KR0100966

KAERt/RR-2072/99

(A Study on the Establishment of Cooperative Relations and Cooperation direction between Korea and Vietnam) PLEASE BE AWARE THAT ALL OF THE MISSING PAGES IN THIS DOCUMENT WERE ORIGINALLY BLANK 2000. 10. . II

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- Hi - SUMMARY

I . TITLE

A Study on the Establishment of Nuclear Cooperative Relations and Future direction between Korea and Vietnam

H. OBJECTIVE AND NECESSITY OF THE STUDY

After reunification with the end of Vietnam war, Vietnam is planing the introduction of nuclear power plant around the year of 2015 to meet the rapidly increasing demand of energy and electricity resulting from industrial development and national open economy policy.

The Government has made the continuous policy efforts to export nuclear technology to abroad nuclear power market, focused on developing countries like Vietnam based on matured national nuclear power industries and technological capabilities. From this point of views, it is necessary to strengthen the cooperative relations with developing countries having potential to introduce nuclear power plants in near future It is, therefore, need to enhance the mutual understanding and to establish the cooperative relations for the promotion of cooperation in field of peaceful use and development of nuclear energy between two countries.

For the nuclear cooperation with Vietnam, it is necessary to review the current status and to establish the future direction in order to activate the cooperation relations between two countries in future.

- iv - I. CONTENTS AND THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY

o Vietnamese Nuclear Policy for the use and development of nuclear energy

- Energy Policy and Nuclear Administration

o Current Status and prospects of the use and development of nuclear energy in Vietnam

- Electricity generation and introduction of nuclear power plant

- Current Status and Prospects of Nuclear R and D activities

- Recent trends of international nuclear cooperation in Vietnam

*> Establishment and future directions of nuclear cooperation between two countries

- Exchanges of visits of nuclear cooperation delegations

- Holding of joint seminar and discussion of future cooperative directions

IV. MAJOR RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Korean successful achievement in the past for the development of nuclear energy as a developing country, is highly appreciated in Vietnam and Vietnam wishes strongly cooperation with Korea in order to construct nuclear power plant in Vietnam in future through the reflection of Korean case of past experiences and policy development for the implementation of self-reliance policy of nuclear power technology in the past.

- v - During implementation of the project, the exchanges of visits of nuclear cooperation delegations were made and joint seminars were held in order to exchange of information and discussion for the promotion of nuclear cooperation between two countries, had resulted in successful establishment of cooperative relations and activated the cooperative activities between two countries.

Major results concluded at the joint meeting held during exchange of cooperation delegation visits were as follows;

1) Exchange of visit of nuclear cooperation delegation

2) Holding of policy seminar in Korea for Vietnamese high level policy decision makers of for the introduction of nuclear power plant into Vietnam

3) Conclusion of cooperative arrangement between KAERI/VAEC

4) Cooperation between KAERI/NTC and DNRI/NTC

5) Joint feasibility study for the construction of Korean standard nuclear power plant(KSNP) in Vietnam and presentation of KSNP

6) Training of Vietnamese nuclear experts in Korea, etc.

Based on results of study, it can be recommended that long and short-term policy direction for the cooperation with developing countries having potential introducing nuclear power plants in future should be established in order to carry out national strategies to export nuclear power technologies to abroad nuclear market as national basic policies. Major cooperation direction for Vietnam can be recommended as follows;

- vi - 1) Vietnam is one of countries having big nuclear market potential and will play a large role as a bridgehead of nuclear markets of developing countries of Asia and Africa in future for the export of nuclear power plants and nuclear research reactors.

2) Considering the inevitable competition with advanced nuclear countries such as USA, Japan, Canada, France and China in exporting nuclear power technologies in future, it is desirable to establish the national strategies and implementation system to carry out nuclear abroad business in effective and efficient manners.

3) In order to carry out the nuclear cooperation with developing countries, it is required to support nuclear cooperation activities in connection with national long- and mid-term nuclear R & D program under implementation.

4) It is also required to establish legal and institutional system to support nuclear cooperation activities including joint cooperation committee of the Government and related organizations such as governmental ministries, industries and research organizations to use them in postive and effective manners.

- VII - CONTENTS

Chapter I. Introduction 1

Chapter II. The current Policy Status of use and development of nuclear energy in Vietnam 4 2.1 Introduction of Vietnam 4 1. General 4 2. Current Status and Perspectives of Demand and Supply of Energy and Electricity 5 3. Relation between Korea and Vietnam 8 2.2 Nuclear Administration System of Vietnam 8 2.3 Recent Trends of the Use and Development of Nuclear Energy in Vietnam 9 1. Current Status of Nuclear R & D in Vietnam 9 2. Recent Trends for the introduction of Nuclear Power Plant into Vietnam 17 2.4 Recent Trends of International Nuclear Cooperation in Vietnam 21

Chapter III. The Establishment and Strengthening of Nuclear Cooperation between Korea and Vietnam 23 3.1 Current Status of Nuclear Cooperation between Korea and Vietnam 23 3.2 Exchange of Visits of Nuclear Cooperation Delegation 24

Chapter IV. Major Research Results and Future Cooperation Direction 29 4.1 Major Research Results 29 4.2 Future Cooperation Direction between Korea and Vietnam 30

Charpter V. Conculsion and Recommendations 34

References 36

Appendix

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- 1 - 20. Mr. Hoang Anh Tuan, Senior Scientific Officer, Dept. of Theoretical and Computational Physics, INST 21. Dr. Hoang Dae Luc, INST 22. Dr. Tran Ung, Director, VRPA 23. Dr. Nguyen Nhi Dien, Director, NRI 24. Mr. Phatn Van Lam, Deputy Director, NRI, nrigovn@hcm. vnn. vn 25. Mr. Nguyen Thanh Binh, Deputy Director, NRI 26. Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Tuan, Head, Dept. of Planning and International Relations, NRI 27. Mr. Vo Tan Thien, Deputy Head, Dept. of Planning and International Relations, NRI 28. Dr. Vu Nhu Ngoc, Head, Nuclear Training Center, NRI 29. Dr. Prof. Nguyen Mong Sinh, Chairman, Scientific and Tecnhological Council of NRI 30. Mr. Ngo Phu Khang, Chairman, Radiation and Nuclear Safety Council, NRI 31. Dr. Nguyen Tac Anh, Head, Nuclear Physics Department, NRI, [email protected] 32. Dr. Dinh Sy Hien, Head, Nuclear Electronics Dept., NRI 33. Lee June Hwa, Minister, ^Hfl^ 34. 35. 36. Dr. Tran Ung, Vietnam Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Authority (VRPA) 39. Dr. Ngo Canh Tuan, VRPA 40. Mr. Le Viet Hung, VRPA 41. Mr. Hoang Tuynh, VRPA

- 2 - 7}. ufls

prof. Tran Hut Phat

(Department of Administration and Personnel) (Department of International Director : Mr. Nguyen Trong Relation and Planning) Trang Director : Dr. Bui Van Hung

(Nuclear Research Institute, NRI, (Center for (Institute of (Institute for Dalat) Nuclear Nuclear Science Technology of Techniques, CNT, and Techniques, Radioactive and Ho Chi Minh) INST, Hanoi) Rare Elements, ITRE, Hanoi) Director •" Director •' Director : Director .' Mr. Tran Ha Anh Dr. Le Van Khoi Dr. Tran Thanh Dr. Thai Ba Mnh Cau

(Center of Analytical Techniques and Ehvironment Research, CATER) Head : Dr. Nguyen Mong Sinh ° iM; • No 59, Ly Thuong Kiet St. Hanoi Vietnam

o x[z\ : 84-4-8256467, -8256479 o jaf^ : 84-4-8266133, -8256756

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0 Mr. Vuong Huu Tan - 3 ^ : VAEC

0 Dr. Nguyen Tien Nguyen - ^ -g- : Director General, VAEC - ^V^H : 1940. 7. 3 - «]• ^ : 1976 Prague Charles tU*j-.2.(-i-B]«f • 1966-1971 fj ^^ 1976-1986 1986-1994 Hfl^

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Dr. Bui Van Hung(Mr. Tran Kim Hung?)

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Mr. Nguyen Trong Trang

VAEC : 1951. 12. 8 : 1974 *}±°] : 1995-^4 : 84-4-8256479

1) ^4^2ft^7|#*i^L4i( Institute for Nuclear Science and Techniques, INST) • < o ^4i : Nghia Do St., Tu Liem Dist., Hanoi, Vietnam o Qty • 84-4-8344825 o «|>b. : 84-4-8363295

o Dr. Tran Thanh Minh - 2\ ^ : INST

- 5 - : 1937. 2. 14

- *]• ^ • 1971 eHo} JINR( Dubna(«|4) : 1962-1965 Sl-iiol^ 1965-1972 JINR, Dubna 1972-1977 1977-1990 r}efH 1991-^H INST

2) uoW^$\^$.^7]^Q^MInstitute for Technology of Radioactive and Rare Elements, ITRRE)

: No 32 Lang Ha St., DongDa Dist., Hanoi, Vietnam : 84-4-8534139 o ^^ : 84-4-8350966 •

o Prof. Thai Ba Cau -2] ^ : ITRE ±% - Al\d^6J : 1939. 1. 11 - «]• ^ : 1979 S^3.H} Mendeleev 1964-1972 *}i: 1972-1982 USSR 1982-1985 1985-1988 1988-1991 £*fl ITRE

3) cfelS-^^^^n'-^iiNuclear Research Institute, NRI)

- 6 - Acting Director Dr. Nguyen Nhi Dien

NUCLEAR SAFETY AND SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL RADIATION PROTECTION Vice President : Dr. Vuong Huu COUNCIL Tan Vice President : Mr. Duong Quang Tan

Reactor Department Dept. of Radiobiology Head : Mr. Pham Van Lam Head : Dr. Le Xuan Tham

Dept. of Radioisotope Production Dept. of Nuclear Electronics Head : Dr. Le Van So Head : Dr. Dinh Sy Hien

Dept. of Nuclear Physics Dept. of Radiation Protection Head : Dr. Vuong Huu Tan Head : Mr. Duong Quang Tan

Dept. of Planning and International Dept. of Radiation Technology T?p1pitinn^ Head : Mr. Nguyen Quoc Hien Head : Mr. Bui Van Quyen

Center of Analytical Techniques Environment Research Head : Dr. Nguyen Mong Sinh

: 01, Nguyen Tu Luc St., Dalat, Vietnam : 84-63-822191, 821300 o syj^. : 84-63-821107

D ° Dr. Nguyen Nhi Dien

1957. 2. 8 1977 *}ico| 1992 B^AJo} Dubna Joint NRI(^4 1978-1988 NRI ^T2-^ 1988-1992 ejA) of Dubna Joint NRI 1994-1995 NRI Q 1995-1997 NRI

- 7 - NRI

° Dr. Nguyen Mong Sinh

§• : NRI-f-i CATER : 1939. 4. 15 : 1968 ?W] : 1969-1970 1970-1974 USSR Dubna Joint 1974-1977 1977-1992 NRI 1988-1994 NRI -f-i^- 1995-^4 NRI-f-i CATER

4) ^4^7]#^e|(Center for Nuclear Techniques, CNT)

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- 43 - AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM FOR COOPERATION IN RESEARCH INTO THE PEACEFUL USES OF NUCLEAR ENERGY

- 44 - The Government of the Republic Korea and the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (hereinafter referred to as "the Parties"),

Desiring to strengthen the basis of the friendly relations existing between the two countries,

Recognizing that both countries are Member States of the International Atomic Energy Agency (hereinafter referred to as "the IAEA") and parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (hereinafter referred to as "the Treaty"),

Noting that the utilization of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is an important factor for the promotion of the social and economic development of the two countries, and

Bearing in mind the common desire of both countries to expand and strengthen research cooperation in the development and application of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, and

Have agreed as follows:

ARTICLE I

The parties shall, on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, encourage and promote the cooperation in research into the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, in accordance with their respective applicable laws and regulations.

ARTICLE H

- 45 - For the purpose of this Agreement:

(a) The term "Equipment" means any of the equipment listed in Annex B to this Agreement;

(b) The term "Material" means any of the material listed in Annex C to this Agreement;

(c) The term "Nuclear material" means any source material or any special fissionable material as these terms are defined in Article XX of the Statute of the IAEA which is attached as Annex D to this Agreement. Any determination by the Board of Governors of the IAEA under Article XX of the Agency's Statute, which amends the list of material considered to be "source material" or "special fissionable material", shall only have effect under this Agreement when both Parties to this Agreement have informed each other in writing that they accept such amendments;

(d) The term "Facilities" means any plant, building or structure using, incorporating or containing equipment, material or nuclear material as defined in the paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of this Article;

(e) The term "Persons" means any individual, corporation, partnership, firm or company, association, trust, public or private institution, group, governmental agency or corporation, but does not include the Parties to this Agreement;

(f) The term "Technology" means scientific or technical data that the supplying Party has designated as being relevant in terms of non-proliferation and important for the design, production, operation or maintenance of equipment and facilities or for the

- 46 - processing of nuclear material or material; and includes, but is not limited to, technical drawings, photographic negatives and prints, recordings, design data and technical and operating manuals, but excludes data available to the public; and that the supplying Party has informed the receiving Party to regard as technology for the purpose of this Agreement; and

(g) The term "Recommendations of the IAEA" in relation to physical protection means the recommendations of document INFCIRC/225/Rev.3 entitled "The Physical Protection of Nuclear Material" as may be modified, or any subsequent document replacing it. Modifications of the recommendations for physical protection shall only have effect under this Agreement when both Parties have informed each other in writing that they accept such modifications.

ARTICLE ffi

Subject to this Agreement, the areas of cooperation between the Parties may include:

(a) Basic and applied research and development with respect to the peaceful uses of nuclear energy;

(b) Research, development, design, construction, operation and maintenance of research reactors and/or nuclear power plants;

(c) Research, manufacture and supply of nuclear fuel elements to be used in research reactors and/or nuclear power plants;

(d) Radioactive wastes management;

(e) Production and application of radioactive isotopes in industry,

- 47 - agriculture and medicine;

(f) Nuclear safety, radiation protection, environmental protection

(g) Nuclear safeguards and physical protection;

(h) Nuclear policy and manpower development; and

(i) Other cooperation areas as may be agreed upon by the Parties.

ARTICLE IV

The cooperation under Article M of this Agreement may be undertaken in the following forms:

(a) Exchange and training of scientific and technological personnel;

(b) Exchange of scientific and technological information and data;

(c) Organization of symposia, seminars and working groups;

(d) Transfer of nuclear material, material, equipment, facilities and

technology;

(e) Provision of relevant technological consultancy and services;

(f) Joint research or projects on subjects of mutual interest; and (g) Other forms of cooperation as may be agreed upon by the Parties.

ARTICLE V

With a view to facilitating cooperation under this Agreement, the

- 48 - Parties shall encourage, where appropriate, the conclusion of implementing arrangements between the Parties or between authorized Persons under one Party's jurisdiction and authorized Persons under the other jurisdiction, specifying the terms and conditions of particular cooperative programs and projects, the procedures to be followed, financial agreements and other appropriate matters. Such implementing arrangements shall be concluded in accordance with the respective laws and regulations of the Parties.

ARTICLE VI

1. The Parties shall freely use any information exchanged in conformity with the provisions of this Agreement, except in the cases when the Party or authorized Persons providing such information has previously made known the restrictions and reservations concerning its use and dissemination.

2. Information obtained pursuant to this Agreement shall not be transferred beyond the jurisdiction of the receiving Party to a third party without the prior written consent of the supplying Party.

3. The Parties shall take all appropriate measures in accordance with their respective laws and regulations to preserve the restrictions and reservations of information and to protect intellectual property rights including commercial and industrial secrets transferred between Persons within the jurisdiction of either Party.

4. For the purpose of this Agreement, intellectual property is understood to have the meaning given in Article 2 of the

- 49 - Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization, done at Stockholm on 14 July 1967.

ARTICLE VH

1. Nuclear material, material, equipment and technology contained in Annex A shall be subject to this Agreement, unless otherwise agreed by the Parties.

2. Items other than those covered by paragraph 1 of this Article shall be subject to this Agreement when the Parties have so agreed in writing.

3. The competent governmental authority of the supplying Party shall, prior to any transfer of nuclear material, material, equipment or technology covered by paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article, notify in writing the competent governmental authority of the receiving Party.

4. The competent governmental authority of the receiving Party shall notify in writing the competent governmental authority of the supplying Party after receiving any transfer of nuclear material, material, equipment or technology.

ARTICLE W

1. The cooperation pursuant to this Agreement shall be carried out only for peaceful purposes.

2. Nuclear material, material, equipment, facilities and technology transferred pursuant to this Agreement and special fissionable

- 50 - material recovered or produced as a by-product shall not be used for the development or the manufacture of any nuclear explosive device, or for any military purpose.

3. With respect to nuclear material, the commitment contained in paragraph 2 of this Article shall be verified pursuant to the safeguards agreement between either Party and the IAEA, in connection with the Treaty. However, if for any reason or at any time the IAEA is not administering such safeguards within the jurisdiction of a Party, that Party shall forthwith enter into an agreement with the other Party for the establishment of a safeguards system that conforms to the principles and procedures of the safeguards system set out in the IAEA document INFCIRC/66 Rev.2, as well as any subsequent amendments thereto that are accepted by the Parties, and provides for the application of safeguards to all items subject to this Agreement.

ARTICLE K

1. Nuclear material, material, equipment, facilities and technology transferred pursuant to this Agreement and special fissionable material recovered or produced as a by-product shall not be transferred beyond the jurisdiction of the receiving Party to a third party without the prior written consent of the supplying Party.

2. Prior to the enrichment to twenty (20) percent or more in the isotope U 235 of any nuclear material subject to this Agreement or to the reprocessing of any nuclear material subject to this Agreement, written consent of both Parties shall be obtained. Such consent shall describe the conditions under which the resultant plutonium or uranium enriched to twenty (20) percent or

- 51 - more may be stored and used. An agreement to facilitate the implementation of this provision may be established by the Parties.

ARTICLE X

The Parties shall apply appropriate measures of physical protection at levels set out in the "recommendations of the IAEA" specified in Article E(g) to this Agreement to nuclear material subject to this Agreement within their respective jurisdictions.

ARTICLE XI

1. Nuclear material shall remain subject to this Agreement until:

(a) a determination is made that it is no longer usable nor practicably recoverable for processing into a form in which it is usable for any nuclear activity relevant from the point of view of safeguards referred to in Article W of this Agreement. Both Parties shall accept a determination made by the IAEA in accordance with the provisions for the termination of safeguards of the relevant safeguards agreement to which the IAEA is a party; or

(b) it has been transferred to a third party in accordance with the provisions of Article IX of this Agreement; or

(c) otherwise agreed upon between the Parties.

2. Material, equipment and facilities shall remain subject to this Agreement until:

(a) it has been transferred to a third party in accordance with the

- 52 - provisions of Article K of this Agreement; or

(b) otherwise agreed upon between the Parties.

3. Technology shall remain subject to this Agreement until otherwise agreed upon between the Parties.

ARTICLE XH

1. If either Party at any time following entry into force of this Agreement:

(a) does not comply with the provisions of Article VI, VI, DC or X; or

(b) terminates, abrogates or materially violates a safeguards agreement with the IAEA;

The other Party shall have the rights to cease further cooperation under this Agreement, suspend, or terminate this Agreement and to require the return of any material, nuclear material, equipment and components transferred under this Agreement and any special nuclear material produced through their use.

2. If either Party exercises its rights under this Article to require the return of any material, nuclear material, equipment or components, it shall, after removal from the territory of the other Party, reimburse the other Party for the fair market value of such material, equipment or components.

ARTICLE M

- 53 - 1. The Parties shall meet from time to time and consult with each other, at the request of either Party, to review the operation of this Agreement or to consider matters arising from its implementation.

2. The Parties shall consult each other on matters arising from the implementation of this Agreement, and take appropriate measures to ensure compliance with this Agreement, in particular, the provisions of Articles VI, VII, W, E, X, XT or XV thereof.

ARTICLE XIV

This Agreement shall not affect the validity or execution of any obligations arising from other international treaties or agreements concluded by each Parties.

ARTICLE XV

1. Any dispute arising out of the interpretation or application of this Agreement shall be settled amicably by negotiation or consultations between the Parties.

2. If a dispute cannot be settled by means of above-mentioned paragraph 1 of this Article, it shall, at the request of either Party, be submitted to an arbitral tribunal for its decision. Such arbitral tribunal shall be constituted ad hoc by mutual agreement between the Parties, in accordance with international practice.

ARTICLE

- 54 - 1. This Agreement shall enter into force on the date on which the Parties exchange diplomatic notes informing each other that they have completed all necessary legal requirements for its entry into force.

2. This Agreement shall remain in force for a period of five(5) years, and shall be automatically extended for additional periods of five years, unless either Party notifies, in writing, the other Party of its intention to terminate it six(6) months prior to the expiry.

3. This Agreement may be amended at any time with the written consent of both Parties. Any such amendment shall enter into force in accordance with the procedures stipulated in paragraph 1 of this Article.

4. Notwithstanding expiration or termination of this Agreement, the obligations and implementing arrangements contained in this Agreement shall remain in force until otherwise agreed by the Parties.

ARTICLE

The Annexes A, B, C and D form an integral part of this Agreement. They may be amended with the written consent of both Parties.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorized for this purpose by their respective governments, have signed this Agreement.

- 55 - Done at Hanoi this 20th day of November 1996, in duplicate, in the Korean, Vietnamese and English languages, all texts being equally authentic. In case of any divergence of interpretation, the English text shall prevail.

FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF

THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF

VIETNAM

(signature) (signature)

- 56 - ANNEX A Nuclear Material, Material, Equipment and Technology Subject to the Agreement

( i ) Nuclear material, material, equipment and technology transferred between the territories of the Parties, directly or through third parties;

(ii) Material and nuclear material that is produced or processed on the basis, or by the use, of any equipment or facility subject to this Agreement;

(iii) Nuclear material that is produced or processed on the basis, or by the use, of any nuclear material or material subject to this Agreement;

(iv) Equipment which the receiving Party, or the supplying Party after consultations with the receiving Party, has designated as being designed, constructed or operated on the basis of or by the use of the technology referred to above, or technical data derived from equipment referred to above.

Without restricting the generality of the foregoing, equipment that satisfies all three of the following criteria:

(a) that is of the same type as equipment referred to in ( i ) (i.e. its design, construction or operating processes are based on essentially the same or similar physical or chemical processes as agreed in writing by the Parties prior to the transfer of the equipment referred to in ( i ));

(b) that is so designated by the receiving Party or the supplying

- 57 - Party after consultation with the receiving Party; and

(c) its first operation of which commences at a location within the jurisdiction of the receiving Party within 20 years from the date of the first operation of the equipment referred to in sub- paragraph (a).

- 58 - ANNEX B Equipment

(1) Nuclear reactors capable of operation so as to maintain a controlled self- sustaining fission chain reaction, excluding zero energy reactors, the latter being defined as reactors with a designed maximum rate of production of plutonium not exceeding lOOgrams per year.

(2) Reactor pressure vessels : Metal vessels, as complete units or as major shop-fabricated parts therefor, which are especially designed or prepared to contain the core of a nuclear reactor as defined in paragraph (1) above and are capable of withstanding the operating pressure of the primary coolant.

(3) Reactor fuel charging and discharging machines : Manipulative equipment especially designed or prepared for inserting or removing fuel in a nuclear Reactor as defined in paragraph (1) above capable of on-load operation or employing technically sophisticated positioning or alignment features to allow complex off-load fuelling operations such as those in which direct viewing of or access to the fuel is not normally available.

(4) Reactor control rods • Rods especially designed or prepared for the control of the reaction rate in a nuclear reactor as defined in paragraph (1) above.

(5) Reactor pressure tubes : Tubes which are especially designed or prepared to contain fuel elements and the primary coolant in a reactor as defined in paragraph (1) above at an operating pressure in excess of 50 atmospheres.

- 59 - (6) Zirconium tubes : Zirconium metal and alloys in the form of tubes or assemblies of tubes and in quantities exceeding 500kg per year, especially designed or prepared for use in a reactor as defined in paragraph (1) above, and in which the relationship of hafnium to zirconium is less than 1:500 parts by weight.

(7) Primary coolant pumps : Pumps especially designed or prepared for circulating the primary coolant for nuclear reactors as defined in paragraph (1) above.

(8) Plants for the reprocessing of irradiated fuel elements, and equipment especially designed or prepared therefor : Plant for the reprocessing of irradiated fuel elements includes the equipment and components which normally come in direct contact with and directly control the irradiated fuel and the major nuclear material and fission product processing streams.

(9) Plants for the fabrication of fuel elements : Plant for the fabrication of fuel elements includes the equipment which normally comes into direct contact with, or directly processes, or controls, the production flow of nuclear material, or the equipment which seals the nuclear material within the cladding.

(10) Equipment, other than analytical instruments, especially designed or prepared for the separation of isotopes of uranium : Equipment, other than analytical instruments, especially designed or prepared for the separation of isotopes of uranium includes each of the major items of equipment especially designed or prepared for the separation process.

(11) Plants for the production of heavy water : Plant for the

- 60 - production of heavy water includes the plant and equipment especially designed for the enrichment of deuterium or its compounds, as well as any significant fraction of the items essential to the operation of the plant.

(12) Any major components or components of items (1) to (11) above.

- 61 - ANNEX C Material

(1) Deuterium and heavy water ' Deuterium and any deuterium compound in which the ratio of deuterium to hydrogen exceeds 1-5000 for use in a nuclear reactor, as defined in paragraph (1) of Annex B, in quantities exceeding 200kg of deuterium atoms in any period of 12 months.

(2) Nuclear grade graphite : Graphite having a purity level better than 5 parts per million boron equivalent and with a density greater than 1.50 grams per cubic centimeter in quantities exceeding 30 metric tons in any period of 12 months.

- 62 - ANNEX D Article XX of the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency

Definitions

As used in this Statute :

(1) The term "special fissionable material" means plutonium-239; uranium-233; uranium enriched in the isotopes 235 or 233; any material containing one or more of the foregoing; and such other fissionable material as the Board of governors shall from time to time determine but the term "special fissionable material" does not include source material.

(2) The term "uranium enriched in the isotopes 235 or 233" means uranium containing the isotopes 235 or 233 or both in an amount such that the abundance ratio of the sum of these isotopes to the isotope 238 is greater than the ratio of the isotope 235 to the isotope 238 occurring in nature.

(3) The term "source material" means uranium containing the mixture of isotopes occurring in nature; uranium depleted in the isotope 235; thorium; any of the foregoing in the form of metal, alloy, chemical compound, or concentrate; any other material containing one or more of the foregoing in such concentration as the Board of Governors shall from time to time determine; and such other materials as the Board of Governors shall from time to time determine.

- 63 - (1999. 12, *

A) List of the Korean Delegation

Mr. LEE, Hun-Gyu Director General for Nuclear Energy Bureau, Ministry of Science and Technology

Mr. JEON, Chang-Hyo Deputy Director for Nuclear International Cooperation Division, Ministry of Science and Technology

Mr. KIM, Hwa-Sup Director for Nuclear Policy Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute

Dr. YANG, Maeng-Ho Head for Nuclear Policy Analysis Project, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute

Mr. SONG, Jae-Ho Director for Department of Public Relations and International Cooperation, Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety

Mr. YOON, Myung-Youl Principal Engineer Project Manager for Yonggwang Nuclear Units 5&6,

- 64 - Korea Power Engineering Co., Inc.

B) List of the Vietnamese Delegation

Prof. Dr. TRAN HUU PHAT Chairman Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission

Dr. TRAN UNG Director Vietnam Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Authority

Dr. BUI VAN TUAN Vice-Chairman Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission

Dr. VUONG HUU TAN Vice-Chairman Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission

Dr. TRAN KIM HUNG Diretor Department International Relations and Planning Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission

Dr. DANG THANH LUONG Deputy Director Dept. of International Relations and Planning Manager of Radiation and Nuclear Safety Section Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission

- 65 - Prof. CHA CHI Senior Expert Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission

Mr. HOANG VAN SINH Dept. of International Relations and Planning Expert on Project Management Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission

Mr. NGUYEN VIET HUNG Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection Officer Dept. of International Relations and Planning Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission

Dr. VO VAN THUAN National Coordinator for Radiation Technology Director Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission Institute of Nuclear Science & Technique

Prof. Dr. TRAN DAI NGHIEP Vice Director Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission Institute of Nuclear Science and Technique

Mr. HO MINH DUC Director Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission Institute of Nuclear Science and Technique, Irradiation Center

- 66 - Assoc. Prof. Dr. DO NGOC LIEN Director Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission Institute for Technology of Radioactive and Rare Elements

Mr. TRAN HONG HA Head of Planning and International Relation Department Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission Institute for Technology of Radioactive and Rare Elements

Mr. Dinh Ngoc Quang Director Assistant Vietnam Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Authority

Dr. NGUYEN TIEN NGUYEN General Manager for International Affairs Vietnam Union of Science and Technology Associations Research Center for Energy and Environment

- 67 - RECORD OF DISCUSSION

Korean Technical Survey Team, led by Mr, Lee, Hun-Gyu, Director General, Nuclear Energy Bureau, the Ministry of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea, paid an official visit to Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission (VAEQ at the invitation of Prof. Tran Huu Phat, the Chairman of the VAEC, from 29 November to 05 December 1999.

During the visit, Mr. Lee, Hun-Gyu and his delegation had fruitful discussions with Prof. Tran Huu Phat and their staff for the measures to strengthen the bilateral cooperation relationship between Vietnam and Korea in the field of peaceful uses of atomic energy. The contents of the discussions are the following:

1. Both sides introduced the current status in the field of nuclear policy, nuclear research and development program, nuclear safety regulation, and nuclear industry in their countries.

2. Both sides mutually agreed to enhance the bilateral cooperation as follows:

a) To hold a seminar for high-level decision making officials on nuclear policy in Seoul in the year 2000;

b) To consider conducting a feasibility study on the introduction of nuclear power plant into Vietnam.

3. Both sides agreed to promote actively bilateral cooperation through the exchange of experts and information, and joint research in the following areas:

a) Research reactor operation and utilization;

b) Radiation protection and environmental radiation/radioactivity measurement.

4. The Vietnamese side proposed the Korean side to assist the Training Centre in Da Lat. The Korean side expressed its willingness to co-operate in this matter.

5. Both sides confirmed that Korea-Vietnam Nuclear Research Cooperation Agreement concluded on 20 November 1996 is the foundation for the

- 68 - implementation of bilateral cooperation in the field of peaceful uses of atomic energy.

6. Mr. Lee., Hun-Gyu, the head of Korean delegation cordially invited Prof. Tran Huu Phat, the Chairman of the VAEC to pay a visit to Korea. Prof. Tran Huu Phat thanked Mr. Lee, Hun-Gyu for his kind invitation and accepted the invitation, and time for the visit will be confirmed later.

Done in Hanoi, on the first of December 1999 in duplicate in the English language.

On behalf of the Ministry of Science and On behalf of the VAEC Technology, Republic of Korea

3 Mr. Lee Hyun-Gyui Prof. Tran Huu Phat Director General The Chairman of the VAEC Ministry of Science and Technology

- 69 - AFS.1 VAECOilAH Sl&

AFS.3 accuse

- 70 - AI-51.5 INSTOIlAi CHSB MS.6 VRPA OllAi

M&J Dalat OIIAj D)S&aJ£| . Dala t S7JSS011AI

- 71 - 6 INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUE VIEN KHOA HOC VA KY THUAT HAT NHAN

The Institute of Nuclear Science and 'Technique (1NST) was founded in 1990 by the Council of Ministers of Vietnam, (lie Institute has function to carry out research pud development for peaceful ii?r

ORGANIZATION Center for Nuclear Power Planning

Center for Application of Directorate Nuclear Techniques

IT radiation Center Adniinisdnlinn I !)cp(. Planning

Center for Radiation protection and Environment Monitoring

Center for Fundamental Research and Computation

Personnel (as of November 1998): 130 including 28 professors, Ph.D's and doctors of science.

lhe Directorate is assisted by the Scientific; Council.in all matters dealing with lonji-teim and short-term research programmes, international cooperation ... and two executive department: I. Administration Department: Responsible for all aspects of adminislialion, personnel, iufrasiiuclure construct inn ...

- 72 - 2. 1'lan.ning & International affairs: Responsible for planning and implementing scientific research programmes, organizing and administering international cooperation ...

I. HANOI IRRADIATION CENTER

The Irradiation Center is equipped with a semi-commercial gamma irradiation facility. I! was supplied by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) under TC- 1'mjecl VIE/8/004. The facility consists of an irradiator used Co-60 radioactive sources with activity of 110 kCi, conveyer system and control panels that permit processing products in continuous range or in batches. i The facility is being used as a multipurpose one for the following applications arid research activities: 1- Sterilization of medical products: Surgical gloves, surgical sewing fusion sets, syringes, and graft tissues... 2- Processing of materials : modification of polymers, colouring glasses, vulcanization of natural rubber latex... 3- Presei-vation of food: onion, potato, fresh fruits, spices, dried fish, cereals, mushroom ... 4- Insect disinfestation and mould control of tobaco, bamboo articles, medicinal herbs.. Sterilization of peat soil for producing the microbiological fertilizers. 5- The facility is also servicing as a tool for the others research projects such as: development, and application of dosimstry systems for radiation processing's, and i research in agriculture.

II. CENTER FOR RADIATION PROTECTION AND ENVIRONMENT MONITORING

The laboratory of Radiation Calibration and Dosimetry is the National accredited

- 73 - •.Dosimetry calibration Lab which is responsible for radiation metrology and reseaich of radiation protection techniques in Vietnam. It has been authorized to carry out the following duties: * QA&QC service for medical facilities (X-ray radiodiagnostics, radiotherapy). <• Calibration of radiation metrological equipments. * Assessment of patient's dose in radiotherapy and radiodiagnostics. * Advice, design for radiation protection, production of shielding materials for X-ray diagnostic, nuclear medicine and radiotherapy installations. * Personal dosimetry service for radiation workers. * Radiation monitoring by mail. * Estimation and inspection for radiation safety of radiation installations. * Training radiation workers and radiation protection managers.

The Laboratory of Environment Monitoring is a National Standard Lab (I-VILAS- 17) specializing in studies of radioactive and non-radioactive environment using nuclear and related techniques. The duties of the Lab are: « To develop procedures and techniques for QA&QC in monitoring radioactivity of natural (U, Th, K, Ra, Rn) and anthropogenic isotopes (wSr, 137Cs, 239+240Pn) in soil, water, Biota, and food including import-expoit products. (QA analytical procedures developed here are regularly examined both by the use of reference material?; and directly participating in Iutercomparison Excersises) * Study on air, water, land pollution; erosion, environmental behaviour of pesticides in the tropical environment. " Regularly in cooperation with oilier Laboratories in Vietnam monitor the level of radioactive and non radioactive contaminants in the environment. * Train experts fot the above mentioned duties

III/ CENTER FOR APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES

I. Development and Application of Nuclear Method and Technique

- 74 - - Non- destructive Testing (NDT) for metallic and non- metallic materials using gamma and X - ray radiography, Ullrasonic, Eddy current and other techniques. Field of activities: oil - gas, civil construction, transport industries;..

- Nuclear analysis: neutron and gamma activation, X - rays fluorescence analysis, gamma spectrometry, Solid state (rack detector technique.

2. Nuclear Instrumentation and nuclear electronic:

- Development and assembling of Nuclear control system (NCS) and medical equipments: Density gauging for bridges and roads, level gauging, thickness and moisture gauging.

- Instrumentation, service and maintenance

IV. CENTER FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANNING

Evaluating the economic and technical viability of a national nuclear power development programme. - Performing preparatory and organizational steps for the implementation of this programme.

V. CENTER FOR FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH AND COMPUTATION

The ("enter for Fundamental Research and Computation has functions and tasks: - Development of intranet and computer networking support for Nuclear stady and related topics. - Establishment and Administration of the INST 's Network. - Application Training, research, development and services in Jnformatic technology. To cany out fundamental research on theoretical nuclear physics, radiation material science and plasma physics. To cany out education of post-doctors in professions on theoretical physics and don-atomic physics.

- 75 - PROPOSAL FOR COOPERATIVE PROGRAM BETWEEN INSTITUTE FOR NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUE (INST) AND KOREA ATOMIC ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE (KAERI) FOR THE PERIOD 2000 - 2001

According to the agreement signed on 20 November 1999 between Government of Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV) and Government Republic of Rorea (ROK) on cooperation in Peaceful use of Nuclear Energy, the INST side proposes a request to support for training and scientists exchange in the following fields:

1. Design and management of the Nuclear Power Projects - Design of Nuclear Power Projects - Management of the Nuclear Power Projects under nuclear regulations and rules 2. Technology of Standard Nuclear Reactor and Nuclear Power Plant. - Safety analysis - Thermo-hydro-dynamic calculation - Reactor physics calculation 3. R&D on Nuclear Physics and Technologies - Experimental Nuclear physics and Nuclear Data on KAERI Nuclear Research Reactor - Nuclear Technique: NDT, Nuclear element analysis. - Nuclear medicine and radiotherapy. - Nuclear electronics and instrumentation.

- 76 - 7 NUCLEAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE, DALAT Current Status and Main Activities

(1) MISSIONS OF THE NUCLEAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE (NRI) (2) ACTIVITIES RELATED TO THE RESEARCH REACTOR (3) SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ACTIVITIES (4) MATERIAL & TECHNICAL BASES AND MANPOWER PREPARATION (5) ACTIVITIES AT THE SERVICE OF SOCIETY (6) ABOUT THE FUTURE OF NRI

PREPARED BYDr. NGUYENNH1DIEN, DIRECTOR OF NRI (As of May 1999) (1) MISSIONS OF NRI

> TO MANAGE AND EXPLOIT THE RESEARCH REACTOR AND OTHER SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS AT NRI

> TO CARRY OUT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN NUCLEAR AND RELATED FIELDS 00

> TO PREPARE MATERIAL & TECHNICAL BASES AND MANPOWER FOR THE INSTITUTE AND FOR NUCLEAR ENERGY PROGRAM IN VIETNAM

> TO ENSURE NUCLEAR AND RADIATION SAFETY FOR THE INSTITUTE AND FOR OTHER ORGANIZATIONS USING NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES (2) ACTIVITIES RELATED TO THE REACTOR

- FIRST CRITICALITY ON NOVEMBER 1983 AND INAUGURATION ON MARCH 1984

- OPERA TION REGIME: CONTINUOUS RUNS 100 Hrs ONCE EVERY 3 OR 4 WEEKS FOR RADIOISOTOPE PRODUCTION, NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS, BASIC & APPLIED RESEARCH AND OTHER PURPOSES

- OPERATION TIME: YEARLY AVERAGE NEARLY 1300 Hrs AT NOMINAL POWER 500 kW (TOTAL RACTOR OPERATION TIME AT THE BEGINNING OF 1999 IS ABOUT 20,000 Hrs)

- FIRST REACTOR GENERAL INSPECTION AND REFURBISHMENT (NATIONAL PROJECT) WERE CARRIED OUT FROM 1992 TO 1995

- UNDER TC-PROJECT VIE/4/010, RENOVATION OF REACTOR CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM WAS IMPLEMENTED FROM 1992 TO 1994 BYNRI STAFF (SPARE PART PROCUREMENT PROBLEMS, SYSTEM MODERNIZATION, COMPUTERIZATION, etc.)

- FIRST REFUELING WORKS WERE IMPLEMENTED ON APRIL 1994 (IN ORDER TO INCREASE THE REACTIVITY RESERVE). AT PRESENT, THE REACTOR IS OPERATED WITH CORE CONFIGURATION OF 100 FUEL ELEMENTS (89 FUEL ELEMENTS BEFORE 4/1994). THE SECOND REFUELING WORKS WILL BE CARRIED OUT A T THE END OF 1999. (3) SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

> REACTOR PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGIES

> EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION OF EXPERIMENTAL NEUTRON BEAMS

> RADIOISOTOPE AND RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTION

> ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES BASED ON NEUTRON ACTIVATION AND RELATED

> ENVIRONMENT RADIOACTIVITY AND POLLUTION STUDIES 00 o > SEDIMENTOLOGY AND EROSION STUDIES

> RADIO-BIOLOGY STUDIES

> RADIATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

> RADIATION DOSE MESUREMENT TECHNIQUES

> DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT 3.1. REACTOR PHYSICS AND REACTOR TECHNOLOGIES

- Study of parameters and characteristics of the Dalat Reactor to improve technical management, operation and exploitation of the reactor - Investigations of scientific, technological and safety-related problems - Study on renovation and upgrading of reactor control and other technological systems (dosimetry, stack monitoring, ventilation, water cooling, electric, etc.)

I 00 3.2. EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION OF EXPERIMENTAL NEUTRON BEAMS

- Set-up the neutron filters at horizontal channels to extract neutron beams from the reactor - Based on thqse filters, thermal and quasi-monoenergetic neutrons (25keV, 55 keV, 144 keV, >1.2 MeV, etc.) can be used for nuclear data measurements, irradiation of electronic components and other purposes (n,y; n,2y; n,n' reactions). - Applied studies on NRG, BNCT, etc. using thermal column and channels. 3.3. RADIOISOTOPE AND RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTION

- Radioisotopes & Radiopharmaceuticals can be produced at NRI: . 32P Applicator, 1311,32P,51 Cr Solution, 46Sc, mlr Tracer, etc. . Tc99m generators . In-vivo and in-vitro labelled kits - Serving nuclear medicine departments (for more than 20 hospitals in Vietnam) and other users (industry, agriculture, hydrology, oil exploitation, scientific research, etc.) - To try using efficiently of the Daiat reactor for answering the need of society

00 3.4. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES BASED ON NEUTRON ACTIVATION

- Different methods are used for element analysis: . Instrumental NAA . Radiochemical NAA . Prompt gamma NAA . Delayed NAA . X-Ray Fluorenscene Analyze (XFA) - To serve for various activities (geology exploration, oil prospecting, agriculture, biology, environmental studies, etc.) - To design and set-up the analytical instrument systems for NRI and other Organizations in Vietnam 3.5. ENVIRONMENT RADIOACTIVITY AND POLLUTION STUDIES

- To monitor a variation of radioactivity background at various locations in the South of VN, especially in the region ofDalat and HCM city - To set-up monitoring stations for environmental pollution studies at the big cities and industrial centers (It is contribution to implementing the environment control mission of the Government. These stations are in the framework of the national monitoring stations)

3.6. SEDIMENTOLOGY AND EROSION STUDIES

00 CO - Using radiotracer and natural radioactivities for study bed load layers displacement at estuaries, navigation channels, ports (Hai-phong and Can-tho ports, Hydro-electricity dams, etc.) - Based on the experiments, the important parameters of sedimentation can be obtained: . Movement Rate . Movement Direction . Thickness of movement layer - Investigations at Hai-phong navigation channel are efficient to explain the important sediment deposition phenomenon causing frequent dredging activities 3.7. RADIO BIOLOGY STUDIES

- Use of gamma radiation associated with other factors to improve agricultural seeds - Application of radioisotope tracers for studying biological metabolism, especially nutrition problems and mushroom growing technique (investigate phosphorus absorption and other nutritional problems during the growing processes of rice and other plants)

I - Study of irradiation effects on some plants (maize, potato, strawberry, etc.) 00

3.8. RADIATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

- Radiation sterilization (medical disposable and Pharmaceuticals such as surgical gloves, transfusion, various kinds of drugs, etc.) - Food preservation (onion, potato, spices, etc.) - Biomass conversion (production of vaccine, upgrading of agricultural wastes, etc.) - Processing of polymers (polymerization, cross linking, grafting, vulcanization of natural" rubber latex, etc.) 3.9. RADIATION DOSE MESUREMENT TECHNIQUES

- Using physical, chemical or biological methods with various types of radiation for radioactive dose studies - Various applications ensuring both quality and safety - In medical fields, research aiming at using TLD forX-Ray dose and output control

00 3.10. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT en - Serving various branches from functional blocks to specialized instruments - Different basic nuclear instruments produced at low costs (single and multi- channel spectrometers, dosimetry equipment, nuclear medicine instruments, etc.)

tec/in/gues - Contributed to promoting application of nuclear techniques and radioisotopes in various branches (4) MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL BASES AND MANPOWER PREPARATION

4.1. NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT AND TECHNICAL BASES

+ Design and set up necessary scientific instruments and systems serving R&D: . Gamma, beta, alpha spectroscopy analyzers; . hoods cells, hot cells and production lines; . specialized laboratories in various fields (environment, radiochemistry, radiobiology, radiation technology, radiation protection, i nuclear electronics, etc.) oo 7 + Considerable effort devoted to maintain the nuclear instruments and to use them efficiently

4.2. MANPOWER PREPARATION

+ Specialists trained abroad as fellows or in training courses, seminars, etc. They more and more have capability to carry out difficult tasks + NRI staff capable of executing high level duties (reactor inspection and refurbishment; reactor control system renovation; design and construction of advanced systems; maintenance and repair of sophisticated nuclear instruments, etc.) + Organization of national and international workshops and seminars on various fields (5) ACTIVITIES AT THE SERVICE OF SOCIETY

- PROVIDING RADIOISOTOPES AND RADIO PHARMACEUTICALS

- SUPPLYING NUCLEAR AND RELATED INSTRUMENTS

- SETTING UP NUCLEAR MEDICINE DEPARTMENTS

- SERVIES ON NUCLEAR ANALYTICAL ACTIVITIES

" - RADIA TION PROTECTION AND DOSE MEASUREMENT SERVICES

- SEDIMENTOLOGY AND EROSION RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

- PROVIDING NUCLEAR SCIENCE INFORMATION

- ORGANISATION OF NATIONAL AND REGIONAL WORKSHOPS, SEMINARS. (6) ABOUT THE FUTURE OF NRI - TO SET UP NUCLEAR TRAINING CENTRE AT DAL AT - TO STRENGTHEN NRi TECHNICAL AND HUMAN POTENTIAL

- TO PUSH FORWARD RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES (IMPROVE THEIR QUALITY)

- TO CONTRIBUTE TO STRENGTHEN THE NUCLEAR MARKET IN THE COUNTRY 09 00 - TO CONTRIBUTE TO INTRODUCE NUCLEAR POWER INTO VIETNAM

- TO ENSURE SAFETY AND CONTRIBUTE TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NUCLEAR SECTOR IN VIETNAM INFRASTRUCTURE. SCIENTIFIC TOOLS AND MANPOWER OF NRI

- 500 kW RESEARCH REACTOR & TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS FOR ITS OPERATION

-16.5 kCi Co-60 IRRADIATOR SOURCE (FROM 1981) FOR RESEARCH PURPOSE

- RADIOISOTOPE & RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTION LINES

- ULTRA-VIOLET SYSTEM FOR R&D ON RADIATION CURING

- LABORATORIES WITH BETA, GAMMA, X-RAY SPECTROMETERS AND OTHER SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT FOR ELEMENT ANALYSIS AND OTHER PURPOSES

« -LABORATORIES FOR PLANT CELL AND TISSUE CULTURES to - RADIATION MEASUREMENT AND CALIBRATION EQUIPMENT

- ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING STATIONS INDALATAND HCM CITY

- LIQUID AND SOLID RADIOACTIVE WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES

- ELECTRONIC AND MECHANICAL WORKSHOPS

- OCCUPIED TWO PLACES (REACTOR CENTER WITH 110,000 M2 AND TRAINING & ADMINISTRATION CENTER WITH 80,000 M2) - ABOUT 200 EMPLOYEES INCLUDING 15 Ph.D., -100 MASTERS & ENGINEERS, AND OTHERS (TECHNICIANS, WORKERS). PROPOSITONS FOR COOPERATION BETWEEN NRI (VIETNAM) AND KAERI & KINS (REPUBLIC OF KOREA) IN 2000-2002 PERIOD. I. Topics for cooperation. 1. Research reactor operation and related aspects. • Safe operation and maintenance of research reactor • Licensing procedure for research reactor • Calculation and measurement of fuel burn-up • Fuel failure detection and localization system • Corrosion problems of research reactor component • Design and construction of the failure/maintenance work management system. • Safety analysis of research reactor • Improvement of reactor control and instrumentation system, design and construction of the PC-based systems supporting for reactor operation and failure diagnosis of the reactor control and instrumentation system. • Feasibility study for a future nuclear research center of Vietnam with a new multi- purpose research reactor (30MW power range). 2. Research reactor utilization. 2.1. Radioisotope production. Collaborative research to produce new radiopharmaceuticals and radioisotopes (l66Ho-chitosan; monoclonal antibody labeling with ml, 90Y, 99mTc; 166Ho, 165Dy, I85Re/188Re, Sr-89). 2.2. Utilization of neutron beam. • To facilitate mechanism by which DNRI scientific staff can perform experiments in neutron beam tubes of KAERI. • To develop prompt gamma neutron activation analysis (PGNAA) techniques and activation cross section measurements using filtered neutron beams at DNRR. 2.3. Neutron activation analysis (NAA). Development procedures for multi-element determination by NAA. • Study and application of the Ko-standardization method in NAA • Development of method for the use of electron capture (EC) effect in NAA • Study and application INAA & RNAA in determining trace elements in high purity materials and multielements in environmental samples. 3. Radiation protection. • Internal radiation dose calibration (dose calculation models, calibration phantoms for Asian reference man) and intercomparison.

- 90 - • Individual external radiation (neutron, gamma and X-rays) dose monitoring and intercomparison. • Radiation dose estimation with biology methods. 4. Environmental radiation /radioactivity measurements and radiation waste management. • Exchange of experiences to establish environmental radiation/radioactivity monitoring network in Vietnam. • Collaborative research to establish the standard sampling and sample preparation protocols, and standardize the analytical procedures and methods for environmental samples in order to obtain the comparable data. • Intercomparison exercises on radionuclides concentration in food and environmental samples • Determination of background gamma dose rate due to terrestrial radionuclides by using in-situ gamma spectrometer and high-pressure ionization chamber. • Survey on environmental radiation/radioactivity situation for sites selection of nuclear power plant. • Estimation of public dose based on obtained analytical data. • Safety and technical aspects for site selection of permanent radioactive waste disposal facility 5. Assistance to the upgrading of training center in NRI. • To transfer experiences in the field of manpower development for peaceful uses of nuclear energy (the policy, methodology, and related aspects) • To transfer experiences in training people working in the fields of nuclear technique application as well as the nuclear power. • To assist information and documentation (publications, books, handbooks, lectures, etc.). • To assist experts and lecturers for organizing, short term and long term training courses on related subjects. • To help enhance the experience and knowledge for the Center's staff. • To assist to improve the technical material base of the Training Center. • To establish direct relation between KAERI nuclear Training center and NRI Training Center to carry out both the short term and the long-term cooperation programs. II. Cooperation mechanism. • Exchange of information • Exchange of experts and training of NRLstaff • Launching Co-ordinated Research Programs.

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- 93 - • DRR with nominal power of 500 kW is a light water moderated and cooled swimming pool type reactor.

• DRR was reconstructed and upgraded from the former TRIGA MARK II reactor. Reconstruction work was begun in March 1982 and the reactor reached the first criticality on 1 November 1983.

©The reactor was officially inaugurated on 20 March 1984 and since then DRR has been steadily operated. Thermal output: 500 kW Coolant and moderator: Light water Core configuration: - Cylindrical reactor core of about 46.5cm diameter and to O1 60cm height. - One hundred VVR-M2 type fuel elements being made of Uranium-Aluminum Alloy and enriched 36% U235. - Seven control rods comprising: Two safety rods: 5.37$ Four shim rods: 10.84$ One automatic regulating rod: 0.49$ - Beryllium and graphite reflectors. Core cooling mechanism: Natural convection. Sample irradiation channels and thermal neutron flux [n.cm"2.s~1] - Vertical irradiation channels: + Wet channels: Neutron trap at the core center: 2.1 x 1013 Irradiation hole at cell 1-4: 1.3 x1013 40 holes at rotary specimen rack: 4.3 x 1012 + Dry channels: Pneumatic transfer tube at cell 7-1: 2.0 x1012 Pneumatic transfer tube at cell 13-2: 2.0 x1012 - Horizontal irradiation channels: + Thermal column: 4.5 x 1010 + Horizontal beam ports: Three raciiai beam ports: beam port No.4 ~1.8 x 107 Tangential beam port: 2.5 x TO6 Reactor Cooling System: - Reactor core: Water flow rate passing reactor core: 22.2 m3/hr Water temperature: + at the iniet of the core: (27 -r 30)°G + at the outlet of the core (in the average): (45 * 48)°C - Primary cooling loop: Primary cooling water flow rate : 50 m3/hr Water temperature: + at the inlet of the heat exchanger: (34 -s- 37)°C + at the outlet of the heat exchanger: (25 -f 28)°C

CO Secondary cooling loop: 00 Secondary cooling water flow rate: 90 m3/hr Water temperature: + at the inlet of the heat exchanger: (17^ 20)°C + at the outlet of the heat exchanger: (22 -r- 25)°C Water Supply Sys.

Secondary Cooling Sys.

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(D Reactor Tank 0 Spent Fuel Storage pond <3> Filter Pump © Mechanical Filter (D Ion exchange filter © Primary Cooling Pump 1 Sump © Heat exchanger Secondary Cooling Pump ® Cooling Tower Concrete Graphite Lead

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Fuel element.

Shim and Safety rods (Boron Carbide). o Automatic regulating rod ,1 (Stainless Steel). Beryllium rod.

Sample Irradiation Channels.

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Fuel Meat (U-AI) DRR is currently utilized for the following purposes:

• Production of radioisotopes ( 32P, 131I, 99mTc, 51Cr, 46Sc, 1Q2i J. \ ' Ir, etc.) serving: + Medicine and pharmacy +. Other uses (agriculture, industry, hydrology, oil exploitation, scientific research, etc. © Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) for: + Elements in geological and environmental samples. + Microelements contained in food, soil and plants. + Others, (medicine, oil prospecting, etc.) • Neutron beam experiments including: + Neutron radiography. + Nuclear Data Measurements. + Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis (PGNAA).

o • Research, education and training such as: en + Researches on reactor physics and technologies, analytical techniques based on neutron activation and related, environment radioactivity and pollution, radiation dose measurement techniques, sedimentology and erosion, radiobiology, design and construction of nuclear equipment, etc. + Education and training programs offered in reactor operation, neutron activation analysis and instrumentation. - 901- -

Operation Time (hr)

65 NUCLEAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE

REACTOR CENTER

v v REACTOR PHYSICS AND MECHANICS AND WATER CHEMISTRY ENGINEERING ELECTRICITY DIV. AND WASTE DIV. (18) (15) MANAGEMENT DIV. (8) 9

Record of Discussion for the Cooperation in the Peaceful Use and Development of Nuclear Science and Technology between Korea and Vietnam 18-24 June, 2000, Seoul,

Vietnam nuclear cooperation delegation, headed by Prof. Tran Huu Phat, Chairman of Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission, paid an official visit to Korea, at the invitation of Mr. Lee, Hun-Gyu, Director General, Nuclear Energy Bureau, the Ministry of Science and Technology, from 18 June to 24 June 2000.

Mr. Lee, Hun-Gyu welcomed the Vietnam delegation and hoped to establish the closer cooperative partnerships for the 21st century between the two countries. Prof. Tran Huu Phat appreciated warm welcome and hospitality of Korean side.

During the visit, Prof. Tran Huu Phat and his delegation had exchanged fruitful opinions with Mr. Lee, Hun-Gyu, and visited institutions related to nuclear to discuss how to strengthen cooperative activities for the peaceful use and development of nuclear science and technology between Korea and Vietnam. Major contents of the discussions are the following:

1. Both sides presented the current status of the use and development of nuclear science and technology. Beyond, Korean side presented Korean experiences and achievements in developing nuclear power technologies in the past.

2. Based on the ROD concluded in Hanoi, on December 1, 1999, both sides agreed to promote cooperation activities for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Specially, both sides agreed to cooperate in research reactor operation & utilization, radiation protection, and environmental radiation/radioactivity measurement.

3. Korean side proposed to invite some high-level decision makers of Vietnam to attend the nuclear policy seminar to be held at KAERI (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute) in April of the year 2001 and Vietnam side agreed to dispatch its high-level decision makers who have the responsibility for building policy and fostering human resources, concerning nuclear energy.

- 108 - 4. Vietnam side proposed Korea to jointly conduct the feasibility study on the introduction of nuclear power plant into Vietnam and both sides agreed to consult the detailed projects.

5. Vietnam side proposed Korea to assist the Nuclear Training Center in Dalat Nuclear Research Institute and Korean side expressed its willingness to cooperate through expert consultation and information exchange as soon as possible.

6. Both sides agreed to take a Cooperation Arrangement between KAERI and VAEC, which will be signed in the first quarter of the year of 2001.

7. Vietnam side proposed Korea to help Vietnam to set up a national center for the application on nuclear techniques in health care. Both sides agreed to consult the detailed cooperation program to assist the establishment of Vietnam national center for the application of nuclear techniques in health area.

Done in Seoul, on June 23, 2000 In duplicate on the English language.

On behalf of the Ministry of Science On behalf of the Vietnam Atomic and Technology Commission o \ Mr. Lee Hun-Gyu Prof. Tran Huu Phat Director General Chairman Ministry of Science and Technology Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission

- 109 - 10 Overview of Nuclear and nuclear-related Activities in Vietnam Main Achievements and Trends

Dear Mr. Chairman, Distinguished Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen,

It is our great pleasure to be invited to visit your beautiful country. On behalf of the Vietnamese Delegation, I would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) and concerned bodies for their kino? TnvitaTion, excellent arrangement as well as their so cordial attention rendered to our Vietnamese Delegation.

Today at this joint seminar, I would like to briefly present some main achievements and trends in the application of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes in Vietnam, in particular in the period of industrialization and modernization of the country. All activities aim to strengthen contribution of nuclear science and technology to the country's main economic and social sectors such as industry, agriculture, health care, energy and the environment.

I. Overview of achievements in the application of nuclear energy in Vietnam

1.1 Organization chart in relation to nuclear activities in Vietnam

1.2 Main achievements

D Application of nuclear technique In industry

The applications of nuclear science and technology in industry have early been introduced and developed in Vietnam since the seventies. Three main techniques applied are NDT, NCS and Tracer. - 110 - NDT has been applied in the quality control of road and building foundations, welds, piping and concrete, etc. . Research and development of Gamma Column Scanning system is currently well implemented. The techniques will continue to be studied, developed, improved and transferred to end-users.

Research and development of NCS technique is mainly based on practical need, for example level gauge for closed tanks in oil and gas industry, thickness gauge in paper industry, mud density gauge, equipment for determination of ash content in coal, automatic balance of coal on conveyor, • etc.. Technical maintenance for NCS systems in industrial bases has also been carried out.

has- feeea tnv^s-st igs-feed aM -ap^l-ie^- to determine optimal process for the mixing of materials in cement production, glass production for manufacturing light bulb. In recent years, research on sedimentation in river estuary and seaport has been successfully carried out. At present, tracer technique is applied to conduct research into the enhancement of oil and gas exploitation efficiency at Vietsovpetro joint venture. It can be said that potential of and benefit from tracer technique are very promising.

D Application of nuclear technique in health care

Together with - the introduction of Dalat nuclear research reactor into operation in March 1984, the first exploited application is to produce radioisotopes and develop a national network of departments of nuclear medicine. In 1984 there vere only 2 departments of nuclear medicine in the country, but at present there are 22 departments of nuclear medicine distributed nation-wide. Dalat nuclear research reactor is producing and supplying about 20 radioactive preparations, mainly isotopes 1-131, P-32, Cr-51 and Tc-99m generator, to the national network of departments of nuclear medicine. The isotopes have been effectively used in disease treatment and diagnosis. Every year there are hundreds of thousand

- 111 - patients treated and diagnosed by In-vivo and In- vitro techniques nation-wide. Some dangerous diseases such as cardio-vascular disease, cancer, endocrine disease, etc., are successfully diagnosed and treated by nuclear medical techniques. Recently, brachytherapy equipment has been manufactured, installed and successfully brought into use in service of disease treatment (reduced patient and physician dose, increased efficiency of disease treatment). In the future, the national network of departments of nuclear medicine will be further developed and expanded in order that more patients can be entitled to achievements of nuclear medicine in disease diagnosis and treatment.

In addition, another important orientation in medicine is the application of irradiation technique ia -s-fee=^i-lizrati©n ;©# me-d#cal- -p^eisteefes7. IPe^lawlfig- tfie direction, Research and Development Center ±or Radiation Technology has been built in Ho Chi Minh City and put into operation since March 1999 (-with, a Co-60 source of 300 kCi) .

D Application of nuclear technique in biology and agriculture

Special attention has been paid to this area because Vietnam is an agricultural country. Two main directions of research and development in biology and agriculture are (i) plant mutation breeding by irradiation and (ii) application of tracer technique in the study on plant physiology and nutrition to optimize sowing and nourishing processes.

In the first direction, there have been great deals of researches conducted on rice, corn and legume. Biological techniques in combination with irradiation have recently been used to produce new flower varieties. In particular, our noticeable achievements are the creation of two new rice varieties "Tai Nguyen" and "Tep Hanh", with high yield and quality suitable for export, short time of growth, well- adapted to many types of soil, well-resista.nt to pests and disease. These two rice varieties are being

- 112 - developed on a large scale of over 200.000 ha. in the Mekong delta.

In the second direction, a large number of researches have been conducted on different plants in different environmental conditions to find out appropriate processes for cultivation, sowing, watering and fertilizer introduction. Systematic research has been studied on some strains of precious mushroom, especially Linh Chi mushroom, on rice and some species of legume.

In addition, attention is also drawn to research directions of radiation technology in food preservation, production of promoting agents and environmentally sound preparations of plant protection.

D Application of nuclear technique in environmental studies

Nuclear and nuclear-related analytical techniques have been effectively used in the assessment of existing status, pollution warning for different environmental objects such as air, water, soil and rock, flora and sea creature. Survey on natural radioactive background and artificial radioactivity caused by nuclear accidents and testing over Vietnamese territory is being implemented. Studies on erosion and sedimentation have been conducted and are conducting in some localities, using Cs-137 and Pb- 210 measurement technique. Investigation and evaluation of ground water reserve, water quality and pollution sources have also been carried out in some areas, using nuclear techniques.

D Nuclear Power

In order to evaluate the role of nuclear power in the national electricity development strategy, the Government has assigned the Ministry of Industry (MOI) and the VAEC jointly to conduct the project "Overview Study on Possibilities of the Introduction of Nuclear Power into Vietnam 19 96-1999", in the meantime the International Atomic Energy Agency

- 113 - (IAEA) supported the VAEC in carrying out the technical co-operation project "Pre-feasibility Study on the Introduction of Nuclear Power into Vietnam 1996-1999". Besides, the study on nuclear power has been conducted under the framework of bilateral co- operation programmes, such as Japan, Korea, India and Canada, etc. The study consists of all aspects related to a nuclear power project (viz. planning, site selection, technology selection, safety analysis, environmental impact assessment, design, procurement, construction, installation, commissioning, operation, hand-over, maintenance, and in particular financial arrangement, etc.,). Based on the study results, it can be concluded that to meet the energy demand for the national economy, first nuclear power units should be introduced around 2015-2020. in Vietnam Under the Guideline on National Economy Development Strategy entitled "Industrialization and Modernization of the Country", Vietnam are fully aware that sustainable development of the national economy and whole society is only secured on the basis of having a firm and sensible security of food and energy. Economic development must go along with the settlement of other urgent issues.

National research and development programme, from now to 2010 under the control, management and co- ordination of Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission, is to concentrate every effort and resources on the research and applications of nuclear science and technology to solve focal-point and top-priority issues of social and economic sectors, and only in doing so, the field of nuclear science and technology in Vietnam can have opportunities to compete and confirm its role, and create a favourable environment to develop better.

In the light of the spirit, in the period from 2000 to 2010 the following priority directions should be strengthened: - 114 - II. 1 Food Security

The VAEC is in collaboration with Culong Delta Rice Institute and Agricultural Genetic Institute to study- rice induced mutation by irradiation to create rice varieties with high yield and quality under the strategy of agricultural sector.

The VAEC is in co-operation with Agrochemical and Pedological Institute to investigate the erosion and degradation of soil.

The VAEC collaborates with the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development to conduct research into the protection of the system of Red River dyke.

II.2 Energy Security

• Energy Production in Vietnam in the Period of 1995-2000

Type Unit 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Coal Mtonne 8.35 9. 80 11..40 10. 70 11-12 11-12 Crude Mtonne 7 60 8 80 10 .91 12 60 14.50 16-18 oil Natural Gm3 0,.22 0 30 0.53 1.10 1.50 2.5- gas 3.0 Electri TWh 14 .67 16 .96 19 .15 21 .81 24 - 27 - city 25 30

D Existing Status of Electricity Production xn Vietnam

- 115 - Electricity supply sources structure in Vietnam is now composed of hydropower, coal-, oil- and gas-fired thermopower, in which hydropower and coal-fired themopower plants are mainly located in the North, and oil- and gas-fired thermopower ones are chiefly situated in the South. In 1994, a North-South 500 kV high voltage line with a length of 1500 Km was established and brought into operation, which has contributed to better dispatching of electricity supply in the country.

Electricity Supply Sources Structure in Vietnam

Type of Capacity Output source MW % _ TWh.. .. Hydropower 2,982 59 11.68 62

Coal-fired 645 13 3.32 17 thermopower Oil-fired 198 4 0.96 5 thermopower Gas-fired 797 16 2.96 15 thermopower Diesel-fired 397 8 0.23 1 thermopower In total 4,929 100 19.15 100

Hydropower accounting for a biggest portion of 60% in the national electricity supply sources structure has been causing certain difficulties in stable supply of electricity over the country, for example electricity supply in some big cities was not provided constantly in summer.

Main targets in the policy of electricity development in Vietnam are:

D Increasing effectiveness of electricity use, and better managing demand side; - 116 - D Conducting rural electrification;

D Constructing a sound policy on electricity price;

D Encouraging private investment;

D Diversifying electricity production sources;

D Minimizing environmental impacts caused by electricity production;

D Studying possibilities of the introduction of nuclear power into Vietnam;

D_. Ensuring energy security.

For the time being, two main duties of the electricity production sector in Vietnam are:

1) To concentrate very effort, from now to 2 003, on upgrading and enlarging some existing hydropower, coal-, oil- and gas-fired thermopower plants, in the meantime on building new ones in order to meet increasing electricity demand and to reduce hydropower percentage in the sources structure to below 50% after 2003.

2) To conduct long-term planning of electricity supply sources development up to 2020, in which possibilities of the introduction of nuclear power into Vietnam need to be thoroughly considered.

Scenarios of economic growth rate of Vietnam are presented below:

Scenarios of GDP Growth Rate of Vietnam (%)

Scenarl 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 o Base 6.9 7.2 7.0 6.5 6.5

- 117 - High 6.9 8.0 7.5 7.0 7 .0

According to the scenarios of GDP growth rate, projection on electricity demand is shown as follows:

Scenarios of Electricity Demand Growth ( TWh)

Scenari 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 o Base 27.5 47 78 100 140 High 30 54 87 120 180

It can be seen that electricity demand in Vietnam f^OT'^2m3r "W^ billion kWh. And technically practicable potential of domestic electricity supply sources is estimated as follows:

Hydropower: 50 billion kWh/year; Coal-fired thermopower: 20 billion kWh/year/

Oil- and gas-fired thermopower: 40 billion kWh/year;

In total: 110 billion kWh/year.

Thus, after 2015 total electricity yield produced from the domestic sources would not be able to meet the demand, and after around 2020 Vietnam would be short of from 30 to 70 billion kWh every year. In order to solve that problem, Vietnam would have to import electricity from neighbouring countries, or import fuel to produce electricity, or introduce nuclear power, or combine them.

Based on possibility study on the introduction of nuclear power into Vietnam, nuclear power can be - 118 - considered as a judicious option for the future. If approved by the Government, the first nuclear power plant would be brought into commercial operation in 2017, and the generation capacity of nuclear power would be able to reach from 1200 MW to 4000 MW according to base and high scenarios of electricity demand growth respectively, accounting for 11.1% of total electricity generation capacity in 2020. Following that direction, after 2020 Vietnam would continue building some more new nuclear power plants.

However, if the Asian economy in general and the Vietnamese economy in particular are soon restored; the economic growth rate in Vietnam increases; energy security and diversification of electricity sources are brought together to consider; and especially Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is accepted and introduced in Vietnam in the nearer future. The VAEC will continue in close conjunction with the Ministry of Industry to study and formulate a project of the introduction of nuclear power in Vietnam and a long-term plan on the development of nuclear power.

II.3 Health Care

The VAEC is in co-operation with the Ministry of Health to establish a "Center for High Quality Diagnosis and Treatment" using nuclear techniques.

The VAEC is in association with the Ministry of Health, other concerned Ministries and Branches to introduce and transfer sterilization-irradiated technologies.

II.3 Supply of Clean Water

The VAEC is in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development to implement studies on groundwater resources and matters concerned.

II.5 Nuclear Techniques in Industry

- 119 - The VAEC is in co-operation with Vietnam Petroleum and Gas Corporation to study and apply radioisotope and tracer techniques in the prospecting for and the exploitation of petroleum and gas.

The VAEC is in partnership with the Ministry of Transport and Communication to study, develop and apply NDT technique in the quality inspection and control of the system of bridge in Vietnam, in particular bridge under construction.

The VAEC is in partnership with the Ministry of Industry to carry out studies on the sedimentation and dam leakage at hydro-power stations.

II. 6 Ensrironmental Protection

Department of the Environment under the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, to extensively apply nuclear techniques in studies on environmental pollution. II.7 Radiation Protection

The VAEC is in close partnership with Ministries and concerned branches, especially the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Industry, the Ministry of Transport and Communication, to carry out manpower training and strengthen technical infrastructure for radiation protection activities.

II. 8 Human Resources Development

The VAEC is in close co-operation with Ministries and concerned branches to draw up a comprehensive and detailed programme of human resources training to meet the duties set forth in the period from 2000 to 2010.

Conclusion and recommendation

When looking back on the history of formation and development of nuclear science and technology in Vietnam, it can be said that international co- - 120 - operation has played an extremely important role in promoting research and utilization of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.

On the basis of traditional friendly relations between the two countries, and Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Korea and the Government of Socialist Republic of Vietnam for Co- operation in Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy, we strongly believe that the co-operation with Korea will further develop and play an extremely important and increasing role in the development of nuclear field in Vietnam.

Also, the following co-operation and assistance from Korea would be highly expected:

1j^I1r"hs3r^bT5^Tr~=weil:±~^Tf^ Trefy" successful in receiving technology transfer from the US (Westinghouse) , so Vietnam would like Korea to collaborate and help Vietnam in training and technology transfer in relation to nuclear power;

D It is highly requested that Korea would help Vietnam to set up a national center for the application of nuclear techniques in health care. This center will provide (1) services of high- quality diagnosis and treatment using nuclear techniques, (2) technician training for other medical establishments, (3) QA/QC on radiation protection in health care;

D It is also highly desired that Korea would co- operate and assist Vietnam in research reactor operation and utilization.

Thank you very much for your attention.

- 121 - LEGISLATIVE SYSTEM IN VIETNAM

CONSTITUTION, LAW

(Approved by Parliament)

ORDINANCE

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DECREE

(Approved by Prime Minister)

CIRCULAR, REGULATION, STANDARD

(Issued by Minister)

GUIDE, RECOMMENDATION, CODE OF PRACTICE,...

Out law (Issued by Council, VRPA and other)

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- 123 - 11

NUCLEAR POWER DEVELOPMENT STUDIES IN VIETNAM

Dr. Nguyen Tien Nguyen, Dr. Le Van Hong VIETNAM ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION 59 - LY THUONG KIET - HA NOI Tel. 84-4-7561332 Fax.84-4-8363295 E-Mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Economy of Vietnam is developing fast and the electricity demand is growing drastically. In the last three years power consumption grew at about 13% per year. The Government puts high target for the future with GDP growth rate of about 7% per year up to 2020. In this case, the electricity demand in 2020 will be tenfold bigger in comparison with 1996's level. The deficient of domestic resources and the security of energy supply invoke the favorable consideration for nuclear power. In this regard, the Nuclear Power Development Study must be improved at national level and International co-operation must be promoted.

I. PRESENT SITUATION

Since 1986 Vietnam has initiated a reform from a centrally planned economy to a market economy. As a result, Vietnam's economy began to develop steadily in the recent years and probably it will have high growth rate in the near future. The economic development alone will force an increase in energy development in general and electricity in particular. In the period 1991-1995, the Gross Domestic Production (GDP) has grown at an average rate of 8.2% per year and the growth rate of electricity consumption was 12.5%. From year 1995 to 1997, Vietnam economy was developed stable, but from year 1998 upto now it went down and has still not escaped the full effects of the financial crisis. As most Asian countries, the Vietnam economic picture will need two or three years to overcome the financial crisis. Some energy-related indicators in the last years are given in Tab.1 [1,2,3].

Table 1

Parameters 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999" 2000"

GDP growth rate, % 9.5 9.9 8.2 5.8 5-6 5-6

Coal, Mill, tons 8.35 9.80 11.40 10.70 11-12 11-12

Crude oil, Mill, tons 7.6 8.8 10.91 12.60 14.50 16-18

Natr. gas, Bill, m3 0.22 0.30 0.53 1.10 1.50 2.5-3.0

Electricity, Bill. kWh 14.67 16.96 19.15 21.78 24-25 27-30 * Numbers in years 1999*&2000" are estimated.

By the end of 1997, the total installed capacity of electricity generating system was 4,929 MW [4]. The structure of the generating mix is given in Tab.2 and Fig.1.

- 124 - Table 2

Type of plants Capacity, MW Share, % Electricity, GWh Share, % 1. Hydro 2,892 59 11,677 62 2. Coal-fired 645 13 3,324 17 3. Oil-fired 198 4 957 5 4. Gas Turbine 797 16 2,960 15 5. Diesel 397 8 233 1 Total 4,929 100 19,151 100%

Gas Turbine

Oil-fired 5%

Coal-fi Hydro 17% 62%

M Hydro H Coal-fired D Oil-fired • Gas Turbine •Desel L 'J

Figure 1. The structure of the power generation by type of plants, 1997

In Vietnam, there are substantial regional differences in energy endowments and in the patterns of energy consumption. The North has an excess of hydro and coal-fired power resources, and power surplus is now being transported to the Center and the South over a high-voltage transmission line at 500 kV with a length of about 1,500 km. This transmission line effectively interconnects the electric systems of the three regions of the country.

II. ELECTRICITY DEMAND FORECAST FOR PERIOD UP TO YEAR 2020

Vietnam is fully aware of the importance of the power sector as a critical infrastructure for development of the entire economy. So many national agencies have been

- 125 - assigned by the State to conduct studies on various specific issues of power development plan. According to the latest economic analyses, the average annual GDP growth rate in the period between 2001-2010 is expected to be 7.0 - 7.8% and in the period between 2011- 2020 expected to be 6.5 - 7.0%. The results of electricity demand forecasting for two case: Base case and High case are presented in Tab.3. and Fig.2 [4,5,6,7].

Table 3 Electricity demand forecasting, Bill. kWh

Scenarios 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Base 27.500 47 78 100 140 High 30.000 54 87 120 180

EJBase m

2000 2020

Figure 2. Electricity demand forecasting, Bill. kWh for Base and High Scenarios

In order to meet this demand, currently, a number of power projects is being constructed and prepared for construction up to year 2005. Plan for expansion of major generating power plants for the period from 2005 to 2010 is being carried out [4]. The recent analyses of energy demand/supply balance shown that: in order to meet the electricity demand after the year 2010, Vietnam will change to be from energy exported country to energy imported country [7]. Based on national energy resources and energy demand/supply balance, the priority in electricity expansion planning in the future is as follows: • Hydro power plants; • Gas-fired power plants in the South and coal-fired plants in the North; • Import electricity from neighboring countries and coal from overseas; • Active preparation for the introduction of Nuclear power plants after 2010.

- 126 - III. ACTIVITIES IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANNING

At the present time, the Vietnam Government has created different projects aimed to broader and more basically consideration of nuclear power option. These projects are as follows: 1. The National Industrial Project: "General survey studies for the introduction of Nuclear power into Vietnam", sponsored by Ministry of Industry. The Institute of Energy (IE) of the Electricity of Vietnam (EVN) and the Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission (VAEC) are the main responsible for this project. This project is being carried out in three years: 1996- 1999. The scope of this project includes two main tasks: • The non-site studies, covering electricity expansion long-term planning, economics of nuclear power and financing, technical and safety aspects, the fuel cycle and waste management... • Site and environmental studies, covering preliminary site selection and environmental impacts. 2. In the framework of National R&D program on "Strategy and Policy for Energy sustainable development", 1996-1999. There are different energy planning organizations take part on this program, among them, the VAEC is responsible for R&D Project KHCN- 09-04: "Establishment the fundamental basis for the introduction of nuclear power into Vietnam", with following objectives: • To analysis of nuclear power role in energy supply system and • To promote the national R&D infrastructure for future nuclear power program. 3. To assist Vietnamese experts in performing energy and nuclear power planning activities, under the framework of IAEA Technical Cooperation programs, the TC Project: VIE/0/009 "Prefeasibility study for the introduction of Nuclear Power Plant into Vietnam" is ongoing. This TC project begins in March 1997 and is planned to finish in September - 1999. It concentrates on following two aspects: • Energy and nuclear power planning, using IAEA planning tool ENPEP, MAED, WASP, IMPACTS... • Technology, safety of Nuclear Power plants and infrastructure requirements for Nuclear Power implementation.

After the completion of these projects, the Vietnam Government will have overall arguments related to the possibility of the introduction of nuclear power. There are some major arguments for nuclear power consideration: • The country's balance of energy demand and supply resources; • The security of energy supply and diversity of energy sources; • The economical availability; • The nuclear safety and radioactive wastes management; • The environmental impacts - sustainable development.

Nuclear Power Center (NPC) belongs Institute of Nuclear Science and Techniques in the Hanoi (INST, Hanoi). NPC is in charge for the studying the economic & technical

- 127 - viability of the National Nuclear Power program and performing preparatory & organizational steps for the implementation of this program. There are three sections in NPC: • Energy planning and economic section; • Nuclear power plant technology section; • Nuclear safety section. The most important task of the NPC now is the Energy and Nuclear Power planning study. This study is being carried out with IAEA assistance and in close cooperation with IE, EVN and other institutions. The IAEA planning tools such as ENPEP (MAED, WASP-III) are effectively used for determining the optimal electricity system expansion, especially the apparition year of the first Nuclear Power Plant and its size. There is a summary of study results [9]: • Demand in 2020 : 140 -180 TWh. • Supply by domestic resources : • Hydro power plants 50 TWh. • Gas-fired power plants 40 TWh. • Coal-fired power plants 20 TWh. • Total domestics supply resources: 110 TWh. • Deficit 30 - 70 TWh. • Import possibility: • Electricity from neighboring countries 10 - 20 TWh. • Coal from overseas and develop Nuclear Power for 10 TWh to 50 TWh.

• NUCLEAR POWER • At the happiest circumstance and with the maximal effort we may build 3,000MW nuclear in 2020 with time span from 2012 to 2020 with 03 reactors of 1,000 MW or 05 reactors of 600 MW. Every one can understand that is very hard scheme for such country as Vietnam. • We have considered following problems of feasibility: financing arrangement, technology of different reactor types, man-power, infrastructure, public acceptance, sites, fuel cycle, international relations, R&D system, organizational and regulatory aspects... • Financing arrangement will be a crucial item of nuclear program. It will take over our willing. There is now very interesting proposal arrived after Kyoto Climate Change Summit. It is called as Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) [10]. It will create a CO2 quota market. It is known that, 1,000 MW coal-fired plant emits 6.5 Millions tons of CO2 annually. In a such country, as the US or Japan... there is a commitment of CO2 reduction, and the CO2 emission tax will be set up. The tax ranged from 20 US$/ton of CO2 to 200 US$/ton by different studies. Let us take lowest price 20 US$/ton. It means that, 1,000 MW coal-fired plant in an Annex-I country would pay 130 MUS$ per year in carbon tax. Would the owner of such a plant find it less expensive to pay the tax, or to invest in 1,000 MW NPP in developing countries, in exchange for the resulting Certified Emission Reduction (CER) credits? The Annex-I countries can offer developing countries some lump sum of money to build the CO2-emission free 1,000 MW plant (NUCLEAR), and the 6.5 Millions ton CO2 reduction annually will be accounted as the Annex-I countries commitment. One can says that, CDM benefits every one. And NUCLEAR will get a chance if it will be approved by International community.

- 128 - IV. CONCLUSION

Since being an IAEA member state, Vietnam is signatory member to: • NPT-Non Proliferation Treaty, 1982. • International Safeguards, 1989. • Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident, 1986. • Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency, 1987. • SEANWFZ - South East Asia Nuclear Weapons Free Zone, 12/1995.

The introduction of Nuclear Power into Vietnam seems to meet the common tendency in solving energy problem and diversifying energy sources. This tendency is becoming one of the important lines in the energy policy of many countries. The introduction of Nuclear Power into our country is a difficult procedure requiring great manpower, high infrastructure level, large financial resource and strong national effort. One of the most difficulties for Nuclear Power development in Vietnam is manpower problem. Even for this early stage, Vietnam is lacking not only number of specialists, but also their practical experiences. Therefore, Regional and Interregional Cooperation will played an important role for Vietnam Nuclear power development program. Q

REFERENCES

1. Vietnam Statistical Yearbook, Hanoi 1996,1997. 2. Vietnam Economic Times, Economy 1998-1999: Vietnam & World, Hanoi 12/1998. 3. Vietnam Oil & Gas , Hanoi 1/1999. 4. Electricity of Vietnam, Hanoi 12/1998. 5. Institute of Energy, EVN, internal report, Hanoi 12/1998. 6. Nuclear Power Center, INST, VAEC, internal report of KHCN-09-4 and VIE/0/009, Hanoi 12/1998. 7. Framwork of "Strategy and Policy for Energy sustainable development", internal report of KHCN-09, second draft, Hanoi 12/1998. 8. Study on Possibility of Nuclear Power Plants in Vietnam, Final Report, Japan Consulting Institute, Tokyo, March 1999. 9. Nguyen Tien Nguyen, Le Van Hong and others, Selected results of the study on nuclear introduction into Vietnam, internal report, Hanoi 12/1998. 10. QIAN Jihui, Thomas Tisue, Concept Paper on The Clean Development Mechanism for Joint Implementation of Nuclear Power Projects in Developing Countries, Draft 2.6, IAEA 1998.

- 129 - * *1 * a tf q

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Performing Org. Sponsoring Org. Stamdard Report No. INIS Subject Code Report No, Report No. KAERI/RR-2072/99 A Study on the Establishment of Nuclear Title / Subtitle Cooperative Relations and Future direction between Korea and Vietnam

Project Manager M.H. YANG(Nuclear Policy Team) and Department Researcher and H.S. KIM, W.S. CHUNG, S.W. YUN, H.S. KO(Nuclear Department Policy Team), J.K. LEE (International Coopert. Dept.)

Publication Publication Tajon Publisher KAERI 2000. 10 Place Date Page p. 180 Fig. & Tab. Yes( o ), No ( ) Size A4

Note Classified Open( o ), Restricted( Report Type Research Report Class Document Ministry of Science and Sponsoring Org. Contract No. Technology This study was carried out in order to review the Abstract (15-20 Lines) cooperation with Vietnam and establish and activate the cooperative relations with Vietnam. During the study, current status of use and development of nuclear energy in Vietnam, were investigated including nuclear power plant and cooperative relations between two nations were also established. It was agreed through exchanges of visits of cooperation delegation; 1) exchange of visits of cooperation delegation, 2) holding of policy seminar for high level decision makers of Vietnam 3) cooperaton between KAERI/VAEC, 4) joint feasibility study for the construction of KSNP into Vietnam and technical presentation of KSNP. It is recommended that cooperaion with Vietnam be implemented systematically through the long term based basic directions and integrated national strategies Vietnam, nuclear cooperation, international cooperation, Subject Key words export of nuclear power plant, nuclear market, developing (About 10 words) country 1. o| y:n M*. M» 0^ ^ ^

2. o| am M AisgsF

3. m\ ^ S7IW P.