 41IR &g3R3OCIr: itklgpifS LIT,C 11IQ MO
or phonorecords or by any other means speci- The White Paper discusses intellectual property fied by that section, for purposes such as criti- issues that arise with new information technology, and cism, comment, news reporting, teaching makes a number of legislative recommendations. These (including multiple copies for classroom use), proposals have now been introduced in both Houses of scholarship, or research is not an infringement Congress. of copyright. In determining whether the use On fair use and the other related library and educa- made of a work in any particular case is a tion limitations on the exclusive rights of copyright hold- fair use the factors to be considered shall ers, the White Paper made no recommendations. Instead include it created the Conference on Fair Use "to determine 1. the purpose and character of the use, whether educational or library guidelines of a similar including whether such use is of a nature [to those developed in 1976] might prove attain- commercial nature or is for nonprofit able in the NII context." The Working Group added, educational purposes; "should the participants in the Conference on Fair Use 2. the nature of the copyrighted work; fail to agree on appropriate guidelines, the Working 3. the amount and substantiality of the portion Group may conclude that the importance of such guide- used in relation to the copyrighted work lines may necessitate regulatory or legislative action in as a whole; and that area." [White Paper, p 83, 84] 4. the effect of the use upon the potential Several dozen organizations participate in the work market for or value of the copyrighted work. of CONFU. It is difficult to give a precise number The four factors require interpretation on a case by case because new participants continue to arrive and some basis, and there have been a number of court cases that have drifted away, but perhaps 50 or 60 organizations provide additional guidance. In 1976, representatives have been steadily involved. Many are organizations of various interested parties, including publishers and that represent publishers and other copyright holders. librarians worked out guidelines to help interpret these Users of copyrighted materials are principally represent- sections of the copyright lawwhat was required and ed by library organizations. permitted in educational and library settings. These ACLS is a middle player in the conference, and there guidelines are in four areas: (a) classroom use of copies, are very few others similarly situated. On the one hand (b) copying of music for educational purposes, (c) copy- we represent 56 learned societies, all of which publish ing for interlibrary loan, and (d) off-air videotaping of journals and other copyrighted works. On the other broadcast programming for educational purposes. hand we represent 300,000-400,000 scholars who belong These guidelines were developed in response to to these scholarly societies and who are voracious users predicaments raised by certain "new technologies," of copyrighted materials. ACLS's fundamental interest is especially photocopiers and VCRs. The guidelines have in the health of the system of scholarly publication and served us all reasonably well, but now we are faced with communication, and in the appropriate availability of even newer technology: computers, networks, and scholarship to students and teachers. digitized formats. Working out guidelines for this technology is the charge for CONFU. III. Dominating Worries and Background Hopes II. CONFU: The Conference on Fair Use There is another ad most of you have seen recently on Shortly after taking office, the Clinton administration television which bears mention here. A teenage girl is appointed a National Information Infrastructure Task ripping pages out of a book and inserting them one by Force chaired by Secretary of Commerce Ronald H. one into a fax machine. A man, apparently her father, Brown. The Task Force has largely worked through a wanders by. She tells him she is faxing a book on matu- few Working Groups, including one on Intellectual Prop- rity to her boyfriend on the west coast. "Can't he buy the erty, chaired by Assistant Secretary of Commerce and book?" the father asks. But he is clearly not disposed to Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks Bruce intervene. Again we are meant to be dazzled by the tech- Lehman. The Intellectual Property Working Group pre- nology, but in this ad AT&T is plainly showing someone pared a draft or "green paper" on Intellectual Property violating the copyright law. No one would argue that and the National Information Infrastructure which it faxing a whole new book (even if this were for a legiti- released for comment in July 1994. A final, revised mate educational purpose) could be construed as fair "white paper" version was released in September 1995.' You have to care about copyright to be appalled. 4u4e. £ g311PTPUANNR94 attla,(311C3(5° Roam° 11DDO
One can only wonder what exchange about this ad has fair use of such materials? To what extent can education- passed between AT&T and the American Association of al institutions digitize existing slide libraries, whose Publishers. images come from many sources? What use can be made I mention the ad because, when you do care about of images in scholarly or educational publications, print copyright, the ad provokes basic worry on the part of or online? publishers. Publishers worry that networks and digital (2) Multimedia. Increasingly faculty are developing technology open the door to users transmitting millions multimedia presentations using text, sound, and images of illegal, perfect copies across the globe with just a few from many sources, some of them copyrighted. Students key strokes. On this worry, fair use is an open door to are learning how to use multimedia as well and explor- renegade behavior that will undercut the financial viabil- ing the limits of what is possible. What is legitimate in ity of publishers. Librarians have a very basic worry as making and using multimedia materials? How can these well. Librarians worry that the new technology will be materials be used once prepared? used to create a world which is strictly pay-per-view. There will no longer be any fair use, nor any sharing of These are both areas without analogue in the 1976 materials among users or institutions. Though seldom guidelines. Oddly (or perhaps not) this may have made expressed in bald form, these two very large worries progress somewhat easier. Two other areas are ones dominate CONFU, one from each side. Their scale and which can be seen as having analogues in the earlier breadth have tended to be corrosive of practical solutions guidelines which may be drawn on for the digital future. for particular problems. (3) Electronic reserves. Most colleges and universities There also are some seldom-expressed hopes have reserve systems in their libraries, and, within limits, that participants bring with them into the discussions. libraries have photocopied copies of some articles for Publishers hope that the new technology will bring new these systems. With the new technology, should librari- efficiencies, possibilities for publishing on demand, relief ans be allowed to digitize materials and make it available from the need to hold inventory, and new possibilities on a campus network? To what extent and within what for deriving additional income from previously-pub- limits? lished materials. Librarians hope that the technology will allow them to work out new strategies for sharing (4) Interlibrary loan/document delivery. For decades materials and provide a foundation for cooperative libraries have shared materials with one another when collection development. These hopes are rarely users cannot find what they are looking for in their home expressed for fear of sparking the corresponding library. The coming of the photocopier made interlibrary worry from the other side. loan easier: libraries could share copies of articles, not Something else slowing progress is shared aware- the original bound journal. Can they do this now by ness that the technology continues to evolve very quick- scanning, digitizing, and sending via the Internet? ly. No one wants to enter into an agreement which will Again, within what limits? be rendered unfavorable to them by a quick shift in what (5) Distance learning. The last area is distance learning, the technology makes possible. the most important topic of all, in my view. It is the one where the stakes are highest for educational institutions, IV. Possible Guidelines and all of the other guidelines topics connect with it. The conference began with a long list of topics suggested Many states, particularly those in the West, have invest- by participants. Brief issue papers were written on most ed heavily in distance learning capabilities. What copy- topics and then scenarios for discussion on a smaller righted materials can be transmitted over these closed number of issues. The conference is now working in but far-flung networks without paying copyright license a number of small groups on draft guidelines on five fees? Can we do the same things in a virtual classroom topics. It would be difficult to give an accurate sense of that we can within the confines of a single room on a uni- where each group is at the moment, but let me identify versity campus? the areas in which they are working and the questions they are trying to answer: V. Current Legislative Proposals (1) Image archives. Art historians and others regularly The work of the CONFU will continue into the fall, it use slides and other images in teaching and scholarship. now appears. Though a good effort is being made, it is With the new technology they can capture and transmit not at all clear that we will emerge with drafts in any of identical copies of these images in digital form. What is these areas that are acceptable to a sufficiently large spec- 45 till [P Gill.G9 Tr: oz@oo Duaa nDoo trum of the participants to serve effectively as guidelines. scholars, students, teachers, and other users to know In September, legislation was introduced in both what is available and also to know something about it. houses of Congress to amend copyright law (H.R. 2441, They may well have to spend money to make use of the the NII Copyright Protection Act). The House has work (or someone else may have to spend money on already held hearings; the Senate will in the next few their behalf), but they will be able in principle to know of months. the totality of what's available. Ostensibly the proposed legislation is silent on issues Several publishers have argued that the marketplace, of fair use. Instead, it introduces proposals made in the the needs of successful competition, will press all pub- NII Task Force's White Paper. It proposes that a right of lishers to make known information about what is avail- "transmission" be added to the section 106 list of exclu- able. The market will solve the problem, they think. I'm sive rights of copyright holders. It has a provision on not persuaded. At least in the scholarly world, I think it how digital technology may be used by libraries in would be useful to have some norms, some standards of preservation of materials. It has a provision on copyright good behavior by publishers, about what could be seen protection and management systems, including language for free regarding what's been published. which would hold network providers liable for materials (2) Let me call the second issue 'entertainment and transmitted over their networks. And there is a provi- scholarship.' Can one set of rules or guidelines work for sion which would allow reproduction of works for the both of these realms? Increasingly, the world of publish- visually impaired. ing is dominated by conglomerates whose interests Many of these topics are worth a discussion of their include books, movies, software, CDs: every possible own. Some supporters of the legislation have described format for every possible kind of audience. The largest it as making only small adjustments, but the implications stakes for these companies have to do with entertain- are much more significant. Here I only want to note that ment, not education and scholarship. I do not believeand many others do not believethat I believe we need some way to provide for the spe- the legislation has no implications for fair use. cial needs and concerns of education and scholarship. The central issue here is the proposed transmission This isn't a matter of tilting in favor of users over pub- right. Adding this to the rights of copyright holders lishers. It is rather a matter of finding a balance between without a clearly stated understanding of what would the interests of users and publishers that is appropriate constitute fair use in digital environments could rip apart for this particular realm. Guidelines, such as those that the carefully constructed balances of copyright law. the CONFU is working on, would be one way of accom- When and under what conditions could users, under a plishing this. claim of fair use, transmit copyrighted materials, or make Not to have guidelinesor some other way of use of transmitted materials? We would not know. And respecting the special qualities and needs of education for the health of education and scholarship it is very and scholarshipis to say that entertainment and schol- important that we do know. arship will be governed by precisely the same regime My own view is that it would be most unwise to pass and that regime would essentially be the logic of the this legislation (or any) without provisions about fair use marketplace. I can only think this would be harmful to in it.I believe this especially with the work of the education and scholarship. For example, will the mar- CONFU uncertain to reach any conclusion and certain to ketplace provide for the long-term preservation of all reach no conclusion until the fall. that is published? I doubt it. Preservation is a critical VI. Two Difficult Basic Issues concern for scholars, and something that has largely been accomplished in the past by libraries. Digital technology I want to close by highlighting two issues which increas- creates new opportunities but also new predicaments for ingly seem important to me and which crosscut all of the preservation of the human record. We must be sure that issues on which we are preparing guidelines. we are doing at least as well in the digital future as we (1) One is an issue I'll call the problem of creating a have in the print on paper present and past. 'digital commons.' How can we all know what's been Perhaps this is just another way of asking why we publishedwhat's available? have worked as hard as we have in seeing that the In a print world, we have many opportunities for CONFU process comes to successful conclusion. 'browsing.' I don't think 'browsing' in this sense is something we can translate directly into the digital 'The Information Infrastructure Task Force White Paper, Intellectual Property in the National Information Infrastructure, is available on the future. But it is important that we find a way to allow all W4l6Wide Web at
CONFERENCE ON FAIR USE originally reviewed an earlier draft developed by other The Conference on Fair Use (CONFU) brings togeth- CONFU participants, and subsequently agreed to develop er copyright owner and user interests to develop a new document by July. guidelines for fair uses of copyrighted works by Interlibrary Loan and in libraries and educational settings. The purpose of The Interlibrary Loan Working Group, chaired by Mary the conference is to develop guidelines that might sup- Jackson, ARL, met twice in the spring. In March, represen- plement the existing classroom, music, CONTU, and off- tatives of both copyright proprietors and the user commu- air taping guidelines. The meetings are hosted by the nities agreed that it was premature to develop guidelines Information Infrastructure Task Force Working Group for digital transmission of digital documents. At the May on Intellectual Property and facilitated by the Patent and meeting, copyright holders presented a framework docu- Trademark Office. Participants from over 80 organiza- tions have worked since September 1994 to reach an ment outlining concepts for guidelines for digital transmis- understanding of fair uses in the digital environment. sion of print materials. The library associations will pre- From the original 20-plus issue papers and scenarios, pare a formal response to that document. participants agreed to seek to develop fair use guidelines Software for electronic reserves, distance learning, visual images, Also at the May plenary CONFU meeting, a statement on and interlibrary loan. (For background see ARL 178, the Uses of Copyrighted Computer Programs (software) in January 1995, p. 6.) Libraries was presented by Mark Traphagen, Software At the February 1996 CONFU meeting, participants Publishers Association, and Sally Wiant, Washington & established a November 1996 goal for the development Lee Law Library. This statement describes a series of sce- of guidelines. Four Working Groups, established to narios that illustrate some uses of computer programs by expedite the process, met regularly during the spring. non-profit libraries as permitted under Sections 107, The most recent plenary CONFU meeting was held May 109(b), and 117 of the Copyright Act. Rather than formal- 30, 1996. Each of the Working Groups summarized their izing these issues into guidelines, the consensus statement work to-date and projected the likelihood of achieving consensus guidelines by the November target deadline. provides a general understanding of fair uses of software. Electronic Reserves Multimedia At the end of 1995, the Working Group on Electronic Draft guidelines for multimedia are being developed in a Reserves, chaired by Kenny Crews at IUPUI agreed that parallel process by the Consortium of College and Univer- reaching consensus on a set of guidelines would not be sity Media Centers (CCUMC) and led by Lisa Livingston, possible. The Working Group consisted of representa- CUNY. At the May CONFU meeting, Ms. Livingston tives from publishers, users, and library associations. In announced that the participants, many of whom are also early January a smaller group representing scholarly attending the CONFU meetings, are very close to reaching societies, university presses, and library associations agreement "because of the significant compromises made began a process to revitalize the draft guidelines. A by the e'clucational community." On behalf of CCUMC, March 1996 draft was circulated for comment to mem- Ms. Livingston expects to present the multimedia guide- bers of participating associations and to the CONFU par- lines for inclusion in the legislative history of the NII bill. ticipants. At the May CONFU meeting, all participants Next Steps agreed to submit comments on the current draft by mid- The CONFU process has demonstrated the challenges in July. A representative group will review the comments with the goal of developing a consensus document. reaching consensus on a balanced view of fair use in the digital environment. At the May meeting, participants Distance Learning were unable to ensure that fair use guidelines would The Distance Learning Working Group, chaired by Lolly emerge for any of the four issues. Some participants even Gasaway, University of North Carolina Law Library, questioned whether voluntarily negotiated guidelines do agreed on a two-phase process. The Working Group is guarantee a "safe harbor" for educational institutions. The currently drafting language for live, interactive pro- discussions underscored the divergent assumptions about grams and asynchronous taped programs for later trans- whether these new guidelines provide any assurance mission. If consensus is reached on this first phase, the against legal action. There is also a philosophical disagree- Working Group will address computer network and ment among participants about whether CONFU guide- Web-based delivery of distance learning courses. lines should define maximum or minimum uses. In spite Visual Images of these conflicting views, the May plenary meeting A newly-constituted Visual Images Working Group, adjourned with participants agreeing to continue chaired by Pat Williams of the American Association of discussions. Museums, was established in early January. This group Mary Jackson, ARL Access and Delivery Services Consultant ARL 186 JUNE 1996 e7- SEavie-Iis
FALL 1996 OMS TRAINING INSTITUTES
FACILITATION SKILLS INSTITUTE LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SKILLS INSTITUTE II: Sept. 1113, Baltimore, MD THE MANAGEMENT PROCESS participants will learn how to become skilled facili- Nov. 4-8, Washington, DC .1 tators who can assume key roles within their work his intensive 5-day program will use a simulated units and other groups to assist in producing better library workplace, in the framework of the learn- quality team/group results. Topics will include: ing organization model, to focus on the individual's skills for effective facilitation; group dynamics and ability to have a positive influence on the overall per- group process; facilitative versus controlling leader- formance of the organization. Emphasis will be ship; managing meetings; dealing with difficult placed on building and maintaining proficiency in the behaviors in groups; and problem-solving and deci- skills of observation, diagnosis and planning so that sion-making methods. Each participant will have an participants will become more effective in solving opportunity to practice facilitation skills. organizational problems and in recognizing organiza- ARL Members: $350 Nonmembers: $420 tional opportunities. ARL Members: $695 Nonmembers: $745
FACILITATING CHANGE: WOMEN IN LIBRARY LEADERSHIP THE INTERNAL CONSULTANT Nov. 1921, Safety Harbor, FL Oct. 2123, Kansas City, MO Does the "glass ceiling" research apply to academ- Management and staff in libraries will be ic libraries? Are there differences in the ways in increasingly expected to function as change which men and women lead? In this special 31.-day facilitators within organizations. Participants will Institute, participants will examine these questions; examine the basics of organizational development; identify key skills for effective leadership in the the methods and strategies of facilitating meaningful diverse workplace; explore personal values and how and successfully implemented change; the dynamics they fit into the workplace; assess developmental of organizational change; and the importance of needs; and explore and develop strategies for enhanc- transitions. Ample opportunity will be devoted to ing personal and professional lives through under- skill practice and the application of concepts to standing life/work balance behaviors. participants' own work. ARL Members: $490 Nonmembers: $550 ARL Members: $350 Nonmembers: $420
REGISTER Now WHILE SPACE IS STILL AVAILABLE LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SKILLS INSTITUTE I: riraming Institute format includes lectures and pre- THE MANAGER sentations while emphasizing participant involve- October 14, Chicago, IL ment, special activities, and group discussion. Train- his Institute will explore and develop a range of ing Institutes systematically introduce a range of con- concepts and techniques associated with effective cepts and techniques and allow participants the management so that the individual will broaden opportunity to develop and practice applications for his/her ability to function and to contribute to the their own workplaces. Participants can expect a non- organization. The focus will be on the individual and threatening but challenging environment which the individual's relationship to the library organiza- encourages colleagues to exchange views and learn tion as a whole, including relationships to peers, from others who share common organizational expe- direct reports, and supervisors. Through feedback riences and concerns. tools and learning experiences, participants will have For more information, please contact: Christine an opportunity to reflect on their current approach to Seebold, OMS Training Program Assistant Office of managerial and leadership responsibilities. Management Services ARL Members: $490 Nonmembers: $550 21 Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20036 Phone: (202)296-8656; FAX: (202)872-0884 Email: [email protected] 4 7 A R L1 8 6 0 J U N E1 9 9 6 G. Jaia Barrett, Deputy Executive Director
ARL TO COMPLETE CONVERSION Research Libraries. Nancy Cline, Pennsylvania State University, and Carolynne Presser, University of OF NRMM RECORDS Manitoba, presidents of ARL and CARL respectively, has received funding to manage the final phase co-chaired the program sessions. Speakers from the U of the retrospective conversion of the National academic and corporate sector met with the directors of ARegister of Microform Masters (NRMM) Master research libraries from the U.S. and Canada to discuss File. The final phase will create machine-readable different strategies to assist organizations to respond to records for 13,888 non-Roman and other remaining the heightened levels of change and complexity now reports. The project is funded by a newly awarded facing universities and other large research institutions. grant of $114,000 from the National Endowment for the Member representatives and guests also received Humanities. The Library of Congress is contributing preliminary reports about the Columbia University substantial staff resources. On behalf of research Online Books Evaluation Project, Johns Hopkins' Project libraries, OCLC is making an in-kind contribution of Muse, and UC-Berkeley's SCAN (Scholarship from $34,720. California on the Net)all three projects exploring the This 15-month project is a partnership among ARL, implications of electronic technologies for publishing the Library of Congress, and The New York Public Library. It will create machine-readable records for scholarly materials, conserving them, making them more readily accessible to users, and more affordable 8,000 Cyrillic and 3,300 Hebrew and Arabic reports pre- for research libraries. There was also a program on pared by LC and NYPL as well convert about 2,500 additional reports. The project will be carried out under copyright developments in the U.S. and Canada. Proceedings of the program will be published elec- the overall management of ARL under the guidance of tronically on the ARL server as the papers become avail- Jutta Reed-Scott. The Library of Congress will be responsible for the quality assurance program. ARL able
LEADING THE AGILE ORGANIZATION REPORT OF THE DIGITAL ARCHIVING --lhe 128th ARL Membership Meeting convened TASK FORCE AVAILABLE May 15-17 in Vancouver, British Columbia and '-ihe final report of the Digital Archiving Task Force was hosted by the University of British Columbia. is now available. At the end of 1994 the Commis- One hundred and seven ARL member libraries were sion on Preservation and Access and the Research represented at the meeting. The program theme, Lead- Libraries Group created a Task Force on Archiving of ing the Agile Organization, was planned and conducted Digital Information charged with investigating and rec- in collaboration with the Canadian Association of ommending means to ensure "continued access indefi-
ARL 1 8 60 JUNE 1 9 9 6 4 '6 nitely into the future of records stored in digital elec- National Agricultural Library: Pamela Q.J. André tronic form." The 21-member task force co-chaired by accepted a two-month detail as Acting Associate Donald Waters, Associate University Librarian, Yale Director, Agricultural Research Service, Northern Plains University, and John Garrett, Chief Executive Officer of Area, effective May 6. Keith W. Russell was named Cyber Villages Corporation, recently completed their Acting Director for this period. final report. RLG and CPA are making this widely available online and in print. The report may be found Rice: Charles Henry was appointed Vice Provost and at
California at Riverside: James ACLS: Stanley Katz has Thompson is on leave until July 11; announced his departure as John Tanno is Acting Director. President of the American Council of Learned Societies Indiana: Suzanne Thorin was sometime in the latter half of appointed Dean of Libraries, 1997, dependent upon when a effective July 1. She is currently successor is named. He will Associate Librarian at the Library return to full time teaching at the of Congress. Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University. Kansas: Effective July 1, Bill Crowe's title will be Vice TRLN: Jordan Scepanski will be Chancellor for Information Executive Director of the Triangle Mary Case, Director of the Research Libraries Network, Services and Dean of Libraries, ARL Office of Scholarly Communication. reflecting the alignment of the effective August 1. University Libraries, Computing Services, Telecommunications and Networking, and Printing and HONORS Mail Services on the Lawrence campus. Paula Kaufman, Dean of Libraries, UTK, was Massachusetts: Richard Talbot has announced his commencement speaker at the University of Tennessee, retirement as Director of Libraries effective December Knoxville graduation ceremonies on May 10. 31, 1996. Edward R. Johnson, Oklahoma State University Dean McGill: Eric Ormsby will become full-time Full of Libraries, was selected as Administrator of the Year Professor in the Institute of Islamic Studies effective by the Oklahoma Chapter of the American Society for June 15. Frances Groen, Associate Director since 1990, Public Administrators. was appointed Director of Libraries for a five-year term.
Miami: Frank Rodgers has announced his retirement as Director of Libraries effective May 1997. 49
A R L1 8 6 0 J U N E1 9 9 6 11 ARL: A Bimonthly Newsletter of Research Library Issues Executive Director: Duane E. Webster and Actions (US ISSN 1050-6098) is published six times Editor: G. Jaia Barrett, Deputy Executive Director a year by the Association of Research Libraries, Communications Specialist: Michael Matthews 21 Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20036. Designer: Kevin Osborn, Research & Design, Ltd., Arlington, VA 202-296-2296 FAX 202-872-0884 Copyright: O 1996 by the Subscriptions: Members$25 per year for additional Association of Research Libraries subscription; Nonmembers$50 per year. ARL policy is to grant blanket permission to reprint any article in be noted for certain articles. For commercial use, a reprint the newsletter for educational use as long as the source, author, issue, request should be sent to the ARL Information Services Coordinator. and page numbers are acknowledged. Exceptions to this policy may CALENDAR 1996
July 4-10 American Library Association New York, NY OMS TRAINING INSTITUTES, July 29-30 ARL Board Meeting FALL 1996 Washington, DC For information see page 9. August 25-31 International Federation of Library Associations
Beijing, China CO October 8-11 EDUCOM '96 Philadelphia, PA October 13-16 LITA/LAMA National Conference Pittsburgh, PA October 15-18 ARL Board and Membership Meeting Washington, DC November 18-25 NASULGC Annual Meeting San Diego, CA December 3-6 CAUSE San Francisco, CA December 6-7 Coalition for Networked Information Fall Task Force Meeting San Francisco, CA
50 A BIMONTHLY NEWSLETTER OF RESEARCH LIBRARY ISSUES AND ACTIONS Current Issues HACETIME MISSION FOR HIGHER -EDUCATION by William C. Richardson, President and CEO of the W. K. Kellogg Foundation
00 The National Association of State Universities and has sense of worth, and accepts responsibility for .0 Land-Grant Colleges (NASULGC) has created a 25- self, family, community, and societal well-being and member presidential Kellogg Commission on the we believe each person has the capacity to be pro- Future of State and Land Grant Universities. ductive and to help create nurturing families, The Commission is funded by the W. K. Kellogg responsive institutions, and healthy communities. Foundation. In announcing the initiative, Foundation The Commission will provide an organizing President and CEO William C. Richardson spoke of the structure for fostering a national dialogue about philosophy and practices of state and land-grant uni- institutional reform in higher education. And versity education since the early 1930s, and why the equally important, the Commission will convene t-4 Foundation decided to support a national dialog on the leaders, and provide the leadership, that will institution reform in higher education. Before joining help convert these ideas into action. the Kellogg Foundation in 1995, Dr. Richardson was I would like to address some key challenges that President of the Johns Hopkins University for five many of you will face as you work to implement the years. Kellogg granted ARL permission to publish the reforms promoted by this Commission. I also want following excerpts of his remarks. to explore how we got where we are, but more importantly, how an increased focus on active out- ne may ask what does the Kellogg reach and effective partnership can help us take a Commission seek to accomplish that tremendous leap forward. numerous other commissions have not? In the next few years, I think the stakes will be 0 very high. Should universities fail to make some Even though we have tried to avoid "commis- sions," we still recognize that many have made important reforms, they indeed risk becoming the great contributions to American society. The "academic Jurassic Parks" referred to in a recent National Commission on Excellence in Education statement from NASULGC leaders. In other words, and the Pew Roundtable are both good examples. fascinating, historic places to visit, but without con- Therefore, after much discussion, the Foundation nection to a world that may have passed them by. concluded that the Kellogg Commission has great But how did we get to this point as a society? potential. Further, we believe the land-grant ethic To help understand one of the driving forces commitment to scholarship, broad access to behind the current situation of universities, one higher education, and service to communities could look at the United States' high-tech arsenal. is still among the most noble and valuable ideals This was built on a foundation of university in American society. research: federally-funded university research. Indeed, many of these land-grant ideals are I think it is accurate to say that higher education embodied in the vision and mission of the W. K. played a major role albeit a discreet one in Kellogg Foundation. Our grantmaking centers winning the Cold War. But this Cold War para- r-1 around the vision of a world in which each person digm, which promotes research as the loftiest 5 1 Cumocrissm Continued service of higher education, influenced the organization- Now, as a true peace dividend, the Internet pro- al structures and incentives we see at most major univer- vides a fantastic medium for learning and communica- sities today. And of course, the competition of the tion. Many universities still use the Internet largely as a superpowers went well beyond the military dimension, ,tool for research. They have yet to realize, or pursue, its and included fields as far ranging as astronomy, zoolo- vast, untapped capacity for outreach and service. Here gy, and the biomedical sciences. International studies is a situation where the infrastructure is largely in place; and foreign language instruction were also fostered. and what is needed is a new philosophy and approach Well, we have won the war. It was of course incredi- for using this existing technology. bly costly, a cost that we and our children will bear for Again, the secret is finding new ways to add decades. However, in 1996, many of our universities value and revenue through teaching and research seem to be like a veteran who has not completely adapt- in partnership with our communities. We of course ed to a new purpose in peacetime. need an academic culture, and leadership, that allows Learning By Doing and promotes these changes. But before we explore that One of the critical challenges for higher education is to challenge, I would like to question what I consider a redirect our knowledge and our resources in the service myth of American higher education, one that has been of rural communities and urban neighborhoods. In fact, espoused for too long. it may be these investments that prove the true test and Research as the Measure of Success value of our research and outreach programs. Can we, This myth surfaced again a few weeks ago, while we for example, make a difference in the lives of people were discussing the Kellogg Commission. A Kellogg where they live, in the towns and communities of Ameri- Foundation staff member commented to me that during ca? Can we build the capacity of people to play a central the early 1980s, his university had a goal. They wanted role in finding their own solutions? And, can we impact to become "The Harvard of the Midwest." In other public policy that creates both economic and social words, a big, high profile research-driven titan, with opportunities for people to improve their quality of life? well-to-do sponsors and benefactors. I would like to It is true that states and local governments do not think that this narrow goal has changed, but I suspect have very deep pockets any more when it comes to otherwise. I think too many universities, public and funding these types of activities. I cannot even suggest private, still use research activities as a yardstick to that you turn to the Kellogg Foundation, because we do define a significant part of their success. not fund research, per se. We do, however, fund learning The truth is, there is the Harvard of myth and then by doing. And in many cases, learning by doing in a there is the Harvard of reality. Now I realize that Har- community setting provides the optimum atmosphere vard, or Johns Hopkins, or any excellent university, still for teaching, outreach, and important research. does a huge amount of very important research. But in With learning by doing, universities can add value actual fact, there has been a transformation at these to their teaching and research in a host of creative ways. universities. It is a transformation driven by a new or As an example, consider NASA's Hubble Telescope renewed commitment to part-time learners, adult project, which is headquartered at the Homewood cam- education, and undergraduates a transformation that pus of the Johns Hopkins University. It took a massive includes hands-on research that is readily useful and research effort to launch, and then make the needed transferable to communities. In fact, these universities fixes, on this hugely successful $1.4 billion piece of are at their best when their faculties engage in a range of equipment. such activities. Yet it did not stop there. Hopkins' faculty have It is ironic. While many land-grant and regional found some amazing ways to link the telescope with edu- universities are trying to become more like Harvard, cational programs everywhere. There are programs Harvard appears to be trying to become more like them! linked to the Baltimore Public Schools, undergraduate There is little question that a research-as-king mind- courses, museums, and historically black institutions. set has shaped the academic culture and hierarchy of With sound marketing and outreach, the Hubble Tele- most American universities. And clearly, our ability scope has clearly added real value and income to to change the status quo will pose yet another major the university and opportunity for the wider community. challenge for higher education during the post Cold As a fringe benefit of the Cold War, the Internet War era. provides another challenging opportunity for higher education. It was largely the universities and not the Institutional Strategies private sector that developed the Internet in the first Now, I do not propose any organizational template that place, partially as a means to support defense-related a university should use to quickly create such a new research and other needs. structure. However, I can suggest an approach that
2 A R L1 8 7 A U G U S T1 9 9 6 rewards people for doing what they do best, in ways What this amounts to is a wonderful opportunity that benefit the taxpaying public and the university. for universities to adopt a seamless approach to educa- University leadership administration and faculty tion. Now I believe most universities have done an must articulate a multi-faceted mission that is admirable job of addressing the needs of lifelong learn- balanced and forward-looking. ers. Child care, weekend courses, mid-career graduate Within this context, faculty appointments, among programs, and distance learning have all helped add other things, may be viewed as licenses that enable students and value to the university. faculty to pursue their own work, but in a way that puts There still exists, however, a lingering lack of revenue in the university's accounts. Faculty activities conviction about the value of lifelong learning. It is include teaching at a level that generates enough credits as if we are not yet convinced that global competition, to support the position. Or if one has a heavy research and technology, have made this a serious reality. focus, generating enough research grants to support We seem to regard higher education as a one-way oneself and the work, or a mix of these. The same logic street from teacher to student or university to communi- applies for faculty who are engaged in clinical practice. ty. But the late Ernest Boyer and others have pointed This strategy reflects a clear correlation between the out we are all learners students and professors and organizational setting that the university is providing communities. And we need the chance to move from and the work that it wishes to see accomplished its theory to practice and back again. mission. I think a graduate with as little as two- or three- Such an ap'proach promotes flexibility within the years' work experience can be a great resource. In many university. It allows faculty to pursue the needs of a respects, we should regard our graduates not just as fast-paced society, with greater flexibility as to what alumni, but Extension Agents. They are a network that constitutes enough published research, while providing can help the university advance its mission, while we encouragement for other activities. As taxpayers help them grow professionally and personally. increasingly expect higher education to become Today, we envision the tremendous potential for engaged with society, we will need this more flexible, higher education to revitalize American society. mixed model orientation to respond effectively. Likewise, I hope these ideas will spark your interest in the critical reforms so needed by the higher Personal Leadership education community. Higher education must trust more than one model I do not believe there is a question as to whether we of scholarship and practice. To accomplish this, are up to the task. We helped win the Cold War, so it is universities need to support and reward what may be not a question of capability but of commitment. It is unconventionalo thinking. As Thomas Huxley once said, truly time for us to move on. "Every great advance in natural knowledge has involved the rejection of authority." What higher education needs, then, are teachers NASULGC's KELLOGG and researchers who can think and act independently COMMISSION AND ITS PLANS and responsibly. To achieve that, universities need to In early 1996, five topics were proposed as the basis of promote a strong ethic of personal leadership. And this Kellogg Commission discussions and for a series of reports to be issued over the next 30 months. notion of leadership must extend beyond the traditional The student experience: placing the student experi- job titles of dean, department head, or provost. ence graduate and undergraduate, traditional and non- On a broader scale, we must call every faculty or traditional at the heart of institutional concerns. staff member to leadership. Leadership in their disci- Access: maintaining access as a priority, despite finan- pline. Leadership in their ability to connect with com- cial and political pressures. munity. Leadership in their ability to mentor students, Engaged Institutions: going beyond extension to community people, and other faculty. As universities become more productively involved with our communities. become more decentralized, this ethic of personal lead- A Learning Society: creating an America that encour- ership will prove even more important. ages learning throughout life. Campus Culture: redefining excellence and traditional Lifelong Learning reward systems on campus through the prism of this new If only for reasons of personal job effectiveness, neither agenda. we nor our institutions can afford the luxury of limited NASULGC Office of the Kellogg Commission vision. Most people during their careers will need One Dupont Circle, Suite 710 significant re-education every five to seven years. And Washington, DC 20036-1191 (202) 778-0811 that brings us to the final challenge that I would like Email: [email protected] you to consider: lifelong learning. 53 ARL 187 AUGUST 19963 STATISTICS & ME-ASUREMEN-T Martha Kyrillidou, Program Officer for Statistics and Measurement
SUPPLY AND DEMAND on the rise: monograph and serial expenditures are up 22% and 106% respectively since 1986; the unit prices IN ARL LIBRARIES have respectively risen 58% and 138%. s the supply of library materials, specifically mono- While costs are rising and acquisitions are declining, graphs and serials, meeting the demand for them in the number of faculty has grown 17% and the total 1ARL libraries? For the past ten years, the number of items acquired has declined while the population need- number of students has grown 8% since 1986. Graduate ing those items has risen. At the same time, interlibrary students in particular are a growing population, up loan activity, both borrowing and lending, has risen 24%. Together, they have borrowed more than twice dramatically. These three factors declining acquisi- as many items in 1995 as they did in 1986; interlibrary tions, rising student and faculty populations, and rising borrowing is up 104%. interlibrary loan activity continue to have a great Data on other service activities such as circula- impact on the services provided by ARL libraries. tion, bibliographic instruction, and reference also As reported in ARL Statistics 1994-95, monograph show large increases. Though interlibrary loan activity purchases have remained somewhat constant since has increased, it continues to be a small percentage of a 1993, the median hovering at around 25,700 per year, library's circulation activity. Interlibrary borrowing is, although that figure is down 24% since 1986. Serials on average, about 2% of total circulation excluding purchases continue to drop, and are down 8% since reserve circulation. 1986. The median number of serials purchased in 1995 Kim Maxwell, ARL Research Assistant for Statistics and was 14,942. The costs for these items, however, are still Measurement
SUPPLY AND DEMAND 120% IN ARL LIBRARIES, 1986-1995
Interlibrary 100% Borrowing (+104%)
80%
60% Interlibrary Lending (+56%)
Grad. Students (+24%) Faculty (+17%)
Total Students (+8%)
Serials Purchased (-8%)
Monographs Purchased (-23%)
40% 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 Fiscal Year Source: ARL Statistics 1994-95 5 4 A R L1 8 7 AUGUST 1996 TRENDS IN PRESERVATION ACTIVITIES Endowment for the Humanities, continues to play a RL Preservation Statistics 1994-95 is the newly pivotal role in sustaining preservation programs, released addition to this long-standing series accounting for about 13% of the total preservation that describes preservation activities in research expenditures of $79,164,226. Fifty-four percent of these libraries. Library activities documented are those that expenditures is spent on salaries and wages, the largest aim to secure the survival of important collections in cost center for preservation, and 31% is spent on con- North American research libraries. Data collected for tract binding. Please consult ARL's online Publications the last seven years tracks the substantial growth of Catalog at
SUMMARY OF PRESERVATION DATA TO 1988-89 1994-95 .
Category 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 . 1994-95
No. of Institutions 107 115 117 119 114 115 115 Reporting
No. of Preservation 66 77 77 76 77 80 81 Administrators *
Total Staff 1,620.52 1,760.73 1,744.34 1,867.00 1,841.99 1,900.20 1,912.08 Library-wide Engaged in Preservation Activities
Total Preservation $60,714,802 $66,045,392 $70,705,449 $76,550,655 $76,793,364 $77,674,363 $79,164,226 Expenditures
Conservation Contract: Contract: Contract: Contract: Contract: Contract: Contract: Treatment Minor: 2,336 Level 1: 5,162 Level 1: 3,970 Level 1: 2,979 Level 1: 4,756 Level 1: 2,703 Level 1: 2,513 (volumes) Interim: 8,393 Level 2: 4,906 Level 2: 2,317 Level 2: 7,957 Level 2: 3,826 Level 2: 3,054 Level 2: 2,927 Major: 4,623 Level 3: 3,090 Level 3: 2,376 Level 3: 2,794 Level 3: 3,208 Level 3: 3,028 Level 3: 1,511
In-house: In-house: In-house: In-house: In-house: In-house: In-house: Minor: 658,711 Level 1: 682,735Level 1: 668,597Level 1: 1,035,955 Level 1: 664,860Level 1: 680,602Level 1: 664,110 Interim: 176,901Level 2: 272,464Level 2: 271,508Level 2: 257,934Level 2: 262,022Level 2: 243,421Level 2: 231,019 Major: 17,113 Level 3: 32,233 Level 3: 16,253 Level 3: 21,665 Level 3: 21,033 Level 3: 20,701 Level 3: 24,303
Total contract: Total contract: Total contract: Total contract: Total contract: Total contract: Total contract: 16,801 15,697 8,717 18,029 12,278 8,424 6,951 Total in-house:Total in-house: Total in-house: Total in-house: Total in-house:Total in-house: Total in-house: 888,868 987,432 956,358 1,316,757 952,097 982,830 950,140
Microfilming Titles: 75,198 Titles: 68,904 Titles: 77,740 Titles: 93,052 Titles: 104,818 Titles: 106,733 Titles: 133,290 Volumes: 60,502 Volumes: 92,093 Volumes: Volumes: Volumes: Volumes: Volumes: Exposures: Exposures: 123,233 204,934 124,455 127,650 173,646 18,254,133 23,687,873 Exposures: Exposures: Exposures: Exposures: Exposures: 28,264,637 28,892,445 32,844,044 29,900,149 28,474,292
Source: ARL Preservation Statistics 1994-95 (Washington, DC: Association of Research Libraries, 1996)
* Figures revised to accommodate the new definition of preservation administrator, defined as one who "spends at least 25% of his or her time managing a partial or comprehensive preservation program." '
A R L1 8 7 e A U G U S T1 9 9 6 F-Fte-E-o-Fr-Se-HoL-ARtemm-ume-AT-toN Mary M. Case, Director
ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING may not be well understood by the non-traditional publishers active on the Web. About 25-30% of these EXPLODES ON THE WEB titles do not appear to employ the review process as The sixth edition of the ARL Directory of Electronic defined in scholarly publishing. Therefore, a more reason- Journals, Newsletters and Academic Discussion Lists is able estimate of the percentage of scholarly peer-reviewed hot off the press and the final numbers are in. This titles is about 20-25% of the current electronic journals year's Directory includes 1,093 journal titles, 596 newslet- and newsletters. ters, and 3,118 discussion lists. Of these three categories, While we have not provided a formal subject break- electronic journals increased the most climbing 257% overdown of journals and newsletters in the Directory to date last year's total of 306. Newsletters increased by 62% and (a planned enhancement), we did ask ARL research assis- discussion lists by 26%. Since 1991, the total of electronic tants to undertake a quick analysis of each title using the journals and newsletters has increased over 1,400%. subject framework developed by Diane Kovacs and her This phenomenal growth of electronic publishing is team for the academic discussions lists section. The broad due in large part to the rapid increase in popularity of subject areas include: Education and Library and Informa- the Web and the ease with which anyone can become a tion Science; Humanities; Social Sciences; Biological publisher. In addition, several publishers, both commer- Sciences; Physical Sciences; Business, Economics, cial and non-profit, have begun to make many of their Publishing, and News; and Computer Science. titles available electronically. There is no question that The accompanying pie charts show the percentage of these trends will continue individual experimentation titles of journals, newsletters, and discussion lists in each with the Web continues unabated, and publishers contin- of these categories. Based on this analysis, the largest per- ue to explore the online environment despite lingering centage of journals is in the humanities, followed by the concerns over pricing and intellectual property issues. social sciences and physical sciences. If the physical, bio- As the more traditional publishers move to electronic logical and computer sciences were combined, however, products, we are beginning to see an increase in the pro- the sciences would be ranked first. For newsletters, the portion of titles for which a fee is charged. In the 1994 greatest percentages are in the computer sciences and edition of the Directory, 6.5% of the journals and newslet- social sciences. Paralleling the journals, the academic ters indicated that they required payment for access, discussions lists are mbst popular in the humanities and while in 1995 the proportion increased to 11%. In the social sciences. 1996 edition, 10% of these titles are available on a fee The Directory, 6th edition, is organized to assist the user basis only. While the proportions have remained fairly in finding relevant publications and discussion groups and steady, the number of journals and newsletters charging connecting to them quickly. Over 90% of the journal and for online access has grown by about 480% since 1994, newsletter titles contain URL's and the discussion list from 29 titles in 1994 to 168 in 1996. The predominant entries include subscription addresses. Dru Mogge, ARL pricing mode in the current electronic environment is Electronic Services Coordinator, and the ARL Directory still no-fee access. Staff compiled the journals and newsletters section, while Peer review is alive and growing in the electronic Diane Kovacs, Kovacs Consulting, and The Directory environment. In 1994, 73 of the 443 journal and newslet- Team created the discussion lists section. The introduction ter titles reported using peer review; that number has to the Directory is by Ann Okerson, Yale University. The increased to 517 in 1996, an increase of over 600%. A nearly 1,200 page Directory sells for $79 ($55 members). closer look at the publications which describe themselves Please consult the Directory page on the WWW as peer-reviewed, however, suggests that this concept
JOURNALS LISTS NEWSLETTERS
Computer Education 5% Computer Education 14% Computer Education 9% Science 12% Science 14% Science 24% Humanities Humanities Business 6% 30% 13% Business 6% Humanities 24% Physical AIII Physical Sciences 10% Sciences Business 9% 18% Social Sciences Biological 24% Biological Sciences 10% Physical Sciences 6% Sciences Social Sciences 23% Social Sciences 22% 10% Biological Sciences 11%
6 A R L1 8 7 A U G U S T1 9 9 6 -C-eAtirrION 1 G. kV' i 1 '\ Paul Evan Peters, Executive Director
CONFERENCES ADDRESS cations of trademarking laws, policies, and practices on the assignment and use of domain names. NETWORKED INFORMATION Other conference topics included "The Internet and rç-Ihis year, two summer conferences addressed a Mass Media"; "Classroom Access to the Internet"; range of issues critical to institutions providing "Security and Cryptography Directions"; and "Multi- networked information to their constituencies. cultural and Physical Access Barriers in the Networked INET'96 Conference Environment". The last one examined such concerns The sea-change in the Internet community over the last as the linguistic implication of standardization of infor- year, evidenced by both the greater number of sites mation technology and the Internet and the disabled found outside the United States rather than within its community. borders and the declining dominance of research and The conference proceedings can be found at educational applications on the Internet landscape,
NII COPYRIGHT BILL STALLED; WIPO In response to the U.S. delegation's position, the DFC wrote to Vice President Gore and requested that TAKES UP 'DIGITAL AGENDA' the U.S. delegation to WIPO, "immediately modify the lthough the House Subcommittee on Courts portfolio of the Administration's delegation to WIPO's and Intellectual Property has "postponed December 1996 Diplomatic Conference." In addition, indefinitely," mark up on H.R. 2441, the NII the DFC asked that U.S. delegation members: Copyright Protection Act of 1996. The two main issues "formally propose that, at the December 1996 Diplo- of contention are circumvention of copyright protec- matic Conference, WIPO adopt a timetable for future tion systems and online service provider (OSP) liability discussion and action on the 'Digital Agenda' that issues. will permit its careful consideration by the 104th and Many of these stakeholders consider it very 105th Congresses, and that will permit the United unlikely that the House or the Senate will consider this States delegation to take Congressional action into legislation prior to the end of the session. A brief but account in subsequent treaty negotiations; and thorough analysis of the contentious issues causing "affirmatively work to assure in all appropriate this deadlock can be found in the June 22, 1996 issue of WIPO (and related) bodies that no proposals related the Congressional Quarterly, "Cyberspace Bill Appears to the Digital Agenda, whatever their source, are Dead," (page 1752). acted upon prior to Congress' full evaluation of ARL, the Digital Future Coalition (DFC), and oth- these important issues and action on responsive ers are actively monitoring the activities of the World legislation." Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) because the language included in the NII Copyright bills (H.R. In addition to working with others in the library 2441 and S. 1284) and in the Database Investment and community and the Digital Future Coalition, ARL is Intellectual Property Antipiracy Act of 1996 (H.R. working with a coalition of the commercial sector 3531) could be included in a treaty that the U.S. Senate stakeholders to influence the international discussions. would consider in 1997. If this occurs, there will not This coalition has also sent a letter to the President and be a full and complete domestic consideration of these Vice President expressing similar concerns. critical copyright and intellectual property issues. Current inform'ation on the status of these pending bills including the international ramifications can be At the end of May, the U.S. delegation to the found on the DFC Home Page World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), led
SPEC ADDRESSES Current services must be maintained while an infra- structure is being built to support the information needs TODAY'S CHALLENGES of the 21st century. With a variety of forces currently at The OMS Systems and Procedures Exchange Center work, most notably declining resources and the ability (SPEC) has released three new Kits addressing of communications technology to deliver information to contemporary challenges facing libraries as well as the desktop, many libraries are forced to restructure on educational institutions as a whole. These timely reports an ad hoc basis without an opportunity to plan. This Kit address digitizing technologies; library reorganization contains numerous samples of mission and vision state- and restructuring; and distance ments, organization charts, and 1 education. updated strategic plans. Digitizing Technologies The Kit was compiled by As a result of the recent develop- Joanne Eustis and Donald ments in information technolo- Kenney of Virginia Polytechnic gy, the conversion of multiple- Institute and State University. format materials into digital Distance Education images is becoming increasingly SPEC Kit 216, Role of Libraries in widespread. SPEC Kit 214, Digi- Distance Education, examines the tizing Technologies for Preserva- 7-1 policies and procedures sur- tion, documents the tremendous rounding the provision of ser- variety of digital preservation vices to remote students and projects underway and describes faculty. While research libraries them in terms of size, scope, and have a long history of collabora- types of materials being digi- tive activities with the faculty tized, as well as hardware and and students, as well as with software chosen for each project. the telecommunications and Detailed information is included computing units, distance learn- on current project status; materi- ing (interactive yideo) course als selection; indexing and bibli- programs have provided oppor- ographic control; and staffing tunities for expanded library ser- and production. More than half vices. Approximately two- of the reporting libraries began thirds of the responding libraries by implementing pilot projects indicated participation in dis- as a means of gaining familiarity tance education programs; infor- with the opportunities and mation technology and continu- advantages that digital technolo- ing education units are most gies offer. The cumulative expe- often responsible for program rience gained from these projects administration. Although will inform future endeavors. libraries are offering increased The Kit was compiled by An illustration from SPEC Kit 214, Digitizing services to support distance L. Suzanne Kellerman of Penn- Technologies for Preservation: Queen Marie education efforts, most heavily sylvania State University and of Romania, Photoalbum, "Pelisor," through cooperation with the Rebecca Wilson of Susquehanna Kent State University. academic departments and the University. computing center, most libraries Library Reorganization and Restructuring do not receive any additional funding or have a distinct SPEC Kit 215, Library Reorganization and Restructuring, budget for such services. compliments SPEC Kit 210, Strategic Planning in ARL The Kit was compiled by Carolyn Snyder, Susan Libraries. The following quote from one of the respond- Logue, and Barbara Preece of Southern Illinois Universi- ing libraries captures the current environment of a ty at Carbondale. research library: "how to maximize, and encourage flex- Please consult ARL's online Publications Catalog ibility...while maintaining a structure that will channel
10 A R L1 8 7 A U G U S T1 9 9 6 GO flr TIES G. Jaia Barrett, Deputy Executive Director
DEBORAH JAKUBS NAMED VISITING State University of New York at Stony Brook: Joseph Branin was appointed Director and Dean of the Library PROGRAM OFFICER FOR GLOBAL effective August 1. He was previously Assistant RESOURCES University Librarian at the University of Minnesota eborah Jakubs, Head of the International and Libraries. Area Studies Department of Duke University Libraries, has been named Visiting Program American Library Association: Elizabeth Martinez Officer at ARL. Dr. Jakubs will continue the work of has announced she will resign as Executive Director Jutta Reed-Scott, who retired in late July as Senior Pro- effective January 15, 1997. gram Officer for Preservation and Collections Services. Michigan: Jose-Marie Griffiths was appointed Execu- From July 1 to December 31, Dr. Jakubs will focus tive Director and Chief Information Officer of the Infor- her efforts on developing the AAU/ARL Global mation Technology Division (ITD) at the University Resources Program, as well as coordinating the work of Michigan. She is currently at the University of of the three ongoing pilot projects on Latin America, Tennessee where she is Director of the School of Japan, and Germany. She has served as Chair of the Information Sciences. Douglas E. Van Houweling is Advisory Committee for the Latin Americanist Research Resources Pilot Project since its beginning. now Vice Provost for Information Technology and Dean The Global Resources Program seeks to address the for Academic Outreach. decline in the collective ability of research libraries to acquire and ensure access to a wide range of foreign HONORS materials at a time of static budgets. Dr. Jakubs may be Ernest B. Ingles, Chief Librarian and Executive reached by email
A R L1 8 7 o A U G U S T1 9 9 6 11 ARL: A Bimonthly Newsletter of Research Library Issues Executive Director: Duane E. Webster and Actions (US ISSN 1050-6098) is published six times Editor: G. Jaia Barrett, Deputy Executive Director a year by the Association of Research Libraries, Communications Specialist: Michael Matthews 21 Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20036. Designer: Kevin Osborn, Research & Design, Ltd., Arlington, VA 202-296-2296 FAX 202-872-0884 Copyright: © 1996 by the Subscriptions: Members$25 per year for additional Association of Research Libraries subscription; Nonmembers$50 per year. ARL policy is to grant blanket permission to reprint any article in be noted for certain articles. For commercial use, a reprint the newsletter for educational use as long as the source, author, issue, request should be sent to the ARL Information Services Coordinator. and page numbers are acknowledged. Exceptions to this policy may
CALENDAR1996-1997
1996 1997 August 25-31 International Federation of February 6-7 ARL Board Meeting Library Associations Washington, DC Beijing, China February 14-20 American Library Association October 8-11 EDUCOM '96 Washington, DC Philadelphia, PA April 1-2 Coalition for Networked October 13-16 LITA/LAMA National Information Conference Washington, DC Pittsburgh, PA April 11-14 ACRL National Conference October 15-18 ARL Board and Membership Nashville, TN Meeting May 13-16 ARL Board and Membership Washington, DC Meeting 4=, November 18-20 NASULGC Annual Meeting Albuquerque, NM San Diego, CA June 26-July 3 American Library Association December 3-6 CAUSE San Francisco, CA San Francisco, CA July 28-29 ARL Board Meeting December 6-7 Coalition for Networked Washington, DC Information October 14-17 ARL Board and Membership Fall Task Force Meeting Meeting C San Francisco, CA Washington, DC CO
62 It(
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A BIMONTHLY NEWSLETTER OF RESEARCH LIBRARY ISSUES AND ACTIONS Current Issues HE DIVERSTY NEC 63 CURRENT ISSUES Continued unique, the same, and similar. These themes are: Multiculturalism has proved to be a controversial the multicultural nature of the Canadian population andsocial policy. Early indications were that Canadians the contrast between the "mosaic" of multiculturalism supported the concept of multiculturalism although in Canada and the "melting pot" in the United States; the degree of support varied across the country. More human rights and the focus on anti-racism; recently, however, opposition to the policy has surfaced. This has coincided with increased immigration from employment equity for four designated groups; and non-European sources. Attitudes toward multicultural- the promotion of the concept of education equity in ism are known to vary according to region, ethnicity, Canadian higher education at the same time that financial status, educational levels, age and characteris- government support is shrinking and privatization tics of particular communities. is becoming a hot post-secondary issue. The mosaic metaphor with its emphasis on the principle of different but equal when applied to language Multiculturalism and culture contrasts with the American, the melting pot The establishment of multiculturalism as government where everyone is expected to assimilate. Over and over policy began with Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau's again people we talked to during site visits remarked that Statement to the House of Commons, October 8, 1971. Canada's mosaic concept of pluralism leads to an empha- A policy of multiculturalism within a bilingual frame- sis on those things that make us different from one anoth- work [English and French] commends itself to the gov- er. Value is placed on maintaining unique ethnic and ernment as the most suitable means of assuring the cultural heritages, which should be respected by the cultural freedom of Canadians...National unity, if it is community at large. This belief is the reason that ARL's to mean anything in the deeply personal sense, must be broad, expansive definition of diversity is so attractive. founded on confidence in one's own individual identity, It encompasses so many other aspects besides race and out of this can grow respect for that of others and a ethnicity that everyone has something to relate to above willingness to share these ideals, attitudes, and assump- and beyond the characteristics of their particular group tions...It can form the base of a society which is based that defines them as the same or similar. on fair play for all. This commitment to diversity has been strengthened on a Human Rights and Anti-Racism federal level with the passage of the Charter of Rights and A central thrust of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms Freedoms in 1985, the Employment Equity Act in 1986, that came into effect in April 1985 is the elimination of and the Multiculturalism Act in 1988. all forms of discrimination by guaranteeing both equality Multiculturalism represents a distinctive way of and fairness to all under the law, regardless of race or thinking about diversity. Racial or ethnic minorities are ethnicity. This is evident from the preamble to the entitled to recognition of their culture as well as to attain- Charter and in the key clause (15:1): ment of equality at political, social, and economic levels. Every individual is equal before and under the law and Ethnocultural differences are thought of as an integral has the right to equal protection and equal benefit of the part of Canadian life and promoted through active law without discrimination and, in particular, without government intervention. discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, A demographic profile of Canadian society reveals color, religion, age, sex, or mental or physical disability. that there are three major forces: the Aboriginal Peoples, In May 1996, the Supreme Court ruled that the rights of the colonizing groups both English and French and gays and lesbians are protected by the Charter of Rights the racial and ethnic minorities who fall outside the char- and Freedoms. ter group categories, those native- and foreign-born Cana- Anti-racist work in Canadian educational circles is dians with non-French and non-British ancestry. Histori- firmly rooted in the awareness that race and racial dis- cally, the majority of immigrants to Canada were of vari- crimination are systemic and embedded within the poli- ous European backgrounds. However, lately there has cies and practices of institutional structures. The goal is to been an increase in immigration from other sources, par- change organizational policies and practices which have a ticularly Asia and South America. The proliferation of discriminatory impact and to change individual behaviors immigrants and refugees from non-conventional sources and attitudes that reinforce racism. Canadian universities has contributed to an emergent multicultural mosaic. are up front and proactive about anti-racism initiatives. This demographic diversity is sustained by the recent Several institutions have written anti-racism policies as a resurgence of ethnic pride and affiliation. Not only are starting point, rather than a conclusion to.the process of Canadians more diverse as a result of changing immigra- institutional change. tion patterns, but many have also chosen to identify with Employment Equity select elements of their cultural, historical, or linguistic Commitment to diversity in Canada has never been past, both individually and collectively. 64more evident than in the assumptions underlying A R L1 8 8 O C T O B E R1 9 9 6 affirmative action policies and programs. One of the and institution to institution. Presently, on an institu- most contentious affirmative action programs promotes tional level, there is a growing interest in diversity and employment equity. The federal Employment Equity equity issues, policies are on the books relating to these Act of 1986 ruled that visible minorities, women, matters, and offices are in place to act as educational, Aboriginal peoples, and persons with disabilities are advocacy, and complaint centers. to be represented in the workplace in numbers propor- One of the reasons for an interest in the ARL tionate to their presence in the local workforce and are diversity program in Canada is that the universities have not to be denied employment opportunities for reasons emphasized equity and diversity as an institutional goal. unrelated to ability or merit. A library diversity program thus furthers the goals of the Under the government's influential Federal Contrac- university. A few institutions have made these issues a tor's Program, companies - including universities with priority and are now struggling to make their policies at least 100 employees that have taken on federal con- operational in the hearts and minds of community tracts worth over $200,000, are required to comply with members but the majority have not yet reached this government employment equity provisions. Account- stage. Some libraries, by actively working to further the ability is built in by means of periodic reviews and diversity agenda within the library, have taken a leader- mandatory reports. Provincial employment equity laws ship role on campus. One hopes that a library's diversity are also in place although a change in some governments program may serve as a model for the larger institution. have resulted in their repeal. Nevertheless, the Federal Libraries see the ARL initiatives as a catalyst to addition- Contractor's Program remains a prime mover in al thinking, planning, and action. employment equity practice across Canada. Times of constraint do not undercut the need for diversity as a document by the Council of Ontario Educational Equity Universities, Keeping Equity in the Decision-making Process, The concept of educational equity in higher education eloquently points out: focuses on improving access and retention of under-rep- Focusing on equity has not been at the expense of excel- resented, educationally disadvantaged groups. Universi- lence but rather in the service of excellence. We have ties are particularly ripe for reform because minority been attempting to increase faculty diversity not because group participation in higher education is seen as a path of legislation but because we have wanted better institu- towards social and economic equity with other Canadi- tions. We have focused on career development for ans. In addition there is a need to provide a supportive administrative staff not only because this will make our and welcoming learning environment for all students. 'employment equity' numbers look better, but because Educational equity initiatives address issues such as: we want to ensure that everyone's full potential is real- access, curriculum, climate, and teaching practice. ized. We have attempted to diversify curriculum not Canadian universities are under increasing pressure because of 'political correctness' but because we want to to respond to diversity with fairness and sensitivity. teach at the 'cutting edge' of academic scholarship and to Federal and provincial statutes are forcing public organi- have our teaching reflect the needs of our students.2 zations to examine the impact of their policies and struc- The diversity necklace is too valuable to allow it to be tures on members of diverse groups. At the same time, unstrung. socio-economic barriers to access to post-secondary edu- One of the successful features of ARL's treatment cation are becoming greater with cutbacks to universities, of sensitive diversity issues in the U.S. is the telling of increasing tuition fees, and declining opportunities for stories that make an immediate connection between the employment. As shrinking government support rede- listener and the idea being communicated. We need to fines assumptions about higher education, universities start collecting Canadian narratives that will serve the are thinking about alternative funding. They are thinking same purpose. Keeping in mind the characteristics of about fee deregulation, that is, more freedom to charge diversity as they play themselves out in the Canadian full prices for professional degree programs, and less context, the eight-component ARL framework has great government control. A shift from public to private validity on Canadian campuses. The vocabulary realms alarms students who previously paid about 20% changes3, the narratives change and then the program of the share of their education and over the last five years will be effective in Canadian research libraries. are moving toward paying 50% of their education costs. 1 ARL's diversity program was described in ARL #180, May 1995, The concern is that a two-tier (public/private) education pp. 12-13. See also the program information on the WWW system will erode Canada's postwar commitment to A R L1 8 8 0 O C T O B E R1 9 9 6 FFICq-OF-ANAGEMENT SERVICES RECENT LITERATURE IN tial role as one of coach. Gilley is professor of Human Resource Development at Western Michigan University, MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP and Boughton is a Human Resource Management Con- SELECTED REVIEWS sultant in Atlanta. This book will be useful to all man- by Kathryn J. Deiss, Program Officer for Training agers regardless of administrative level. It may be of any have presumed that the literature on most use to assistant/associate university librarians, management and leadership topics peaked at department heads and/or team leaders, and human approximately the same time that business resource officers. Stop Managing, Start Coaching is school admissions began to level off. However, what designed as a handbook to performance coaching. we are experiencing is a veritable publishing explosion While some elements of this new coaching role, such as of books on these subjects varying widely in quality feedback giving, have been discussed before, some areas and type. Below are reviews of three of the best that have been discussed less frequently, such as train- recent books that may have immediate practical ing and confronting, are also explained in detail. The use for leaders and managers in libraries. chapters include models, step-by-step suggestions, and Creating Effective Teams explanations of disciplines not common to managers, such as using transfer of learning strategies to improve Tools for Team Excellence: Getting Your Team Into High performance. Gear and Keeping It There by Gregory E. Huszczo A unique part of Stop Managing, Start Coaching is a (Davies-Black Publishing, 1996), helps organizations discussion of the need to reengineer the human resource think through, from inception to action, the steps development process. Most books on management, involved in creating effective teams. Huszczo is pro- especially handbook types of books, do not speak to the fessor of Organizational Behavior and Development human resource development activities that may be part in the Management Department of Eastern Michigan of the larger organization and by which individual man- University, and a consultant in both the public and agers are governed, restrained, or empowered in their private sectors. Publication by the publishing arm of efforts to coach employees reporting directly to them. Consulting Psychologists, the organization that This book presents a fresh perspective on the essen- produces the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) tial and evolving role of the manager. It can be recom- instruments, might raise the question of editorial mended for the directness of its explication and for the perspective. However, this book is remarkably practi- meaningfulness of the coaching role as organizations cal in its intent and, though there is a section on MBTI move toward the learning organization model. and teams, it by no means dominates the author's perspective. Importance of Learning Huszczo includes numerous exercises as well as Speaking to the importance of learning is Learning as a case studies to help teams and team members learn Way of Being by Peter Vaill (Jossey-Bass, 1996). Peter and grow in their new relationships to one another Vaill is known to many as the author of the book Manag- and to their organization's work. His chapter, ing as a Performing Art (Jossey-Bass, 1989). He is profes- "Preparing Organizations for Teams," is one of the sor of human systems and the Director of the Ph.D. most thoughtful and complete in all of the literature program at the School of Business and Public Manage- on teams. He then moves through preparing team ment, George Washington University, and a well- members for change, key components of effective known speaker and consultant. In his new book, Learn- teams, identifying and developing individual and ing as a Way of Being, Vaill challenges our preconcep- team talent, task-role clarification, problem-solving, tions about learning and teaching/training/instruct- constructive interpersonal relationships, and evalua- ing. His view is that institutionalized learning, while tion. Organizations that have teams or are moving worthy, does not create empowered learners nor a true toward teams should seek out this volume. Addition- existence of continual learning. Students in MBA pro- ally, all organizations should look at it, whether they grams, participants in adult learning courses, and mem- are organized by teams or not, since Huszczo so clear- bers of organizations in training programs are all learn- ly steps through the thinking process that should occur ers in an institutionalized learning setting; here, the in organizing any group of people to perform work. expedient "right answer" takes the place of active inquiry, deep and self-directed exploration, and testing The Role of the Manager on the part of each individual. Stop Managing, Start Coaching! How Performance Coach- In this book, one of the most important manage- ing Can Enhance Commitment and Improve Productivity ment books of the decade, he calls on us to collectively by Jerry W. Gilley and Nathaniel W. Boughton and individually learn to learn differently continually (Richard D. Irwin, 1996), looks at the manager's essen- in order to effectively navigate the "permanent white 66 4 A R L 1880 O C T O B E R1 9 9 6 water" of change we find ourselves in. He also propos- tion and links to sites related to the technology featured es that continual learning should be a constant a in the particular issue. It will also be a site where "state of being." readers can advance their own ideas and reactions. His choice of the word "being" in the title is quite Future topics under consideration for this series purposeful he uses it to describe the "whole" person. include: distance education, geographic information This includes everyday existence at work and outside systems (GIS), and licensing. We invite feedback on of work, conscious awarenesses and the unconscious this series and are soliciting information on innovative itself. He further explores the metaphor, introduced in practices. Managing as a Performing Art, of "permanent white The first issue, Transforming Libraries: Issues and water" to describe the ever-changing environment. His Innovations in Electronic Reserves (also SPEC Kit 217) premise is that permanent white water introduces focuses on a topic of growing interest to academic novel situations that require us to act in ways we may libraries and of potential interest to all libraries. The never have thought of before or in combinations of discussion starts with an overview of the need for non- ways which introduce further change. His proposition paper-based electronic reserve systems. From there the that we can do this by treating learning as a state of paper presents the critical choices that must be made in being, is a compelling proposition. The premise the early stages of planning. The summary experiences implies the use of personal skills to assess completely of eight institutions and several vendors, complete with new situations powers of observation, introspection, contact information, are included. Finally the report and knowledge gained from previous experiences. identifies other trends and postulates the future of e- This is not only a practical and inspiring book for reserves as a viable service. leaders, consultants, educators, and trainers, but it is The issue was researched and written by Trans- essential to the literature that supports the concepts forming Libraries Editor, George Soete. The Editorial underlying the learning organization. Advisor for this issue is Jeff Rosedale, Head, Access and Technical Support, Lehman/Social Work Library, Columbia University. Jeff is also the manager of the NEW OMS SERIES PRESENTS LIBRARY ARL Listserv on Electronic Reserves, which you can TECHNOLOGY INNOVATIONS access at FREMONT RIDER'S LEGACY In addition, the pattern is consistent: Research library by Robert E. Molyneux, Assistant Professor, College of Library growth has continued, without any significant change of rate, and Information Science, University of South Carolina either downward or upward, for over thirty decades, and at a e marked the fiftieth anniversary of the publi- rate so uniforin over so many years, and so uniform in so many cation of Fremont Rider's The Scholar and the different libraries, that it might almost seem as though some Future of the Research Library in 1994. Rider natural law were at work. (pp. 15-16) argued that, given their historical pattern of growth, This talk of "natural laws" is heady stuff and subse- research libraries would have to change radically because quently there have been a number of articles written on they would grow so large so quickly that their very size this question and Rider's conclusions. Unfortunately, the would force changes in operations. This work was one of data simply do not support his ideas about the consistent, several of his that sounded mathematical nature of an alarm about the implica- 1945 1995 library growth. We now tions of growth to academic Institution Volumes Held Volumes Held know that libraries do not libraries in the near future. Brown 648,469 2,762,196 double in size every 16 years, Rider's conclusions California, Berkeley 1,260,504 8,242,196 the data are not uniform, nor Harvard about the nature of library 4,702,292 13,143,330 is there a natural law to help Indiana 590,036 5,677,326 growth have continued to be Virginia 443,128 4,165,805 us predict library growth. Mfluential. For instance, The Nonetheless, Rider did Scholar has been described as grasp the fact of growth and "seminal" by one writer and Institution Staff Staff did electrify the library world Rider's work "near-venera- Brown 50 252 California, Berkeley 82 664 with his predictions. He was ble" by another. Rider's con-Harvard 154 1,116 also right in the relentless clusions about the nature of Indiana 68 479 implications of growth. academic library growth Virginia 61 359 Consider the size and staff of (that libraries double in size * Figures from 1945/95 were used for comparison purposes. a sample of libraries in 1945, every sixteen years) are still the year after The Scholar was repeated although subse- published and compare the quent research has shown this prediction to be incorrect. numbers with today. (See accompanying box.) However, it is safe to say that Rider is best remembered Clearly, managing these institutions in 1945 was a for something that he was wrong about but forgotten simpler task that it is today and Rider understood that fact about many things he was right about: among them, the first. It is interesting to speculate what our colleagues in consequences of rapid growth of large libraries. 1945 would have thought if they could have known that At the time he wrote the book, Rider was the Librari- so many ARL members today would be bigger than an at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut. Harvard was then. He had a varied career, having spent most of his life in It is largely forgotten today that Rider suggested an publishing. If you had traveled in the 1920's you might ingenious solution for the "problem" of size in The Scholar: have purchased his travel books on Bermuda (1924), microcards. It is also forgotten the argument for this California (1927), New York City (1924), or Washington, solution consumed the bulk of the book (217 pages), while DC (1928). He also wrote Are The Dead Alive? (1909), a his argument about the nature of this growth took only book he classified as "Psychical Research," and The Great 17 pages. Dilemma of World Organization (1946) which dealt with the Rider sought other solutions to the rapid increase in post-WWII world. He also wrote pulp fiction. His inter- the size of libraries he foresaw. Probably the ideas that ests, clearly, were broad. caused the most controversy were those dealing with After coming to Wesleyan, Rider began to write binding and shelving because he favored a type of about libraries and his work can be characterized as compact shelving including shaving the books to visionary because he was a careful observer and was able make them smaller! to extrapolate from what he saw. The Scholar is best Characteristically, after Rider retired from remembered for its conclusion that libraries double in size every sixteen years. But let Rider speak for himself Wesleyan he continued working. He founded the with two often quoted passages: Every scrap of statistical Godfrey Memorial Library, a genealogical library in Middletown, wrote Rider's International Classification, evidence that we can gather shows that, as far back as we can reach, the story is exactly the same. It seems, as stated, to be a a classification system for smaller libraries, and an mathematical fact that, ever since college and university autobiography. No other work of his, however, had libraries started in this country, they have, on the average, the influence of The Scholar, a work still influential doubled in size every sixteen years. (p. 8) after fifty years. A R L1 8 8 O C T O B E R1 9 9 6 6 8 FEDIF?AL R-ILATIeNS Prudence S. Adler, Assistant Executive Director-Federal Relations and Information Policy SENATE CONSIDERS A NEW tion's proposed requirements for the Copyright Office to become entirely self-supporting through its service fees, while also INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY providing one-third of the annual budget for the proposed new ORGANIZATION Office of the Commissioner of Intellectual Property. We believe n September 18, the Senate Judiciary Committee these consequences will include exorbitant increases in copyright conducted a hearing concerning "The Onmibus registration and recordation fees which can be expected to trigger Patent Act of 1996" (S.1961), legislation introduced substantial reductions in the number of registrations and accom- by Senator Hatch (R-UT) to reform the U.S. Patent and panying deposits of copyrighted works at the Copyright Office; Trademark Office (PTO) and potentially sever the ties in turn, these reductions in registrations and deposits can be between the Library of Congress and the U.S. Copyright expected to harm significant U.S. cultural, educational and busi- Office. ness interests by impeding the copyright database activities of the Among those testifying were Senator Frank R. Library of Congress. Lautenberg (D-NJ), Bruce A. Lehman, Commissioner of It remains unclear whether the benefits for intellectual Patents and Trademarks, Marybeth Peters, Register of property policy-making which are supposed to result from the Copyrights, and William Patry, Professor of Law at restructuring are in fact likely to occur, or whether any benefits Yeshiva University. in this area would be outweighed by the loss of other public bene- In his statement, Bruce Lehman emphasized support fits that have flowed from the special relationship that has existed by the Administration for many of the reforms proposed between the Copyright Office and the Library of Congress for by Senator Hatch. He stressed the fact that because the well over a century. Historically, the Copyright Office's PTO relies on revenue from fees, there is a need for "oper- placement within the legislative branch has allowed it to be ational flexibility" in order to serve the public in a more an independent voice for ensuring balanced treatment of efficient manner. He also suggested that the reinvented copyright-related matters. office, which would be called "The United States Intellec- Based on the testimony of the witnesses, statements tual Property Organization," be a performance-based from others in the library and publishing communities organization (as envisioned by Vice President Gore) in and opposition from others on the Judiciary Committee, which it has "greater accountability and responsibility." Senator Hatch agreed to pull Title I with respect to the Mr. Patry also expressed support for the legislation Copyright Office from the legislation and to reconsider and added that the Copyright Office was "a poor this matter at another time. Provisions in this and stepchild," a reference to the seemingly small amount of another copyright-related bill, H.R. 1861, the Copyright the Library of Congress budget that is allocated to the Clarifications Act of 1996, failed to pass the Senate prior Copyright office. to the end of the session. Marybeth Peters expressed serious concerns about the Ann Doty, Research Assistant for Federal Relations proposed legislation, especially with regard to Title I, which includes plans for removal of the Copyright Office CONGRESS PASSES ELECTRONIC FOIA n September 17, the House and Senate passed the from the Library of Congress. These concerns reflect Electronic Freedom of Information Amendments those of many in the library and publishing communities. Studies conducted by the Copyright Office show that with Act of 1996, H.R.3802 and S.1090. President Clinton signed H.R.3802 into law on October 2, and noted the reforms proposed in S. 1961, fees for registration of that, "fojur country was founded on democratic principles, copyright would increase by five times the current amount. According to Ms. Peters, this rise in fees would and for 30 years, FOIA has supported these principles...the Electronic Freedom of Information Act cause registrations to decrease, thus diminishing access to Amendments of 1996 reforges an important link between many works. the United States Government and the American people." Some members of the Committee, including Senator The legislation updates the Freedom of Information Thompson (R-TN) and Senator Simpson (R-WY), ques- Act to make government records available in electronic tioned the need for such reform and were highly skepti- format. The legislation explicitly requires that agencies cal. Senator Thompson stated that he wondered whether honor requests for information in electronic format this was a solution in search of a problem. although this has been an accepted practice for several ARL, other members of the Shared Legal Capability, years. The legislation includes a number of other provi- the Association of American Publishers, and the National sions including: Humanities Alliance sent a joint letter to the Committee e extends the length of time from 10 to 20 days for that stated: agencies to comply with FOIA requests; No action should be taken to move this proposal toward enactment until the Committee has had a full opportunity to O directs agencies to use electronic media and formats consider the concerns of authors, publishers, libraries, and other including the Internet to make information more producers and users of copyrighted works regarding potential accessible; and adverse consequences that are likely to result from the legisla- omandates better record keeping measures by agencies. A R L1 8 8 0 O C T O B E R1 9 9 6 CeAt-HioN-Fe -E-TW E-DFORM- 'EON Paul Evan Peters, Executive Director TEACHING AND LEARNING your thinking about what you need to be doing at your own institution." IN CYBERSPACE Some of the ideas Oakley asserted that institutions eclaring he was addicted to cybersurfing and could be doing include what he termed distance interac- just could not quit, Virginia Tech graduate tion. "Universities could build learning communities student Cern Unsal intrigued and amused atten- of students not physically on the campus," explained dees at the CAUSE/CNI Southeast Regional Conference Oakley. Through dorm room access to the WWW, for held September 12-13, 1996 in Roanoke, Virginia. example, students could view their weekly assignments Participants attended a range of plenary sessions and on the WWW and ask questions via email. seminars that examined the theme of the conference, Sessions such as that of Anne S. Parker, Interim new modes of "Teaching and Learning in Cyberspace." Executive Director, Planning and Policy, Information Barbara J. Ford, Executive Director, University Technology Services at the University of North Carolina Libraries at the Virginia Commonwealth University, at Chapel Hill, and Patricia Wand, University Librarian, and incoming president of the American Library American University, delved into specific campus infor- Association, affirmed the value of the experience: "The mation policies of the teaching and learning networked conference addressed important topics that are key to environment that Oakley examined. Both spoke of the dealing with the intellectual and values issues associat- importance of articulating the rights and responsibilities ed with using technology in an academic setting." of users in the online environment including, for exam- Ford also gave a presentation at a session entitled ple, the appropriate behavior of students in academic "Strategies for Access to Digital Information." Ford versus non official homepages and the idea of policing and her co-presenter Joan Cheverie, yisiting Program that environment. Officer for the Coalition for Networked Information, "The police issue question is intriguing. We must described opportunities for increased access to decide our role especially in an academic setting where networked information. there are guidelines that help students learn what is Touted as the cheerleader of education technology, appropriate in many areas," said an attendee. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Professor Specific student's opinions of technology in Burks Oakley II, set the tone for the conference with his instruction were the subject of the session entitled keynote address entitled "The Virtual Classroom: Sili- "The Student View of Technology in Instruction." Four con and Fiber Replacing Bricks and Mortar." Oakley, Virginia Tech students opined about the use of technol- who is also the Associate Director of the Sloan Center ogy in their courses. The students' majors ranged from for Asynchronous Learning Environments (SCALE), technical to non technical concentrations and according- described his university's use of networked computers ly, their cyberspace experiences varied. to implement innovative teaching and learning Attendees found this session one of the most useful, experiences. according to Wendall A. Barbour, Vice President for Through student-wide network access and the latest Information Resources at California State University uses of networked information, professors at the Uni- in Bakersfield, "It was extremely helpful to hear the versity of Illinois address common university problems students and find out what their interests were." Buddy including retention, rapid feedback, and access to facul- Litchfield, Rience Reference Librarian at Virginia Tech, ty, explained Oakley. He also demonstrated professors' stated, "I was glad to hear the students were benefiting use of the WWW to engage and communicate with stu- from the networked environment and that they appreci- dents: "The Web gives them (students) mental imagery ate it." Mitchell E. Counts, Director of the Law Library that they wouldn't have received from a textbook." at Baylor University, concurred: "We seldom get to A captivating visual presentation filled with exam- discover what the student's think and it is great to know ples of syllabi on the WWW as well as professor/stu- that they are so successful in this environment." Robert dent/teaching assistant Internet chat groups aided Hansen, Professor of Computer Science at Hollins Oakley in what many attendees described as an College, gave his perspective on the session: "It was "invigorating" session. an interesting and frank student discussion and I felt "Burks Oakley had such high energy. He is an reinforced from such a positive response, especially innovator and he's accomplished some great things," to email." said Jayne Salvo, Productions Manger of the Brevard Equally positive responses resulted from the Community College-run WBCC TV 68 in Florida. Jerry session entitled "Electronic Theses and Dissertations: Niebaum, Executive Director of the Information Tech- Unlocking Access to Graduate Research." Gail nology Services at the University of Kansas, concurred: McMillan, Director of the Virginia Tech Libraries' "The session was extraordinarily good. It stimulated Communications Project and the Head of the Special 70 8 A R L1 8 8 o O C T O B E R1 9 9 6 Collections Department, spoke of the policies, Technology at the University of North Carolina at procedures, and training for faculty and students Chapel Hill, addressed the key issue of the costs developing at Virginia Tech in preparation for mandat- involved in modern technology in the university envi- ed electronic theses and dissertation. Janice Thomasson, ronment. Graves explained the idea of a new national Director of the Medical College of Georgia, articulated learning infrastructure designed to increase access to a highlight of this session: "The beauty of the presenta- education, to contribute to the quality of learning, and tion was that it demystified high technology. When to contain overall instructional costs. the speaker discussed the fact that even she as a non Another key conference issue addressed was technical person could configure a program for an support services for technology-based information electronic thesis, I thought resources. Polley Ann that was excellent." Workshop on Metadata for McClure, Vice President A similar message Networked Images and Imagebases and CIO at the University of Virginia, examined the affirming the ability of all The Coalition for Networked Information and OCLC technological levels to use organized an invitational workshop in Dublin, Ohio on many changes occurring in teaching and learning in September 24 and 25. The purpose of the workshop was to technology including the cyberspace resonated promote convergence among alternative approaches to demand for dial-in lines, through the session entitled describing images and imagebases in networked Internet overload, and "Using the Network as an environments. The workshop focused on still images, such requests for more support. Integral Part of Curricu- as photographs, slides, and graphics. It did not deal with McClure then offered lum." Brad Cox, George moving images, such as films, videos, and simulations. some solutions to what Mason University Professor, Attendees included.faculty members, archivists, librarians, she termed a "crisis" in IT and Joseph S. Merola, information technologists, and other professional support. "McClure's dis- Virginia Tech Professor, developers and mangers of information infrastructures, cussion integrated well into a whole range of explained methods technol- resources, and services. ogy extended to traditional problems and she See A R L1 8 8 a O C T O B E R1 9 9 6 71 OFFICE-OF-SeHOLARLY COMMUNICATION Mary M. Case, Director SERIAL CANCELLATION RATES responding libraries not reducing funds for the pur- chase of monographs, however, the picture is not INCREASE AFTER 1995 DROP much brighter. Most are facing static monographic fter a year when less than half of the reporting funding which, with the increasing prices of mono- libraries indicated their intent to cancel serials, graphs, results in the purchase of fewer titles. AARL's Quick SPEC Survey on Cancellation From the various comments of respondents Rates for 1996 reveals that 57% or 50 of the 88 respond- throughout the survey, it is clear that annual serials ing institutions planned to cancel serials. In 1995, only cancellation has become a way of life for research 40 out of 90, or 44%, had indicated their intent to cut libraries. Many of those without targeted goals have a subscriptions (ARL 177). The 1996 results are more in one-in/one-out policy. Several respondents speculat- line with those for the preceding years when well over ed on the need for alternative approaches to providing 50% of the respondents indicated their intent to cancel articles and were particularly interested in cost-benefit (ARL 153, 159, 166, and 172). The 1996 Quick SPEC data for subsidized document delivery services. When Survey was sent to ARL member libraries in January asked whether ARL can fill an informational role 1996 and attempts to estimate only in the most general about serial cancellations, several respondents com- sense an institution's early plans for managing its mented that the information is useful if only to show materials budget. the faculty that their library is not alone in confronting For those libraries planning to cancel serials, the this problem. brief survey asks for the approximate dollar value. The final accounting of 1996 serials cancellations Forty-two libraries reported a total amount of about by ARL members is just now underway. The results $10 million. If all 50 of the canceling institutions can- will be published in the 1995-96 ARL Statistics due out celed at this rate ($238,000 per institution) almost $12 in February 1997. million worth of serials would be cut. In contrast, the Survey tabulated by Marianne Seales, Program Assistant, average cancellation per institution according to last Office of Management Services year's survey was $110,000. This year's targeted amounts ranged from $30,000 to $600,000. Twenty- seven libraries reported goals of $200,000 or more. AAU/ARL RETHINK STRATEGY TO In general, the canceling libraries were not identi- PROMOTE ELECTRONIC SCHOLARLY fying titles of specific publishers. Eighteen noted, COMMUNICATION however, that they were targeting specific disciplines. has worked for several years with the Of those which specified the discipline, eight respond- Association of American Universities (AAU) ed that they were canceling titles in the sciences, four Ato address issues facing the future of research in the social sciences, and one in the humanities. libraries and scholarly communication. This spring, Many others commented that while they were cancel- the two organizations reached a significant turning ing across disciplines, they would by default cancel the point in the pursuit of their shared agenda. The most dollars in the sciences. In comparison to other AAU/ARL Research Libraries Steering Committee, disciplines, science journals have the highest prices alerted to the need to undertake a collective action to and the greatest cost increases and represent the establish a new higher education network (Internet II), largest portion of the serials budget. decided to recast its plan to support electronic scholar- In addition to cancellation, another strategy to ly communication in this broader framework. Encour- support serials purchases is to trim the monographic aged by the Steering Committee's desire to explore a budget. Just about half, 43 of the 88 responding more broadly conceived collective action, the ARL libraries, indicated that they would in fact be reducing Board appointed a working group to develop a pro- the funds available for monographic purchases. posal. A draft document was distributed for comment One respondent noted that this was not "as much a and will be discussed by the full ARL membership at conscious decision as one of necessity." Another its October Business Meeting. At the same time, AAU commented that they "expect to continue to see the will be addressing issues of conduit, content, and con- small but constant erosion of monograph purchases duct in the digital environment during its President's overall as costs rise in other areas of the budget." In Meeting also held in October. Based on the discus- one very extreme case, the library's materials budget sions at both meetings, representatives of AAU and was reduced by $1.5 million leaving virtually no ARL will formulate a new strategy to advance elec- monographic budget except for a fund of $40,000 to fill tronic scholarly communication. faculty requests for reserve materials. For the 72 10 A R L1 8 8 O C T O B E R1 9 9 6 CTIVITILiS G. Jaia Barrett, Deputy Executive Director NEH GRANTS Rutgers: To support educational programs on the schol- The following grants were awarded by the National arly use of electronic texts in the humanities. State University of New York at Albany: To support the Endowment for the Humanities. cataloging of approximately 6,500 newspaper titles and Association of Research Libraries: To support comple- preservation microfilming of 200,000 pages of newsprint. tion of the conversion into electronic form of the National Syracuse: To support the preservation microfilming and Register of Microform Masters (NRMM). cataloging of approximately one million pages of embrit- UC-Berkeley: To support the creation of a prototype for an Internet-accessible database of archival finding aids, tled, unpublished manuscripts, radio scripts, corporate records, and publications documenting the history of the based upon American history collections held by four Street & Smith Company, the largest publisher of pulp university research libraries. UC-Riverside: To support the cataloging of 4,000 fiction in the United States. newspaper titles in repositories throughout the state; Texas at Austin: To support the education of preserva- tion administrators and conservators in the care of library to support production of the English Short Title Catalog, a database of bibliographic records and holdings infor- and archival collections. mation for the output of the English-language press from Ann Doty, Research Assistant for Federal Relations 1475 to 1800. Columbia: To support the preservation microfilming of TRANSITIONS 9,797 embrittled pamphlets on social and economic histo- Colorado State: Irene Godden, Associate Dean of ry published from 1880 to 1950; to support the creation of Libraries, was appointed Interim Dean, effective standards and procedures for Internet access to papyri November 1, concurrent with Joan Chambers' retirement. collections held by major repositories in the United Boston: John Laucus announced he will take a year's States. leave of absence as Director of Libraries starting at the Cornell: To support the preservation of microfilming of end of January 1997, and retire in January 1998. 7,980 embrittled volumes on American agricultural histo- Howard: Mod Mekkawi was named Director of ry and rural life, dating from 1820 to 1945, and held by Libraries, effective August 1996. nine land-grant university libraries. Library of Congress: Retired Army Brigadier General Illinois at Chicago: To support the continued develop- Donald Lavern Scott was named Deputy Librarian of ment of national standards for the electronic encoding of Congress, effective September 30. He was previously texts through the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI). Chief Executive Officer of the AmeriCorps National Illinois at Urbana: To support the preservation micro- Civilian Community Corps, a division of the Corporation filming of 7,800 embrittled books and the repair of 1,300 for National Service. additional volumes on history and literature held by nine Michigan: Donald Riggs announced that he will leave member libraries of the CIC. the Dean of University Library position effective MIT: To support development of the Shakespeare December 31, 1996 and become full-time senior professor Demonstration Archive, a multimedia collection of in Michigan's new School of Information. Shakespeare's plays, image materials, film performances, Temple: James Myers announced his plans to retire as and other scholarly tools, to be delivered on the Internet. Dean of Temple University Japan; John Zenelis, Minnesota: To support the arrangement and description appointed Acting University Librarian for Temple of the 255 linear feet of records of the American Council University during Dr. Myers' appointment in Japan, will for Nationalities Service compiled from 1918 to 1993. continue in this role. New York Public Library: To support the preservation ARL: DeEtta Jones was named Program Officer for microfilming of 6,616 brittle books and the repair of 2,032 Diversity effective the end of 1996. Ms. Jones is currently additional volumes on the history, culture, and social life Director of the Office of Human Rights for the City of of the Americas; to support a cooperative project to cata- Fort Collins, Colorado. She served previously as log primary research materials for the study of dance and Coordinator for Multicultural Training and Leadership to create detailed finding aids searchable on the Internet. Development at Colorado State University. Oklahoma: To support the preservation and enhanced cataloging of 25,341 endangered political television com- American Library Association: The Executive Board of mercials broadcast from 1952 through 1978. ALA announced that Elizabeth Martinez has agreed to Oregon: To support cataloging of 1,350 newspaper titles. continue in her position as ALA Executive Director for Pennsylvania: To support the arrangement, description, the remainder of her contract, until August 15, 1997. and preservation of the 360 linear feet of personal papers of Marian Anderson (1897-1993), which include musical scores and sound recordings. 73 A R L1 8 8 0 O C T O B E R1 9 9 6 11 ARL: A Bimonthly Newsletter of Research Library Issues Executive Director: Duane E. Webster and Actions (US ISSN 1050-6098) is published six times Editor: G. Jaia Barrett, Deputy Executive Director a year by the Association of Research Libraries, Communications Specialist: Michael Matthews 21 Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20036. Designer: Kevin Osborn, Research & Design, Ltd., Arlington, VA 202-296-2296 FAX 202-872-0884 Copyright: 1996 by the Subscriptions: Members$25 per year for additional Association of Research Libraries subscription; Nonmembers$50 per year. ARL policy is to grant blanket permission to reprint any article in be noted for certain articles. For commercial use, a reprint the newsletter for educational use as long as the source, author, issue, request should be sent to the ARL Information Services Coordinator. and page numbers are acknowledged. Exceptions to this policy may CALENDAR 1996-97 1996 LICENSING November 18-20NASULGC Annual Meeting San Diego, CA ELECTRONIC RESOURCES: December 3-6 CAUSE STATE OF THE ART San Francisco, CA Sponsored by ARL 8r CNI December 6-7 Coalition for Networked December 8-9, 1996 Information Fall Task Force San Francisco, CA MeetMg San Francisco, CA Consult the ARL Homepage A BIMONTHLY NEWSLETTER OF RESEARCH LIBRARY ISSUES AND ACTIONS Current Issues THE MEDIEVAL FUTURE OF INTELLECTUAL CULTURE: SCHOLARS AND LIBRARIANS IN THE AGE OF THE ELECTRON by Stanley Chodorow, Provost, University of Pennsylvanta Editor's Note: Dr. Chodorow set the stage for the research and publication will arise from the way recent ARL Membership Meeting program on it will change scholarly discourse, and it is in that Redefining Higher Education with the following change that we will retrace our steps to the intel- remarks about the nature of intellectual culture, and lectual culture of the middle ages. Today, I want how knowledge is mapped and communicated. He to focus on that change and its effects. concludes with his views on the actions that need to In medieval intellectual culture, works of CO be taken by provosts and librarians to effect a positive literaturehistory, theology, law, medicine, future for scholarly discourse. and literature in the strict senseflowed from The electronic revolution is taking us back author to author, across generations, growing to the middle ages. As librarians and as and changing as individual contributors worked scholars, we are on a tape running fast-for- on them. ward to the past. When the tape reaches its end, Medieval chroniclers used the work of their our professional lives will be changed. You will predecessors, adding and filling in material to be the managers of an information environment make the work their own. In the modern editions very different from one you deal with now. As a of these works, scholars have marked the layers of teacher and scholar, my relationship with the text by printing them in different sizes; the students, colleagues, and information will critical editions of works that grew over many have been transformed. generationssuch as some of the monastic chron- The changes I am talking about are not the icles of the Alsace-Lorraineare the mothers of obvious ones we can all see clearly today. Right all eye charts. now, at the beginning of the electronic revolution, The standardor, as they are called, vul- we are preoccupied with the exponential growth gateglosses on the Bible and on the foundation- of information resources on the World Wide Web. al texts of law, medicine, theology, and philoso- Scholars and information purveyors are produc- phy were also composite works, the melding of ing this growth. Scholars, students, and librarians the works of several generations of teachers and are trying to cope with it. In case you librarians scholars. have not yet noticed, let me say that the scholars Papal and imperial privileges were reissued and students are depending on you to figure out with each new reign, growing or changing in how to catalog and organize all the information response to contemporary political interests while out there on the Internet. We are counting on you preserving the essence of the original privilege. to produce a new Melvil Dewey. All of these kinds of medieval works and docu- Hard as that task will be, it will not be the ments grew organically from generation to gener- hardest problem that the revolution will create for ation. What was significant about them was not us. The real problems of the new medium for who wrote them but what they contained. 75 ed-RRENT-ISSUES Continued In the not-so-distant future, our own intellectual tools, will quickly evolve into several subspecies in the culture will begin to look something like the medieval hands of scholars. one. Our scholarly and information environment will We historians of medieval canon law distinguish have territories dominated by content, rather than by between the French and Bolognese versions of the distinct individual contributions. The current geogra- Breviarium of Bernard of Pavia, which evolved from the phy of information is the product of the seventeenth- textbook of papal judicial opinions that Bernard pro- century doctrine of copyright. We are all worrying duced about 1191-92. Will we soon be able to speak of about how the electronic medium is undermining that the French, German, and American versions of an elec- doctrine. In the long run, the problem of authorship in tronically transmitted calendar of papal letters? Or will the new medium will be at least as important as the the versions emerge within international circles repre- problem of ownership of information. senting different kinds of users of the lettersthe politi- Works of scholarship produced in and through the cal historians, social historians, and legal historians? electronic medium will have The only certainty is that the same fluiditythe same such works will evolve seamless growth and alter- Works of scholarship produced in and through continuously once we ation and the same de- the electronic medium will have the begin to take advantage of emphasis of authorshipas same fluiditythe same seamless growth our new medium for infor- medieval works had. The mation. harbingers of this form of and alteration and the same de-emphasis of I have been talking of scholarship are the listservs authorshipas medieval works had. the flow of information and bulletin boards of the and the fluidity of works of current electronic environ- scholarship on purpose. ment. In these forums, scholarly exchange is becoming The future world of scholarship I am envisioning is one instantaneous and acquiring a vigor that even the great in which the information used by teams of scholars will scholarly battlers of oldthe legendary footnote fulmi- be in liquid form. The electronic format encourages natorswould admire. Scholars don't just work side by constant changeaddition, subtraction, alterationand side in the vineyard; they work together on common its organization is fundamentally different from the one projects. used in printed materials. What these harbingers reveal is the first effects of a Right now, much of the material on the Internet is fundamental change in the means of communication. made up of digitized pictures of printed works, which The modern forms of scholarshipthe works we have can be cited by chapter, page, and paragraph. When been collecting, cataloging, and organizing for several scholars create information resources directly on the centuriesare products of a particular means of com- Internet, they use a variety of new organizational meth- munication. The codex dates from late antiquity. It was ods and expect the materials to grow and change con- a technological advance on the scroll and the highest stantly, perhaps even to be given a completely new development of the possibilities of manuscription. The organizational form in mid-stream, if someone develops scientific article and the journal in which it appeared a better way to present the data. We can expect many was invented in the seventeenth century. This form of scholars to resist such fluidity in their information publication realized the possibilities of the printing resources, because it will relegate the traditional foot- press. (The article as a mode of scientific communica- noteto which some of us are inordinately attachedto tion was the invention of Edmund Halley, the the dustbin. Some future edition of The Chicago Manual astronomer who financed the publication of Newton's of Style will provide models of citation to suit the new Principia and who used Newton's theory to predict the medium. return of a comet that now bears his name.) We have This imagined world is one in which the electronic not yet developed the best form for work published on medium has radically changed the nature of "publica- the Internet, but weand especially you, the librari- tion." In the fluid world of the electron, the body of ansneed to begin to speculate about its characteristics scholarship in a field may become a continuous stream, in order to cope with its arrival on the scene and with the later work modifying the older and all of it available the stages of its evolution. to the reader in a single database or a series of linked A work of scholarship mounted on the Internet will databases. The prospect is exciting, but it contains some belong to the field it serves and will be improved by scary features. many of its users. Scholar-users will add to the work, One of these features is that a truly collaborative annotate it, and correct it, and share it with those with work, particularly a work in progress, blurs the concept whom they are working. All the really important works of authorship and makes it difficult to judge the signifi- of scholarship, the works we commonly call research cance of individual contributions. Now, we manage 2 A R L1 8 9 D E C E M B E R1 9 9 6 76 information mostly by author. We will have to find will continue to pour out of presses for almost as long as another way. you think they willthe skills and knowledge you have Another scary feature of the new environment is accumulated and passed on in your profession will have that the electronic medium is evolving as fast as the high value. But the growing importance of information scholarly discourse being carried out in it. What hap- resources in electronic form will certainly change the pens, then, when the discourse takes a break? All fields skills and knowledge needed by librarians. In my opin- go through periods of stagnation. If the medium of ion, the librarians who will help us deal with the elec- scholarship continues to change, then the preservation tronic medium will have to be members of the disci- of electronic resources must involve migration from one plines they serve. "platform" to another. So long as the discourse is lively, In his novel The Name of the Rose, Umberto Eco or at least animate, scholars and librarians who serve imagined the ideal of the medieval librarianthe them will port it from system to system. Who will use information scholar who held the key to knowing. up space and effort keeping a database alive during The librarian of the electronic age, like the librarian of periods of intellectual downtime? the ancient and medieval worlds, will have to be a For a long time now, librarians have been moving scholar among scholars. He or she will be the informa- cautiously towards greater and greater cooperation. tion specialist in every research group, the person who The progress has been slow, because the large institu- helps the group keep up with and understand the state tional investments in libraries have made us propri- of knowledge and its history. etary. The electronic medium requires that we speed This role will require training in a discipline as well up the move towards collaborative action. We need to as in information science, and it will make the role of decide now how we will preserve electronic information librarians international. Today, a librarian is hired to resources. Every month, great resources are being lost serve the needs of a particular library and the communi- in the trash heap of old technology. ty of scholars dependent on it. Even today, however, a The recent progress of collaboration among librarian may serve as a resource for scholars far and libraries, such as it is, rests on the stability of the print wide who send queries by email. When the electronic medium. Whichever institution buys, catalogs, and age matures, the librarian will serve an international shelves printed material, all other institutions in the col- community of scholars in his or her field. The locations laborative loop will be able to use that material. But the of librarian and colleagues, formerly called patrons or electronic medium is unstable, and our institutions are clients, will be designated by electronic addresses, not leapfrogging one another as they upgrade their systems mail codes. in response both to the needs of their patrons and to the So, how will we, the people responsible for manag- possibilities of ever-developing technology. Until and ing local resources and local institutions, decide whom unless our technology marches together in rank and file, to hire? We might decide that all librarians have to be the assumptions that have worked well during the age able to do local tasks as well as international, scholarly of print will fail us. The electronic revolution destroys ones. Then, we will hire the complement of people we the illusion that independent collection development need to run our libraries and assume that the special and management can produce adequate information disciplinary interests of our librarians will take care of resources for the scholarly community, indeed for the themselves. But scholars will not be content with the community at large. accidental nature and impermanence of that arrange- I am confident that we scholars will work out a way ment. They will not care where their librarian lives and to mark our contributions to the collaborative scholarly works, but they will want to know that they can count effort that we create M the electronic medium, so that on him or her. you librarians will be able to give us the credit we Now is the time for the library community, which deserve. has hovered between isolationism and international The challenge before you today is to create a cooperation for decades, to make a decisive commit- mapa catalogof the electronic medium of informa- ment to cooperation. There is a great deal to be done if tion. Together, you must develop new organizational the return of the medieval intellectual culture, with its principles and techniques that work in this medium fluid and international character, is to be as productive that guide us to the precise source of information, iden- and important for human civilization as it was the first tify the author of the information, and place the infor- time it came around. mation in a chronological order. This is the information about information that scholarship requires. In creating this new organization of knowledge, you will also have to design a new model of the information specialist. So long as there are printed resourceswhich 77 ARL 189 DECEMBER 19963 OFFICE OF SCHOL-A-RLY-COMMUNICATION Mary M. Case, Director OWNERSHIP OF FACULTY WORKS the work, after which the ownership may be trans- AND UNIVERSITY COPYRIGHT POLICY ferred to another.' In the case of "works for hire," the initial author, and therefore the initial owner of the by Clark Shores, Assistant Attorney General for the State of Washington copyright, is the employer or person who commis- sioned the work.2 The Copyright Act defines a work for hire as either (1) "a work prepared by an employee Retaining ownership of intellectual property within the aca- within the scope of his or her employment," or (2)as a demic and research communities has been proposed asone method of creating a more competitive marketplace for schol- work specially commissioned and agreed in writing between the parties to be a work for hire, and which arly publishing, slowing the rising costs of scholarly jour- nals, and ensuring the availability of copyrighted materials falls within certain categories listed in the statute.3 for educational use. Rather than signing their copyrights A fundamental legal question is whether faculty over to a commercial publisher, faculty could retain and works fall into either of these two categories. Because manage their own rights or sign their rights and the respon- faculty works are typically not specially commissioned, sibility of managing them over to the university or another this question reduces to whether faculty worksare pre- academic rights management organization. Alternatively, pared by faculty within the scope of employment. This universities could seek to claim ownership of some or all is necessarily a fact-specific inquiry, focusing on the faculty scholarship. Many universities have become inter- particular work and the circumstances of its produc- ested in this issue and are reviewing or creating policies tion. Nonetheless, even in the case of scholarly articles governing intellectual property on their campuses. At the prepared for publication in an academic journal, the ARL Copyright and Leadership Workshop held in Seattle matter is controversial. last September, Clark Shores, Assistant Attorney General Prior to the passage of the Copyright Act of 1976, for the State of Washington, University of Washington case law supported the position that faculty writings Division, reported on the legal debate over faculty work for are not works for hire:1 According to some scholars, hire and the issues a university needs to consider in design- this constituted a "teacher exception" to the application ing a copyright policy. This is an abridged version of his of work for hire principles, and passage of the 1976 Act presentation. The opinions expressed are those of the author effectively abolished the exception.5 Other commenta- and do not represent the views of the office of the Attorney tors have argued that faculty works are not works for General of the State of Washington. hire, and that this result was unchanged under the MMC 1976 Act.6 The courts have not squarely addressed the ques- Introduction tion, and where they have addressed the issue indirect- By tradition, university faculty have been regard- ly have varied in their treatment of it. For example, in ed as the owners of the copyrightable works they Weinstein v. University of Illinois,' the court stated in create, and universities have as a matter of poli- dicta that the 1976 Act "is general enough to make cy generally disclaimed copyright interests in faculty every academic article a 'work made for hire' and works. In the days when faculty produced primarily therefore vest exclusive control in universities rather text-based scholarly lectures, articles, and books, this than scholars."8 tradition accommodated both faculty and institutional In contrast, in Hays v. Sony Corp of America,9 the interests. Today however, in addition to these tradi- court, again in dicta, stated that if it were forced to tional materials, faculty produce a wide variety of decide the issue, it would hold the teacher exception other works, such as computer programs, multimedia had survived the enactment of the 1976 Act.1° works, videotaped lectures, and distance learning The heart of the uncertainty lies in how to apply courses. This variety, the circumstances in which it is the legal principles of work for hire within the produced, the resources used in producing it, and the financial demands on higher education, are putting circumstances of academia. In the landmark case of increasing pressure on institutions to revise their poli- Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid," the United cies regarding copyright interests in faculty works. States Supreme Court made clear that the interpretation This article discusses some of the issues relevant to of the statutory definition of work for hire must be such a revision of copyright policy. guided by the common law of agency. Under agency law, the fundamental question that decides whethera Faculty Works and Works for Hire work was prepared in the course of employment is Under federal copyright law, initial ownership of the whether the employer had the right to control the copyright in a work vests in the author or authors of manner and means by which the work was produced.12 78 4 A R L1 8 9 D E C E M B E R1 9 9 6 Other factors include whether the conduct was of Another approach is to identify general factors of a the sort the employee was hired to perform, whether particular work that could be evaluated to decide if the the conduct occurred substantially within the autho- institution has an interest. Many universities currently rized time and space limits, and whether the employ- rely on a variety of factors in this way, the most com- ee's motivation was, at least in part, to serve the mon being: (1) the extent to which institutional employer.13 resources were used in preparing the work; (2) the Determining if a particular work is a work for hire commercial character of the work; (3) the utilitarian (as is a fact-specific inquiry focusing on the circumstances opposed to purely scholarly or aesthetic) character of in which that work was produced, and therefore, gen- the work; (4) the connection between the work and the eralizations are hazardous. However, because the fun- faculty member's job responsibilities; (5) the concern to damental consideration under a work for hire analysis avoid disputes within the university community. is the employer's right to control or supervise the These considerations, or similar ones, facilitate an preparation of the work, and analysis similar to that because universities general- used to decide whether a ly lack the right, for reasons A university copyright policy should be particular use of a copy- of academic freedom, to designed to accommodate the uncertainty righted work is a fair use. Under section 107 of the supervise scholarly produc- inherent in a work for hire analysis, and tion, a wide range of faculty Copyright Act, to decide works are probably not at the same time to secure the institution's whether a use is fair, one works for hire. copyright claims where appropriate. must evaluate it in light Furthermore, it is fre- of its purpose, the nature quently unclear whether a of the work, the amount particular faculty work was prepared subject to the of the work that is used, and the impact of the use on institution's supervision, and therefore the determina- the potential market value of the work.14 No one fac- tion of which works qualify as works for hire is simi- tor is determinative, although the effect on market larly unclear. A university copyright policy should be value is usually given the most weight. designed to accommodate the uncertainty inherent in a Similarly, to decide whether the university has an work for hire analysis, and at the same time to secure interest in a particular faculty work, one could evalu- the institution's copyright claims where appropriate. ate the use of institutional resources, the work's com- The following discussion offers some suggestions as to mercial and utilitarian qualities, and the relation how this might be done. between the work and the faculty creator's job respon- sibilities. As with the fair use analysis, probably no Faculty Ownership and University Policy one of these factors should be determinative, although A university policy concerning copyright interests in the use of institutional resources is probably the one faculty works should address at least the following that should be accorded the most weight. issues: (1) whether the university will assert an owner- If these factors are used to determine whether an ship interest in some faculty works, and, if so, which institution has a copyright interest in faculty works, ones; (2) the means by which the university will obtain an ownership interest in those faculty works not con- the range of works in which the institution might then sidered works for hire; and (3) the process by which claim some copyright interest would probably be determinations of institutional interest will be made. broader than if it claimed only works for hire. The rea- The first issue requires determining in which fac- son, generally, is that the above factors do not focus on ulty works the university will assert an ownership the question of the institution's right to supervise and interest. It is reasonably clear that most universities control the manner and means of the production of the will assert ownership in works for hire. This decision work, whereas that is the most important considera- however, is not an easy one, because the class of works tion under a work for hire analysis. for hire is not clearly defined, and because many facul- To illustrate, imagine a multimedia instructional ty works are not works for hire. text that was prepared by several faculty members One approach is to define broad classes of faculty using university resources. In light of the factors works, such as software or multimedia, as those in described above, such a work might be one in which which the university will assert an interest. This the university would wish to assert an interest, but it is approach may help keep the burden of administration not clear that the work would be a work for hire. In within manageable limits because it will limit the particular, although the university might have had number of individual cases requiring review. some right to control indirectly the use of institutional 79 ARL 189 DECEMBER 1996 OFFICE-OF-SCI=I0t-A-REY-e0M-MUNICA-TiON Continued resources, it is unclear whether that right in itself stances in which they are created, it is not possible to establishes the right to supervise the production of write a policy that anticipates all possible works and the work.15 circumstances of creation. For this reason, the policy The second fundamental issue is how the institu- should define an administrative process by which tion acquires its ownership interests. A university determinations about the institution's interest are might try to secure its claim to a selected range of fac- made. The process needs to designate an office"the ulty works by re-defining what qualifies as a work for university copyright office"to administer the policy hire. This is possible, but only to a limited degree. and to make such determinations. On the one hand, an agreement declaring every copy- In addition, in light of the volume of copyrightable rightable work prepared by the employee to be a work subject matter created by faculty, it is not practicable for hire would not have its for the university copy- intended effect. It would right office to examine not make a particular work a every piece of copy- work for hire if the facts In many cases, it is likelythat the only right the rightable work. The poli- about its creation estab- cy must therefore estab- university needs to secure is the non-exclusive lished that the work was not lish a threshold for deter- prepared in the scope of right to use the work for its own purposes. mining whether it is nec- employment.16 essary to decide if there is On the other hand, an an institutional interest. employment agreement can One such threshold might determine what is a work for hire to the extent that it be to require all faculty to report to the copyright office can define the scope of employment in such a way as any copyrightable work having potential commercial to ensure that the works prepared by the employee value. The copyright office would then evaluate the were prepared within that scope. This approach work in light of factors such as those described above. would probably be of limited utility in the case of uni- If the copyright office concludes that the work is versity faculty. To make traditional faculty works one in which the university has an interest, then the works for hire, a university in effect would have to university and the faculty member could enter into declare that the preparation of such works is subject to such agreements as may be necessary to secure that the control and supervision of the university, contrary interest. If the work is clearly a work for hire, then to strong tradition. Such a declaration would probably strictly speaking, no further agreement is required. give the institution more control than it needs or However, in light of the uncertainty inherent in the wants, and would likely be vehemently opposed by work for hire doctrine, this will probably be the excep- the faculty. tion rather than the rule. For this reason, it is advis- Instead of redefining what counts as a work for able to have an agreement that memorializes the par- hire, a more reliable way to determine copyright inter- ties' understanding that the work is a work for hire, or ests would be to have the university define the nature to the extent the work is not a work for hire, which of the works in which it has an ownership interest, assigns the faculty member's interest to the perhaps through reliance on factors like those university.17 In cases where the partiesagree the work described above, and then create a contractual obliga- is not a work for hire, a simple assignment of copy- tion on the part of the faculty to assign their copyright right interests will suffice. interests to the university. Such a contractual obliga- To summarize, any university policy regarding tion could be created by having faculty sign an agree- copyright interests in faculty works will need to identi- ment stating that they agree to abide by the universi- fy either types of works in which the institution will ty's copyright policy, and that faculty must assign always assert an interest, or the criteria by which copyright interests in their work where the determina- determinations of institutional interest will be made. tion has been made that the university has an interest Second, the policy must ensure there is a contractual in the work. The agreement can then be incorporated obligation on the part of faculty to assign their copy- into the university's handbook, faculty code, or rights in those cases in which the university deter- employment manual. mines it has an interest, where that interest is not The third fundamental issue inherent in examina- already clearly secured under work for hire principles. tion of faculty works focuses on the process by which Third, the policy needs to describe an administrative the institution's interests are determined. Given the process by which determinations of institutional inter- variety of faculty works and the variety of circum- est will be made, presumably through some sort of 80 6ARL 189 DECEMBER 1996 university copyright office, and ensure the existence of 15Restatement (Second) of Agency § 228; see generally Kilby, supra, 21 J. a contractual obligation for the faculty to enter into Coll. & Univ. L. at 465 (identifying and discussing agency law factors such further agreements or to make such assignments in relation to scholarly works). 1417 U.S.C. § 107. as are necessary to secure the institution's interests. 15Cf. Marshall v. Miles Laboratories, Inc., 647 F. Supp. 1326, 1331 (N. D. Finally, it should be emphasized that there is con- Ind. 1986) (work was made for hire because company policy required siderable flexibility under copyright law as to how the each employee to submit a manuscript for review prior to publica- rights in faculty works can be allocated between facul- tion). ty and the institution. The policy could, in effect, vest 18See generally 1 Nimmer § 5.03[131[1][bl[ii]. 17As noted previously, supra, fn. 14, a private agreement that a work is complete ownership of all copyrightable works in the not a work for hire will not in itself determine whether the work is, or university, or it could vest complete ownership of all is not, or a work for hire, although such an agreement may present a works in the faculty, or it could vest complete owner- significant barrier for the hired party to prove ownership. See gener- ship of some works in the university and complete ally 1 Nimmer § 5.03[13][1Th:01 ownership of other works in the faculty. Perhaps most importantly, the policy could divide the rights com- CANADIAN SCHOLARLY prising a copyright and allocate some of those rights to the institution and some to the faculty, or could identi- COMMUNICATION REPORT fy non-exclusive licenses precisely tailored to meet the AND CONFERENCE needs of the parties. The Association of Universities and Colleges of In many cases, it is likely that the only right the Canada (AUCC) and the Canadian Association of university needs to secure is the non-exclusive right to Research Libraries (CARL) have recently issued the use the work for its own purposes. The rights in facul- final report of the AUCC-CARL/ABRC Task Force on ty works, in other words, can be allocated however the Academic Libraries and Scholarly Communication. The university administration deems appropriate, and the Changing World of Scholarly Communication: Challenges and determination as to what is an appropriate allocation Choices for Canada is the culmination of an effort begun can be determined largely by administrative consider- in early 1995 to "address the crisis of scholarly communi- ations rather than legal concerns. cation and its effect on higher education in Canada." The report is now available electronically 17 U.S.C. § 201(a), (d). 12E.g., Scherr v. Universal Match Co., 417 F.2d 497 (2d Cir. 1969) (applying this principle to reach result that artists employed by the U.S. Army had no copyright interest in sculpture they creat- ed). 81 A R L1 8 9 D E C E M B E R1 9 9 6 1/A Prudence S. Adler, Assistant Executive Director-Federal Relations and Information Policy LIBRARY ASSOCIATIONS ADDRESS constitute appropriate public policy in support of all interests concerning access to information. INTERNATIONAL INTELLECTUAL There is a long tradition in the United States of protect- PROPERTY PROPOSALS ing expression but not facts. The database proposal For the last three years, members of the Shared would undermine this tradition. Legal Capability (SLC)the Association of The proposal is outside the scope of copyright and Research Libraries, the American Association of focuses only on economic interests. The balance of Law Libraries, the American Library Association, the interests between owners, creators, and users in the cur- Medical Library Association, and the Special Libraries rent copyright framework is missing from the proposal. Associationhave participated actively in domestic and There are no exemptions for education and research international discussions concerning how to update comparable to those included in the Copyright Act. copyright and intellectual property rights for the digital The Information Industry Association, proponents of arena. With others in the public and private sectors, the the proposal, are opposed to any exemptions in the members of SLC have responded to a number of proposal. Administration proposals regarding copyright and U.S. policy appears to be driven by concerns over the intellectual property. recently approved European Union Directive to pro- In anticipation of the World Intellectual Property tect European databases, instead of what best serves Organization (W.I.P.O.) meeting in Geneva in December all U.S. interests. of 1996, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office requested It is premature to engage in and conclude an public comments on the W.I.P.O. draft treaties on data- international rule-making process regarding database bases, neighboring rights, and the protocol to the Berne protection prior to any domestic discussion. Convention. Many of the provisions in the treaties A database proposal should move forward only were included in U.S. legislation that failed to pass in following a full and thorough review of the costs and Congress this past session. Thus to many, the rush to benefits to all communities. negotiate an international agreement on these critically important issues is viewed as an "end run" around Protocol to the Berne Convention for the domestic consensus. Protection of Literary and Artistic Works Responding to the Patent and Trademark Office's request Database Treaty for comments on the Chairman's Text for the Diplomatic In a November 7, 1996 letter to Dr. John Gibbons, Conference on Certain Copyright and Neighboring Rights Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, Questions, the SLC noted that, "until workable solutions the SLC members expressed opposition to the draft for all communities and sectors are developed, it is prema- "Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect to Databases." ture to seek to achieve international consensus on such The draft treaty proposed a new legal regime distinct contentious issues." Specific concerns with the draft pro- from copyright that would "trump" copyright law. The tocol include: database proposal would give rights to compilers of Article 7 would inhibit browsing on the World Wide databases, which is broadly defined, and give no Web because it extends the right of reproduction to all exemptions such as fair use or related educational temporary copies, including ephemeral images captured exemptions. in a computer's random access memory (RAM). If enact- Members of SLC commented that the "changes to ed, this provision, when coupled with Article 10, would intellectual property law which such a proposal would have a chilling effect on the ability of libraries and library facilitate are so sweeping that the U.S. delegation's sup- users to access needed information resources due to seri- port for the Draft Treaty should be withdrawn until a ous concerns over liability. complete and thorough national discussion of the merits Article 10 of the Protocol would create a new exclusive and/or drawbacks of any related intellectual property "right of communication to the public." This new right proposal are carefully debated and considered." In appears to be broader than both the distribution right and addition to process issues, the library associations noted the public performance right granted by the U.S. Copy- the following substantive concerns regarding the data- right Act. Creation of this new right, when coupled with base proposal. Article 7, would significantly increase the exposure of Access to data is the lifeblood of science and online service providersincluding librariesto copy- research. Thus, it is important to understand the right infringement liability. impacts of the proposal on the U.S. research and Article 12 would undermine many of the exceptions education communities. Such a proposal should created by Congress in support of educational and library 8 2 8 A R L1 8 9 D E C E M B E R1 9 9 6 activities, e.g. fair use, interlibrary loan, and more. exemptions into the digital environment. Of particular concern is the second paragraph, which Earlier this year, representatives of the library limits exceptions to "certain special cases which do not community participated in negotiations sponsored by conflict with the normal exploitation of the work and do Rep. Goodlatte (R-VA) concerning third party liability. not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of Although there was significant progress in those discus- the author." These fair use, library, and education sions, no compromise was reached. Prior to the Geneva exceptions in U.S. law are fundamental to the operation conference, there were also discussions with some rep- of library and educational institutions. Any erosion of resentatives of the commercial service provider commu- these critically important exceptions would seriously nity. SLC members noted that if any agreements are impair the ability of libraries to effectively serve reached on Article 7 and Article 10, (domestically and their users. internationally), it will be critically important that the Article 13 would restrict copying that is currently exceptions afforded to the commercial sector are equally permitted by law. It would impose liability on the applicable to libraries and educational institutions. manufacturer of devices that circumvent copy protec- Those institutions that provide information in the tion systems if the manufacturer had reason to know digital environment should not be held strictly liable that just one out of a thousand devices produced would for the infringing acts of their users. For more informa- be used to make unlawful copies. Thus, if a manufac- tion about W.I.P.O. and other copyright issues, see turer developed a device that enabled a library to 83 A R L1 8 9 D E C E M B E R1 9 9 6 9 -OFFIC-E-OF-M-ANAGEMENT-SERVICES OMS ANNOUNCES 1997 processes and procedures. Practical applications of the concepts to the workplace are the basis of this impor- TRAINING INSTITUTES & WORKSHOPS tant Workshop. The OMS Training & Leadership Development *ARL Members: $250 Nonmembers: $275 Program offers the following learning events specifically designed to integrate managerial and LEADING CHANGE (FORMERLY FACILITATING leadership concepts with immediately applicable work- CHANGE: THE INTERNAL CONSULTANT) place skills. Though some people have instincts which May 6-7, Washington, DC lead them to effective management, most of us learn to ecause change is a constant in every library envi- manage and lead on-the-job, with little or no formal Bronment, we all need to learn how to manage training in basic managerial and leadership practices. change effectively and how to gain the support of key The ability to learn new skills has become the pennant stakeholders during change efforts. This Institute pro- of the future's flexible, adept, and responsive organiza- vides an opportunity to examine the dynamics of tion. Participants at OMS Training events can expect a change, to consider new approaches, to gain skills in non-threatening yet challenging and structured train- making judgments and decisions while preparing for ing environment in which colleagues are encouraged to the next wave of change, and to learn and practice the exchange views and learn from others who share com- methods and strategies of implementing successful mon organizational experiences and concerns. Register change efforts. Ample opportunity is devoted to skill now while space is still available. practice and the application of concepts to partici- pants' own work. LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SKILLS INSTITUTE I: ARL Members: $350 Nonmembers: $420 THE MANAGER March 4-7, Washington, DC EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IN ORGANIZATIONS November 4-7, Cincinnati, OH May 27-28, Washington, DC Atime-tested core program, this Institute focuses on ommunication ranks as the top issue in many the individual and the individual's relationship to C,.....library organizations. While clear and direct com- the library organization as a whole, including relation- munication is crucial to internal work and service to ships to peers, direct reports, and supervisors. Concepts the community, it eludes many. Participants develop and techniques of personal leadership style, effective a deeper understanding of interpersonal and organiza- communication, new approaches to motivation, team- tional communication through exploration of their work and team building, values in decision making preferred communication styles and study and and decision making styles, management of difficult practice of skills critical to both interpersonal commu- behaviors, coaching and development of others, and nication and skillful group discussion. This Workshop conflict management are explored and developed. provides a rich set of experiences and materials that Using feedback tools and learning experiences, each provoke thinking and discussion both during the program segment builds on previous segments, so that program and, more importantly, when participants the cumulative result allows participants to see them- return to their workplaces. selves within the managerial context both as they are *ARL Members: $250 Nonmembers: $275 and as they would like to be. Participants have an opportunity to reflect on their current approach to EFFECTIVE CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN managerial and leadership responsibilities and take ORGANIZATIONS new and refreshed skills to their workplaces. May 29-30, Washington, DC ARL Members: $490 Nonmembers: $550 onflict is an everyday part of work life. In the C%...... organizational context, the positive resolution of WORK REDESIGN conflict is essential to the health of any organization. March 19-20, Washington, DC This Workshop explores and discusses conflict resolu- September 29-30, Chicago, IL tion, negotiation skills, and the impact of personal con- Aorganizations respond to change by altering the flict styles. It focuses on developing effective individ- ways they are organized, a parallel change in the ual and group conflict resolution techniques and skills. processes and procedures by which the actual work is Participants gain insights into their own and others' done is called for. Through a variety of small and large behaviors as discussions and case studies examine the group activities, participants learn the essential steps consequences of actions, words, and judgments. and analytical skills and tools needed to redesign work *ARL Members: $,250 Nonmembers: $275 8 4 10 A R L1 8 9 D E C E M B E R1 9 9 6 LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SKILLS INSTITUTE II: THE zation and the skills that such an organization demands. MANAGEMENT PROCESS Areas to be covered include creating shared vision, June 2-6, Washington, DC exploring mental models, determining paths to personal Adifferent kind of service orientation (especially given mastery, team learning strategies, and the importance of the networked environment) is pushing libraries to systems thinking. Participants learn specific behaviors, rethink their vision, planning, and work processes. To processes, and skills to create a learning organization and keep pace with and to lead this evolution, this program have the opportunity to engage these issues in a variety uses a simulated library workplace, in the framework of of provocative ways. the learning organization model, to focus on the individ- ARL Members: $250 Nonmembers: $275 ual's ability to positively influence the overall perfor- mance of the organization. Emphasis is placed on THE ASSISTANT /ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR IN ARL building and attaining proficiency in elements such as LIBRARIES: ROLES AND ISSUES shared visioning, strategic initiatives and planning, and November 11-14, Baltimore, MD team learning, so that participants become more effective This Institute focuses on the changing role and expecta- in solving organizational problems and in recognizing tions of the senior management position. Current and organizational opportunities. emerging models for the Assistant/Associate Director are ARL Members: $695 Nonmembers: $745 explored in the context of the various organizational changes underway in ARL libraries. Flattened structures, FACILITATION SKILLS INSTITUTE quality improvement programs, the demand for greater June 11-13, Chicago, IL participation in the university community, empowerment of staff, the need for strong senior management teams, Dec 9-11, San Diego, CA acilitation of meetings, group/teamwork, and deci- collaboration with computing centers, and the need to sion making are becoming important roles within devote more effort to fund-raising are some of the factors F that call for an examination and redefinition of this role. organizations. Participants learn how to become skilled ARL Members only: $400 facilitators who can assume key roles within their work units and assist in producing better quality group/team HUMAN RESOURCES INSTITUTE results. Topics include: facilitation of idea generation November 17-19, Washington, DC activities; group dynamics and group process; managing his Institute is designed to bring together participants meetings; dealing with difficult behaviors in groups; Tinvolved in human resources activities. We explore and problem-solving and decision-making methods. such current issues as the role of the human resources Each participant has an opportunity to practice specialist in organizational change; best practices in facilitation skills. human resources administration, staff development, ARL Members: $350 Nonmembers: $420 and training programs; new models for transforming library organizations; and approaches to work redesign. PROCESS IMPROVEMENT Facilitators with human resources management experi- October 1-2, Chicago, IL ence and expertise guide participants in exercises and Ahough libraries are process-driven, often our efforts activities based on current organizational development at making processes more efficient and customer- theory and practice. friendly fail in the early stages. In this Workshop partici- ARL Members: $350 Nonmembers: $375 pants study a customer-driven process model, the essen- tial tools of process description and analysis, how to *Register for 2 consecutive Workshops, the May 27-28 choose processes for improvement, and methods for and 29-30 or the Sept 29-30 and Oct 1-2 Workshops and stimulating successful process improvement in their own receive a $75 discount. libraries. Activities include a practicum process analysis in an actual library setting. *ARL Members: $250 Nonmembers: $275 For more information please contact: Christine Seebold, OMS Training Program Assistant ARL/OMS, 21 Dupont Circle FIRST STEPS TOWARD A LEARNING ORGANIZATION Washington, DC 20036 October 21-22, Washington, DC Email:[email protected] his Workshop focuses on the learning organization as a Phone: 202-296-8656 viable construct for library organizations and intro- T Fax: 202-872-0884 duces both the concepts underlying the learning organi- 85 A R L1 8 9 D E C E M B E R1 9 9 6 11 STATBTieS-&-MEASUREMENT Martha Kyrillidou, Program Officer for Statistics and Measurement LIBRAMANS' SALARIES Minority librarians in the 96 U.S. university libraries number 853 and account for 11.28% of ARL's U.S. AT A STALEMATE library professionals. Minorities continue to be dispro- The newly released ARL Annual Salary Survey 1996- portionately distributed in research libraries across the 97 is a compilation of detailed tables of salaries for country; they are underrepresented in the New Eng- librarians by job category, years of experience, land, West North Central, East South Central, West sex, minority status, size of library, and geographic South Central, and Mountain regions. The salary differ- region, based on data collected from 109 ARL university ential separating average minority salaries from average and 11 nonuniversity libraries. The Survey is the most overall salaries is $2,173, or 4:9% lower for minority comprehensive and thorough guide to current salaries staff. This percentage is up slightly from 4.5% last year. in large North American academic and research Librarians at private institutions continue to earn libraries, and is a valuable management and research more, about 5.2% more in FY 96-97, than their counter- tool. parts at public institutions. The overall average salary The median salary figures are:university libraries at private institutions is $48,226; at public institutions it $43,170; nonuniversity libraries $51,150. The medi- is $45,860. an beginning professional salaries are: university The average salary for female directors in university libraries $27,687; nonuniversity libraries$28,380. libraries is slightly higher this year than that of male Although the median salary increased from $41,901 directors, .55% higher. At medical libraries female in FY 1995-96 to $43,170 in FY 1996-97, there is no real directors earn 6.1% less than male directors, while at increase in the purchasing power of librarians when law libraries they earn 4.1% less. In most job categories inflation is taken into account. Actually, comparing this women continue to earn lower salaries than men. An year's salaries to FY 1990-91 and FY 1991-92, there was a interesting exception is Head of Computer Systems in slight decline in salaries in constant dollars. university libraries, where women earn 9.0% more than The overall average salary in ARL university men. Overall, women earn an average of 7.4% less than libraries, excluding medical and law libraries, is $46,508. men. This percentage holds for medical libraries as well; ARL libraries in the West South Central region in law libraries, women earn an average of 13.1% less (Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas) continue than men. to have the lowest average salary ($40,282, or 13.4% The ARL Annual Salary Survey 1996-97 is available lower), while those in the Pacific region (California, for $35 to member libraries and $65 to nonmembers Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington) continue to have the (plus $6 shipping and handling per publication). Please highest ($53,147 or 14.3% higher). In Canadian libraries, contact ARL Publications, Department #0692, Washing- the average salary for FY 1996-97 is $44,463 in U.S. dol- ton, DC 20073-0692, (202) 296-2296, email: [email protected]. lars, 4.4% lower than the overall average. Kim Maxwell, Research Assistant ARL UNIVERSITY LIBRARIANS, FY 1996-97 * Women Men Combined Average salary $45,173 $48,805 $46,508 Average years of experience 16.3 17.1 16.6 Total number of filled positions 4,378 2,544 6,922 Minority librarians' average salary $42,946 $48,002 $44,335 Total number of minority librarians (U.S. only) 523 198 721 Total number of directors 45 64 109 * Excludes medical and law libraries. Source: ARL Annual Salary Survey 1996-97 86 1 2A R L1 8 9 D E C E M B E R1 9 9 6 CITVITIES G. jaia Barrett, Deputy Executive Director GETTING TO KNOW DEETTA JONES, DeEtta described the most important characteristic of doing work in the area of diversity to be the highest ARL PROGRAM OFFICER FOR DIVERSITY degree of humility. She cited alliance-forging as an by Kathryn Deiss, Program Officer for Training important way of moving diversity issues away from long conversation is one of the best ways to learn rhetoric and into action. about and get to know DeEtta Jones, ARL's new AProgram Officer for Diversity. I had the oppor- DeEtta reads voraciously. She also loves to write tunity to spend an evening with DeEtta recently, when and most recently submitted an article for publication on both of us were in Washington DC. legal issues in higher education. She describes herself as DeEtta brings a unique combina- adventurous. Once established in the tion of skills, experience, and inter- D.C. area, DeEtta expects to under- ests to her position at ARL. take graduate study in both comput- I asked her what some of the er science and in library science. most critical issues in the area of DeEtta was born in Waukegan, Diversity will be in the coming Illinois and comes to ARL after seven decade. She responded that Affirma- years in Fort Collins, Colorado. tive Action is certainly going to be in DeEtta earned her B.A. in Psychology the spotlight of discussion and from Colorado State University and debate. DeEtta sees a rift in the went on to earn an M.A. in Student understanding of the intent of Affir- Affairs in Higher Education from mative Action law. However, she Colorado State University. Most also sees Affirmative Action as only part of what needs clarification, recently DeEtta was Director of the understanding, and organization. Office of Human Rights for the City DeEtta spoke to me about the of Fort Collins. Previously, she ongoing creation of a new identity in served as Coordinator for Multicul- higher education and its central tural Training and Leadership Devel- importance to the research library opment at Colorado State University. community. This creation includes We at ARL heartily welcome attempts to preserve the parts of its DeEtta and know that the staff of history that make it a uniquely iden- member libraries will benefit from tifiable set of activities, programs, DeEtta Jones her intelligence and energy, as well and institutions. There is no question ARL Program Officer for Diversity as her commitment to issues of diver- that at the core of its history, higher ([email protected]) sity and of leadership for the future. education has the legacy of being originated by and for a particular group of people. She described the creation of a new identity as being similar ARL MEMBERSHIP EXAMINES THE to changing a table setting. When additional people join FUTURE OF HIGHER EDUCATION the table, the new seating pattern results in new relation- The 129th Membership Meeting of ARL was held ships amongst the participantsand perhaps a new October 16-18 in Washington, DC. The theme of the direction in the conversation or a change in the very meeting was the Redefinition of Higher Education. shape of the table. A new climate in higher education One hundred and twelve representatives of ARL libraries will be created by and for a new population of partici- heard reports and participated in discussions of: NASUL- pants. This is part of the driving force for the reinven- GC's Kellogg Commission on the Future of Public Univer- tion of higher education. For DeEtta, the formation of a sities; the Pew Campus Roundtables; The Andrew W. new identity is a very exciting prospect, though she Mellon Foundation's JSTOR project; and proposals to cre- understands the loss some will feel as a result of change. ate an education-friendly framework for dissemination of In discussing the elements of diversity that are most scholarly information. The program also included a panel intriguing to her, I learned of DeEtta's interest in the area of chief academic officers who commented on how acade- of "identity development." This is what got her interest- ed in the study of how people respond to changing envi- mic programs are responding to current challenges. The ronments. The identity development of individuals is keynote address by Stanley Chodorow, Provost, Universi- related to the concepts underlying group identity and ty of Pennsylvania, is featured in this issue of the newslet- consequent behavior patterns. Identity development also ter. Other papers presented at the meeting will be pub- relates to how individuals respond to those unlike them- lished electronically on ARL's server Director's election of James Neal, Johns Hopkins death of Paul Evan Peters. Joan has served as Assistant University, as Vice-President/President Elect. She also Executive Director of CNI since 1990. acknowledged the contributions of ARL staff and thanked directors for their service on the ARL Board, ARL Staff Transitions recognizing the departure from the Board of Jerry Patricia Brennan, Information Services Coordinator, began Campbell, University of Southern California, Kent a leave of absence to work in Ireland this winter and Hendrickson, spring. She plans to EcoY1return to ARL next University of NoDas Nebraska, and James HONES June. Martha Kyrillidou, Williams, University Senior Program Officer of Colorado. The for ARL's Statistics and ARL Membership Measurement Program elected three new will move to part-time members to the status as of January 1, Board: Shirley Baker, 1997. Washington Julia Blixrud was University in St. appointed Senior Pro- Louis, Kenneth gram Officer for ARL Frazier, University of effective December 16. Wisconsin, and Julia will support the William Potter, WELCOMED TO ARL Statistics and Measure- University of Georgia. in mpressive roster of recently appointed directors of research ment Program, assum- At the conclusion of libraries were welcomed by their colleagues to the May and ing some of Martha AOctober 1996 ARL Membership Meetings . Some of the directors Kyrillidou's responsibil- the meeting, the ARL new to ARL are pictured above during a reception held in October at the presidency was Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History. They are, ities. Julia will also sup- transferred to Gloria from left to right: Charles Lowry, University of Maryland; Frances Groen, port the ARL communi- Werner, UCLA. The McGill University; ARL President Nancy Cline, Harvard University; cations capability, cov- next Membership Ronald Dow, University of Rochester; Suzanne Thorin, Indiana University; ering some of Patricia Paul Gherman, Vanderbilt University; Sarah Thomas, Cornell University; Brennan's duties during Meeting will be held David Ferriero, Duke University; Ann Wolpert, Massachusetts Institute of May 1317, 1997 in Technology; Mod Mekkawi, Howard University; Hwa-Wei Lee, Ohio her leave of absence. Albuquerque, New University; and ARL Executive Director, Duane Webster. Other directors Julia comes to ARL from the CAPCON Mexico. welcomed to ARL during 1996 but not in the photo are: Joseph Branin, SUNY Stony Brook; Patricia Senn Breivik, Wayne State University; Joan Library Network where Gieseke, University of Nebraska; Charles Henry, Rice University; Karen she serves as the Direc- TRANSITIONS Trainer, Princeton University; and William Walker, New York Public tor of Training and Massachusetts: Library. This most recent wave of appointments brings sixteen new Education. Margaret (Margo) Cristmember leaders to the association. DeEtta Jones will was named Director of assume her role as ARL Libraries effective January 21, 1997. She is presently Program Officer for Diversity effective December 30, 1996. Assistant Director for Public Services at the University of Michigan. HONORS Michigan: Don Riggs will leave his position as Dean of Ernie Ingles, Associate Vice-President (Learning Systems) the University Library on December 31 to assume his at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, was named new position as Vice President for Information Services Information Innovator of the Year by the Canadian Infor- and University Libraries at Nova Southeastern University mation Productivity Awards (CIPA). In addition, the Uni- in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. William Gosling, Assistant versity of Alberta Library received an Award of Excel- Director for Technical Services and Systems was appoint- lence from CIPA in recognizition of its advancement ed Interim Director of the University Libraries effective toward "the digital library with its order processing and January 1, 1997. delivery system" (Relais). CIPA is an annual awards pro- Smithsonian: Barbara J. Smith has announced that she gram to recognize outstanding management achievements will retire from her position as Director of Smithsonian in information technology and to identify role models for Institution Libraries effective the summer of 1997. Canadian businesses and government. Carolyn A. Snyder, Professor and Dean of Library Affairs, Coalition for Networked Information: Joan Lippincott Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, was named was named the Interim Executive Director for the Coali- Faculty Woman of Distinction. tion for Networked Information following the untimely 14A R L1 8 9 D E C E M B E R1 9 9 6 88 -0.ALITION-FOR-NETWORKED-INFO1tMA1ION PAUL EVAN PETERS/1947-1996 Global Library Exhibit at the New York Public Library; paul Evan Peters, a charismatic leader in the devel- and his work to develop the National Initiative for a opment and expanded use of electronically Networked Cultural Heritage (NINCH). He was also networked information by the scholarly commu- a catalyst for electronic journal, theses, and archives nity, died suddenly on November 18 while walking on projects as well as mentoring and providing vision to a Florida beach with his wife during a visit to his the library and information technology community. In parents' home. He was 48. The cause of death was short, Paul was an imagineer. an asthma attack. Paul was born on December 12, Paul was the founding director 1947 in Dayton, Ohio. He is sur- of the Coalition for Networked vived by his wife Rosemarie Information (CNI), which was Kozdron, his parents Austin and formed in 1990 to promote the am Mary Peters, and a brother Philip. creation and use of networked infor- mation resources and services that As a tribute to Paul's commit- advance scholarship and intellectual ment, the Coalition Task Force meeting productivity. In the six years that was held as planned December 6-7 in he led the Coalition, he shaped it San Francisco. Over 320 representa- into a highly regarded and influen- tives from the communities he served tial forum where the higher educa- gathered to engage the agenda Paul tion (including virtually all major had planned for the meeting research universities), library, infor- enterprise-wide information strategies. mation science, and scholarly A memorial service was held communities could effectively during the Task Force Meeting and a engage the challenge of networked scholarship fund was announced. information. Memorial services are also planned in He sought common ground for Pittsburgh on December 15, and in many constituencies to develop Washington, DC on February 18, global networked information 1997. An online record of condolence resources. His sudden death messages and details on the scholarship stunned the communities where he Paul Evan Peters, 1947-1996 and future memorial services are was most admired and where his vision and ability to pull people available on the CNI Web server together to utilize the new realities of the Internet were 89ARL1 8 9 D E C E M B E R1 9 9 6 15 ARL: A Bimonthly Newsletter of Research Library Issues Executive Director: Duane E. Webster and Actions (US ISSN 1050-6098) is published six times Editor: G. Jaia Barrett, Deputy Executive Director a year by the Association of Research Libraries, Communications Specialist: Allyn Fitzgerald 21 Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20036. Designer. Kevin Osborn, Research & Design, Ltd., Arlington, VA 202-296-2296 FAX 202-872-0884 Copyright: © 1996 by the Subscriptions: Members$25 per year for additional Association of Research Libraries subscription; Nonmembers$50 per year. ARL policy is to grant blanket permission to reprint any article in be noted for certain articles. For commercial use, a reprint the newsletter for educational use as long as the source, author, issue, request should be sent to the ARL Information Services Coordinator. and page numbers are acknowledged. Exceptions to this policy may CALENDAR 1997 February 6-7 ARL Board Meeting May 13-16 ARL Board and Membership Washington, DC Meeting Albuquerque, NM February 14-20 American Library Association Washington, DC June 26-July 3 American Library Association San Francisco, CA March 24-26 ARL Workshop Electronic Publication of July 28-29 ARL Board Meeting Data Sets on the WWW Washington, DC Cambridge, MA October 14-17 ARL Board and Membership March 31 ARL Workshop Meeting Conducting User Surveys Washington, DC Irvine, CA April 1-2 Coalition for Networked Information Washington, DC OMS 1997 April 10-11 ARL Workshop Calendar of Training Institutes & Workshops 00 Copyright in the Digital Age See pages 10-11. Nashville, TN April 11 ARL Workshop Conducting User Surveys Nashville, TN April 11-14 ACRL National Conference Nashville, TN 90 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and improvement (OERI) Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) IC NOTICE REPRODUCTION BASIS This document is covered by a signed "Reproduction Release (Blanket)" form (on file within the ERIC system), encompassing all or classes of documents from its source organization and, therefore, does not require a "Specific Document" Release form. This document is Federally-funded, or carries its own permission to reproduce, or is otherwise in the public domain and, therefore, may be reproduced by ERIC without a signed Reproduction Release form (either "Specific Document" or "Blanket"). (9/92)