Volume3 10/21/03 3:39 PM Page 1 AN ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR STUDENTS Volume3 10/21/03 3:39 PM Page 3 e e e e e e ee e e e e AN ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR STUDENTS Paul F. Grendler, Editor in Chief PUBLISHED IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE RENAISSANCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA Volume 3 KEPLER—PRINCES AND PRINCEDOMS renasance_fm_v2_v3 10/22/03 1:59 PM Page iv The Renaissance An Encyclopedia for Students Paul F. Grendler, Editor in Chief IMAGING AND MULTIMEDIA: WRITERS: Copyright © 2004 Charles Scribner’s Sons. Lezlie Light, Robyn Young, Mary Grimes, Dave John Haley, Mark Mussari, Charles Roebuck, Developed for Charles Scribner’s Sons by Oblender, Leitha Etheridge-Sims, Dan Newell, Rebecca Stefoff Visual Education Corporation, Princeton, N.J. Christine O’Bryan For Scribners EDITORS: COMPOSITION: Tobey Cloyd, Cindy George, John Kennedy PUBLISHER: Evi Seoud Frank Menchaca ASSOCIATE EDITOR: MANUFACTURING: Sarah Miller EDITORS: Rhonda Williams John Fitzpatrick, Sharon Malinowski COPYEDITING SUPERVISOR: For Visual Education Corporation Helen Castro COVER AND INTERIOR DESIGN: Jennifer Wahi PROJECT DIRECTORS: ELECTRONIC PREPARATION: Darryl Kestler, Amy Livingston Fiona Shapiro ALL RIGHTS RESERVED For more information, contact For permission to use material from this No part of this book may be reproduced in Charles Scribner’s Sons product, submit your request via Web at any form or by any means—graphic, electron- 300 Park Avenue South http://www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or you ic, or mechanical, including photocopying, New York, NY 10010 may download our Permissions Request form recording, taping, Web distribution, or infor- Or visit our Internet site at and submit your request by fax or mail to: mation storage retrieval systems—without http://www.gale.com/scribners the written permission of the publisher. Permissions Department Since this page cannot legibly accommodate The Gale Group, Inc. Gale and Design™ and Thomson Learning™ all copyright notices, the acknowledgments 27500 Drake Rd. are trademarks used herein under license. constitute an extension of the copyright Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 notice. Permissions Hotline: 248-699-8006 or 800-762-4058 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG-IN-PUBLICATION DATA The Renaissance : an encyclopedia for students / Paul F. Grendler. p. cm Summary: An encyclopedia of the Renaissance with articles on various aspects of social, cultural, and political history such as literature, gov- ernment, warfare, and technology, plus maps, charts, definitions, and chronology. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-684-31281-6 (set hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-684-31282-4 (v. 1) — ISBN 0-684-31283-2 (v. 2) — ISBN 0-684-31285-9 (v. 3) — ISBN 0-684-31284-0 (v. 4) — ISBN 0-684-31424-X (e-book) 1. Renaissance—Encyclopedias, Juvenile. [1. Renaissance— Encyclopedias.] I. Grendler, Paul F. II. Encyclopedia of the Renaissance. III. Title. CB361.R25 2003 940.2’1’03—dc22 This title is also available as an e-book ISBN 0-684-31424-X (set) Contact your Gale sale representative for ordering information Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 renasance_fm_v2_v3 10/22/03 1:59 PM Page v e e e e e e ee e e e e e e Tablee of Contentse VOLUME 1 Academies—Cromwell VOLUME 2 Daily Life—Julius II VOLUME 3 Kepler—Princes and Princedoms VOLUME 4 Printing and Publishing—Writing Maps Volume 1 Volume 3 Africa . 3 London . 28 The Americas . 14 The Netherlands . 120 Asia and the Indian Ocean . 71 The Ottoman Empire . 133 The Papal States in Italy . 196 Volume 2 City of Florence. 84 Volume 4 France . 96 Rome. 46 Habsburg Lands. 145 Russia . 54 Holy Roman Empire . 159 The Scandinavian Kingdoms . 61 Italy, 1500 . 196 Spanish Kingdoms. 99 Universities . 139 Venetian Territories in the Eatern Mediterranean. 150 THE RENAISSANCE v renasance_fm_v2_v3 10/22/03 1:59 PM Page vi e e e e e e ee e e e e TABLE OF CONTENTS Genealogical Charts Volume 2 Volume 4 Tudor Dynasty . 50 Spanish Monarchs. 100 Habsburg Dynasty . 143 Valois Dynasty . 146 Volume 3 House of Medici . 61 Color Plates Volume 1 Volume 3 Art and Architecture The Renaissance City Volume 2 Volume 4 Daily Life New Frontiers vi THE RENAISSANCE renasance_v3 10/22/03 2:43 PM Page 1 e e e e e e ee e e e e KEPLER, JOHANNES Kabbalah SeeKabbalah Magic and Astrology. [PN:ART C-White Text is doctitle] e eKepler, e Johannese erman astronomer Johannes Kepler was a key figure in Renaissance Gscience. He made groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of ASTRONOMY, mathematics, and optics (the study of the properties of 1571–1630 light). One of his most important achievements was explaining the German astronomer physical laws that govern the motions of the planets. His discovery pro- vided support for Nicolaus COPERNICUS’s theory that Earth and the other planets revolve around the Sun. Early Career. Kepler was born to a Lutheran family in Weil der Stadt, a Catholic city in what is now Germany. In the mid-1570s his family * duchy territory ruled by a duke or moved to the Protestant duchy* of Württemberg, where Kepler began duchess his education. A scholarship enabled Kepler to study at a Latin school, and from there he moved on to the University of Tübingen to prepare for the Lutheran ministry. He also studied mathematics and astronomy. One of his teachers introduced him to the theories of Copernicus, and Kepler became convinced that the Sun stood at the center of the uni- verse. After Kepler had spent three years at the university, school officials gave him a position teaching mathematics in Graz, Austria. In addition to teaching, Kepler served as district mathematician, a job that required * astrological relating to astrology, him to produce astrological* calendars of coming events. In Graz, Kepler the study of the supposed influences of wrote his first book, Secret of the Universe (1596). It discussed the the stars and planets on earthly events Copernican system and set forth many major ideas that Kepler pursued in his later work, such as the belief that simple mathematics could describe the nature of the universe. Kepler’s book established his reputation as an astronomer and prompted the Danish astronomer Tycho BRAHE to invite Kepler to work with him. Kepler was eager to accept, as he hoped to use Tycho’s excel- lent collection of astronomical data to support his theories about the structure of the solar system. In 1600 Kepler joined Tycho and other intellectuals at the court of RUDOLF II in Prague, where Tycho served as court mathematician. Kepler’s years in Prague were the most productive of his life. During this period, he discovered the first two laws of planetary motion. The first describes the shapes of planetary orbits as ellipses, or ovals. The sec- ond describes the area traced out by a line drawn between the Sun and an orbiting planet. Kepler showed that this area is always equal for a given period of time. He also began to study optics. After learning about Galileo GALILEI’s pioneering work with telescopes, Kepler wrote two books about the use of lenses in telescopes. In addition, he wrote about astrology, trying to reform the subject in ways that would make it fit in with his new discoveries about the physics of space. Later Career. Kepler left Prague in 1612 and found work as district mathematician in the city of Linz in Austria. Trouble arose when his THE RENAISSANCE 1 renasance_v3 10/22/03 2:43 PM Page 2 e e e e e e ee e e e e KEPLER, JOHANNES Johannes Kepler changed the face of astronomy with his works describing the motion of the planets. He also made important contributions to the fields of mathematics and optics, the study of the properties of light. mother was accused of being a witch, but Kepler used his contacts to protect her from torture during her arrest, and she was eventually released. Despite his problems, Kepler continued to make useful discoveries. In 1615 he conducted a study of the quantity of wine that a barrel could hold. This work later proved useful in the development of calculus, a form of advanced mathematics. In 1619 Kepler published Harmony of the World, which he saw as the climax of his studies. It contained the third law of planetary motion, which laid out the relationship between planets’ average distance from the Sun and the time it takes them to 2 THE RENAISSANCE renasance_v3 10/22/03 2:43 PM Page 3 e e e e e e ee e e e e KNOX, JOHN orbit the Sun. Around this time Kepler also wrote a textbook on Copernican astronomy. After a brief stay in the duchy of Sagan, Bohemia, Kepler died while on his way to collect some money owed to him for his astronomical work. Four years after his death, his final work was published. Called Dream, it was a forerunner of modern science fiction, describing how the solar system would look to a traveler to the Moon. (See also Science.) Kings and Kingship SeeKings and Kingship Monarchy. [PN:ART C-White Text is doctitle] e e Knox,e e John powerful preacher, John Knox had a major impact on the course of Athe Protestant Reformation* in Scotland and England. Born near Edinburgh, Scotland, Knox became a Catholic priest in 1536. He con- ca. 1514–1572 verted to Protestantism in the early 1540s and became an associate of Scottish Protestant preacher George Wishart, a well-known Protestant preacher. Although reluctant at first to become a minister himself, Knox eventually became con- * Protestant Reformation religious vinced that God called him to serve.