NHPRC Recommends 59 Grants Totaling up to $3,638,793

T he National Historical Publications and Records Commnis- nization of American Historians:Alfred Goldberg, representing the sion recommended that the Archivist of the United States Department of Defense; Margaret P Grafeld, representing the De- make grants totaling $3,638,-793 for 59 projects at its meet- partment of State; justice David H. Souter, representing the UInited ing on May 6 and 7. States Supreme Court: Lee Stout, representing the Societs of Amer- In convcning the meetilg on May 6, NHPRC Chairman Jolhn W ican Archivists: and Roy (.Turnbaugh, representing the National As- Carlin announced that Congressman Roy D. Blunt (R-MO) had re- sociation of Government Archives and Records Administrators. signed his position on the Commission becautse of the pressure of I nable to attend were Representativc Tom Cole (R-OK). represent- other duties. Mr. Carlin recalled the many services Congressman ing the U.S. House of Representatives; Senator Christopher Dodd, Blhunt had rendered to the Commission, and noted that Congress- representing the U.S. Senate:J. Kevin Graffagnino, representing the man Tom (Cole (R-OK) would be the new representative of the U.S. American Association for State and Local History: and James H. Hut- House of Representatives on the Commission. MNr. Carlin also intro- son, who represents the ILibrarian of Congress. duccd Mlax J. Evans, the Commission s new Executive Director. With regard to competitive grant proposals, the Commission Documentary Editing Projects recomnmended that theArchivist of the I nited States make grants of Duke UTniversity, Durham, NC: A conditional grant of up to $60,200 up to $1,805,065 for 28 documentary editing projects: $52,312 fobr for The JaneAddam s Papers. 7 documentars editing subventions: S 19,480) for a publication proj- The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA: A grant of ect relating to scholarly editions in an electronic environment: $15,000 for The Papers of Cbarles Carrioll of Carrollton. $2',500 for 2 state board administrative support projects;and up to William Marsh Rice University, Houston,TX: A conditional grant of SI 734,436 for 21 records access projects.The Commission also en- tip to $80,500 for The Papers of Jefferson Davis. dorsed 5 documentary editing projects it was unable to fund. It es- Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, tablished priorities fo)r the funding of 5 additional records access IN: A conditional grant of up to $19,900 for The Papers of Fbed- projects if sufficient funds become available in FiscalYear 2(003.The crick Douglass. Commission also approved a conditional supplemental grant of Rutitgers, The State tlniversity of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ: $'50,931 to the Center for Jewish History for its integrated collec- A conditional grant of up to $51,500 for The Papers of Thomeas tion management and access system project.A list of funded pro- Edison. posals follows bclow. Univcrsitv of Maryland, College Park, MD:A conditional grant of up The Commission passed resolutions praising Congressman Blunt to $95,0()00 for Freedom: A Documentar, History of Emzancipa- for his work as a Commission member, honoring Dr. Mary A. Giiunta tion, 1861 -186 7. for her many years of service as a Commission staff member, and Regents of the University of California, Los Angeles, CA: A condi- congratulating Commission member Dr.Alfred Goldberg on his re- tional grant of up to $61,200 for The M.arcits Garve)l and the ceipt of the 2(003 I)avid O. Cooke Federal Leadership Award. l tni ersal NVegro Improv,ement Association Papers. The tfollowing Commission members were present at the May Regents of the University of California, Berkeley, CA: A grant of meeting: C(hairperson John W Carlin,Archivist of the Utnited States; $10(0,000 for The Enmma Goldmnan Papers. David W Bradv, Presidential appointee: Nicholas C. Burckel, Presi- University of Maryland, College Park. MD: A conditional grant of up dential appointee; CharlesT Cullen, representing the Association for to $8(0,000 for The Salnuel Gompers Papers. Documentarv Editing; Mary Maples Duinn, representing the Ameri- can Historical Association; Barbara J. Fields, representing the Orga- (continued ol ptLge 10)

PROMINENT AMERICAN WOMEN Annotation is the quarterly newsletter of the National The June His- 2003 issue of Annotation focuses on projects the NHPRC has funded torical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC), to preserve, make more publicly accessible, and publish the papers of prominent a Federal agency within the NationalArchives and Records American women. Our featured articles are Administration in Washington, DC. Recipients are encouraged to republish, with appropriate credit, any materi- "Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony as Historical als appearing Editors," in Annotation. Inquiries about receiving by Ann D. Gordon Annotation, submitting material for it, or anything else related to it may be directed to the Editor,Annotation, "The Training Ground of a Social Reformer," by Mary Lynn Bryan NHPRC, National Archives and Records Administration, "'An Eloquent Woman'," by Candace 700 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Room 111, Washington, Falk DC 204080001; 202-501-5610 (voice); 202-501-5601 (fax); "Understanding Willa Cather's World," by Katherine L. Walter [email protected] (e-mail); www.archives.gov/grants "Awakening (World Wide Web). One Woman's Slumbering Spirit of Rebellion: The Selected Papers of Margaret Material accepted for publication will be edited to con- Santger,Volume I: The Woman Rebel, 1900-1928,' by Peter C. form to style and space limitations ofAnnotation, but au- Engelman thors will be consulted should substantive questions arise. "Going Public with Eleanor," by Allida Black The editor is final arbiter in matters regarding length and grammar. Published material does not necessarily represent the views of the Commission or of the NationalArchives and Records Administration; indeed, some material may challenge policies and practices of those institutions.

THE CONINMISSION S NHPRC MEMBERs - John W Carlin, Archivist of the IEETINGS FOILOW THE FISCAI. YEAR OF OCTOBER 1 TO SEPTL\IB[R 30. CONSFQUENTLy, THE FIRST IF.TING OF1EIF FISCAL United States, Chairperson; Nicholas C Burckel and YEAR IS IN NOVEMBER AND THF SECOND IS IN MAY. David W Brady, representing the President of the June 1 (for the November United States; Tom Cole, representing the U.S. House of meeting) Representatives; Charles T Cullen, representing the As- Proposals addressing the follow ing top priorities: *The NHPRC will provide sociation for Documentary Editing; Christopher Dodd, the American public with widespread access to the papers of the founders of our democratic republic representing the U.S. Senate: Mary Maples Dunn, and its institutions by repre- ensuring the timely completion of eight projects now in progress to pub- senting the American Historical Association; Barbaraj lish the papers of George Washington, John Adams. Beniiamin Fr:nklinr Fields, representing the Organization of American Thomas Histo- Jefferson, James Madison. and papers that document the Ratifi- rians; Alfred Goldberg, representing the Department of cation of the Constitution, the First Federal Congress, and the early Supreme Defense; MargaretP Grafeld, representing the Depart- Court ment of State; j Kevin Graffagnino, representing the OCTOBER 1 (for the May meeting) American Association for State and Local History; Proposals not addressing the above priorities, but focusing on an activity au- James H. Hutson, representing the Librarian of Con- thorized in the NHPRC statute as follows: gress; *collecting, David H. Souter, representing the U.S. Supreme describing, preserving, comipiling, and publishing (including microfilming and Court; Lee Stout, representing the Society of American other forms of reproduction) of documientary sources significant to the history of the United States Archivists; and Roy C Turnbaugh, representing the Na- *conducting institutes, training and educational courses, and fellow-ships re- tional Association of Government Archives and Records lated to the activities of the Commission Administrators. *disseminating information about documentary sources through guides, directories, and other technical publications NHPRC STAFF - Max J Evans, Executive Director; or, more specifically, documentary editing and publishing: archival pieser- Roger A. Bruns, Deputy Executive Director; Richard A. vation and processintig of records for access, developing or updating Cam'eron, Director for State Programs; Timnothy D. W dclescriptive systems: creation and development of archiva.l and records Connelly, Director for Publications; Mark Conrad. Di- management programis; development of standards, tools, and techniques rector for Technology Initiatives; Nancy Taylor Copp, to aidvance the work of archivists. records managers, and documentary editors: andc promotion of the uise of Management and Program Analyst; Noreen Curtis, Staff records by teachers, studclents, and the public Assistant; J Dane Hartgrove, Historian and Editor, APPLICATION GUIDELINES Annotation;Michael TMeier, Program Officer; Laurette AND FORMS MAY BE REQUESTED FROM NHPRC, NATIONAL ARCIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION, O'Connor, Grant Program Assistant; Cassandra A. Scott, 700 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE NW, ROOM 111, WASHINGTON, DC 20408-0001, 202-501-5610 Staff Assistant; Daniel A. Stokes, (VOICE), 202-501-5601 (FAX), Program Officer. [email protected] (E-MAIL), OR BY ACCESSING OUR WEB SITE AT www.archives. gov/grants ISSN 0160-8460

Annoror on Vol 31 2 June 2003 I 0 0i

I survived my first Commission Among the many issues discussed was one dear to my meeting, the results of which are heart. The Commission agreed to convene its Executive reported in this issue of Annota- Committee to revisit the NHPRC strategic plan.The current tion. I confess that any anxieties plan, now about 5 years old, is a good one. It may need only I brought to the meeting were minor modifications. However, after we meet in June we not well founded. It went very may find that it needs a serious rethinking. Although our well, and I was pleased to see so fundamental mission is not likely to change, I hope that we much consensus. I count myself can articulate it more clearly and forcefully. In addition, we very fortunate to have such a may want to give emphasis to some things over others, or to great Commission to work with. alter some of our processes. Its members are thoughtful, care- As always, we will be seeking the advice and direction of ful, and obviously take their posi- MaxJ Evans our customers and stakeholders. Applicants, grantees, mem- tions seriously. The level of discussion was stimulating, bers of state historical records advisory boards, peer re- reflecting well on the Commission. I also have a great staff viewers, historians, and other scholars-we invite you all to of well-organized and hardworking people to thank for the tell us what you think. What, if anything do we need to success of the meeting, for their preparation and followup change? Please give us the benefit of your experiences and on the decisions. observations.We look forward to hearing from you.

CONGRESSMAN TOM COLE JOINS COMMISSION

SpeakerJ. Dennis Hastert (R-IL) has announced that the Committee on Education and the Workforce, and the U.S. House of Representatives has named Congressman Committee on Resources. Tom Cole (R-OK) as its new representative on the Na- "I am honored to be a part of a body whose signifi- tional Historical Publications and Records Commission. cance can and will mean so much to future generations. He succeeds Congressman Roy D. Blunt (R-MO) in that We have a wonderful heritage to remember and record capacity. for others to enjoy. Dr. Cole is a former professor of history and politics, Preserving the past is with a B.A. from Grinnell College (1971), an M.A. from an important respon- Yale University (1974), and a Ph.D. in history from the sibility," Congressman University of Oklahoma (1984). He has been both a Wat- Cole said. son Fellow and a Fulbright Fellow, and is currently on the board of the Fulbright Association. Congressman Cole was elected to the U.S. Congress in 2002 from the 4th District in Oklahoma. He was a member of the Oklahoma Senate from 1989 to 1991, and later served as Oklahoma secretary of state from 1995 to 1999. He served as a member of the Bush-CheneyTransi- tion Advisory Committee. His Congressional committee assignments are the Committee on Armed Services, the

Anrortilon Vol 31 2 June 2003 3 Elizabeth-ady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony AS 1IST11ORICAL LDITORS

S * I 0

IN THE WINTER OF 1880-81, Elizabeth to their cause drags other stories out take action on the constitutional amend- Cady Stanton, aged 65, and Susan B. An- across volumes: the Senate and House ment for woman suffrage, and the rules thony, aged 60, settled into their work as committees on the judiciary refusing to committees in both houses of Congress historical editors. They had missed their ------ M I first deadline: to complete by the end of 1876 a one-volume collection of reminiscences by pioneers of the woman's rights movement that would document its history to the end of the CentennialYear. 'el On this second try, they still believed their edition, now entitled the History of Womtan Suffrage, would consist of one volume that contained the reminiscences but also a record of lobbying Congress for woman suffrage and accounts of agitation in the states. In time, their repeated mis- calculations ballooned the project into two volumes and then three, a total of 2,800 pages in all.That third volume came out a full decade after their initial deadline. This story is one of several that bridge the midpoint of the project to publish six volumes of the Selected Papers of Eliza- beth Cady Stanton and Susani B. An- thony, at the close of our third volume and the start of our fourth. The Presiden- tial election of 1880 is another: Volume Three closes with Susan B. Anthony telling the Republican candidate, James A. Garfield, that women cannot "with true self-respect, enter into this Presidential canvass." Early in Volume Four, Elizabeth Cady M Stanton is turned back at the polls when Though suggestive of thjeir work on the History of Woman SuIffrage, this photograph of Stanton (seated) andAnthon1, (standing) b'J H. Kent of Rochester NI} was taken in 1891, 5 )yearsafter they1 she tries to vote for Garfield. Resistance completed their three-o/lmane work Photograph coartesy) (f the Library,of Congress.

4 An4notamun VGI 31 2 June 2003 balking at the creation of special commit- she described with gusto how the editors copy, she '"saw a few things [she] wanted tees on the rights of women. were "'worrying over manuscripts, con- to classify," she told him. "So now- Political work defines the majority of tending over dates, facts, philosophy, after-you have shown me the secret of documents in each volume of the Se- what is, & what is not pertinent." A few Index making I quite feel that I could lected Papers, as their titles suggest: In days after Anthony yearned for physical make one." There is no question she got the School of Anti-Slavterj, 1840 to 1866 labor, Stanton opined,"It is hard work but the point, as evident in this explanation (1997); Against an Aristocrac, of Sex, I find it deeply interesting, this review of of a change she made. 1866 to 18'3 (2000); and National Pro- thirty years labors." Under the heads of Woman-&- tection for National Citizens, 1873 to Most of the surviving correspondence Woman Suffrage-I have cut out im- 1880 (2003). But there is something en- about their work on the three volumes mensely-everything in the books dearing about the struggle of these two between 1880 and 1886 documents not being about woman-it is but a repeti- activists with the chores of editorial so much the intellectual process of re- tion and would require putting every work. search as the need to placate contribu- incident in the books under woman!! There is the cautionary tale about stick- tors who resented Stanton's revisions and - I went carefully over the long list- ing to one's initial plan of work, but there excisions of their work. Stanton's replies & left only such things as were not- is also joy in seeing their prodigious en- were direct:"Perhaps you better go over it are not given under their proper ergy engaged in something they can fin- carefully) & drop out every superfluous letters-A few were not thus given-so ish, unlike their political mission. The word & paragraph,":' she told one writer. I had to leave the heading Woman- story elicits our chivalry: who better than "Many sentences in almost every ones By January 1887, at the close of our us to document their editing with sympa- writing can be improved by striking out." fourth volume, the editing careers of thy and humor? Occasionally editing raised issues of se- Stanton and Anthony will be over. It is Resumption of their work in 1880 lection and historical truth. "History back to politics for them and for us: the brought out quite different sides of these ought to be true," Anthony told another Democrats will return to the White longstanding friends. Having "both "and the men and women contributor, House, the Senate and House will have thrown up our Lecturing for the winter." enjoyed the glory of op- who at the time special committees on woman's rights, as Anthony told a friend in October, the) to be known to posterit)y posing us ought and the Senate will defeat the constitu- holed up together in the Stanton house at children's sorrow... even if it is to their tional amendment for woman suffrage. Tenafly, New Jersey. "It is delightful here [T]he belief that all their ill record is to be though," Anthony went on, "as we work hidden out of sight helps them to go on on-with such perfect quiet:' By Decem- ANN D. G(ORDON, RESEARCH PROFESSOR IN THE DEPART- reckless of truth and justice." MENT OF HIS',ORY, RuT(ERS UNIVERSIT. EDITS ITHESE- ber, the spell had broken and she com- Once the books began to appear, sales IECTID P4PERS o)F ELIZ4BETH CAD} STINTON ANVD S s4A,vB.A vNTIION.P BIL.ISI lED BYTHE RIT(GERS UNIVER out of plained, "I feel a prisoner-a fish were too slow, and some reviewers were SITY PRESS. WITH PATRICIA G. HOLLANDI),SHE COEDITED CAD} STANVTONAVND Sr 4ANB. water-anything but in my normal ele- mean. In the face of the first of these re- THE P4PI:'R, OF ElIZ4BETH ANvTH(oN\;I}IICROFIL1i EDITION. Pt rBLISHEDIN 1990. ment' Just a week later, she approached alities, Anthony resolved to do her part panic: 'getting the facts together ... and then the world must take its time learning its I am just sick to death of the whole of whole thing." She laughed at it-I had rather wash or whitewash or need of the judgment that their first any possible hard work than sit here & one reviewer's history stvle:' go through digging into the dusty volume was not "done in When Anthony at last discovered, in records of the past-that is rather 1886, that she enjoyed indexing, the mod- make history than write it- ern editor cannot help but cheer her on. Stanton, meanwhile, seemed to grow She hired the well-known indexer of the into the work. On December 9, just a day Neti obrk Tribune to index all three vol- after Anthony's fish-out-of-water remark, umes of the History, but when she got his

A,,or rmo- V, 31 2 Ju.le 2005 5 e1tDrmner

ne of the great mysteries about poor gathered in huge urban slums Jane Addams is what pro- characterized by dilapidated housing pelled this reasonably well-to- with minimal living space and sanita- do young woman from her semi-frontier tion, conflict between ethnic groups, village in northern Illinois into renown corrupt politicians, and lack of basic as a national reform figure. That is one of city services. Wages were exceedingly the issues we begin to address in The Se ow and working conditions deplorable. lected Papers of Jane Addanis. Vol. here was limited health care, an unsafe Preparing to Lead, 1860-1881, published ironment, and few opportunities for the University of Illinois Press early in 200 ation or appropriate recreation. Jane Addams (1860-1935), social re e Addams and the like-minded men champion for democracy, and peace advoc nr who joined her investigated these uli t- AulCerlca s iiiost iniluentlal women. TIrough her re- urban problems and sought solutions. They created reform activities, her thousands of speeches, her 11 books, and form organizations, lobbied for legislation to correct the ills, and hundreds of articles in a wide variety of scholarly as well as pop- led movements to effect beneficial change. In the process, they ular periodicals, Jane Addams helped establish a public climate worked to restrict child labor and sweatshops, improve working that demanded social reforms at a time when they were sorely conditions and wages, and support laborers in their bitter strug- needed. In the process, her name became synonymous with the gles against powerful industrialists. idea of social reform and the ideal of social justice, and she The reformers demanded improved educational opportuni- gained public renown as the "essential American."The recipi- ties for all, and led efforts for juvenile and immigrant protection. ent of many awards during her life, in 1931 Addams became the They promoted better health care and sanitation, and created first American woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for her safe recreational opportunities, including access to the fine arts dedication to social justice and world peace. and the preservation of ethnic arts and crafts.They worked for Jane Addams's rise to prominence began in 1889, when with woman suffrage and expanded rights for women, and fought Rockiford Female Seminary classmate Ellen Gates Starr she against corrupt politicians. They demanded an improved urban founded Hull-House in Chicago, one of the first and most influ- environment and tenement reform. ential social settlements in the United States. As its head resi- During and after World War I, many followed Addams and dent, Addams achieved national recognition as she assumed became peace advocates, promoting the development of inter- leadership of the American social settlement movement when national organizations to foster world peace and social justice. it stood at the forefront of a variety of social and economic re- In addition to helping establish private, nonsectarian philan- form efforts now often identified with the Progressive Era in thropy in the United States and making it possible for single, United States history. middle-class women to lead active, productive lives outside of Developed during the 1890s and early 1900s, these reform ef- the traditional family structure, Addams and her associates were forts were meant to assuage social ills associated with the rapid also leaders in creating a new profession known as social work. industrialization taking place in the United States and fired in part by the flood of European immigrants providing cheap labor. ABOVE: The oldest knouwn In the industrial cities of the East and Midwest, the working extant photograph of lauraJane 'Jennie' Addamns, aged 4. Photograph courtesiyof the JaneAddamins Papers Project.

6 Annoraion Vol 31 2 June 2003 has focused on the personal Addams and on the influences and experiences that set her on her path for public life. In prepar- Jane Addams was born Laura Jane Addams, September 6, 1860, ing this work and the other volumes to follow, our goal is to in Cedarville, a tinv northern Illinois village of fewer than 800 evaluate and select the most significant documents from among people, where she was educated until she went to nearby Rock- the Addams correspondence, diaries, writings, and personal doc- ford Female Seminary, from which she graduated valedictorian uments to reveal salient aspects of her person, life, and times. in 1881. Her parents had come to the northern Illinois area as Our approach to the more than 150,000 documents from pioneers during the 1840s. Her mother Sarah Weber Addams which we are making our selection is biographical, yet we are died in childbirthl when Jane was barely 2, leaving five children, not biographers. By providing accurate transcriptions of docu- of which Jane was the youngest. ments produced near the time that particular events took place, Her father, John Huy Addams, remarried when Jane paired with editorial comments to offer context, we Addams speak for herself and reveal unfiltered through the sieve of mem- kewed by what should or could have

ir first volume will appeal to several erent audiences. We feature docu- ents from her early life that indicate tions, events, ideas, and relationships evealing of her growth experiences, ersonal friendships, and interests. cholars, high school to post graduate, id the general reading public will also iscover that our presentation develops ethematic categories: family, commu- women's roles in private life and so- religion and ethical development, and on. Readers will be able to consider the primary role that Christianity assumed in the life of frontier vil- lages and families, including that of Jane Addams, and to investigate the influence of American Protestant- V ?% ism during the last half of the 19th century. Much of the activity associated with village life centered on churches, their activities, and the moral values associated with their religious teachings. It will also be possible to investigate life in a small, developing, frontier village, and to learn of the families with which the Addams family and Jane interacted, the village organizations, institutions, (continued on page 13)

LEFTr:Jane Addams zeitb somie of her friends from Rockford Female Seminarys Class of 1881. Addams is holding the parasol Photograph courtes) of the Rockford College Archives, Rockford Col- lege, Rockford, Illinois.

INSET:Jale Addamls, aged 20, in an 1880 studio portrait taken when she was a student at Rockford Female Semoinary Photographcourtesy of theJaneAddams PapersProject

V 1 2 June 2 7 mlqk r r And yet, Emma Goldman (1869-1940) stands as one of the great spokeswomen for free expression, social justice, labor rights, radical education, and women's freedom-an extremely appropriate subject for a documentary edition in- 'An Eloquent -A. - t -- _ th nt;A C__-__;1 ..- A{ -.. 1 -,M lO preseFVC tiltn aUIUoIlls n11 iuiU val- history. An anarchist for whom Woman" edom was the core issue of all social nd political life, Goldman's advocacy of cultural and political radicalism in the late 19th and early 8 [0 -r I: 20th centuries addressed issues that continue to have resonance The Emma Goldman Papers Project, like the Jane Ad- today. dams Papers, the Margaret Sanger Papers, and the Eliza- Goldman attributed some of her beth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Papers, success as a lecturer to being a emerged when there were very few primary-source doc- woman, claiming that the novelty of umentary anchors to ground the wave of interest in wo eing a female speaker always guar- men's history that flooded universities in the 1970s. T eed an inquisitive audience. After protests of historians like Jesse Lemisch of the Organizatih irst decade on the road, she sur- American Historians, who objected to the National Histo -at the real chllenne w-a tn h`lc! Publications and Records Commission's trail of Founding Fa- them ... not to talk to them as a woman, but as a com- thers projects and the general focus on the history of "great rade" whose desire was not to "topple men F;nmao Goldman, white men," signaled a sea change in research interests and ini- 1885. Pbot(ogrph off their pedestal in order to take it," but 1 tiated a new generation of documentary editing projects in courtesy of the rather "to share it: As to women's free- women's history. Emtma Goldiian dom, her popular lecture "Marriage" re- Subsequent documentary editing projects that focused on Papers. sounded:"I demand the independence of famous women were sometimes chidingly referred to as the woman; her right to support herself; to live for herself; to love Destroying Mothers Projects by their detractors. Roger Bruns, whomever she pleases, or as many as she pleases. I demand NHPRC's Deputy Executive Director, once joked that the freedom for both sexes, freedom of action, freedom in love Emma Goldman papers might have been mistakenly added to and freedom in motherhood., 2 the list of prospective NHPRC projects because of a typo in Goldman spoke out against military conscription after U.S. the application-claiming that all along they thought that she entry into the First World War, was arrested, and spent time in was an '"archivist," not an "anarchist!" prison. In a wave of repression against leftist radicals immediately following the war, she was deported to Russia in 1919. Goldman was among the few radicals who dared to critique the Soviet experiment-especially for its lack of free expression. Later, in Europe, she alerted the world to the atrocities and transgressions she witnessed during her 2 years in Russia, lamenting the fate of the revolution she so hoped would suc- ceed. In exile, G(oldman wrote a classic autobiography, Living Mlj, Life (published in 1931), and served as the English-language representative of the anarchist labor federation during the Spanish CivilWar (1936-38). Goldman was only allowed to return to the United States for a 90-day lecture tour in 1934-in part due to Eleanor Roo- sevelt's efforts on her behalf She died in Canada and, in death, was allowed to cross the border to be buried next to the Hay- market anarchists to whom she attributed the birth of her political ideals. Now, 63 years later, the NHPRC-sponsored Emma Goldman Papers Project has brought the written artifacts of Goldman's life and work back to America as an indelible part of the country's documentary history. The Goldman Project began in 1980, with its first mission to collect, organize, and publish a comprehensive microfilm edition of and guide to the Goldman Papers. It was an enormous and uncharted task-gathering copies of documents from over 1,000 archives and private collections across the globe. It took over a decade to amass, organize, label with headers in AACR2 format, and prepare indexes for each series in the Sketch of Emma Goldman from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch Sunlda, 20,000-document microfilm edition. That work consists of ilMagazine, October 24, 1897 Goldman correspondence, unpublished lecture notes and

1%6. 'I" ommio-

8 Annotarotion Vol 31 2 June 2003 rA writings, Government surveillance reports (retrieved by tilhe of the American Yiars, Volume One, Made Fobr Amlerica, late Sarah Jackson, an NHPRC archivist, for whose work tlhe 1890-1901 (Editor (Candace Falk,Associate Editor Barry Pate- Goldman Papers tenders special thanks) and legal trial tran- man, Assistant Editor Jessica Moran. Illustrations Editor Susan scripts, and newspaper clippings reporting her many tours of Wengraf, Consulting Editor Robert Cohen, with a foreword by the United States, Europe, Russia, and Canada. the Chair of the Project's Faculty Advisorv Committee, Leon A complex web of researchers ferreted out reproductions litwack-published by the L niversity of California Press,April of Goldman material from archives near and far, including So- 2003).The four-volume series is an example of documentary viet archives in Russia, the French and German police history at its best-clear, concise, far-reaching, breaking new archives, and the International Institute for Social Historv in ground, inviting, and accessible. Amsterdam. Researchers for the project even gathered re- Using the format of documents and annotations as its base, markable reminiscences of Goldman from old associates in the book is augmented by an integrative analytical introduc- China, who had met her in Europe and Russia, and bforwhom tion, various directories, and an in-depth chronology that will 3 she remained "a spiritual mother.? The guide to the project's be useful for individuals, organizations, periodicals, and legal microfilm edition, Emma Goldmani: A Gtide to her Life and support committees. The information contained therein has Documentarl' Sources, won the 1995 Kanner Award of the been unearthed from a multitude of untapped sources to Western Association of Women's Historians as the Best Biblio- recreate a mosaic that reflects the social and historical fotbrces graphical Work in Women and/or Gender History. and movements that shaped and were influenced by the remarkable woman at the center of the edition. The annotations and scholarly apparatus introduce a vast and relatively un- known world: shed light on a comparatively undocumented aspect of America's under-documented past: and challenge the authority of existing historical interpretations of iconic repre- sentations of Emma Goldman. The volume also serves as a new history of radicalism in late-19th and early 20th century America. highlighting the activities and ideas of the anarchists, socialists, early feminists, and liberal reformers, including free-thought, single-tax, and free-speech activists. Themes addressed in this volume-free speech, labor, radical education, social justice-continue to stream through Goldman's political life and track the evolu- tion of her integrative political thinking and challenging social criticism.The documents from Goldman's America years, trac- ing her emergence from the German-Russian-Yiddish immi- lfl_g shots of Emma GoldMman made September 10, 1901, in Chi- cago. lilimois. aJter Goldmans arrest in coiiiection ivith the assas- grant anarchist community of Manhattan's Lower East Side sination of PresidenitWilliam I cKinley: NVochaiges u'ere filed, ald into national and international prominence, are an unusual Goldmianleas releaisedoii Septemibe-r2 i. Plhotgirph courtes:'of t/e mix of English, German, Yiddish, Russian, French, and Italian Librale' of Congress. texts. They include, among other things, travel reports from The Project, dedicated to public history, featured on its Goldman's lecture tours, replete with accounts of her lively in- award-winning web site, http//sunsite.berkelertedt, the mi- terchanges with a variety of audiences from almost every so- crofilm index, along with The Life, and Tihes of Emma Gold- cial class and nationality. They also record her frequent man (one of two of the Emma Goldman high school confrontations with the police and with local authorities in- curricula), reproductions of the Project's traveling exhibition tent on suppressing the bite and inspiration of her words. that continues to tour college campuses, selections of Gold- These are not easy books: they thrust the reader into the man documents from the microfilm and from our forthcoming profound and sometimes uncomfortable political debates and book edition, and even a film clip of Emma herself! The Gold- socio-economic conflicts of an extremely violent and volatile man Papers worked with the National Committee for History period of American history, a time of repression and fear The in the Schools curriculum to produce Witl .Speech as 11' first-person primary documents reveal the light, but also the lWeapon. Enmma Goldman antid the FirstAiAmendmenit. shadows, of those who desperately wanted to take part in the The Project also has collaborated with the Jewish Women's shaping of a more just and equitable world. Archive on an instructional poster and an online exhibition Mladefor America, 1890-1901, sets a pattern for the sub- and teaching unit, and continues to work with several docu- sequent volumes. Drawing on two decades of historical re- mentarv and feature film editors in pursuit of bringing many search for the microfilm edition, the publication of this of Goldman's forward-thinking ideas back into public aware- printed volume reflects a deepening and expansion of the ness. The Emma Goldman Papers' line of '"Emmarabelia"'-its Emma Goldman Papers Project's scholarly work. It has been mugs, magnets, bookmarks, t-shirts, letter openers, and even difficult and challenging to sustain the research on such a con- blinz recipe cards (!)-continues to be a source of daily pleas- troversial and politically complex historical figure. whose life ure and historical inspiration to the Project's supporters and and accomplishments have largely been hidden from historv. friends. With an unusually talented collaborative group of docu- This year, we are especially pleased to announce the pro- mentary editors over the ecars, and with consistent funding gress we've made on our central mandate. the publication of from the NHPRC, augmented by our "Emma's List" contribu- the first volume of Emmna Goldman: .4 Documentary History tors, as well as intermittent grants from (contiieted onvp_age 13) .J

Annororon Vol. 31 2 June 2003 9 NHPRC GRANTs grant of $47,834 for The Correspondence Papers of Elizabeth Cad) Stanton and (continuedfrom page 1) of James K Polk. Susan B.A nthon, Vol. III. University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA: A University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, Ulysses S. Grant Association, Carbondale, IL: conditional grant of up to $95,000 for its VA:A subvention grant of $10,000 for The A conditional grant of up to $77,500 for Presidential Recordings Project. Papers of George Washington, Revolu- The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant. University of North Carolina at Greensboro, tionaty lar Series,Vol. 13. Rhode Island Historical Society, Providence, Greensboro, NC: A conditional grant of RI: A grant of $84,000 for The Papers of up to $25,500 for Race, Slavety and Free Other Publications Projects General Nathanael Greene. Blacks:. Petitions to Southern Legisla- Association for Documentary Editing, University of Arizona, Arizona State Mu- tures and County Courts, 1776-1867. Tempe, AZ:A grant of $19,480 to host a seum, Tucson, AZ: A conditional grant of The George Washington University, Wash- conference on issues relating to the pro- up to $50,400 for Documentary Rela- ington, DC: A conditional grant of up to duction of scholarly editions in an elec- tions of the Southwest. $150,000 for its Eleanor Roosevelt and tronic environment. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN: A Human Rights project. conditional grant of up to $75,700 for New York University, New York, NY: A con- State BoardAdministrative The Papers ofAndreu, Jackson. ditional grant of up to $66,900 for The Se- Support Projects Research Foundation of the State University lected Papers of Alargaret Sanger. Michigan Historical Center, Lansing, MI: A of NewYork at Binghamton, Binghamton, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 2-year grant of $20,000 to support the NY: Endorsement of The Selected Letters New Brunswick, NJ: A grant of $55,000 work of the Michigan State Historical of Florence Kelley. for The Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stan- Records Advisory Board. Stanford UtJniversity, Stanford, CA: A condi- ton and Susan B. Anthony. Tennessee State Historical Records Advisory tional grant of up to $64,200 for Th7e Pa- John Timothy Fierst, Lansing, MI. Endorse- Board, Nashville, TN: A 1-year grant of pers of Mlartin Luther King, Jr ment of the John Tanner Project. $7,500 for board administrative support. Utniversity of South Carolina, Columbia, SC: Morehouse College, Atlanta, GA: A condi- A conditional grant of up to $84,600 for tional grant of up to $63,000 for The Records Access Projects The Papers of Henry Laurens. Houard Thurman Papers. The Regents of the University of California, New York University, New York, NY: Endorse- East Stroudsburg University, East Strouds- Berkeley, CA: A 2-year grant of $120,160 ment of The Papers ofJacob Leisler. burg, PA: A conditional grant of up to for its Women Political Activists Collec- Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Spring- $65,000 for The Papers of the Watr De- tion Project to process, arrange, and de- field, IL: A conditional grant of up to scribe eight manuscript partment, 1784-1800. collections that $72,800 for The Lincoln Legal Papers:A document aspects of the history and in- Documentar' History of the Lau, Prac- fluence of women's social movements on tice ofAbraham Lincoln, 1836-1861. Documentary Editing Subventions American culture. George C. Marshall Foundation, Lexington. Louisiana State University Press, Baton San Diego Historical Society, San Diego, CA: VA:A grant of $50,000 for The Papers of Rouge, LA:A subvention grant of $10,000 A 2-year grant of $170,274 for its News- George Catlett Atarshall. for The Papers ofJefferson Davis,Vol. 11. paper Photograph Cataloging Project to Institute of Early American History and Cul- The Johns Hopkins University Press, Balti- describe and preserve some 150,000 im- ture,Williamsburg,VA:A conditional grant more, MD:A subvention grant of $10,000 ages from its collection of San Diego of up to $23,000 for The Papers of John for The Papers of Thomas A. Edison, newspaper photographs made between Marshall. Vol. 5. 1910 and 1957. Dr. Linda A. Fisher, Annandale, VA: Endorse- The Johns Hopkins Utniversity Press, Balti- Carnegie Institution of Washington, Wash- ment of The Diary ofJosepbj Mersman. more, MD: A subvention grant of $4,971 ington, DC:A 2-year grant of $240,741 for South Carolina Historical Society, Columbia, for Documentaty History of the First its Carnegie Legacy Project to arrange, SC: Endorsement of The Civil War Corre- Federal Congress,Vol. 15. describe, and provide reference to the spondence of Harriott Middleton and The Johns Hopkins University Press, Balti- historical records of the Institution's Susan Mlatilda Middleton. more, MD: A subvention grant of $6,047 headquarters, its Department of Terres- State University of New York, College at Old for Documentary History, of the First trial Magnetism, and its Geophysical Lab- Westbury, Nassau, NY: A grant of $50,000 Federal Congress,Vol. 16. oratory. for a documentary edition of the papers The Johns Hopkins University Press, Balti- Washingtoniana Division, District of Colum- of Clarence Mitchell,Jr. more, MD:A subvention grant of $1,294 bia Public Library, Washington, DC: A The American Utniversity, Washington, DC: for Documentary Histozy of the First 1-year grant of $39,140 to fund the sec- A grant of $36,331 for The Papersof Fred- Fedetal Congress,Vol. 17. ond year of a 2-year project to preserve erick Lau, Olnsted. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, and improve access to the Washington University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN: A NJ:A subvention grant of $10,000 for The Star photograph collection.

10 ArnlFa or VoI 31 2 June 20C0 Florida State Universitv. Tallahassee, FL: A for Native American and Tribal Archivists, archives and records management pro- 3-year grant of $135,662 for its Civil to be held in Redlands, CA, from July) 21 gram for the tribe. Rights Heritage Collections Project to to August 2, 2003, to provide basic in- City of Somerville, Somerville, MA: A 1-year arrange and describe portions of its civil struction in archival theory and practice grant of $15,400 to help develop a strate- rights collections. to whose who care for tribal records. gic plan for managing the city's records U niversitx of Kentuckv Research Founda- Southern California Library for Social Stud- and ensuring that records with enduring tion, Lexington, KY: A 26-month grant of ies and Research, Los Angeles, CA: A value are properly preserved. $160,438 to arrange and describe the 1-year grant of $54,329 to process 14 col- Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadel- Lexington Herald-leader Photographic lections created by organizations, individ- phia, PA: An 18-month grant of $99,503 to Collection. uals, and political movements in Los process and develop a records manage- City of Boston, Boston, MA:A I -year grant of Angeles in the 20th century. ment plan for the combined institutional $'9,701 for its Public Schools Desegrega- American College of Surgeons, Chicago, IL:A records of the Society and the Balch In- tion-Era Records Project to arrange, de- 1-year grant of $10,237 to process, stitute for Ethnic Studies, with which it scribe, and putiblish a Web-based finding arrange, describe, and rehouse the Col- recently merged. aid to some 400 cubic feet of records relat- lege's archival records. Seneca Nation of Indians, Irving, NY: A l-year ing to the desegregation era in city schools. Nebraska Foundation for the Preservation grant of $46,566 to begin development of American Institute of Physics, College Park, of Oral History, Lincoln, NE: A 1-year grant an archives and records management pro- MD: A 3-year grant of $78,200 for its proj- of $36,168 for its Native American Veter- gram for the nation's records. NY: ect to preserve the records of physicists ans Oral History Project to develop train- Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe, Akwesasne, $45,000 to begin in industry. ing materials that teach appropriate A I-year grant of up to development of an archives and records The Regents of the University of Michigan, techniques for creating oral history, collections and for ensuring that the collec- management program for the tribe's Ann Arbor, MI: A 14-month grant of tions will be preserved and made records. $42,636 to conduct research on the ef- accessible. fectiveness of archival descriptive tools, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, VA: A Congressionally Directed Grants especially MARC records and EAD finding 1-year grant of $38,909 to support the The Center for Jewish History, New York, aids, in providing access to primary restoration of selected sound recordings NY: A conditional supplemental grant of source materials. generated by WRVA Radio and the cre- $50,931,the remainder of a directed grant, Center fotbr Documentary Studies, Duke Uni- ation of compact disks of this material for for its integrated collection management versity; Durham, NC: A 1-year grant of reference purposes. and access system project. $114,652 to preserve, index, and provide City of Petersburg, Petersburg, VA: A 1-year scholarly access to audio recordings grant of $8,094 to duplicate 251 nitrate made by photographer W Eugene Smith negatives made by commercial photogra- in an after-hours jazz loft in New York pher William E. Lum, Jr., that document City between 1957 and 1964. the history of Petersburg and the sur- American Foundation for the Blind, New rounding community from 1925 to 1952. York, NY: A 16-month grant of $90,117 Colville Confederated Tribes, Nespelem,WA: fbr its project to arrange, describe, and re- A conditional 26-month grant of up to house the Helen Keller Archives. $60,000 to support the microfilming of Fisk U niversity, Nashville, TN: A conditional tribal records and the production of find- 18-month grant of $6,843 to arrange, de- ing aids. scribe, preserve, and make available five Samish Indian Nation, Anacortes, WA: A manuscript collections documenting the 1-year grant of $33,992 to develop an uniiversity's history and the MAfrican Amer- archival program for the nation's records. ican experience. Wisconsin Veterans Museum, Madison, WI: Records Access Projects Contingent A 2-year grant of $110,278 to arrange, re- Upon the Availability of Funds house, and describe some 500 linear feet The following projects were approved for of records documenting the experiences funding in the order presented, provided of Wisconsin veterans from the Civil War that sufficient additional funds become to the present. available in Fiscal Year 2003. Society of California Archivists, Sacramento, CA: A grant of $42,865 to fund its West- Nooksack Indian Tribe, Deming, WA: An ern Archives Institute-Special Institute 18-month grant of $43,526 to develop an

A irrf:l, rD Vr, 31 2 J iri.s 2001 11 Guide to the Walter and Johanna Rischow- The Papers of Andreu' Jackson, Vol. 6 sky Collection, 1940-1942 [1825-1828] (The University of Tennessee -I Papers of Henry Roth (1906-1995), n.d., Press, 2002) 1918-2000 Records Products Guide to the Papers of Joseph Roth (1894- The Papers of Tlhomas Jefferson. Vol. 30 The following finding aids and other re- 1939), 1906-1995 [January 1798-January 1799] (Princeton sources from records projects funded by Guide to the Papers of Hermann Marcus UJniversity Press, 2003) the NHPRC have been received in the Com- Seizer (1909- ), 1909-2000 mission office since the November 2002 Papers of Admiral Lewis Lichtenstein Strauss The Papers of Henr' Laurens,Vol. 16 [Sep- meeting. (1896-1974), 1908-1973 tember 1782-December 1792] (The Uni- Papers of Willy Tonn, 1920-1988, 1920- versity of South Carolina Press, 2003) 1957 (bulk) Center for Jewish History Records of the Workman's Circle, n.d., The Lewis and Clark Journals:Ani Ameri- 15 West 16th Street 1903-1993 can Epic [The abridgment of the definitive NewYork,NY 10011 Nebraska edition] (University of Nebraska Press, 2003) Products of Grant No. 2000-112: Concord Free Public Library Guide to the Papers of Ruth Abrams (1912- 129 Main Street The Papers ofJamnes MIadison:Secretar' of 1986), n.d., 1934-1986 Concord, MA 01742 State Series, Vol. 6 [November 1803-March Records of the American Jewish Commit- 1804] (University of Virginia Press, 2002) tee-Office of Jewish War Records, n.d., Product of Grant No. 2000-107: 1918-1921 Robbins-Mills Collection of Herbert Wendell The Papers of John Marshall, Vol. 11 [April Guide to the Papers of Isadore Breslau Gleason Photographic Negatives, 1899- 1827-December 1830] (The University of (1897-1978), 1911-1975 1937 North Carolina Press, 2002) Papers of Lucy S. Dawidowicz (1915-1990), 1936- 1990 The Southern Debate Ouer Slaver,,Vol. 1: Guide to the Hans Epstein Collection, East Tennessee State University Petitions to Southern Legislatures, 1920-1960 Archives of Appalachia 1778-1864 (UTniversity of Illinois Press, Guide to the Records of the Gtraduate School Box 70295 2001) for Jewish Social Work (New York, NY), Johnson City,TN 37614-0138 n.d., 1925-1950 Documentary Histor, of the Ratification Guide to the Georg Hermann Collection, Products of Grant No. 2000-076: of the Constitation,Vol. 19: Ratification of 1892-1996 Audio-Visual Preservation & Resource Guide the Constitution bj the States:Neu' Ybrk (1) Records of the HICEM Office in Prague, (2002) (University of Illinois Press, 2((001) 1927-1939 Mary Elizabeth Barnicle-Tillman Cadle Col- Guide to the Papers of the Jacobi-Schloss- lection, 1935-ca. 1955,1989 The Selected Papers of Marigaret Sanger, berg Family, n.d.. 1874-1999 Broadside Television Collection, 1970-1978 Vol. 1: The Woman Rebel, 1900-1928 (Uni- Records of the Jewish Immigrant Informa- Bernard Rousseau Collection, 1957-1988 versity of Illinois Press, 2(003) tion Bureau (Galveston, TX). Galveston and Undated Immigration Plan Records, n.d., 1901-1920 TheJournalsof Cdon Diego de Vargas,Vol. 6: Guide to the Hans Kohn Collection, 1866- Publications Volumes A Settling of Accounts [1700-1704] (Uni- 1972 The following publications from NHPRC- versity of New Mexico Press, 2002 Guide to the Papers of Louis Kraft (1891- supported documentary editing projects 1975), 1914-1975 have been received in the Commission of Guide to the Papers of Louis Lipsky, 1898- fice since October 2002. 1976 Guide to the Fritz Mauthner Collection, The Selected Papers ofJaneAddams,Vol. 1: 1765-1968 Preparingto Lead, 1860-81 (University of Papers of Harvey P Newton (1920- ),19th Illinois Press, 2003) century, 1920-2000 Papers of Molly Picon (1898-1992), n.d., Emma Goldman:A Documentar, History 1877-1971 of the Amnericani Years, Vol. 1: Mlade for Records of Richard Cohen Associates, Inc. America, 1890-1901 (University of Calibfor- (1979-2000),n.d., 1961-1999 nia Press, 2003)

12 Annororlon Vc 31 2 Jui- 200C TRAINING GROUND OF A SOCIAL REFORMER likely that she understood and valued the Readers will find evidence about the (continued from page 7) power of moral behavior that she so iden- development of higher education for tified with him. women and its search for parity with that and activities that were available, and the The Addams family believed in educa- for men, daily life at the female seminar-, community s relationship to the sur- tion for all of their children. Readers may social relationships among students and rounding area with its larger communi- investigate the variety and types of edu- teachers, the significance of literary asso- ties, businesses, and farmlands. cational experiences to which Addams ciations, college journalism, scientific The documents we have chosen pro- was exposed at home and in public study and oratory, pioneer women educa- vide rich evidence for the study of school (including issues related to cur- tors, and comparisons between Midwest- women's history. Female friendships, fe- riculum, pedagogy, and teacher training), ern and East Coast female educational male culture in the late 19th century, in Sunday school, church, and a wide as- experiences. woman's education, literature by and sortment of church-related activities, in While at Rockford Female Seminary, about women, female role models, expec- other organizations in the village, and at Addams began to fashion her particular tations and activities of women in a tradi- Rockford Female Seminary where she ideas about the role of women in society. tional family setting, social and charitable received her higher education. She believed that women had a nurtur- roles of women in a rural setting, wo- Her family encouraged self learning. ing, material instinct unique to them and men's health issues, careers for women, With immediate access to the Cedarville that by developing their intellectual pow- debates about the proper role for women library; located in the Addams home, as ers they could use it to benefit humanity. in society, and the development of well as to the Addams family library, she Over the years to come, Jane Addams women's organizations and movements read classics and current literature, in- continued to develop this feminist per- are only some of the issues that may be cluding the works of Dickens and an as- spective. considered through the Addams papers. sortment of female writers. She learned MARY LiNN BRYAN IS T E)ITORHF OF THiJi.4 /\ AI)DAms Familyv relationships and experiences how to interact successfully with adults, P4PI RS. were especially significant for Addams. and, as part of her leisure activity at Readers will recognize the philanthropic home, wrote poems and essays, investi- impulse that seems to have been an ac- gated scientific phenomena, participated cepted part of Addams family life. They in educational play and games of strategy, will be able to explore the sometimes studied music, and attended concerts and stressful, even dysfunctional, Addams plays. "AN ELOQUENT WOMAN" family dynamic through our extensive bi- Highly influential in her life were the (continuedfrom page 9) ographical treatments of each member of years at Rockford Female Seminary, where other Federal and private donors, and with her immediate family, including her fa- almost without knowing it, she became our base at the University of California, ther, mother, siblings and their mates, imbued with the missionary spirit. From Berkeley, the Emma Goldman Papers Pro- stepmother, and stepbrothers. Within the the Protestant teachings to which she ject has kept its momentum and its earnest familv structure, she was exposed to tra- was exposed throughout her childhood, commitment to filling in a significant gap in ditional female culture of the day She also and which continued at the Seminary, she the historical record. The Emma G(oldman Papers Project looks forward to the com- experienced the fear, mystery, and pain learned the moral values that character- pletion of the four-volume American Years associated with death in a family when ized her lifelong behavior toward others. edition and hopes to continue on with her mother, her sister Martha, and her At the Seminary and away from the con- three volumes on Emma's European Years, near-mother nurse Polly Beer died. She fines of family expectations, she had to complete the mammoth task initiated by also learned to respond to the moods and room to expand her intellect and grapple the NHPRC so many years ago. demands of her difficult stepmother. with who she was as a person and who She knew the anguish that the mental she might want to be. This article s title is taken from "An Eloquent Woman Talks to the Foreigners in German of illness of her brother John Weber Addams She discovered her leadership skills Their Condition and How to Remedy It,' an arti- and the alcoholism of her stepbrother and her ability to write and speak. She cle in the Baltimore Critic. October 25, 1890. Henry Winfield Haldeman brought to the also became aware of the authority of the This is the first document in Ema iGoldmaon: familv. She saw the difficult marriages of written and spoken word to effect A Documen'tar) Histor) of the American Wears. Vol. 1: llade fio Aomerica. 1890-1901, p. 95. both of her sisters, first Mary Catherine change and sway others. She was influ- and then Sarah Alice (who wed their al- enced by the female atmosphere of the I "Talk with Emma Goldman," Interview with the Philadelphia North .-Americ an, April 11, coholic stepbrother), and she learned Seminary, by the intellectual and social 1900 Reprinted in llade for America, 1890- about the difficulties of childbearing, mis- activities in which she participated, by 1901, pp. 423-431. 2 "Marriage, essay in Firebrand, JUl) 18,1897. carriages, and managing a home alone. the teachers (some of whom became Reprinted in l1aideforAmerica, 1890-1901, pp. friends and role models), by her class- 29-2-75. Her primary peer was her stepbrother, 3 Especially Ba Jin. the revcred novelist and approximately her own age, who became mates, and certainly by what she studied leader of the t Inion of Chinese W'riters in the Peo- a recluse closely attached to his mother. and read, including the works of Carlyle, ple's Republic of China.

She admired her father, her hero, and it is Ruskin, Homer, Milton, and Shakespeare. CANIDACE FALK IS l)IT()R ()F I HE ENiIA G(o)I.IMAN PAPERS.

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( ill a Cather (1878-1947), note editor, is the subject of many critical wo ticles. In 1990, Cather was included in nica's authors of the Great Books of tl of only four women on that list, and the Interest in her work has remained stroi the years, and recent discoveries offer s new opportunities for studying her life her writings. In 2000, the George Cather Ray Collec tion was donated to the University of Nebraska-Lincoln by one of Willa Ca- ther's great grandnieces. An extended family collection, dating mostly from 1877 through 1922, it is largely com- prised of correspondence, family photographs, battle training notes, military orders, newspaper clippings, and land records. While the collection document the daily lives, work, and interests of t George Perry Cather family, it is also a velous record of homesteading and pior in Nebraska, providing a rich context standing Willa Cather's world. As a vounu uirl of 9. Willa moved witl I ° sity, of Nebraska, ca. Willa Cather as Hiawatha, 1882 Philip L and Helen Cather Southirick her parents and siblings from Back Creek 1893. Philip L. and Collection, courtesy of the Ulniersity of Nebraska- incoln libraries. Valley, Virginia, to Nebraska. Her parents, Helen Cather South- w'ick Collection, cour Charles and Virginia, came west to join tesy of the UnLiversity with bow and arrow. She also was keenly interested in the lives other relatives, including Willa's uncle and of Nebraska-Lincol Libraries. of the many immigrant families settling in Webster County. aunt, George Perry Cather and Frances Friendships she developed during this period were enduring, Smith Cather, who had relocated from Virginia to Webster and many of the people and events of her early years found County, Nebraska, in 1873. their way into her fiction. After an 18-month attempt at farming in Webster County, In 1890, Charles Cather borrowed money for Willa to attend Willa's father moved the family to Red Cloud, Nebraska, where college, possibly from a business associate, though some mem- he opened an insurance and land office. Red Cloud, located on bers of the family believe that the "associate" may have been her the UtJnion Pacific rail line, at one time had a population of Aunt Frances Cather.Aunt Franc, to call her by her family nick- around 1,800 people. According to newspaper accounts of the name, was an educated woman with a degree in botany from period, as well as archival resources, both the Charles Cather Mount Holyoke College. There are many references to Franc and the George Perry Cather families were closely involved in using her botanical knowledge to locate plants for medicinal the civic scenes of their respective communities of Red Cloud uses, and references to Willa herself collecting plants. and Catherton, Nebraska. Willa attended the University of Nebraska from 1890 to 1895. While in Red Cloud,Willa (or Willie, as she was called by her While at the UtJniversity, she wrote for the student newspaper, family from birth) developed an interest in theatrical produc- The Hesperian, serving as managing editor during her junior tions, music, and opera. She often appeared in plays at the Red year, and as editor of the student yearbook, The Sombrero, in Cloud Opera House, and apparently wrote parts. A photograph 1895. of Cather's starring role as "Hiawatha" shows her in costume She also worked as the theater and drama critic for the Ve-

14 Annototmcn V 31 2 Jne 2003 braska State Journzal and the Lincoln exist, but had long been unavailable. Courierin those years. In 1894, for the Those dating from 1918 through Nebraska State Journal,she spent an 1921 offer strong evidence that the evening talking with author Stephlen protagonist of One of Ours (a charac- Crane, who was in Lincoln for a few ter named (ClaudeWheeler) was closely days. After his death she wrote, "At the based on her cousin G. P Cather close of our long conversation that (1883-1918). Claude's mother, Mrs. night ... I suggested to Crane that in Wheeler, is more loosely based onAunt ten years he would probably laugh at Franc. Like Claude Wheeler in the all his temporary discomfort. Again his novel, G. P Cather was a young man body took on that strenuous tension Coipcoi; , 5th Nebrask'a A'at/ioaal Guard Regiment, who was never very successful in his and he clenched his hands, saying 'I near temiccntile border 'it I 916. G. P Cather uas then education, farming, or business ven- sert,ing acis compIa' qfit 'tile. rnatster sergealit. Geo'rge can't wait ten years, I haven't time. (tCaiher Ra)' Collecti/n, cotirtel )' of te I nit'ersi/t of .Ve-tures.What defined his life was his mil- The ten years are not up yet, and he brtaska-Lincoll Libratries itary service in World War I and, has done his work and gathered his re- tragically, his death in France. G. P ward and gone.Was ever so much experience and achievement served at the front as a lieutenant in Company A, 26th Infantry, crowded into so short a space of time? A great man dead at and died in battle near the Marne. In a letter to his mother on twenty-nine!" She continued to contribute articles to the Ne- Mother's Day in 1918 (shortly before his death), G. P tells Franc braska StateJournlaland to the Coutrier for several years after that he is Officer of the Day, and that he now has 43 men in his leaving the state. platoon. Following graduation,Willa returned to Red (Cloud for a few In a letter she wrote after reading his name in a New York months before departing for Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1896, newspaper that reported the names of soldiers who had fallen where she assumed an editorial position. In the ensuing years, at CantignyWilla sent her condolences to Aunt Franc. In a later she wrote under various pseudonyms, worked bfor The Hotme letter, she thanked her aunt for giving her G.P.'s letters to read, Monthly, contributed articles and short stories to various mag- saying that she found them deeply moving and that she in- azines and newspapers, published a book of poetry (April Tti- tended to write a book about him. The entire wartime corre- lights, in 1903), and taught high school. For a short while, she spondence between G.P and Franc is in the collection.Another lived and worked in Washington. DC. By 1906, Cather had be- Willa Cather letter, written to her father Charles during a 1920 come the managing editor of McClure's magazine in New York trip to Europe with companion Edith Lewis, recounted an ex- City, an important position that she held until 1912. It was dur- pedition that located G.P.'s grave in an American cemetery in ing this period that she met Sarah Orne Jewett, another writer Cantigny. She asked her father to tell Aunt Franc that the grave she much admired. was clearly marked and had a cross, knowing that this would In 1912 when her first novel, Alexander's Bridge, was pub- ease her mind. lished, Cather resigned from MAcClures to become a fill-time In 1921, G.P's body was exhumed and brought back to writer. Also in 1912, she made the first of several visits to the Bladen, Nebraska. Willa apparently returned to Nebraska that American Southwest. Cather maintained a friendship with S. S. summer to complete her novel and to attend the funeral. News- McClure, and ghost-wrote his autobiography In her personal paper accounts of the funeral, held at the Bladen Opera House, copy of the autobiography (donated to the UtNL Libraries by andi photographs of the burial in Bladen can also be fotund in Robert and Doris Kurth in 1999), there is an inscription from the collection. The clippings give testimony to G.P's heroism S. S. McClure to Cather that says, "To the real author." and to the large number of people that came to honor his mem- In the years that followed, Cather wrote many fine novels, ory.Aunt Franc died in April 1922 at age 77. short stories, articles, and essays. The "wine red grasses" of the T'he National Historical Publications and Records Commis- Nebraska prairie, the landscape of the American Southwest, and sion has provided funds for preservation microfilming of the the character of the plains people had made an indelible im- George (.ather Ray Collection. While papers and correspon- pression on Cather's psyche.Among her other notable novels dence are being microfilmed, the I NL Libraries are updating are the following related to Nebraska and the Southwest: O Pi- the finding aid to the collection to confotrm to thie new 2002 oneers! (1913), Sonlg of the Lark (1915), MAAntontia (1918),A Encoded Archival Description, and to complete markup using Lost Lad), (1923), The Professor's House (1925), and Death eXtensible Markup Language (XMI.). IJNL staff are also creating Comes for theArchbishop (1927). Cather's last novel, Sapphira a web exhibit relating to the collection, and a presentation and the Slalve Girl, was published in 1940, and is set inVirginia. about the project at the 9th International Willa Cather Sympo- Of the Universitv of Nebraska-Lincoln Libraries' nine Willa sium, held May 28-June 2, 2003, at the Bread Loaf campus of Cather-related collections, the George Cather Ray collection Middlebury College in Ripton,Vermont. Cather, who spent time has particular significance to her Pulitzer Prize-winning novel at Bread Loaf as an instructor, would have been very pleased. One of Oiurs (1923). For example, researchers in Cather Studies at UtNL were excited to learn of original letters from Willa KAIIIIRINI L. WAIIIR IS CIIAIR O)T111E SPEI(IAI (.()1.1. LIONS ANI) PREtStR.ATION Cather in the collection. Several of the letters were known to DhPAIsIxtNI AT '111 t]NIIIRUIIT' o1I NEBIIASKA-LIN(.oI.N s LoVi LIISRAIR.

r.rL 1 Vl 31 2 Ju e 20U3 t, I 111111 I * - 06 NW`

"Why the Woman Rebel?" ment in the pre-World War I radicalism of Margaret Sanger asked in the title to the Greenwich Village. It meticulously chron- opening article of her militant monthly AWAKENING icles the steps that led to her advocacy of journal, The Womnae Rebel, published in sexual liberation for women through 1914. "Because," she answered, "I believe ONE WOMAN'S birth control, a term she coined in the that deep down in woman's nature lies pages of The Woman Rebel, and her law- slumbering the spirit of revolt." This defying tactics that made birth control a statement was as self-revealing as it was SLUMBERING cause celebre in the 1910s and earl) declarative. Sanger's own spirit of revolt 1920s. It documents Sanger's association lay slumbering until she reached the age with other activists, reformers, and lead- of 30, had borne three children, and had SPIRIT OF ers of modernity in both the United overcome tuberculosis. States and Europe, including Emma Gold- How then did Margaret Sanger (1879- REBELLION man, Sinclair Lewis. Eugene Debs, Max 1966) become this woman rebel she en- Eastman, Havelock Ellis, H. G. Wells, and visioned and go on to lead one of the George Bernard Shaw, as well as many most far-reaching social protest move- other notable figures in the arts, litera- ments in history? What was her ambition? The Selected ture, and politics. How did she become radicalized, and The book also offers insight into why did she choose to lead? The answers Papers of Sanger's assimilation of eugenic and pop- to these questions can be found in the ulation control arguments into her birth daily record of her life-in the volumi- control campaign as she shifted the nous collections of papers she left. Margaret movement away from radical ideals to at- However, in her two autobiographies tract greater middle class and profes- Sanger was reluctant to discuss her ambi- sional support. The final chapters of the tions, motivations, and influences, and re- Sanger, volume explore her organization and fused to address any ambivalence about presidency of the American Birth Control her conflicting roles as mother, wife, Volume I: League (the forerunner of the Planned nurse, lover, sexual liberator, activist, and Parenthood Federation) and the develop- reformer. She was a master of propa- ment of the first legal clinic in the United ganda, and constructed an idealized self- The Woman States. portrait based on a kind of literary notion This work has relied heavily on the sup- of how a social reformer's life and work Rebel, port of the NHPRC, which has not only should proceed, from an epiphany inex- helped fund the Margaret Sanger Papers orably toward success. Project for well over a decade, but is re- This self-portrayal survived several bi- 1900-1928 sponsible for having instigated, in the ographical treatments that plumbed mid-1980s, papers projects of important Sanger's psyche without drawing out her women, such as Sanger, Jane Addams, inner mind. A prolific writer, Sanger's Emma Goldman, and Elizabeth Cady Stan- great output of educational material, move- writings-are available for the first time ton and Susan B. Anthony, as well as ment propaganda, ideological work, jour- in print form. Chronologically arranged, prominent people of color. Historical ed- nal writing, and correspondence has this highly selective edition allows iting before then focused almost exclu- often been reduced to stock phrases and Sanger's character to develop through sively on the Founding Fathers and their controversial excerpts. A woman of ac- her own expression, exhibiting the com- white male political brethren through the tion, her voice has too often been ig- plexities and the contradictions inherent ages. Now, after many years of locating, nored. Her own words, in other words, in her life. Volume I will be followed by collecting, identifying, and microfilming are missing. two more volumes that trace her leader- these enormous collections of women's With the publication of The Selected ship of the American birth control move- papers, these book editions of our great Papers of MAargaret Sanger, Volume I: ment and her quest for new contraceptives. women leaders and reformers are making The Womanl Rebel, 1900-1928, edited by A fourth volume will be devoted to this history accessible to a much wider Esther Katz, Cathy Moran Hajo, and Peter Sanger's international work, the least ex- audience than ever before. Engelman (tUniversity of Illinois Press, amined part of her career. The Margaret Sanger Papers Project, 2003), Sanger's words-in letters, journal This first volume concentrates on Sang- begun in 1987 by historian Esther Katz, entries, speeches, articles, and pamphlet er's radical awakening and her involve- and based in the history department of

1I Annj VrionV, 31 2 Jure 2003 New York University, is one of several such as this one written from West Vir- direct line from Sanger's early education projects that have created a comprehen- ginia in 1923: and nursing career through to her emer- sive microfilm edition as its foundation I am a girl fifteen years old married and gence as a protest movement leader than and a selected book edition to increase have two children my fother left my have biographical treatments of Sanger's access to the material. We reprocessed mother with ten children three sets of life. This volume negates the idea that and filmed a large collection of Sanger's twins and I the oldest on had to find Sanger was being "drawn to act by forces papers at the Sophia Smith Collection, some way to make a living I married a of destiny" outside her control-the words poor man and he is a poor provider and Smith College, and collected documents historian Jill Ker Conway used to describe I don't want to bring no more children from an international search to create an here in poverty. So I ask you to please a convention in so many of the autobi- entirely new collection of Sanger mate- send me one of your pamphlets. ographies of women reformers. rial. Together, they make up the 101-reel Sanger had a passion for radical ideas While the selection is squarely focused Margaret Sanger Papers Microfilm Edi- and a notion to lead, direct and take con- on Sanger's birth control work, we have tioh, published in 1995-97 by University trol that is evident in many of her early Publications of America with NHPRC writings included here. The volume ex- BIRTH CONTROL MEETING support. IN HONOROF plores her training as a radical, particu- The microfilm edition ensures preser- larly her early journalistic efforts for vation of this valuable material and allows Margaret Sanger radical publications and her organizing researchers from around the world to work for the Socialist Party and the In- have access to nearly 100,000 Sanger doc- dustrial Workers of the World. Sanger uments that are identified and organized spoke directly to working class women in a highly usable fashion.The microfilm who, she decided, held the key to work- includes hundreds of documents located ing class empowerment and would not during our exhaustive search process that be the beneficiaries of any new political previous scholars and biographers have freedoms. She clearly sought another not seen before. Drawing on our micro- means, apart from suffrage, to liberate film, as well as the microfilmed collection women. The idea of personal freedom of Margaret Sanger's papers at the Library and ownership of one's own body, the of Congress, our annotation in the book right to work and get dirty as a woman, to edition offers the reader links to the be violent and subversive as a woman, to larger collection, making it easier to use explore sexuality as a woman, crops up in Carnegie Hall the two resources in tandem. these early documents even before she Monday, January 29, 1917, at 8 P.M. The Selected Papers of Mlargaret Sanger Admission 25 ants coined the term birth control. R-rdl 't., 5Sand 75 -an Bra &tia S 7hzma,$1it. provides a medium for presenting the es- Sanger never stopped telling others sential documents, taken from the micro- that fate compelled her actions. As she A flyer aduertisiZg a nzanss mneeting held on the film, that chronicle Sanger's organization ete of .largaret Sangers trial finr opening the told her ex-husband in 1919, "'My life and leadership of the birth control move- firtst birth control clinic in the tnilted States. seems to have been in the hands of forces Photographcourtesl' of the llargaret Sainger Pa- ment. We did not, however, want to com- pers Project I could not control." Yet as the documents pile a sequence of documents to be in this first volume show, she made, early consulted principally via an index. Our included a number of love letters, as well on, the personal sacrifices necessary to goal has been to present a historv through as letters she wrote to her children, fam- lead. Her "spirit of revolt" was never far documents that is akin to biography- ily, and friends about personal matters from the surface. She quite deliberately that tells a riveting story To that end, we and world events. Dispersed throughout molded herself into both hero and ideo- included introductory chapter essays, the volume are descriptions of several logue. Utterly impatient with forces she along with many "head" notes, to create a dreams Sanger recorded in a journal that could not control, she became one of the narrative flow and fill in the gaps present offer a completely different perspective more controlling reformers in history, and in such a highly selective edition. on her state of mind.We were determined fully understood the utility of her cha- The selection itself was a monumental to include many' of her most controversial risma. "I'm feeling like a mother to the task. For this first volume, we chose roughly writings, including those on eugenics, in world these days," she wrote to her clos- 250 documents from over 10,000 that fit an effort to put these issues into context est friend,Juliet Rublee, in 191 7 ,"all kinds into the time frame. Nearly all of the doc- and kindle new debate. We have let the of questions, problems to be solved and uments were authored by Sanger. We de- content of her writings, regardless of men & women seem to think by coming cided, however, that it was crucial to their style and form, guide us in covering & looking at me-all will be right." include representative letters from major the news of her life and the complexity' of correspondents and a sampling of "moth- her character ers letters," inquiries sent to Sanger from How did Sanger become the woman PElER C. ENGELMAN Is A\N ASSO( lATE El)IllOR 5T1111 1111 MRARGARET SAN(;ER PAPIERS PROIECTI xl Ni' \ ORlK tINI- women asking for birth control advice, rebel? Volume I establishes a much more X ERSI f).

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In earl), August 1943, Eleanor Roosevelt frlustration, and determination of a remark- fluence from the public and wielded in it left the nation's capitol and flew, unable cross-section of Americans, from Pres- private. They present the intricacies of escorted, in commercial and combat air- idents to sharecroppers, as they struggled her political thought, the development of craft to begin a S-week visit with American to make sense of a war-torn world. her character, the challenges she con- soldiers and sailors scattered over 16 war- In June 2000, the Eleanor Roosevelt Pa- fronted as she exercised her power, and scarred Pacific islands.Working 18- to 20- pers Project began collecting, accession- the conflicting expectations both she and hour days, ER met with as many troops as ing, and indexing material related to ER's countless citizens had for democracy.They she could in as many places as she was al- public life after the White House, begin- also reveal the palpable struggles she, world lowed to go. She walked hundreds of ning with FDR's death on April 12, 1945, leaders, and average Americans faced as miles, including S0 miles of hospital cor- ridors in 2 days, to thank young Ameri- cans for their courage and their sacrifice. Leaning over hospital beds, she carefutlly noted the names of those whom wounded soldiers asked her to contact. Halfway through her visit, she wrote Trude Lash, whose husband Joe was also stationed in a combat zone,"The war fills me with the greatest sense of responsibility which I dread I shall never discharge." By the end of her visit, she had handled the prayer she carried with her so much that she had rubbed the printed text off the page. She then carefutlly wrote it out in long- hand. "Dear Lord, lest I continue in my complacent ways. let me remember that somewhere someone died for me today. And if there be war, help me to remember to ask, am I worth dying for?" Less than 2 years later, the recently wid- owed Eleanor Roosevelt debated how to Eleanor Rooset,elt. t ho pressured Harry,Trunetat to recognize Israel in 1948, addressed the Israeli honor that commitment when she no Knesset i years later losle Kol Liberal Partj' leader and signer of the Istzreli Declarationz of lhide- pemdence, w ho is seated to the right of Mlrs. Roosevelt introduced her botl to the Knesset and to a longer lived in the White House. As she ntationial rcadio autdience. Pbotographcotortes' of tle Frankl/i D. Roosevelt Library: considered all options-a national political office, a cabinet position, a college and ending with her death on November they grappled with the ravages of depres- presidency, to name just a few-she was 7, 1962. We decided to focus on her last sion, war, Cold War politics. and the dream certain of only one thing. She would con- 17 years because, in addition to being the of a world defined by human rights. tinue to write. By the time of her death, period scholars need the most help ex- Although ER had donated her papers to Eleanor Roosevelt had written 27 books, ploring, it is the period most reflective of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library; we knew more than 8,000 columns, and 556 arti- ER's own voice, the time she came out that her post-White House archives was cles; delivered an average of 75 speeches from under FDR's "shadow to . . . start incomplete for four reasons. First, ER had a year; and composed an average of 1S0 again under [her] own momentum" to to be convinced to donate her papers, letters day. Furthermore, she saved letters, see "what [she] could achieve." The more and, before she did so, she and Joe Lash memoranda, clippings, cartoons, articles, than 80,000 documents collected to date (ER's trusted advisor and eventual biogra- and photographs her correspondents allow us to know Eleanor Roosevelt the pher) careftilly examined material related sent her. It is an extraordinary collection, woman, what she thought, whom she lob- to policy and removed those documents reflective of the hopes, fears, joys, anger, bied, and how she then concealed her in- that ER felt would expose her influence

18 Arnorsrtrn V,-, 31 2 Jun, OU3 and thus weaken FDR's image. Second, We knew that we needed this level of de- creation of the Universal l)eclarattion of despite the remarkable efficiency of sec- tail to manage the approximately one mil- Human Rights. retaries Malvina Thompson and Maureen lion pages we expected to accession and As much as ER lovedc to write, she also Corr, financial and time constraints pre- to help us prepare for both letterpress loved to teach. In fact, her first ambition vented them from making carbon copies and electronic editions. We also antici- was to teach American history at Al- of each letter they typed, and ER often pated that when our project became lenswood, the academy she loved so used embassy secretaries when she trav- known we would need a system that much.Working with the National Council eled outside the United States. Third, ER could help us answer questions we re- on History Education and other associa- hand-wrote thousands of letters and ceived from scholars and students. tions, we took the documents into more added thousands of handwritten post- We knew that there was widespread in- than 20 classrooms and trained more scripts to typed letters. Finally, the terest in Eleanor Roosevelt.Yet we had no than 1,000 teachers. This proved benefi- records contained in files related to her idea how much that interest would in- cial for all concerned. Teachers and stu- service at the United Nations are only crease after September 11, 2001. Nor did dents helped critique our curricula, and those documents that the State Depart- we anticipate the volume of requests for the monies we received for the work- ment had cleared for public examination information we would receive, or the in- shops helped fund our editorial work. But in 1962. tellectual diversity of those who were ask- most important of all, it reaffirmed our Our first challenge was to find these ing the questions. This was our second belief that the documents could be used missing documents and to develop a fil- challenge. How could we get the docu- in a wide variety of settings andc that, if we were patient, fruitfutil collaborations could develop. Staff remain convinced that this is what ER meant when she told her read- -//:. /. o o X E 1/ EP ,/_ T ' f /j 4 c f ers that compromise is good as long as they "compromise up." A~ As we enter our fourth y'ear and prepare for our first volume, we, like ER. 'if sometimes tremble at the responsibility we face. When the United Nations calls for documents and interpretation, when t Want You teachers and filmmakers request material for their projects, and when scholars real- to Write to Me - ize they have overlooked a vast repository of documents, and they all want the MRS. FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT information immediately, and we have not processed all the material we have, it is hard not to worry. It's often difficult to

EleanorRoosevelt regularly used her columns to encourage national conversations on specific pol- explain why documentary editions are icy initiatives.Tlis August 31., 1933, issue of "Mrs Roosevelt's Page generated 300,000 letters in not rapid productions, why we have not 4 months.Photograph courtesy of the Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project thoroughly indexed each of the 80,000- ing system that would not only tell us ments out to the variety of audiences that plus documents we have, or why the 24 what documents we had but what issues requested them without taking too much students who work with us cannot an- they discussed. A careful review of ar- time away from our editorial duties? How swer intricate questions in detail. There chives indexes revealed ER material in could we develop a web site that would are days we would rather be quiet and more than 600 archives in all 50 states and address the basic issues teachers wanted read the documents rather than teach a 11 European, Asian, and Middle Eastern help with in their classrooms, and at the class, address a symposium, or give an- nations. We developed a search plan that same time address the myriad questions other talk on ER and some specific issues. allowed on-site visits to half these reposi- we received from scholars, international But then we take our cue from the docu- tories and, with the assistance of visitors, diplomats, and elected officials in ments themselves, and are energized by archivists and colleagues around the ways that would help us prepare our edi- their author, who tells us that 'staying world, collected thousands of pages of tions? And who would fund the Web aloof is not a solution: it is a cowardly eva- material housed in archives that time and work? After funding was secured, we de- sion." So we go to class or the conference financial constraints precluded us from cided to divide the projects into three or the United Nations only to come back visiting. Electronic editor Chris Alhambra complementary sites: Teaching Eleanor to the office and work at night. It's what then designed a database that allowed us Roosevelt, wu,gwu.edu/-erpapers; El- the documents tell us to do. to index each document by document eanor Roosevelt, John Kennedy, and the type, repository, personal and organiza- Election of 1960, adh.sc.edu; and a soon- ALLII)A BIACK IS DIREC(T(OR ANI) ED)ITOR(F I IHEELELANOR tional name, date, subject, and language. to-be designed mini-edition on ER and the RoosEVEIxI PAPERS PR(IECT.

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