Arômes Poivrés Des Vins Et Rotundone

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Arômes Poivrés Des Vins Et Rotundone En vue de l'obtention du DOCTORAT DE L'UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULOUSE Délivré par : Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse (Toulouse INP) Discipline ou spécialité : Développement des Plantes Présentée et soutenue par : M. OLIVIER GEFFROY le lundi 13 janvier 2020 Titre : Arômes poivrés des vins et rotundone: aspect sensoriel, appréciation par le consommateur, impact des facteurs environnementaux, viticoles, et des techniques de vinification Ecole doctorale : Sciences Ecologiques, Vétérinaires, Agronomiques et Bioingénieries (SEVAB) Unité de recherche : Département Sciences Agronomiques et Agroalimentaires (SSA-EIP) Directeur(s) de Thèse : M. DIDIER KLEIBER M. ALBAN JACQUES Rapporteurs : M. CHARLES ROMIEU, INRA MONTPELLIER Mme ANA ESCUDERO, UNIVERSIDAD DE ZARAGOZA Membre(s) du jury : M. CHRISTIAN CHERVIN, TOULOUSE INP, Président M. ALBAN JACQUES, EI PURPAN, Membre M. DIDIER KLEIBER, EI PURPAN, Membre M. ERIC SERRANO, INSTITUT FRANCAIS DE LA VIGNE ET DU VIN, Invité M. PHILIPPE DARRIET, UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX, Membre REMERCIEMENTS Nombreux sont les organismes et personnes ayant contribué à cette thèse, dont les travaux et la rédaction se sont étalés sur près de 8 années. Que ceux et celles que j’aurais maladroitement oublié ici m’en excusent sincèrement. Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier l’INP-PURPAN, Alban Jacques et Didier Kleiber mes co-directeurs de thèse pour le suivi, l’encadrement et leur encouragement lors de la rédaction de ce document. Je ne saurais également trop exprimer ma gratitude à Djamila Lekhal, la responsable de mon département, qui m’a fait confiance et a su me dégager du temps pour l’écriture de cette thèse. Mes pensées vont également à mes anciens collègues du pôle Sud-Ouest de l’Institut Français de la Vigne et du Vin (IFV Sud-Ouest) : Audrey, Brigitte, Carole, Christophe, Dorian, Fanny, Flora, François, Frédéric, Laure, Liliane, Philippe, Olivier, Thierry et Virginie, dont certains sont associés en tant que coauteurs à mes publications. Je n’oublie pas les stagiaires que j’ai eu l’occasion d’encadrer, notamment Juliette, Jérémie et Anne car les travaux regroupés au sein de ce manuscrit n’auraient certainement pas été possibles sans leur contribution. Je tiens bien entendu à remercier particulièrement Eric Serrano, le directeur de l’IFV Sud- Ouest, pour m’avoir toujours soutenu et permis de mener à bien mes recherches. Je sais ô combien il est aujourd’hui compliqué d’obtenir des financements pour travailler sur les arômes du vin et j’espère que cette période de disette relative s’achèvera rapidement. Je profite de cette transition toute trouvée pour remercier les financeurs de ces études, FranceAgriMer, la Région Midi-Pyrénées maintenant devenue Occitanie, ainsi que la Région Auvergne Rhône Alpes. Malgré la distance géographique qui nous sépare et le fait que nous n’ayons plus de contact régulier depuis deux ans, je remercie chaleureusement Markus Herderich et Tracey Siebert de l’Australian Wine Research Institute (AWRI). La collaboration que nous avons entretenue pendant toutes ces années a été fructueuse à tous les niveaux. J’adresse également ma reconnaissance aux autres partenaires techniques avec lesquels j’ai eu l’occasion d’interagir dans le cadre de ces travaux : les sociétés 1 Nyséos, Firmenich, Fruition Sciences et Lallemand, la Fédération Viticole du Puy de Dôme, la Maison des Vins de Gaillac, l’Interprofession des Vins du Sud-Ouest, le Domaine Expérimental Viticole Tarnais, les Vignerons du Vallon, Vinovalie, la Famille Fabre ainsi que les nombreux vignerons du Gaillacois qui ont mis leurs parcelles à disposition. Je remercie également les membres du jury qui ont accepté d’évaluer ce travail : Ana Escudero de l’Université de Saragosse, Charles Romieu de l’INRA Montpellier, Philippe Darriet de l’Université de Bordeaux ainsi que Christian Chervin de l’INP-ENSAT. Je n’oublie pas les membres de mon comité de thèse : Patricia Taillandier (INP-ENSIACET), Laurent Torregrossa (Montpellier SupAgro) et spécialement Kees van Leeuwen (Bordeaux Sciences Agro) qui a été le premier à faire germer dans mon esprit l’idée de valoriser mes travaux sous la forme d’une thèse de doctorat. Je remercie chaleureusement ma famille, particulièrement Laure, ma compagne et mon fils Lucien, pour le bonheur qu’ils me donnent au quotidien. 2 TABLE DES MATIÈRES RÉSUMÉ ................................................................................................................... 5 ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. 6 LISTE DES ABBRÉVIATIONS ................................................................................. 7 LISTE DES ILLUSTRATIONS (HORS ARTICLES) .................................................. 8 Pourquoi cette thèse ? ............................................................................................... 9 Introduction générale ............................................................................................... 12 Chapitre 1 : Etat de l’art sur les arômes poivrés et la rotundone .......................... 16 1. Les principaux odorants du vin ............................................................................ 17 2. L’arôme poivré .................................................................................................... 20 2.1 Généralités sur le poivre ................................................................................ 20 2.1.1 Eléments historiques et types de poivre .................................................. 20 2.1.2 Composition chimique et volatile du poivre .............................................. 21 2.2 L’arôme poivré des vins ................................................................................. 22 3. La rotundone, le principal contributeur à l’arôme poivré des vins rouges ............. 25 3.1 Quantification de la rotundone dans les raisins et les vins ............................. 25 3. 2 Occurrence chez les végétaux, dans les vins et les spiritueux ...................... 27 3.3 Aspects sensoriels et appréciation par le consommateur ............................... 29 3.4 Voie de biosynthèse et précurseurs ............................................................... 30 3.5 Fonction biologique et mécanisme de défense .............................................. 32 3.6 Localisation dans la baie de raisin et dans les organes herbacés .................. 33 3.7 Impact des facteurs environnementaux et viticoles ........................................ 33 3.7.1 Variabilité inter-millésime ......................................................................... 33 3.7.2 Variabilité intra-parcellaire ....................................................................... 34 3.7.3 Matériel végétal ....................................................................................... 35 3.7.4 Maturité et date de récolte ....................................................................... 35 3.7.5 Pratiques viticoles ................................................................................... 37 Chapitre 2 : Aspects sensoriels liés à la rotundone et appréciation par les consommateurs ........................................................................................................ 40 Article 1 : A sensory, chemical and consumer study of the peppery typicality of French Gamay wines from cool-climate vineyards .................................................................. 42 Article 2 : Can a certain concentration of rotundone be undesirable in Duras red wine? A study to estimate a consumer rejection threshold for the pepper aroma compound . 56 3 Chapitre 3 : Facteurs environnementaux et viticoles influençant la concentration des vins en rotundone .............................................................................................. 78 1 Variabilité clonale ................................................................................................. 79 2. Facteurs environnementaux ................................................................................ 79 2.1 Environnement abiotique ............................................................................... 79 2.2 Environnement biotique ................................................................................. 80 3 Pratiques viticoles ................................................................................................ 81 Article 3 : Certified clone and powdery mildew impact rotundone in red wine from Vitis vinifera L. cv. Duras N ................................................................................................. 83 Article 4 : A 2-year multisite study of viticultural and environmental factors affecting rotundone concentration in Duras red wine ................................................................. 94 Article 5 : Effect of maturity and viticultural techniques on the rotundone concentration in red wine made from Vitis vinifera L. cv. Duras ....................................................... 109 Article 6 : Using common viticultural practices to modulate the rotundone and 3- isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine composition of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Fer N red wines from a temperate climate wine region with very cool nights ................................................. 135 Article 7 : On-vine grape drying combined with irrigation allows to produce red wines with enhanced phenolic and rotundone concentrations ............................................. 151 Chapitre 4 : Impact des techniques de vinification et des variables
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