PASS IN REVIEW
“Shedding Light On Idaho’s Military History” 4th Quarter December 2004
LETTER FROM MEMBERSHIP CURATORS THE PRESIDENT MEETING AND CORNER ELECTIONS First of all, I would Well, it has been a busy year to say the like to wish The Annual Membership Meeting of the least. With seven open house type everybody a Idaho Military Historical Society was events and lots of new exhibits wonderful holiday held on October 13, 2004. Following a completed, the Museum looks vastly season. dinner of awesome BBQ ribs, salad, different. What has been the biggest baked beans and other trimmings, the reason for this? The efforts and hard Secondly, after receiving Annual election was held for three work of the volunteers have paid off. NUMEROUS requests for the recipe members of the Board of Directors. The Museum looks great and those of for my BBQ ribs, which were served at you who helped can be proud. Elected were Ken Swanson, Gayle the Annual Membership Meeting, I am Alvarez and Russ Trebby. All of these events have demanded lots passing along the recipe. of time but the pay off has been getting
The new Board then met and more public awareness about this This is called Cornell Barbecue reorganized by electing its new officers Sauce after the college at which it Museum. There has been an increase for the coming year. Those officers in visitors since 2003 and these events was first formulated some time in the are: have been a big draw. More people are 1950's. Although it is generally used coming back to the Museum as a chicken sauce and marinade I President – Ken Swanson Vice-President – Rick Johnson commenting that they enjoy seeing all have found it to be great with any of the changes that are taking place. meat, especially game. Secretary – Gayle Alvarez Treasurer – Harlan Andrijeski For those of you who have not visited 1 cup cooking oil the Museum lately, here is a summary Congratulations to all! 2 cups cider vinegar of what has happened this past year: 3 Tbl. salt MEMBERSHIP #USS Boise exhibit has been 1 Tbl. poultry seasoning RENEWAL DATES expanded with artifacts, more photos, 1 tsp. pepper Don’t forget, memberships are now history about the ship and some 1 egg renewed in January. If you haven’t professional quality graphics.
renewed yet, now is the time!!! Beat egg, add oil, beat again. Add all #The US other ingredients and blend. The salt Check the label on your newsletter if Navy can be reduced or omitted altogether you aren’t certain you have renewed. If exhibit has for health reasons or personal taste. you receive the newsletter expanded This is good by itself but you can do electronically, contact Gayle at to include lots of things from this basic recipe. I [email protected]. history find that garlic and hot sauce are great as well as using some balsamic Inside This Issue vinegar. OPENHOUSE HIGHLIGHTS NEWS YOU CAN USE! Merry Christmas NEW MEMBERS RECENT DONATIONS Happy New Year VOLUNTEER OF THE QUARTER ENDOWMENT UPDATE MEMBERS IN THE NEWS IDAHO AND IOWA JOIN EFFORTS Happy Tailgating! MOST WANTED IDAHO FILE INTO HISTORY – Richard Clamor Heise -Ken Swanson GUEST AUTHOR – Truman’s Relief of MacArthur, Korea 1951 COOKING WITH HISTORY JUST IN CASE
The Official Newsletter of the Idaho Military Historical Society and Museum
PASS IN REVIEW December 2004 -2- about World War Two and Cold War What can we expect for 2005? More Submarine sailors and operations. artifacts out on exhibit! There will be fewer events, but this is so that we can #The focus our efforts at making the events Vietnam better. War exhibit has I’d like to close 2004 by saying thank expanded you to the volunteers who Docent, with more help with exhibits, perform data entry artifacts or whatever you do to help. Without including field gear, uniforms, photos, you, the Idaho Military History Some of the Pearl Harbor text and high quality maps and Museum would not be where it is Survivors that joined us at our graphics. today. -Gary Keith December Open House. They are [L to R] Conway Benson, Richard #The Operation Desert Storm/Iraqi OPEN HOUSE Rosenberry, Kenneth Wassell, Freedom/War on Terror area has been Miles Gillespie, Dan Fry, Bob HIGHLIGHTS expanded. Coates.
#On loan from the USAF are two AGM-45 Shrike anti-radiation missiles that were carried by the F-4G Wild Weasel. These will be incorporated into a new exhibit.
#The Idaho Air National Guard patch exhibit has been expanded and now includes an original early 190 Fighter At our Veterans Day Open House, Bomber Squadron patch. Civil War Reenactor and IMHS President Ken Swanson explains
# More gear and uniforms have been the finer points of the Original Pearl Harbor Survivors Emery added to the World War Two “GI” Model 1857 Napoleon Civil War era Oliver, Conway Benson and Exhibit. cannon. Richard Rosenberry visit with members of the Navy League What can you expect next year? We Cadet Corp. will be working on a new history of the Idaho Army National Guard exhibit NEWS YOU CAN room, to include as much information th USE! as possible about the 116 Brigade’s operations in Iraq. For those of you receiving the
Besides just creating the exhibits and newsletter electronically and having hoping people pay us a visit, we are significant delays in Adobe Reader . loading the file, perhaps this will help. making an aggressive effort to involve “On The Way!” local schools. The number of field trips Thanks to Bill Miller and PC Magazine, October 19, 2004 edition. has increased and will continue. Additionally, our outreach program is Why does Adobe load so slow? The picking up which increases awareness main reason is that the Reader comes about the Museum and military history. with many plug-ins that the majority of
If you’ve been thinking about users don’t need. Here are some volunteering, I urge you to come and instructions that will speed the load time. get involved. We need Docents especially! This is a great time to be 1 Launch Windows Explorer part of the Museum as we are getting 2 Navigate to the Program Files busier, but it is a fun and rewarding WWII Reenactors Rick Johnson folder, usually C:\Program Files way to spend your time. The team of and Gary Keith demonstrate WWII 3 Below this, navigate to volunteers that work here are the best era rifles. Adobe\Acrobat 6.0\Reader around.
The Official Newsletter of the Idaho Military Historical Society and Museum
-3- December 2004 PASS IN REVIEW 4 In the right-hand pane, find the VOLUNTEER OF ENDOWMENT folder named plug_ins THE QUARTER UPDATE 5 Right-click it and choose Rename, Our Endowment balance changing it to plug_ins_NOT currently stands at 6 Create a new folder named $31,662.59 plug_ins 7 From the plug_ins_NOT folder, Recent Endowment copy just three files to the new plug_ins Donors include: folder: EWH32.api, printme.api, and search.api Bill Miller
The next time you load a .pdf file, only With 2004 coming to a close, now is an those three plug-ins will load and you excellent time to make a financial should notice a significant speed donation to the IMHS. Your help will improvement. To undo the change, assure continued expansion of the simply delete the folder you created exhibits, education projects, and and rename the plug_ins_NOT folder Please meet Harlan Andrijeski programs that are educating young plug_ins. people and citizens on the military's This Quarter’s volunteer is someone role in our society. When was the last NEW MEMBERS who has been with the IMHS for a long time you visited our Museum? Stop by Special Welcome to: time. He joined the Society in 1998 and you will be pleasantly impressed Robert H. Griffiths and began volunteering as a Docent. by our progress. Darwin Harms Aubrey Innes+ When the position of Treasurer became You can have an important influence Sara Malaise+ vacant, he stepped forward and took on IMHS programs by making a cash (+gift memberships by Ron Galloway) over those duties as well. Moreover, he donation before year-end. It is now Yancy Mailes has done an incredible job! Harlan even easier with our on-line donation Dennis Wonders took over this position in the fall of capabilities.
Gayle Alvarez 2002 after it had been vacant for some You can use your credit card to make (upgrade to Life Membership) time so he had his work cut out for him. Since that time Harlan has done a great an on-line donation through a web- job in evaluating bookkeeping methods based organization we have partnered with. You can also use the form at the RECENT and refining them for ease and end of this newsletter for the standard DONATIONS efficiency. Thanks to Harlan, things have been flowing smoothly with our mail-in donation. Also, give by USSVI (Submarine Veterans) - donated financial operations. December 31st and your gift is an $110 to the Submarine exhibit fund. eligible deduction on your 2004 tax Harlan served briefly in the US Navy in returns, and as a direct credit--up to Robert Maxwell – A copy of his the early 1950’s then decided to go $100--on Idaho income tax (I. C. 63- Medal of Honor file from the National Army. After a couple of years on 3029A). Archives. active duty, he enlisted in the Idaho Air National Guard. Harlan worked in an Look for this link on the Museum’s Mervin McConnel – Idaho History administrative capacity and rose web page. Click the button to Books for the library. Titles include through the ranks, eventually attaining donate now. Idaho Of Yesterday, 1941; Six Decades the rank of Chief Master Sergeant. Back, 1936 and Mostly Alkali, 1953. Harlan retired from the Idaho Air
USSVI (Submarine Veterans) – National Guard in 1990 with over 35 years of service. Before his retirement, You can specify which program your Collected money for and purchased a donation will be used for, for example, cash register for the Museum’s Gift he served a tour at the Pentagon working with million dollar budgets, so the IMHS Endowment Fund, Education shop. Outreach program, Idaho ARNG we are most fortunate to benefit from Jim Doering – 2 cordless phones. 1 is his experience. Exhibit, Idaho ANG Exhibit, and in the Docent Office, 1 is in the Gift artifact collection supplies.
Shop. Makes life MUCH easier when Thank you Harlan, we deeply appreciate all your hard work. You Thank you for your support of the the phone rings and you are in the Society and the Idaho Military gallery! are our Volunteer of the Quarter! Museum!
The Official Newsletter of the Idaho Military Historical Society and Museum
PASS IN REVIEW December 2004 -4- MEMBERS IN THE IDAHO AND IOWA IDAHO FILE INTO NEWS JOIN EFFORTS HISTORY
The first ever gathering of Family and This just in: The state of Iowa also Friends of the Congressional Medal of noticed our newsletter! Senator Honor was held in Pueblo, Colorado, Dennis Black from Iowa contacted Sept. 30 - Oct. 2, 2004. The organizers Gayle via the webpage and passed invited our own Gayle Alvarez to along some great news. A member of make a presentation on “Researching the State Historical Society of Iowa Your Medal of Honor Ancestor”! Her found the story on James Kephart who research, which you see every quarter served in the Civil War from Iowa in Pass In Review, got noticed! before moving to Idaho. (See 4th Quarter 2003 edition of Pass In Review)
“Our legislature has appropriated funds RICHARD CLAMOR HEISE for the creation of an interactive kiosk MEDAL OF HONOR RECIPIENT in the Iowa Capitol that will briefly INDIAN CAMPAIGNS tell the history of Medal of Honor Recipients that have Iowa connections. Rank: Private (highest rank: James Kephart does, and his story will Quartermaster Sergeant) be told. Naturally, you will be Service: U.S. Army receiving credit for your research.” Entered Service at: New York, NY Unit: Company B, 8th U S. Cavalry It gets better! The flag captured by Battle or Place of Action: vicinity of John Hays, another Idaho/Iowa Civil the Black Mountains of Arizona War Medal of Honor Recipient, will Date of Action: 13 August through 31 soon be on display in Iowa’s capitol October 1868 and Senator Black and Gayle are Citation: Bravery in scouts and combining efforts on John Hays' story. actions against Indians. Gayle during her presentation It will include a picture of the flag he Richard Clamor Heise was born on captured. Stay tuned! Her presentation was very well December 12, 1844 in Germany. One received and her handouts went like source recorded Hanover, another hotcakes! Other attendees included 5 MOST WANTED recorded Soltzemeau. He eventually Medal of Honor Recipients, (one of ¾ 116th Engineer immigrated to the United States but whom was our own Mr. Maxwell), related items history did not record exactly when, only Kelly Sullivan, granddaughter of one of from Vietnam that it was “when a very young man.”1 It the Five Sullivan Brothers from WWII, has also been recorded that “he served ¾ 133rd Combat Astronaut Bruce McCandless II, author five years in the regular army and fought Engineer 2 Barrett Tillman, even Ross Perot made with the Union army in the Civil War” Battalion items a special appearance during the but unit and date information are not from WWII convention. available.
¾ 183rd/951st Field Artillery items The group is now formally organized On May 13, 1867, he enlisted as a from WWII and has elected a President, Vice private in Troop B, 8th Regiment of Cavalry in New York City, New York. President, Secretary and 7 Regional ¾ Desert Storm field gear Directors, most of whom are directly He described himself as 5 feet, 10 ½ related to Medal of Honor Recipients. ¾ Volunteers! Especially those inches with a light completion, blue eyes, sandy hair and employed as a If you or someone you know is related interested in Fundraising, Public to a Medal of Honor Recipient, they Relations and helping build a clerk and salesman. would very much like to hear from you. database for the library so we can His next recorded location was August You can make contact with them and add it to the web page. Great 13, 1868 in the vicinity of the Black learn a great deal more at resource for students working on Mountains of Arizona. There his http://www.homeofheroes.com/famil papers! military service and action awarded y/index.html him the Medal of Honor.
The Official Newsletter of the Idaho Military Historical Society and Museum
-5- December 2004 PASS IN REVIEW From May to October troops were that the following named enlisted men - near knee result of being shot in the constantly engaged in encounters with who have been specially mentioned in army.”9 the Indians, but the majority of the the accompanying reports of Scouts - effort and hardship occurred between be awarded for their services “In Idaho Falls, Poplar resident Tom August and October. Certificates of Merit not only as a Cameron told him of [a] hot springs on reward for such services but to show the South Fork which Indians touted for “The Apaches kept all Arizona in a the enlisted men of the Army that such their healing effects. The springs were state of terror by their depredations, conduct will bring a substantial reward, on the north bank of the river and hard and it was only by the most persistent -viz: to reach – by boat across the swift hammering that the troops, particularly current, or by a roundabout journey up B and L kept the territory open to “I recommend that some action be the valley and by a difficult wagon road settlers. taken by the Commanding General, eastward and around or through the showing them that their services hills. But the springs were so “During these three months the Indians deserve special notice, and are fully promising that Richard Heise filed were murdering men, women and appreciated, either by presentation of claims and began to develop his children mercilessly and stealing live medals or certificates, or in such holdings. stock and other property, and all real manner as may be considered progress in the territory was prevented. appropriate the above applies to the “The springs were well-known; some 6 had called them Kelly springs, for the “The Apaches did not give battle to the citizens named by A. Wells.” colorful old timer Pete Kelly who in troops except when cornered by them; The ‘citizens named’ refers to a roster 1870 had claimed a homestead at the their idea being primarily to steal, and prepared on October 31, 1868 at Fort mouth of a nearby canyon. Pioneer then to kill without being killed. Many Whipple A.T. [Arizona Territory] The Charles Hawley told how he had seen times were these two troops, request was approved and Heise’s deer soaking their sore feet in the warm amounting to not more than fifty or Medal of Honor was authorized June water.”10 Earlier travelers had also sixty men, attacked from ambush, and 11, 1869, and was issued via ‘express’ mentioned the hot springs. An 1863 before the startled troopers could [mail] July 24, 1869. party of gold-seekers had camped there respond the redskins fled to their and the government-sponsored Hayden mountain strongholds, where if by Heise was honorably discharged from Survey party of 1871 wrote of their chance they succeeded in carrying a the military on May 13, 1872, in New bivouac at the hot springs as ‘Camp prisoner they would inhumanly torture Mexico. The following year he Union’. him. married Margaret Herbert in Pueblo, Colorado, but his record did not record “Richard Heise envisioned a resort “But this method of warfare did not the exact date. They had two patterned like European spas. He deter the troopers, who, although they daughters, Bertha, born June 26, 1874, constructed shelter for the hot pools spent the greater portion of every and Blanche, born July 17, 1877. His and a handsome hand-hewn log lodge twenty-four hours in the saddle, and wife Margaret died at Las Vegas, NM for guests. Heise Hot Springs became were exposed to the treacherous fire of in 1882. widely known as a health resort and the Indians, nevertheless persistently recreation center. Part of the kept at them until they finally drove He later married a lady named Louise 3 fascination of a trip to Heise was the them into subjugation.” Leininger but history did not record the ferry ride across Snake River. For a
date. That union produced two time there was also a stage service from History recorded Heise’s action simply daughters, Kate, born on September 24, as “Bravery in scouts and actions the upper valley railroad line at 1885, and Edith, born on December 19, 11 against Indians.”4 Thornton.” Heise Hot Springs was 1888. The union dissolved in a divorce officially founded in 1896. The book US Army Gallantry and in Creston, Iowa, again, history did not Meritorious Conduct 1866-1891, record the date. recorded it as “For gallant services in His profession was that of a traveling scout and actions against hostile th salesman and he recorded his locations Indians August 22, September 10 and 7 th th th as “all over the western states.” In the 11 and October 11 and 19 , in the early 1890’s, he arrived in Idaho. He vicinity of the Black Mountains of was also suffering from arthritis and Arizona.”5 rheumatism. Family members also reported that he had “several scars on “Heise Hot Springs, 1920”12 The letter recommending him and 8 several others for the Medal of Honor his legs from arrow wounds.” His file The resort became “the summer simply states: “I further recommend also recorded “a bullet wound in leg rendezvous of many people of this
The Official Newsletter of the Idaho Military Historical Society and Museum
PASS IN REVIEW December 2004 -6- section and visited by thousands During the Korean War, President annually. Mr. Heise has formed the Map showing Harry Truman found himself in a acquaintances of hundreds of people location of situation with General of the Army who became his steadfast friends and Heise Hot Douglas MacArthur which forced him often partook of his hospitality. He Springs to relieve MacArthur from command. was very generous and congenial to the This stemmed from MacArthur’s basic many patrons who visited his resort and inability and desire to follow orders and 13 camping grounds.” Heise’s daughter policies issued by the President and the Blanche joined him at the resort and Joint Chiefs of Staff for the conduct of served as postmistress at the Heise Post the war. It was a difficult decision, but Office which was established on July 6, Truman had no choice but to exercise 1900. Daughter Bertha joined him in his authority to replace or reassign 1910 and helped him run the resort. errant military leaders in order to
realize national goals and objectives, 18 and preserve civilian control of the military.
The unexpected North Korean invasion of its southern neighbor on 25 June 1950, propelled America into another war crisis before the ashes of World War II had completely cooled. Truman immediately committed United States resources to aid the fledgling South “This photo taken around 1917, Korean Government, and soon named shows the first attempt to put an Douglas MacArthur commander of the enclosure around the Hot Springs 19 at Heise”14 Heise Hot Springs Today U.S. effort. ------Prior to the invasion, MacArthur had “Richard Clamor Heise, founder and Editors Note: A very special thank you to Michelle and Brian Kremer, been serving as the Supreme owner of the present Heise Hot Commander Allied Powers (SCAP) Springs, passed away at his home at descendents of Mr. Heise and Mr. Mike Quinn, current owner/manager of responsible for the occupation of the Heise, Monday morning, [October 31, Heise Hot Springs, without whose Japanese Home Islands. MacArthur’s 1921] following an illness of a year assistance this story would not have command included garrisoning forces and a half, death being due to such as the U.S. Eighth Army, which diabetes…”15 been possible. consisted of four very low strength, ill
GUEST AUTHOR equipped, and poorly trained army His funeral was held at the Heise Hot th th th Truman's Relief of MacArthur, divisions (7 , 24 , and 25 Infantry Springs Hotel on Friday, November st Korea 1951 By Rick Johnson, Divisions, and the 1 Cavalry 4th. He was buried in a small family Division). These units were destined to plot on a small mountain overlooking Lieutenant Colonel, IDARNG (Ret) bear the early brunt of fighting in the hotel; a location he had personally 16 By the time the Constitution of the Korea. “selected as his last resting place.” United States was ratified in 1789, the Founding Fathers had designated the MacArthur was appointed Commander- Bertha continued to run the resort until President as Commander-In-Chief of In-Chief, United Nations Command her death in 1938. The family then the army, navy, and the federalized (CINCUNC) and Commanding sold the resort to the Quinn family who militia to preserve civilian supremacy General, U.S. Army Far East own it today. “In 1930, the flow of over the military. All United States (CINCUSAFE) on July 8, 1950, and water was measured as 90 gallons per Officers are subject to the orders of the was chartered by the United Nations minute at a temperature of 122 President, and always maintain a status and President Truman to begin combat 17 degrees.” subordinate to the civil power exercised operations against the North Korean by the chief executive. The primacy of People’s Army (NKPA). Ironically, many of Mr. Heise’s civilian control over the military is non- The adversarial relationship that existed descendents were unaware of his status negotiable, and is critical to the between Truman and MacArthur dated as a Medal of Honor Recipient until the maintenance of a democratic form of back to World War II, with Truman Bicentennial in 1976 when they were government. probably displaying the greater hostility contacted by the VFW.
The Official Newsletter of the Idaho Military Historical Society and Museum
-7- December 2004 PASS IN REVIEW toward MacArthur due to Truman’s that stage of U.S. involvement. No disposal to complete the capture of attitude that MacArthur was a coward, attempt was made to countermand North Korea. The Joint Chiefs of Staff a fake, and an insufferable prima MacArthur’s order or to censure him had just issued a directive on donna. MacArthur likewise held a low for issuing it. Ironically, within 24 September 27, 1950, which prohibited opinion of Truman as a rank amateur hours of issuing that order, MacArthur military operations by non-Korean soldier of World War I, and as an received authorization from Truman to forces in the northern provinces. ineffective politician as President and do exactly that same thing. MacArthur justified his actions by Commander-In-Chief. The ironic claiming “military necessity” due to aspect of this relationship is that the On July 31, 1950, MacArthur visited insufficient strength and leadership of two had not previously met, and were Formosa to conduct talks with Premier South Korean forces to accomplish not to do so until their Wake Island Chiang Kai-Shek to discuss Chiang’s assigned military objectives. Conference in October 1950. Their participation in Korea, and to make mutual contempt pointed them down a initial plans for the deployment and use MacArthur also claimed that he had path of eventual confrontation that of Nationalist Chinese Troops in the already secured Truman’s authority to would erupt in the Spring of 1951. war. MacArthur did this again without do so during the earlier Wake Island consultation or approval from Conference, and further claimed that MacArthur was to provide Truman Washington, and he did it in direct Secretary of State George C. Marshall’s with a number of opportunities to rein contravention with U.S. policy for the message of September 30, 1950, him in or relieve him of command as Korean War. MacArthur merely took it provided him the “necessary latitude” the Commander-In-Chief saw fit. upon himself to negotiate with Chiang, to do this. MacArthur had enjoyed great and made commitments on behalf of autonomy while serving as SCAP of the United States Government for the The JCS failed to consult Truman on the occupying powers in Japan, and had equipping, logistical support, and this matter when they should have done become quite used to his power and transportation of Chiang’s troops to so, and failed to countermand status as a virtual head of state and Korea. MacArthur’s order when they felt that freedom from accountability for his he had violated his instructions, being actions. MacArthur issued a statement which unwilling to overrule a field stressed the strategic importance of commander with the prestige and The first significant act of disobedience Formosa, and blasted Washington popular support enjoyed by by MacArthur was his refusal to follow policy for wanting to neutralize MacArthur.. a Presidential suggestion (in reality an Formosa rather than place it in the order issued by Truman) to return to Allied camp at the risk of alienating the MacArthur continued to test the the United States following the close of rest of Asia. That attack on Truman’s authority of his Commander-In-Chief World War II in the Pacific. Reasons refusal to defend Formosa was released and the Joint Chiefs of Staff through for his refusal to obey Truman’s recall to the media by MacArthur which acts of insubordination and are unimportant; what is important, included publications that were not disobedience of orders almost on a however, is MacArthur’s snubbing of friendly to the Truman Administration. weekly basis. He issued an order to his his Commander-In-Chief and creating Air Force commander on November 5, the impression that MacArthur felt that Additionally, MacArthur’s statement which directed bombing of the Yalu his duties in Japan were more important was read at the National Encampment River bridges to disrupt Chinese lines than those of the President of the of the Veteran’s of Foreign Wars in of communication (LOC) into North United States in Washington, D.C. Chicago on August 28, 1950, thereby Korea.
further enflaming the situation. Truman Once MacArthur had begun his duties directed MacArthur to retract his That was again in violation of U.S. as CINCUNC/CINCUSAFE, he statement to the VFW which he policy, and risked a widening of the quickly began to conduct the war pretty immediately did, however, the damage war if China reacted militarily to air much the way he felt necessary without was already done. attacks that strayed across the Yalu regard for his obligations to the River into Machuria. Less than two Commander-In-Chief and the Joint Damage control had just been applied hours before the strike planes were to Chiefs of Staff. MacArthur issued an to this latest act of insubordination depart Japan, the JCS transmitted a order to the Far East Air Forces to when MacArthur committed his next Presidential Order to MacArthur bomb North Korean airfields on June act of disobedience. He issued orders canceling the planned attack. The JCS 29, 1950, without consultation or to his commanders in Korea on October further directed MacArthur to obey a approval from the Joint Chiefs of Staff 24, which lifted the restriction on the previous JCS directive prohibiting the or the President. This order was in use of non-Korean forces close to the bombing of targets within five miles of direct violation of U.S. policy not to Chinese border, and directed his the Manchurian Border, and required take the war north of the 38th parallel at commanders to use all means at their him to provide an updated military
The Official Newsletter of the Idaho Military Historical Society and Museum
PASS IN REVIEW December 2004 -8- situation estimate as well as U.S. military weaknesses in fighting justification for his order to bomb the Truman came to realize, however, that the Chinese, and highlighted the Yalu River bridges. he would face greater problems if his successes of his forces against Chinese continued inaction resulted in a units despite limitations placed on his runaway military commander conduct of the war by Washington. He conducting his own war in Korea. The criticized the Truman Administration Joint Chiefs of Staff were also remiss for seeking a negotiated peace rather by not countermanding MacArthur’s than victory in the Korean Conflict. orders or censuring his actions, and did not aid Truman in controlling Additionally, MacArthur conveyed MacArthur due to inter-service rivalry what amounted to a threat to China by and bickering over missions and suggesting that if he did not have to President Truman and General funding. fight the war under restrictive rules, the MacArthur on Wake Island Allied forces would target China for October 14, 195020 Truman decided to confer with destruction. Again, MacArthur openly MacArthur face to face in the fall of MacArthur responded by drafting an defied the policy of President Truman, 1950, and a meeting was scheduled for emotional reply to the JCS. His and blatantly violated Truman’s October 14, on the American defense of his actions voiced a December 6, 1950, directive that possession of Wake Island some 2,000 challenge to the JCS’s authority and required Presidential clearance of press miles east of the southern tip of Japan. competence, by insisting in essence that statements prior to their public release. Truman hoped to boost his popularity he was right while they were not. He MacArthur’s statement of March 24, by conferring with the war hero, but accused the President and the JCS of 1951, sabotaged the American peace had no intention of discussing strategy courting disaster in Korea through plan and caused great confusion or giving MacArthur specific orders implementation of what he called among America’s allies in the United regarding the conduct of the American “combat restrictions” that inhibited his Nations Alliance. war effort in Korea. The meeting was ability to accomplish his mission in purely for political purposes, and The embarrassment to the Truman Korea and achieve victory. Truman deliberately missed an Administration stemming from MacArthur increased friction between opportunity to reign in MacArthur. MacArthur’s threatening words to himself and the JCS by going over their The meeting was short and neither China, and his open defiance to his heads with a direct appeal to Truman to Truman nor MacArthur discussed any Commander-In-Chief’s policy finally allow him greater freedom of action in controversial issues in the only time compelled Truman to take action fighting the war in Korea. Upon that the two were to meet face to face. against MacArthur. The President receipt of MacArthur’s reply, Chairman issued an order to MacArthur to remind of the JCS, General of the Army Omar him of Truman’s December 6, 1950, N. Bradley briefed Truman and aired order on clearance of press releases. his concerns and dissatisfaction with Truman regarded MacArthur’s latest MacArthur’s actions. But once again, act of insubordination as the final act of MacArthur found himself a winner defiance, and made his decision to through Truman’s decision to proceed relieve MacArthur at this time. with the Yalu River bombing plan Before Truman could act, however, under new, restrictive guidance from MacArthur was to test his Commander- his Commander-In-Chief. Truman’s Civil Aeronautics Administration In-Chief one more time. He had guidance was issued with the intent to building on Wake Island where exchanged letters with Republican limit the scope of the war by localizing President Truman and General House Minority Leader Joseph W. combat operations in Korea. 21 MacArthur met Martin in which MacArthur continued
Truman had hesitated to act against Truman continued to avoid to criticize and oppose American MacArthur on a number of occasions confrontation with MacArthur until the policy. He did not ask Martin to keep due to MacArthur’s overwhelming spring of 1951, when MacArthur’s his letter confidential, and probably popularity and the lack of public favor opposition to Truman’s plan to begin deliberately used Martin as a conduit toward Truman and the Democratic peace talks with the Chinese and North for public release of his critical views. Party. Truman felt that attacking Koreans embarrassed his Martin read his letter on the House MacArthur, especially after the administration for the last time. Floor on April 5, 1951, and triggered a successful Inchon Invasion and rout of MacArthur released a communiqué on series of meetings in the White House, the North Korean Army would amount March 24, 1951, in which he identified which quickly led to action by Truman to political suicide.
The Official Newsletter of the Idaho Military Historical Society and Museum
-9- December 2004 PASS IN REVIEW to relieve MacArthur of command in COOKING WITH What did you do to make your meals Korea. HISTORY more palatable or interesting?
Dateline: January 6, 1942, President On April 11, 1951, General Bradley Some of the submissions thus far transmitted Truman’s order to Roosevelt outlines his "Blue Print For Victory include MacArthur to notify him of his relief as Gunpowder Supreme Commander, Allied Powers; Program" Eggs, South Commander-In-Chief, Far East; Pacific Commander-In-Chief, United Nations It has been Jungle Command; and Commanding General, suggested that Juice, and U.S. Army, Far East. Truman as a fundraiser, appointed Lieutenant General Matthew we create an IMHS cookbook. We Poor Man’s B. Ridgway to assume MacArthur’s would like to take this one step Cake. further by including a bit of history commands. To those of and fun along with your favorite Although Truman had finally decided Double Chocolate Fudge Cookies. you who are to act, he once again managed to interested in mishandle the situation with MacArthur We plan to include items such as research, see if you can find out how by delaying the release of his order of Uncle Sam's Food Rules, How To the various military rations relief. The news of Truman’s decision Stretch Coffee and Sugar, Tips on (Hardtack, K-Rations, C-Rations, leaked out and nearly gave MacArthur Saving LRPs, MREs, etc.,) came to be, or enough reaction time to resign before Waste Fat why Tabasco Sauce is included in his receipt of Truman’s order. (it was MREs.
MacArthur’s challenge of the needed for its Any other ideas or suggestions are President’s authority had greatly most welcome as well. Please type or embarrassed the administration, caused glycerin), pointers on print your recipes (we want to make confusion among America’s allies, and sure we get everything right!). Be degraded its leadership of the free making sure to include your name and if it is world while undermining political and Ration a Frontline Stew recipe, where you popular support for the Truman Points go Administration. MacArthur’s refusal to further, and were when you perfected it. You can support Truman’s policy to limit the some of the mail your recipes, comments or war in Korea risked a widening of the suggestions to us at: food conflict and result in greater Chinese rationing era posters from WWI and Idaho Military Historical Society involvement and possible Soviet WWII. 4040 W. Guard St. intervention. So, all of you Kitchen Commando’s: Boise, ID 83705 MacArthur acted with deliberation and send us your best (or your mothers or Or e-mail them to us at displayed a blatant disregard for the grandmothers best) recipe for Victory authority of his Commander-In-Chief [email protected] or Garden Delight, Marbled Macaroni and the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and deliver them to the Museum on your (one of its ingredients was SPAM) remained in command far longer than next visit. he should have been allowed to serve. and Truman’s actions were highly One This will be a fun, historical and unpopular, and probably help to hasten Egg- educational project and it will be as the Democratic Party’s departure from Low good as YOU make it. Sugar the White House in 1952. Regardless of public opposition to his relief of Cake.
MacArthur, however, Truman did the Produced By: Idaho Military right thing to remove a threat to his And, to all Historical Society authority as the Commander-In-Chief Editor & Production: Gayle Alvarez of you Foxhole Gourmands: Tell us of United States military forces. Comments, articles or suggestions are which combination of C-Rations or welcome; contact us at 422-4841 or See page 10 for sources and MREs made the best Frontline Stew. visit our web site at: recommended readings. http://inghro.state.id.us/museum
The Official Newsletter of the Idaho Military Historical Society and Museum
PASS IN REVIEW December 2004 -10- Footnotes: 21 Photo: Papers of William Rigdon Source: Truman Library 1, 2, 13, 15, 16 Obituary, unknown newspaper, unknown date http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm 3 Beyer,Keydel, Deeds of Valor, How America’s Heroes Won The Medal Of Recommended Readings: Honor, Vol II, Detroit, MI, pg 145 Alexander, Bevin. Korea (The First War We Lost). New York: Hippocrene 4Lang, Collins, White, Medal of Honor Recipients 1863-1994 , Vol I, NY, Books, 1993. NY, 1995, pg 276 Fisher, Louis. Presidential War Power. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas 5US Army Gallantry and Meritorious Conduct 1866-1891, Planchet Press Press, 1995. Publication 26, 1986, pg 9 6Medal of Honor File, obtained from National Archives Haynes, Richard F. The Awesome Power (Truman as Commander-In-Chief). 7, 9Pension File, obtained from National Archives Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1973. 8Brian Kremer, Personal Communication Higgins, Trumbull. Korea and the Fall of MacArthur(A Precis in Limited 10-12 Unnamed book, excerpt copy provided by Mike Quinn 14 War). New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1960. Valley Review, “The Settling of Heise” July 10, 1974, pg 8-9 17 Captain Bonneville’s County, The Bonneville County Centennial and Perret, Geoffrey. Old Soldiers Never Die (The Life of Douglas MacArthur). Historical Commission, Inc., Idaho Falls, ID, 1963, pg 10 New York, NY: Random House Publishing, 1997. 18 http://www.srv.net/~heise/heise_map.html Spanier, John W. The Truman-Controversy and the Korean War. Cambridge, 19 http://www.srv.net/~heise/heise.html 20 MA: Belknap Press/Harvard University Press, 1959. Photo: Department of State, Source: Truman Library http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm Toland, John. In Mortal Combat (Korea 1950-1953). New York, NY: William Morrow And Company, 1991.
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