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Revisión De La Normatividad Sobre Los Requerimientos De Seguridad En Automóviles

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Revisión De La Normatividad Sobre Los Requerimientos De Seguridad En Automóviles ISSN 0188-7297 Certificación ISO 9001:2015 REVISIÓN DE LA NORMATIVIDAD SOBRE LOS REQUERIMIENTOS DE SEGURIDAD EN AUTOMÓVILES M.C. David Vázquez Vega M.C. José Ricardo Hernández Jiménez Dr. Manuel de Jesús Fabela Gallegos M.C. Oscar Flores Centeno Ing. Luis Gerardo Sánchez Vela M.C. Martín Molano Clemente Publicación Técnica No. 491 Sanfandila, Qro., 2017 SECRETARÍA DE COMUNICACIONES Y TRANSPORTES INSTITUTO MEXICANO DEL TRANSPORTE REVISIÓN DE LA NORMATIVIDAD SOBRE LOS REQUERIMIENTOS DE SEGURIDAD EN AUTOMÓVILES Publicación Técnica No. 491 Sanfandila, Qro., 2017 Revisión de la normatividad sobre los requerimientos de seguridad en automóviles. Esta publicación fue realizada en la Coordinación de Ingeniería Vehicular e Integridad Estructural del Instituto Mexicano del Transporte, por el M.C. David Vázquez Vega, el M.C. José Ricardo Hernández Jiménez, el Dr. Manuel de Jesús Fabela Gallegos, el M.C. Oscar Flores Centeno, el Ing. Luis Gerardo Sanchez Vela y el M.C. Martín Molano Clemente, investigadores del Área de Dinámica Vehicular. Agradecemos la colaboración -con sus observaciones y recomendaciones- del Dr. Miguel Martínez Madrid, Coordinador de Ingeniería Vehicular e Integridad Estructural del Instituto Mexicano del Transporte. Contenido Resumen v Abstract vii Resumen Ejecutivo ix 1 Introducción ...................................................................................................... 1 2 Antecedentes ................................................................................................... 5 2.1 El vehículo automotor y su seguridad ........................................................ 5 2.2 La seguridad vial: avances y acciones ....................................................... 9 2.2.1 Acciones internacionales ................................................................... 10 2.2.2 Acciones nacionales .......................................................................... 20 3 Normatividad aplicada en la producción de vehículos ................................... 41 3.1 Esquemas normativos .............................................................................. 43 3.2 Normativa internacional ............................................................................ 45 3.3 Normativa nacional................................................................................... 51 3.4 Vehículos seguros .................................................................................... 55 4 Programa de evaluación de autos nuevos ..................................................... 60 4.1 NCAP. ...................................................................................................... 61 4.1.1 US-NCAP .......................................................................................... 61 4.1.2 ANCAP .............................................................................................. 63 4.1.3 IIHS (Insurance Institute for Highway Safety). ................................... 64 4.1.4 JNCAP. .............................................................................................. 65 4.1.5 Euro NCAP. ....................................................................................... 66 4.1.6 KNCAP .............................................................................................. 68 4.1.7 C-NCAP. ............................................................................................ 70 4.1.8 Latin NCAP. ....................................................................................... 71 iii Revisión de la normatividad sobre los requerimientos de seguridad en automóviles. 4.1.9 Asean NCAP...................................................................................... 74 4.2 Global NCAP. ........................................................................................... 75 5 CONCLUSIONES .......................................................................................... 85 REFERENCIAS ..................................................................................................... 89 iv Resumen El presente trabajo muestra una revisión de la normatividad, nacional e internacional, que existe en torno a la seguridad de los automóviles; la cual ha cobrado relevancia en los últimos años. A partir del desarrollo y fabricación del primer automóvil, sobre todo después de que se produjo el primer accidente vinculado este, el tema de la seguridad que un vehículo ofrece a sus pasajeros no ha sido ajeno. En los últimos quince años se ha acrecentado la preocupación, a nivel internacional, por la elevada cantidad de víctimas derivadas de accidentes de tránsito; los cuales no solo afectan física o emocionalmente a muchas personas, sino también económicamente; siendo además una de las principales causas de generación de pobreza, particularmente en la población mundial con ingresos bajos y medianos. Es por ello que la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) –a través de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y de sus diferentes organismos regionales– emprendió la cruzada por la seguridad vial, mediante la declaratoria del Decenio de Acción para la Seguridad Vial 2011-2020. Esta declaratoria se sustenta en cinco pilares a través de los cuales pretende reducir sustancialmente la tendencia a la alza de víctimas derivadas de accidentes de tránsito en el mundo. Uno de estos pilares es la fabricación y comercialización de vehículos más seguros, lo cual implica que los estos deban contar con elementos de seguridad que eviten accidentes y, en caso de ocurrir el siniestro vial, protejan tanto a sus ocupantes como a los peatones. La industria automotriz se ha expandido por todo el mundo y ha ubicado plantas armadoras en donde mejor conviene a sus intereses económicos. Aunque cada país tiene sus propias normas o regulaciones que garantizan determinados niveles de seguridad para los vehículos comercializados en sus territorios, algunas son más exigentes o laxas que otras. De esta manera, modelos idénticos de vehículos vendidos en diferentes países tienen distintos niveles de seguridad, equipamiento y precio. La mayoría de los modelos de vehículos vendidos en países con estrictas normas de seguridad vehicular cumplen cabalmente con ellas, en tanto que modelos idénticos de vehículos son también vendidos en países emergentes pero cuyas características de seguridad son inferiores ya que regularmente dichos países no cuentan con normativa o esta es menos exigente en materia de seguridad vehicular. Irónicamente, los vehículos con poca o nula seguridad son proporcionalmente vendidos a un mayor precio que aquellos con mayores características de seguridad La normativa de cada país para el diseño, fabricación y comercialización de automóviles es impulsada tanto por el Gobierno como por exigencia de la sociedad consumidora. En el caso de México, existe normativa con carácter de observancia obligatoria determinada a través de las Normas Oficiales Mexicanas v Revisión de la normatividad sobre los requerimientos de seguridad en automóviles. (NOM), así como normativa de observancia voluntaria (NMX); sin embargo, es poca la que verdaderamente garantiza que un vehículo comercializado en el territorio nacional sea seguro para sus ocupantes en caso de percances vehiculares como choques en sus diferentes modalidades; sobre todo en los vehículos básicos de categoría compacta o subcompacta, salvo una que recientemente ha sido publicada. Actualmente existen tecnologías que brindan mayor seguridad tanto para los ocupantes de los vehículos como para los peatones. En este trabajo se presentan estas tecnologías; algunas de las cuales, en países desarrollados, están presentes en las configuraciones básicas de los vehículos, ya que son exigidas por sus propias normativas. Adicionalmente, las tendencias tecnológicas de seguridad en el sector automotriz se están dirigiendo hacia la prevención del accidente a través del desarrollo e introducción de los sistemas de seguridad activa, como es el frenado de emergencia, el frenado antibloqueo y el control de estabilidad; entre otros. Entidades u organismos independientes, conocidos como NCAP, han constituido un contrapeso en países desarrollados al evaluar la seguridad de los vehículos nuevos con base en pruebas de choque y publicar ampliamente los resultados. Con ello, han logrado presionar de manera indirecta a la industria automotriz de su región para producir y comercializar vehículos que sean capaces de pasar las pruebas de choque. Por consiguiente, en dichos mercados se comercializan vehículos más seguros para sus consumidores. vi Abstract The paper presents a review of existing standards, national as well as international, in the field of cars safety, which has taken importance in recent years. Since the development and construction of the first automobile and especially after occurring the first car accident, the issue of car safety has become more and more important. During the last fifteen years, international concerns on road accidents have being rising, and they have also became a priority of several international organizations, mainly because people involved in car accidents suffers not only physically and emotionally but also economically being the first cause for poverty, particularly in world’s population with both low and middle income. As a result, the United Nations Organization (ONU) through the World Health Organization (WHO) and its several regional branches undertook the crusade for road safety by declaration of a Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011- 2020. Such declaration is sustained by five
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