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Global Responses to Terrorism: 9/11, Afghanistan and Beyond

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Global Responses to Terrorism: 9/11, Afghanistan and Beyond Global Responses to Terrorism The terrible attacks on September 11 and more recent atrocities in Russia, Indonesia, Kenya and Saudi Arabia have demonstrated that terrorism is a global threat to stability, democracy and prosperity. This text examines how the world has reacted to, and been affected by, September 11, the ensuing war in Afghani- stan and President George W. Bush’s declaration of a ‘war on terror’ as the ‘first war of the twenty-first century.’ The contributors trace the reactions of individual governments and public opinion across North America, Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Asia to terrorism, the war in Afghanistan and Iraq. The discussion of individual countries is placed in context through an examination of wider issues such as the future of al-Qaeda, the growing refugee problem, the effect on the world economy and a significant revisiting of our approaches to understanding international relations. There are now many books available on terrorism but few can boast the quality and range of the contributions to this volume, which locate the war on terror in a truly global intellectual context. It is essential reading for all students of international relations and terrorism as well as the general reader wishing to understand this complex subject. Contributors: Paul Wilkinson, Rohan Gunaratna, Robert Singh, Andrew Dorman, Richard McAllister, Adrian Hyde-Price, Philip A. Daniels, Roland Dannreuther, Raymond Hinnebusch, Gwenn Okruhlik, David Newman, David Kenda Adaka Kikaya, James Putzel, Samina Yasmeen, Raju G. C. Thomas, Rex Li, Sally N. Cummings, Joanne Wright, Joanne van Selm, Brigitte Granville, Christopher Coker and Barry Buzan. Mary Buckley is currently an independent scholar living in London having previously enjoyed research affiliations at Michigan, Kiev, Moscow, and Azerbai- jan universities, and teaching posts at Edinburgh and London universities. Her books include Women and Ideology in the Soviet Union (1989), Redefining Russian Society and Polity (1993), Post-Soviet Women: From the Baltic to Central Asia (edited, 1997) and Kosovo: Perceptions of War and its Aftermath (co-edited, 2002). Rick Fawn is a Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of St. Andrews. Among his books are International Society after the Cold War: Anarchy and Order Reconsidered (co-edited, 1996). The Czech Republic: A Nation of Velvet (2000) and Ideology and National Identity in Post-Communist Foreign Policies (edited, 2003). Global Responses to Terrorism 9/11, Afghanistan and beyond Edited by Mary Buckley and Rick Fawn First published 2003 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004. © 2003 Mary Buckley and Rick Fawn selection and editorial matter; individual chapters, the contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Global responses to terrorism: 9/11, the war in Afghanistan and beyond/ edited by Mary Buckley and Rick Fawn. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Terrorism – Prevention. 2. International relations. I. Buckley, Mary (Mary E. A.) II. Fawn, Rick. HV6431.G56 2003 303.6′25 – dc21 2003003799 ISBN 0-203-50381-3 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-33699-2 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0–415–31429–1 (hbk) ISBN 0–415–31430–5 (pbk) This volume is dedicated to the memory of Professor John Erickson who would have joined us in this project if he could have with provocative reflections on geopolitics Contents Notes on contributors x Acknowledgments xvi Maps xvii Introduction: world reactions to September 11 and the ‘war on terror’ 1 MARY BUCKLEY 1 From ground zero to the war in Afghanistan 11 RICK FAWN 2 Implications of the attacks of 9/11 for the future of terrorism 25 PAUL WILKINSON 3 Al-Qaeda: organization and operations 37 ROHAN GUNARATNA 4 Superpower response: the United States of America 52 ROBERT SINGH 5 Loyal ally: the United Kingdom 66 ANDREW DORMAN 6 Reluctant moral middle power: Canada 79 RICK FAWN 7 Support from a bicephalous executive: France 90 RICHARD McALLISTER 8 Redefining its security role: Germany 101 ADRIAN HYDE-PRICE viii Contents 9 Leadership seeking greater legitimacy: Italy 113 PHILIP A. DANIELS 10 Radical Islamist state and secular Arab nationalism: Iran and Iraq 122 ROLAND DANNREUTHER 11 Support with qualification: Syria 135 RAYMOND HINNEBUSCH 12 Conflicting pressures: Saudi Arabia 144 GWENN OKRUHLIK 13 The consequence or the cause? Impact on the Israel–Palestine peace process 153 DAVID NEWMAN 14 A vulnerable continent: Africa 165 DAVID KENDA ADAKA KIKAYA 15 Political Islam in Southeast Asia and the US–Philippine alliance 176 JAMES PUTZEL 16 Unexpectedly at center stage: Pakistan 188 SAMINA YASMEEN 17 In the middle ground: India 202 RAJU G. C. THOMAS 18 A rising power with global aspirations: China 210 REX LI 19 Former superpower: the Russian Federation 221 MARY BUCKLEY 20 Negotiating the US presence: the Central Asian states 239 SALLY N. CUMMINGS 21 International organizations: the UN, NATO and the EU 252 JOANNE WRIGHT 22 Perceptions of Afghan refugees 265 JOANNE VAN SELM Contents ix 23 The global economy: what has changed? 276 BRIGITTE GRANVILLE 24 War without warriors 284 CHRISTOPHER COKER 25 Implications for the study of international relations 296 BARRY BUZAN 26 The war on terror: international implications 310 MARY BUCKLEY AND RICK FAWN Selected bibliography 319 Index 323 Contributors EDITORS Mary Buckley taught for seventeen years at the University of Edinburgh and was Professor of Politics at Royal Holloway, University of London, from Sep- tember 2000 to December 2002. Her books include Women and Ideology in the Soviet Union (Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1989); Redefining Russian Society and Polity (Westview, 1993); Post-Soviet Women: From the Baltic to Central Asia (editor, CUP, 1997); and Kosovo: Perceptions of War and its Aftermath (as co-editor, Continuum, 2002). Recent articles have appeared in the Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Social History and European Security. Rick Fawn is Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of St Andrews, Scotland. He has published several books, including works on inter- national relations and foreign policy such as Ideology and National Identity in Post- Communist Foreign Policies (editor, Frank Cass, 2003); International Society after the Cold War: Anarchy and Order Reconsidered (as co-editor, Macmillan, 1996); and articles in journals such as Democratization, European Security, Europe-Asia Studies and Geopolitics. CONTRIBUTORS Barry Buzan is Professor of International Relations at the London School of Economics and a Project Director at the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute (COPRI). Among his recent books are Security: A New Framework for Analysis (Lynne Rienner, 1998, with Ole Wæver and Jaap de Wilde); Anticipating the Future (Simon & Schuster, 1998, with Gerald Segal); The Arms Dynamic in World Politics (Lynne Rienner, 1998, with Eric Herring); International Systems in World History: Remaking the Study of International Relations (Oxford, 2000, with Richard Little); and Regions and Powers: A Guide to the Global Security Order (Cambridge, 2003, with Ole Wæver). Christopher Coker is Professor of International Relations at the London School of Economics, where he has been since 1982. He is the author of Contributors xi several books including War and the Illiberal Conscience (Westview, 1998); The Twilight of the West (Westview, 1997); War and the Twentieth Century (Brassey’s, 1994); Britain’s Defence Policy in the 1990s: An Intelligent Person’s Guide to the Defence Debate (Brassey’s, 1992); A Nation in Retreat (Brassey’s, 1991); and Humane Warfare (Routledge, 2001). His latest books are Waging War without Warriors: The Evolution from Pre-human to Post-human Warfare (Lynne Rienner, 2002) and Globalisation and Insecurity in the Twenty-first Century (International Institute for Strategic Studies Adelphi Paper 345, 2002). Sally N. Cummings is a Lecturer in Politics at the University of Edinburgh. She is the author of The Dynamics of Centre-Periphery Relations in Kazakhstan (Brookings Institution and Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2000), edi- tor of Oil, Transition and Security in Central Asia (Routledge, 2003), Power and Change in Central Asia (Routledge, 2001) and co-editor of Kosovo: Perceptions of War and its Aftermath (Continuum, 2002). Philip A. Daniels is Senior Lecturer in Politics at the University of Newcastle. He has written articles and book chapters on Italian and West European politics, including ‘The 1999 Elections to the European Parliament’, in M. Gilbert and G. Pasquino (eds.), Italian Politics: The Faltering Transition (Berghahn, 1999); ‘Italy: Rupture and Regeneration?’, in D. Broughton and M. Donovan (eds.), Changing Party Systems in Western Europe (Continuum, 2000); and ‘Italy’, in J. Lodge (ed.), The 1999 Elections to the European Parliament (Palgrave, 2001). Roland Dannreuther is Senior Lecturer in Politics at the University of Edin- burgh. He has also been the Director of the New Issues in Security Course at the Geneva Centre for Security Policy (2000–1) and Research Associate at the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (1991–4). His publica- tions include The Gulf Conflict: A Strategic and Political Analysis (IISS Adelphi Paper 264, 1991–2); Creating New States in Central Asia (IISS Adelphi Paper 288, 1994); The Soviet Union and the PLO (Macmillan, 1998); (ed. with K. Hutchings) Cosmopolitan Citizenship (Macmillan, 1999); and (co-authored with Philip Andrews-Speed and X. Liao) The Strategic Implications of China’s Energy Needs (IISS, 2002).
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