ISSN 2456-7876

Archive of Life Science and Environment (Arch. Life Sci. & Env.) 3(1): 127-134 (2019)

EVALUATION OF MEXICAN AS BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF IN DEHRADUN DISTRICT, UTTARAKHAND

Nikhil S. Kahera1, Ashish Uniyal2 and Abdurrahman1 1Navya Society of Higher Education, Dehradun-248001, (U.K.) India. 2Department of Agriculture, Uttaranchal (P.G.) College of Bio-Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dehradun -248001, (U.K) India. *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract: In the present study, the biology of bicolorata on Parthenium hysterophorus was studied in Dehradun district, Uttarakhand. The result showed that the Mexican laid small, elongated, light yellow eggs on the surface leafs and lid the average incubation period were 4.40±1.68 to 7.93±2.63 and hatching period were 56.00±0.0 to 89.60±17.4 days and the longevity of egg 3.00±0.1 to 5.13±0.2 days. The average larval period of 1st instar (2.50±0.0 to 3.00±0.1), 2nd instar (3.14±0.0 to 2.82±0.1), 3rd instar (2.75±0.1 to 2.86±01,) and 4th in‐ star (3.29±0.1 to 3.00±0.0). A longevity adult male and female showed average mean is 44.29±0.0 to 178.43±0.0 and 52.43±0.0 to 192.71±0.0 days. Biological control of parthenium is environmentally safe and ecologically viable method. In the study sites, in Tuntuwla region, the population density of Z. bicolorata affected the plants at the rate of 87 %. In the present study, the combined effects of biological control agents reduced the density and vigor of P. hysterophorus weed and increased grass production. Keyword: Zygogramma bicolorata, Parthenium hysterophorus, Biological control, Dehradun. Introduction Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh; medium in Parthenium hysterophorus L, belong to family As- Assam, Gujrat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Jammu teraceae locally known as “Congress Grass or Gajar &Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Odisha, West Bengal and Ghans” is an international weed and one of the worst Rajasthan, low in Andaman & Nicobar, Arunachal weeds in all over the world because of its evasiveness, Pradesh, Goa Kerala, Lakshadweep, Manipur, potential for spread and economic and environmental Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Pondicherry and impact is a weed of global significance occurring in Sikkim and presenting a major problem in many states Asia, Africa, Australia and the Pacific (Gaurav et al., that have large areas of no cropped and pastures rain- 2017; Kaur et al., 2014, Dhileepan, 2009). Parthenium fed land (Sushilkumar and Varsheny, 2010; Sushil causes severe human and health issues and its kumar, 2012). pollen causes several allergy reactions, dermatitis, hay It was first observed in India by the East India fever, asthma and also toxic to cattle (Adhikari and Company in its tea gardens at Calcutta. Dr. Brandis Tiwari, 2004; Venkataiah et al., 2003; Towers and elected parthenium in 1880 for the herbarium of FRI Rao, 1992). According to Rao 1956, parthenium weed Dehraudn and published some important feature of was first reported in India in 1955 and now occurs parthenium (Rao, 1956). Parthenum is herbaceous throughout the country and covered about 35 million plant grows to a height of 1 to 2 m, with the alternative hectares of land (Sushilkumar and Varshney 2007). leaves which are simple, grayish green, deeply lobed P. hysterophorus has also found in neighboring coun- and hairy. It bears cream coloured cluster of flower tries such as Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Ne- about 4 mm diameter at the top of each branch. Seed pal (Javaid et al., 2005; Jaisurya 2005; Rahman et al., germinate in a hasty manner after shower of rain and 2008). In 1950, it was first introduced in India due to plant produces number of seeds, which are transported contaminated PL- 480 wheat imported from the United by water, on vehicles and equipment or with States of America. India has become one of the most movement of (Uniyal et al., 2001). parthenium affected countries as compared to others Biological control of parthenium is the most countries and this weed is occurring in all of her states cost-effective, environmentally safe and ecologically such as Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, viable method available. Biocontrol of parthenium was Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, first initiated in Australia in 1977. Since then, nine

All Rights Reserved © Navya Society of Higher Education, www.archiveofsciences.com

Kahera et al. / Arch. Life Sci. & Env. 3(1): 127-134 (2019) species of and one fungal pathogen have been Z. bicolorata is a biological control of P. hysteropho- introduced, of which at least six species of insects and rus and the established readily after the releases the pathogen are known to be established in the field were initiated in India in 1984. Since then, it has (McFadyen, 1992; Dhileepan et al., 1996; Dhileepan spread over an area of more than 200,000 km2 and and McFadyen, 1997). The leaf-feeding beetle around Bangalore (Jayanth et al., 1996a). Chak- Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister (Coleoptera: ravarthy and Bhan (1997) observed the beetle emer- Chrysomelidae) is the most prominent agent and it was gence during May at Bangalore, Tumkur, Hassan and first introduced to Australia from Mexico in 1980 Chikmaglore. Number of adults at each time interval (McFadyen and McClay, 1981) and subsequently to suggested that the beetle underwent four overlapping India in 1984 (Jayanth, 1987). In India, Z. bicolorata generations from June to August with an average of became abundant within three years after introduction, almost twenty days for completion Of each generation resulting in a significant reduction in P. hysterophorus Kulkarni and Kulkarni (2000) observed the P. hyster- density in local areas (Jayanth and Bali, 1994a; ophorus plants in twenty locations in North Karnataka Jayanth and Visalakshy, 1996a). In Australia, evidence for presence of Z. bicolorata during August 1999 and of Z. bicolorata activity in the field was first noticed in found dense population of beetles in Dharwad (10 bee- 1990 (Dhileepan and McFadyen, 1997). Outbreaks of tles/plant), followed by Bijapur (5.6 beetles/plant) and Z. bicolorata resulting in complete defoliation of small Raichur (3.2 beetles/ plant) (Pandey et al., 1999). patches of P. hysterophorus were reported from within In the present study we observe the life cycle of Mexi- an area of 200 km2 in central Queensland during 1993. can beetle in controlled environment and the impact of Since then, due to both natural spread by the beetle and Mexican beetle on P. hysterophorus selected areas. deliberate introductions by farmers, the area with Z. bicolorata defoliation has increased to around Materials and Methods 12,000 km2, covering more than 50 properties (Gaurav Study Insect: Z. bicolorata, referred as parthenium et al., 2017). beetle or Mexican beetle native to Mexico. Z. bicol- The beetle got established in and around the released orata is a small beetle with a brown head and having site and showed considerable potential in suppressing brown to yellow graduated pronotum. The elongated the weed in subsequent 5 years. However, optimistic drak brown stripes are present in yellow elytra marked reports regarding the spectacular suppression of this (Figure 1). weed by the beetle were tempered by the observation of beetle attack on sunflower in a few locations, which led to the establishment of the P. hysterophorus. Fact Finding Committee by Indian Council of Agricultural Research to look into the matter. After through the investigation the committee declared that it safe for the sunflower and recommended it’s further releases for suppression of this weed, thereby leading to an end to the raging controversy. This coupled with the promis- ing bio-control potential of this beetle as evidenced by Figure 1: Zygogramma bicolorata the present and past successes, gave a new momentum to the existing bio-control efforts in the country. Tak- Study Area: The Doon valley is in the form of an ing into consideration the widespread success of this irregular parallelogram. It is enclosed by the Shivalik beetle in other parts of the country, it was introduced hills and the outer parts of the Himalayan ranges. The in Jammu during 1992. In India, the weed was first deposits of the Doon Valley, having their origin pointed out in Puna (Maharashtra) by Professor Paran- Himalayan comprise of heavy boulders of gravels, jape, 1951, but the father of Indian Botany record of coated with thin covering of soil, which naturally this species earliest in India (Roxburg, 1814). Ever exhibits frequent outcrops of its rocky subsoil. The city since the weed became a menace around the globe is situated in the middle of the valley at the altitude of including India, efforts have been made to manage the 636m. It is enclosed by the Shivalik hills and the outer weed employing different methods (Kaur et al., 2014). parts of the Himalayan ranges. It occupies an area of Chemical treatment was tried to control about 1200 Sq. Km. and between 77035’ and 7802’ E P. hysterophorus plants and observed that they kill longitude and 29057’ and 3102’ N latitude. only existing population at the selected sites Selected Sites: Dehradun where the parthenium (Sushilkumar, 2005; Sushilkumar, 2012). There are population is very dense and the study sites are Tuntu- many herbicides have been tested against wala, Jakhan, Nagal, Sahastrdhara, Vijay Colony, P. hysterophorus in cropped and non-cropped condi- Sewela khurd, Raipur, Anarwala, Garhi Cantt, tion (Mishra and Bhan, 1996; Brar and Walia, 1991; Ganghora, Maldaveta. Sushilkumar, 2012).

128

Kahera et al. / Arch. Life Sci. & Env. 3(1): 127-134 (2019) Results and Discussion The larva or grub passed through the five instars gen- In the present study, we divided the whole area in erally, but occasionally 4th instar changed into pupa. nd study sites for the observation of impact of Mexican The duration of 1st instar (2.50±0.0 to 3.00±0.1), 2 rd beetle on parthenium grass and for the observation of instar (3.14±0.0 to 2.82±0.1), 3 instar (2.75±0.1 to th life cycle of Mexican beetle for this we setup control 2.86±01) and 4 instar (3.29±0.1 to 3.00±0.0). Adults environment in our lab garden where we grow the as well as larva preferred hiding in dark places and parthenium plants. And observe them for study of life always tried to avoid light source. The beetles gener- cycle of Mexican beetle for the study of life cycle of ally preferred to feed from the edges of the parthenium Mexican beetle, and we have taken four flowers pots leaves especially from inner curve of leaves. Feeding for each selected sites and planted eggs on parthenium portion was found to be in half circle. Further, it was plant that have been established in four different also observed that both the larvae and beetles normally flower pots after when the plant grow properly we produce black colored excreta, past researcher also have introduced a matting pair of Mexican beetle only reported in their papers but when disturbed, they pro- in three pots and observed very carefully different duced creamy white coloured thick fluid from their stages of development of Mexican beetle (Figure 2). anus. Perhaps this may be one kind of defensive However, the duration of life cycle of Z. bicolorata mechanism present in the insect (Pawar et al., 2013). from egg to adult stages observed in study sites is The mean average period of pupal stage of Z. bicol- shown in Table 1 and the % affection by Z. bicolatara orata showed 12.29±0.0 to 8.48±0.3. Parthenium has in P. hysterophorus showed in Table 2. tremendous effect to grow and acclimatize fast in any Adults hibernate, whereas pupae underwent diapause environment. However, Parthenium completes our life within the soil from the month of March. The mating -cycle within 3 to 4 months and it shows three to four process lasted for about 4 to 5 hours. This behaviour generations in a year which helps in quick spreading collaborates with the report of Manjunath (2010). The and generation of adverse impacts on the surrounding beetles were capable of repeated mating during their vegetation (Kohli et al., 2006). Parthenium seeds are life- span. The females mate with males at least for 3 mainly dispersed through water currents, animals and to 4 times during their pre-oviposition period. After the movement of vehicles, machinery, livestock and approaching the female, the male beetle climbs and grain. The weed produces enormous number of seeds rests on back of the female. Further, it was also ob- which are very small and can survive as seed bank in served that a majority of the eggs were laid during soil for years (Dogra et al., 2011). These characteris- third to fifth week of oviposition period. This variation tics help to spread or dispersal the seed of parthenium might be due to differences in the longevity of females, weed for long distances and the result causes of rapid studied in different ecological conditions. growth and high reproductive potential, fast growth Behaviour of larvae as well as adults of Mexican rate, no animal graze the parthenium grass. beetle, Z. bicolorata Pallister studied in controlled There are several methods is used for the control of environment revealed that the females deposited their parthenium like physical effort and it is most cost eggs either singly or in clusters mostly on under effective method for control. In Dehradun it this type surface of leaves of P. hysterophorus L. However, of control are use in a huge amount by the government oviposition was also observed on upper surface of people and local farmer the farmer remove the leaves, occasionally on stems, leaf petioles and even parthenium plant many times with handpicking method flower buds. In past similar observation has been and some time they fired them but this method is not made by Aherkar et al. (1992) and Jayanth and Bali full control the parthenium their buried spores are (1993a). present in the deep in soil and after few days it grows In the present study, the biological parameters from the again. study sites showed 4.40±0.83 to 7.93±2.63 range of Many chemicals basically herbicides have been tested incubation period of Z. bicolorata and the range of against parthenium for control observation at the given hatching % of egg are 56.00±0.0 to 93.20±4.1 and the sites but cannot prevent the entry of the seeds coming longevity of egg 3.00±0.1 to 5.13±0.2 days. The newly from neighboring places (Mishra and Bhan, 1996; Brar hatched grub initially feed on the leaf area adjoining to and Walia, 1991; Sushilkumar, 2005; Sushilkumar, the oviposition site and then migrated to the terminal 2012). For complete vegetation management including and axillary buds. Later on the larvae moved onto the parthenium, glyphosate (1 to 1.5 kg/ha) is recom- leaf blades as they grew. Younger larvae preferred to mended. Diquat 0.5 kg/ha in 500 litre spray effectively feed on tender leaves, whereas older larvae on matured controlled parthenium at all growth stages. Both are leaves. The younger larva starts feeding from the leaf expensive and not safe for environment, and they are margin and moves inwards. Full- grown larvae fre- unable to complete control of parthenium so the re- quently bend their abdominal tip during resting time. searcher search out deferent biological methods to pre- Similar behaviour was recorded by Jayanth and Bali vent the population of parthenium at this series they (1993b). find out the natural feeder of parthenium and it is 129

Kahera et al. / Arch. Life Sci. & Env. 3(1): 127-134 (2019) maxican beetle, so they introduce them. Z. bicolorata The dead pupae and pre-pupae (~2-17%) of adults measure 5 to 6 mm in length, both the adults and Z. bocolorata were found infected by the green larvae feed parthenium leaves (McFadyen and muscardine fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae McClay, 1981). Adults lay the eggs either singly or in (Metchnikoff) Sorokin (Jayanth and Bali 1994b, groups on the leaves, flower heads, stem surfaces and Jayanth and Visalakshy 1996b). on terminal and axillary buds (Jayanth, 1987). The Z. bicolorata is a prolific breeder and during the six emerging larvae feed voraciously on young leaves and months of its active phase, it has been found to build the fully-grown larvae burrow into the soil to pupate; up an enormous population and disperse. Since both the pupal stage lasts two weeks (McFadyen and grubs and adults heavily defoliate parthenium, it has McClay, 1981; Jayanth, 1987; Jayanth and Bali, 1992). been found to exert considerable pressure on the The whole life cycle takes 6–8 weeks and there may be growth and flowering of the weed (Jayanth and Bali, up to 4 generations/year, depending on rainfall and 1993b). However, its prolonged inactivity for the food avail ability (McFadyen, 1992). remaining six months greatly limits its efficacy as a P. hysterophorus showed more sporadic phase of biological control agent. growth in the summer and rainy season but was also The longevity adult male and female showed average with stunted height. In the later months, up-to mean is 44.29±0.0 to 178.43±0.0 and 52.43±0.0 to February, it remained under dormant conditions. Here, 192.71±0.0 days. The whole life cycle takes 6–8 weeks P. hysterophorus completed its two life cycles in one and there may be up to 4 generations/year, depending year, that is, from March to June and other one from on rainfall and food availability (McFadyen, 1992). In July to November. So, first life cycle was completed in autumn (April–May) due to shorter days and cooler 4 and the second one in 5 months. Biological studies of temperatures, adult beetles diapauses in the soil. Z. bicolorata carried out in Bangalore revealed that the In Tuntuwla region the parthenium population is very development of beetle from egg to adult in 22 to 32 dense and the population density is 2.4 plants in 1 me- days, with the egg (4 to 6 days), larval (l0 to 14 days) ter square of area, 1000 meter square area about 2400. and pupal (8 to 12 days) periods lasting from. Newly However, this area is fully exposed by the parthenium hatched larvae initially feed on terminal and axillary beetles in 2100 plants, and they affect the plant. The buds, but later devour the leaves as they grow. The full Population density of Z. bicolorata affected the plants -grown grubs burrow the soil and pupate within the at the rate of 87 %. Similarly, in Nagal region, the chambers created by them. Adults feed and oviposit on Population density of Z. bicolorata affected the plants parthenium leaves. The reproductive capacity of Z. at the rate of 87 %. bicolorata is very high with its fecundity being up to However, in Maldevta and Vijay colony region the 3,368 (mean 2581), but only 30 to 52% eggs hatched parthenium population is very low, and they affected (Jayanth and Bali, 1993b) which is a big limitation. A the plants at the rate of 59 and 57 % respectively. In beetle laid about 45 eggs/day or 300/week. Oviposition autumn (April–May) due to shorter days and cooler continued for about 28 weeks, but maximum egg- temperatures, adult beetles diapause in the soil. The laying occurred between 8th and 11th week after emer- diapausing adults emerge in spring (September– gence. November) in response to rainfall, increased tempera- Sex ratio was heavily in favour of 70% females and ture and longer days. Adult Z. bicolorata can live up to only 30% males. Males lived longer (122 to 271 days) 2 years and spend around 6 months of diapausing in than females (109 to 198 days). The active feeding the soil during the period of autumn and winter period of larvae called grubs and adults only for six (McFadyen, 1992). And they are control the growth of months from May to October. Later, adults goes for- the parthenium during our study area. long diapause in the soil up to six months from No- vember to May and emerging with onset of monsoon. Conclusion The laboratory studies indicated that soil moisture Various chemicals control the weeds effectively in played an important ole in pupation and adult emer- time, the continuous use of the same causes the gence of Z. bicolorata and long dry spells can affect pollution hazards in our eco-systems. Managing weeds their population build up under field conditions using biological means is less expensive, permanent (Jayanth and Bali, 1995). Life table studies revealed and free of pollution. Parthenium is mainly a weed of that high infertility of eggs (48 to 70%) followed by waste and fallow land, hence biological control is the death in pupal stage (~16 to 21%) are the key mortality most economical and practical way to keep the weed factors. Since 1993, an Indigenous tachinid larval para- under check. Biological control of parthenium sitoid seems to have adopted Z. bicolorata as its host. is the most cost effective, safe and ecologically viable It was found to cause up to 51.6% mortality of grubs method. The result showed that the combined effects during September to November, thereby significantly of biological contro reduced the density of parthenium reducing its carry-over population. weed and increase the production of grass.

130

Kahera et al. / Arch. Life Sci. & Env. 3(1): 127-134 (2019)

Figure 2a. Mating Figure 2b. Egg

Figure 2e. Adult Figure 2c. Larvae

Figure 2d. Pupae

Figure 2. Life cycle of Mexican beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata 131

Kahera et al. / Arch. Life Sci. & Env. 3(1): 127-134 (2019) Table 2: Rate of affection by Z. bicolatara in P. hysterophorus.

No. of Total no. Rate of plants af- Study Sites of plants affection fected in 1 in 1 km (%)

km

Tuntuwal 2400 2100 87 Jakhan 2400 1520 63 Nangal 2600 2250 86 Sahastradhara 2800 2260 80 Vijay Colony 2000 1150 57 Sewala Khurd 2400 1950 81 Raipur 2400 1950 81 Garhi Cantt 2700 1800 66 Ghangora 2900 2350 81

References Adhikari, B., & Tiwari, S. (2004). Parthenium hys terophorus L. highly allergic invasive alien plant growing tremendously in Nepal. under laboratory condition hysterophorus P. (Mean ± SD) Botanica Orientalis, 4, 36-37.

on Aherkar, S. K., Satpute, U. S., Thakare, H. S., & Bhagwat, V. R. (1992). J. Appl. Zool. Res., 3(1), 75-77. Brar, L.S., & Walia, U.S. (1991). Herbicidal control of congress grass (Parthenium hysteropho- Z. bicolorata rus). Indian Journal of Weed Science, 23, 36-39. Chakravarthy, A.K, & Bhan, N.S. (1997). Ecology of beetle Zygogramma cunjucta (Roger) on Parthenium hysterophorus Linn. In Pro ceeding of First Interational Conferrence on Parthenium Management held at University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karna taka, India, 74 -77. Dhileepan K. (2009). Managing Parthenium hyster ophorus across landscapes: limitations and prospects. In S. Inderjit (Eds.), Table 1. Biological parameters of parameters 1. Biological Table Management of Invasive Weeds, Invading

5.00±0.00 89.00±0.0 5.60±0.7 2.73±0.3 3.00±0.1 2.820.1 3.23±0.1 12.29±0.0 159.29±0.0 192.71±0.0 192.71±0.0 159.29±0.0 12.29±0.0 3.23±0.1 2.820.1 5.67±1.95 3.00±0.1 10.54±1.8 112.86±0.0 6.33±1.29 3.20±0.1 2.82±0.1 3.06±0.1 64.40±7.1 2.77±0.3 129.43±0.0 5.13±0.2 2.73±0.3 10.69±1.6 112.86±0.0 6.33±2.13 3.00±0.0 2.75±0.1 2.91±0.1 82.40±5.6 2.77±0.3 129.43±0.0 5.10±0.7 7.93±2.63 5.60±0.7 93.20±4.1 8.81±0.3 3.29±0.0 2.78±0.1 2.94±0.1 2.73±0.3 53.57±0.0 5.0±0.4 89.00±0.0 5.00±0.00 56.00±0.0 82.31±0.0 11.24±1.4 3.06±0.1 2.79±±0.1 2.97±0.1 2.90±0.2 4.00±0.0 5.67±1.29 49.00±0.0 8.29±0.0 3.17±0.1 2.75±0.1 2.95±0.1 2.87±0.2 73.29±0.0 4.40±0.83 56.57±0.0 89.60±17.4 5.10±0.7 10.28±1.6 156.28±0.0 3.23±0.1 2.78±0.1 3.06±0.1 75.14±0.0 3.00±0.0 114.14±0.0 5.40±0.83 62.60±13.7 4.00±0.0 5.80±1.21 72.00±16.1 11.17±1.8 3.06±0.1 2.79±±0.1 2.97±0.1 2.87±0.2 5.03±0.5 8.48±0.3 3.04±0.1 2.77±0.1 67.43±0.0 2.89±0.1 2.50±0.0 4.40±1.68 44.29±0.0 78.00±12.5 4.00±0.0 9.60±1.6 89.86±0.0 3.14±0.1 2.80±0.1 3.04±0.1 52.43±0.0 3.00±0.0 6.20±2.11 91.14±0.0 86.00±10.1 4.73±0.3 102.00±0.0 9.84±1.4 3.11±0.1 2.77±0.1 2.82±0.1 178.43±0.0 62.60±5.6 2.50±0.0 4.93±1.0 118.00±0.0 Nature Springer Series in Invasion Ecol ogy Vol. 5, Springer Science, Knoxville, 227-260. Dhileepan, K., & McFadyen, R.E. (1997). Biological control of parthenium in Australia: Progress and prospects. In: First International

Nagal Conference on Parthenium Management. 6- Raipur Raipur Jakhan Jakhan Anarwala Anarwala Ganghora Maldaveta Tuntuwala Tuntuwala Study Sites Sites Study Period Incubation % Hatching Egg 1 Instar 2 Instar 3 Instar 4 Instar Pupae Male Adult Female Ault 8 October. Dharwad (Karnataka), 1, 40 Garhi Cantt Garhi Cantt Vijay Colony Colony Vijay Sahastrdhara Sewela khurd Sewela khurd -44. 132

Kahera et al. / Arch. Life Sci. & Env. 3(1): 127-134 (2019) Dhileepan, K.B., Madigan, M., Vitelli, R.E., McFad Entomological Research, 19, 183-185. yen, K., Webster., & Trevino, M. (1996). Jayanth, K.P., & Nagarkatti, S. (1987). Investigations A new initiative in the biological control of on the host specificity and damage potential parthenium. In R.C.H. Shepherd (Eds.), Pro of Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister ceeding of the Eleventh Australian Weeds (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) introduced into Conference, Weed Science Society of Vic India for the biological control of Parthenium toria, Australia, 309–312. hysterophorus. Entomon 12(2), 141-145. Dogra, K.S., Sood, S.K., & Sharma, R. (2011). Dis Jayanth, K.P., & Visalakshy G.P.N. (1996a). tribution, Biology and Ecology of Succession of vegetation after suppression of Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Congress Parthenium weed by Zygogramma bicolorata Grass) an Invasive species in the North- in Bangalore, India. Biological, Agricultural Western Indian Himalaya (Himachal & Horticulture, 12, 303-309. Pradesh). African Journal of Plant Science, Jayanth, K.P., & Visalakshy, G.P.N. (1994b). Disper 5(1), 682–687. sal of the Parthenium beetle Zygogramma Gaurav, R.K., Meena, V.K., Verma, A., Tiwari, S., bicolorata (Chrysomilidae) in India. Shukla, S.K., Verma., & Singh R. K. Biological Science & Technology, 4(3), 363- (2017). Impact and Management of 365. Parthenium hysterophorus. G.J.B.B., 6(1), Jayanth, K.P. (1987). Investigations on the host- 15-18. specificity of Epiblema strenuana (Walker) Jaisurya, A.H.M. (2005). Parthenium weed status (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) introduced for bio and management in Sri Lanka. In: Proceed logical control trials against Parthenium ings of the Second International Conference hysterophorus in India. Journal of Biological on Parthenium Management, 5-7 December Control, 1, 133-137. 2005. University of Agricultural Sciences, Jayanth, K.P., Visalakshy, G.P.N, Ghosh, S.K., & Bangalore, India, 36-43. Chaudhary, M. (1996b). An indigenous para Javaid, A., Anjum, T., & Bajwa, R. (2005). Biologi- sitoid on the Parthenium beetle Zygogramma cal Control of Parthenium II: Allelopathic bicolorata. Insect Environment, 2(3), 67-68, effect of Desmostachya bipinnata on distri Kaur, M., Aggarwal, N.K., Kumar, V., & Dhiman, R. bution and early seedling growth of Parthe (2014). Effects and Management of Parthe nium hysterophorus L. International nium hysterophorus: A Weed of Global Sig Journal of Biology and Biotechchnology, 2 nificance. International Scholarly Research (2), 459-463 Notices, 1-12, doi.org/10.1155/2014/368647 Jayanth, K.P., & Bali, G. (1992). Estimation of num- Kohli, R.K., Batish, D.R., Singh, H.P., & Dogra, K.S. ber of generation of the Mexican beetle, (2006). Status, invasiveness and environ Zygogramma bicolorata Palliste (Coleptera: mental threats of three tropical American in Chrysomelidae) by measurement of thermal vasive weeds (Parthenium hysterophorus L., units. Journal of Entomological Research, Ageratum conyzoides L., Lantana camara L.) 16(4), 273-276. in India. Biological Invasions, 8, 1501–1510. Jayanth, K.P., & Bali, G. (1993a). Diapause behave- Kulkarni, K.A., & Kulkarni, N.S. (2000). Survey of iour of Zygogramma bicolorata Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister on (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biological Parthenium in North Karnataka. Insect control agent for Parthenium hysterophorus environment, 6 (1), 20. (Asteraceae) in Bangalore, India. Bulletin Manjunath, T. M. (2010). Biological control of waste of Entomological Research, 83, 383-388. land weed, Parthenium hysterophorus- An Jayanth, K.P., & Bali, G. (1993b). Biological studies overview. In Proroceding of third on Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister International Conference on Parthenium. New (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a potential 8-10 December. Delhi, 64-70. biocontrol agent of Parthenium hysteropho- McFadyen, R.C. (1992) Biological control against rus L. (Asteraceae). J. Biol. Control, 7, 93- Parthenium weed in Australia. Crop 98. Protection, 11, 400-407. Jayanth, K.P., & Bali, G. (1994a). Biological control McFadyen, R.E., & McClay, A.S. (1981). Two new of Parthenium hysterophorus by the beetle insects for the biological control of Zygogramma bicolorta in India. FAO Plant parthenium weed in Queensland. Proceedings Protection Bulletin, 42(4), 207-213. of the Sixth Australian Weed Conference. Jayanth, K.P., & Bali, G. (1995). Effect of soil Queensland, 1, 145-149. moisture on pupation and adult emergence Mishra, J.S., & Bhan, V.M. (1996). Chemical control of Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister of carrot grass (Parthenium hysterophorus)

133

Kahera et al. / Arch. Life Sci. & Env. 3(1): 127-134 (2019) and associated weeds in soybean (Glycine max). Indian Journal of Agricultural Science, Sushilkumar. & Varshney J.G (2007). Gajarghas ka 66, 518-521. Jaivik Niyantrana: Vartman Stathi Avamn Pandey, A.K., Hasija, S.K., & Rajak, R.C. (1999). Sambhavnain (Biological Control of Myrothecium roridum Tode ex Fr. a new Parthenium: current scenario and pro pathogen of Parthenium hysterophorus L. spects). National Research Centre for with biocontrol potential. National Academy Weed Science, Jabalpur, 157. of Science Letters, 13(10), 369-370. Sushilkumar., & Varshney J.G. (2010) Parthenium in Pawar, S.R., & Korat, D.M. (2013). Study of behave- festation and its estimated cost management ior of Mexican beetle, Zygogramma bicol in India. Indian Journal of Weed Science, orata Pallister. Insect Environment, 19(1): 42 42 (1&2), 73-77. -43. Sushilkumar. (2012) Current spread, impact and man Rahman, A., Alam, M.S.. & Khan, S.K. (2008). agement of Parthenium weed in India. Taxonomic studies on the family Asteraceae International Parthenium News, 5, 1-6. (Compositae) of the Rajshahi Division. Towers, G.H.N., & Subbha Rao, P. V. (1992). Im- Research Journal of Agriculture and pact of the pan-Tropical weed, P. hysteron Biological Sciences (Bangladesh) 4, 134-140. porus L. on human affairs. In R.G. Richard Rao, R.S. (1956). Parthenium, a new record for India. son (Eds.), Proceedings of The First Inter Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, national Weed Control Congress, Mel 54, 218–220. bourne, Australia, Weed science society of Roxburg, W. (1984). Hortus bengalensis or A Victoria, 134–138. catalogue of the plants growing in the Uniyal, V.P., Mukharji, S.K., Goyal, C.P., & Ma Honourable East India Company’s Botanical thur, P.K. (2001). Defoliation of parthenium Garden at Calcutta. Serampore, India: The by Mexican beetle (Zygogramma bicolora Mission Press. ta) in Rajaji National Park. Ann. For., 9(2), Sushilkumar. (2005). Biological control of Parthenium 327-330. through Zygogramma bicolorata. National Venkataiah, B., Ramesh, C., Ravindranath, N., & Research Centre for Weed Science. Jabalpur, Das, B. (2003). Charminarone, a 89. seco-pseudoguaianolide from Parthenium . hysterophorus. Phytochemistry, 63, 383- 386

134