The Human Microbiome
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The Influence of Probiotics on the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio In
microorganisms Review The Influence of Probiotics on the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio in the Treatment of Obesity and Inflammatory Bowel disease Spase Stojanov 1,2, Aleš Berlec 1,2 and Borut Štrukelj 1,2,* 1 Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (A.B.) 2 Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia * Correspondence: borut.strukelj@ffa.uni-lj.si Received: 16 September 2020; Accepted: 31 October 2020; Published: 1 November 2020 Abstract: The two most important bacterial phyla in the gastrointestinal tract, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, have gained much attention in recent years. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio is widely accepted to have an important influence in maintaining normal intestinal homeostasis. Increased or decreased F/B ratio is regarded as dysbiosis, whereby the former is usually observed with obesity, and the latter with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Probiotics as live microorganisms can confer health benefits to the host when administered in adequate amounts. There is considerable evidence of their nutritional and immunosuppressive properties including reports that elucidate the association of probiotics with the F/B ratio, obesity, and IBD. Orally administered probiotics can contribute to the restoration of dysbiotic microbiota and to the prevention of obesity or IBD. However, as the effects of different probiotics on the F/B ratio differ, selecting the appropriate species or mixture is crucial. The most commonly tested probiotics for modifying the F/B ratio and treating obesity and IBD are from the genus Lactobacillus. In this paper, we review the effects of probiotics on the F/B ratio that lead to weight loss or immunosuppression. -
The Gut Microbiota and Inflammation
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Review The Gut Microbiota and Inflammation: An Overview 1, 2 1, 1, , Zahraa Al Bander *, Marloes Dekker Nitert , Aya Mousa y and Negar Naderpoor * y 1 Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3168, Australia; [email protected] 2 School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (Z.A.B.); [email protected] (N.N.); Tel.: +61-38-572-2896 (N.N.) These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 10 September 2020; Accepted: 15 October 2020; Published: 19 October 2020 Abstract: The gut microbiota encompasses a diverse community of bacteria that carry out various functions influencing the overall health of the host. These comprise nutrient metabolism, immune system regulation and natural defence against infection. The presence of certain bacteria is associated with inflammatory molecules that may bring about inflammation in various body tissues. Inflammation underlies many chronic multisystem conditions including obesity, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus and inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammation may be triggered by structural components of the bacteria which can result in a cascade of inflammatory pathways involving interleukins and other cytokines. Similarly, by-products of metabolic processes in bacteria, including some short-chain fatty acids, can play a role in inhibiting inflammatory processes. In this review, we aimed to provide an overview of the relationship between the gut microbiota and inflammatory molecules and to highlight relevant knowledge gaps in this field. -
Terabase Metagenomics Workshop and the Vision of an Earth Microbiome Project
Standards in Genomic Sciences (2010) 3:243-248 DOI:10.4056/sigs.1433550 Meeting Report: The Terabase Metagenomics Workshop and the Vision of an Earth Microbiome Project Jack A. Gilbert1,2, Folker Meyer1, Dion Antonopoulos1, Pavan Balaji1, C. Titus Brown3, Christopher T. Brown4, Narayan Desai1, Jonathan A Eisen5,6, Dirk Evers7, Dawn Field8, Wu Feng9,10, Daniel Huson11, Janet Jansson12, Rob Knight13, James Knight14, Eugene Kolker15, Kostas Konstantindis16, Joel Kostka17, Nikos Kyrpides6, Rachel Mackelprang6, Alice McHardy18,19, Christopher Quince20, Jeroen Raes21,Alexander Sczyrba6, Ashley Shade22, and Rick Stevens1. 1Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL USA 2 Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA 3 College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA 4 Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA 5 Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, USA 6 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA USA 7 Illumina, Saffron Walden, UK 8 NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Oxfordshire,U.K. 9 Department of Computer Science and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA 10 Department of Cancer Biology and Translational Science Institute, Wake Forest University Winston-Salem, USA 11 Center for Bioinformatics ZBIT, Tübingen University,Tübingen, Germany, 12 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Earth Sciences Division Berkeley, CA USA 13 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boulder, -
Contribution of the Human Microbiome and Proteus Mirabilis to Onset and Progression of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Potential for Targeted Therapy
Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice Volume 19 Number 3 Article 6 2021 Contribution of the Human Microbiome and Proteus mirabilis to Onset and Progression of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Potential for Targeted Therapy Jessica Kerpez Nova Southeastern University, [email protected] Marc Kesselman Nova Southeastern University, [email protected] Michelle Demory Beckler Nova Southeastern University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/ijahsp Part of the Genetic Phenomena Commons, Genetic Processes Commons, Immune System Diseases Commons, Medical Biochemistry Commons, and the Musculoskeletal Diseases Commons Recommended Citation Kerpez J, Kesselman M, Demory Beckler M. Contribution of the Human Microbiome and Proteus mirabilis to Onset and Progression of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Potential for Targeted Therapy. The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice. 2021 Jan 01;19(3), Article 6. This Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Health Care Sciences at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice by an authorized editor of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Contribution of the Human Microbiome and Proteus mirabilis to Onset and Progression of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Potential for Targeted Therapy Abstract The human microbiome has been shown to play a role in the regulation of human health, behavior, and disease. Data suggests that microorganisms that co-evolved within humans have an enhanced ability to prevent the development of a large spectrum of immune-related disorders but may also lead to the onset of conditions when homeostasis is disrupted. -
Health Impact and Therapeutic Manipulation of the Gut Microbiome
Review Health Impact and Therapeutic Manipulation of the Gut Microbiome Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri 1 , Fred Kwame Ofosu 1 , Ramachandran Chelliah 1, Byong Hoon Lee 2,3,* and Deog-Hwan Oh 1 1 Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea; [email protected] (E.B.-M.D.); [email protected] (F.K.O.); [email protected] (R.C.); [email protected] (D.-H.O.) 2 Department of Microbiology/Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada 3 SportBiomics, Sacramento Inc., Sacramento, CA 95660, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 24 March 2020; Accepted: 19 July 2020; Published: 29 July 2020 Abstract: Recent advances in microbiome studies have revealed much information about how the gut virome, mycobiome, and gut bacteria influence health and disease. Over the years, many studies have reported associations between the gut microflora under different pathological conditions. However, information about the role of gut metabolites and the mechanisms by which the gut microbiota affect health and disease does not provide enough evidence. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing and metabolomics coupled with large, randomized clinical trials are helping scientists to understand whether gut dysbiosis precedes pathology or gut dysbiosis is secondary to pathology. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge on the impact of gut bacteria, virome, and mycobiome interactions with the host and how they could be manipulated to promote health. Keywords: microbiome; biomarkers; personalized nutrition; microbes; metagenomics 1. Introduction The human body consists of mammalian cells and many microbial cells (bacteria, viruses, and fungi) which co-exist symbiotically. -
Association of Fungi and Archaea of the Gut Microbiota with Crohn's
pathogens Article Association of Fungi and Archaea of the Gut Microbiota with Crohn’s Disease in Pediatric Patients—Pilot Study Agnieszka Krawczyk 1, Dominika Salamon 1,* , Kinga Kowalska-Duplaga 2 , Tomasz Bogiel 3,4 and Tomasz Gosiewski 1,* 1 Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krakow, Poland; [email protected] 2 Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; [email protected] 3 Microbiology Department, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; [email protected] 4 Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, University Hospital No. 1 in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland * Correspondence: [email protected] (D.S.); [email protected] (T.G.); Tel.: +48-(12)-633-25-67 (D.S.); +48-(12)-633-25-67 (T.G.) Abstract: The composition of bacteria is often altered in Crohn’s disease (CD), but its connection to the disease is not fully understood. Gut archaea and fungi have recently been suggested to play a role as well. In our study, the presence and number of selected species of fungi and archaea in pediatric patients with CD and healthy controls were evaluated. Stool samples were collected from children with active CD (n = 54), non-active CD (n = 37) and control subjects (n = 33). The prevalence and the number of selected microorganisms were assessed by real-time PCR. The prevalence of Candida Citation: Krawczyk, A.; Salamon, D.; tropicalis was significantly increased in active CD compared to non-active CD and the control group Kowalska-Duplaga, K.; Bogiel, T.; (p = 0.011 and p = 0.036, respectively). -
Human Microbiome: Your Body Is an Ecosystem
Human Microbiome: Your Body Is an Ecosystem This StepRead is based on an article provided by the American Museum of Natural History. What Is an Ecosystem? An ecosystem is a community of living things. The living things in an ecosystem interact with each other and with the non-living things around them. One example of an ecosystem is a forest. Every forest has a mix of living things, like plants and animals, and non-living things, like air, sunlight, rocks, and water. The mix of living and non-living things in each forest is unique. It is different from the mix of living and non-living things in any other ecosystem. You Are an Ecosystem The human body is also an ecosystem. There are trillions tiny organisms living in and on it. These organisms are known as microbes and include bacteria, viruses, and fungi. There are more of them living on just your skin right now than there are people on Earth. And there are a thousand times more than that in your gut! All the microbes in and on the human body form communities. The human body is an ecosystem. It is home to trillions of microbes. These communities are part of the ecosystem of the human Photo Credit: Gaby D’Alessandro/AMNH body. Together, all of these communities are known as the human microbiome. No two human microbiomes are the same. Because of this, you are a unique ecosystem. There is no other ecosystem like your body. Humans & Microbes Microbes have been around for more than 3.5 billion years. -
Distribution and Characteristics of Bacillus Bacteria Associated with Hydrobionts and the Waters of the Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan I
ISSN 0026-2617, Microbiology, 2008, Vol. 77, No. 4, pp. 497–503. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2008. Original Russian Text © I.A. Beleneva, 2008, published in Mikrobiologiya, 2008, Vol. 77, No. 4, pp. 558–565. EXPERIMENTAL ARTICLES Distribution and Characteristics of Bacillus Bacteria Associated with Hydrobionts and the Waters of the Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan I. A. Beleneva1 Zhirmunskii Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Pal’chevskogo, 17, Vladivostok 690041, Russia Received May 28, 2007 Abstract—Bacilli of the species Bacillus subtilis, B. pumilus, B. mycoides, B. marinus and B. licheniformis (a total of 53 strains) were isolated from 15 invertebrate species and the water of the Vostok Bay, Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan. Bacilli were most often isolated from bivalves (22.7%) and sea cucumbers (18.9%); they occurred less frequently in sea urchins and starfish (13.2 and 7.5%, respectively). Most of bacilli strains were isolated from invertebrates inhabiting silted sediments. No Bacillus spp. strains were isolated from invertebrates inhabiting stony and sandy environments. The species diversity of bacilli isolated from marine objects under study was low. Almost all bacterial isolates were resistant to lincomycin. Unlike B. pumilus, B. subtilis isolates were mostly resistant to benzylpenicillin and ampicillin. Antibiotic sensitivity of B. licheniformis strains was variable (two strains were resistant to benzylpenicillin and oxacillin, while one was sensitive). A significant fraction of isolated bacilli contained pigments. Pigmented strains were more often isolated from seawater sam- ples, while colorless ones predominated within hydrobionts. B. subtilis colonies had the broadest range of co- lors. -
Chapter 11: Bacteria Bacterial Groups
Bacterial Groups u Most widely accepted taxonomic classification for bacteria is Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. u 5000 bacterial species identified, 3100 classified. Chapter 11: Bacteria u Bacteria are divided into four divisions (phyla) according to the characteristics of their cell walls. u Each division is divided into sections according to: u Gram stain reaction u Cell shape u Cell arrangements u Oxygen requirements u Motility u Nutritional and metabolic properties u Each section contains several genera. Four Divisions of Bacteria Classification of Bacteria Procaryotes Gram-Negative Division II Wall-Less Archaea Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria (Gracilicutes) (Firmicutes) (Tenericutes) (Mendosicutes) Thin Cell Walls Thick cell Walls Lack cell walls Unusual cell walls Division I. Gram-Negative Bacteria Gram Negative Bacteria Spirochetes 1. Spirochetes u Helical shape. Flexible. u Contain two or more axial filaments (endoflagella). u Move in corkscrew pattern. u Medically important members: F Treponema pallidum: Syphilis F Borrelia spp.: Lyme disease, relapsing fever F Leptospira: Leptospirosis 1 Syphilis is Caused by a Spirochete Lyme Disease is Caused by a Spirochete Primary syphilitic chancre and secondary rash. Source: Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 1997 Lyme Disease early lesion at tick bite site. Source: Medical Microbiology, 1998 2. Aerobic, Motile, Helical/Vibroid Gram- Negative Bacteria Gram Negative Bacteria u Rigid helical shape or curved rods. Aerobic, Motile, Helical/Vibroid u Lack axial filaments (endoflagella); have polar Gram-Negative Bacteria flagella instead. u Most are harmless aquatic organisms. u Genus Azospirillum fixes nitrogen in soil. u Genus Bdellovibrio attacks other bacteria. u Important pathogens include: F Campylobacter jejuni: Most common bacterial food- borne intestinal disease in the United States (2 million cases/year). -
Targeting the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis
Author’s Accepted Manuscript Targeting the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Prebiotics Have Anxiolytic and Antidepressant-like Effects and Reverse the Impact of Chronic Stress in Mice“Prebiotics for Stress-Related Disorders” Aurelijus Burokas, Silvia Arboleya, Rachel D. Moloney, Veronica L. Peterson, Kiera Murphy, Gerard Clarke, Catherine Stanton, Timothy G. www.elsevier.com/locate/journal Dinan, John F. Cryan PII: S0006-3223(17)30042-2 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.12.031 Reference: BPS13098 To appear in: Biological Psychiatry Cite this article as: Aurelijus Burokas, Silvia Arboleya, Rachel D. Moloney, Veronica L. Peterson, Kiera Murphy, Gerard Clarke, Catherine Stanton, Timothy G. Dinan and John F. Cryan, Targeting the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Prebiotics Have Anxiolytic and Antidepressant-like Effects and Reverse the Impact of Chronic Stress in Mice“Prebiotics for Stress-Related Disorders”, Biological Psychiatry, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.12.031 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Targeting the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Prebiotics Have Anxiolytic and Antidepressant-like Effects and Reverse the Impact of Chronic Stress in Mice Aurelijus Burokas1, Silvia Arboleya1,2*, Rachel D. Moloney1*, Veronica L. -
Technical Method
J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jcp.38.9.1073 on 1 September 1985. Downloaded from J Clin Pathol 1985;38:1073-1084 Technical method Use of microwaves for acid and alcohol fast staining S HAFIZ, RC SPENCER, MARGARET LEE, organism depends on several factors but remains an HILARY GOOCH, BI DUERDEN Department important component in the identification of a ofMedical Microbiology, Sheffield University Medi- restricted group of organisms. cal School, Sheffield The technical problems associated with the classic Ziehl-Neelsen method include the dangers of heat- ing by flaming torch in laboratories in which volatile Certain bacteria that are characterised by a high organic solvents are used, the deposits that accumu- content of lipid in their cell walls cannot be stained late on the underside of the slide as a result of heat- by simple stains, and either heat or prolonged con- ing, and the crystalline deposits of stain that collect tact is required to drive the stain into the cells; once on the film as a result of evaporation and drying. stained they resist decolourisation by mineral acids This method also requires 20-30 minutes of or acid and alcohol. These organisms are designated laboratory time. Numerous minor modifications acid fast or acid and alcohol fast. They include have been made to the Ziehl-Neelsen method by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and related mycobac- increasing the concentration of carbolic magenta or teria, Mycobacterium leprae, and certain of the by cold staining techniques,'0-'2 but the basic prob- actinomycetes. Koch first stained the tubercle bacil- lems remain. lus by immersion in an alkaline solution of Some of the problems may be overcome by the copyright. -
Porphyromonas Gingivalis Infection on Gut Dysbiosis and Arthritis Exacerbation in 1 Mouse Model
Preprint: Please note that this article has not completed peer review. Effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis infection on gut dysbiosis and arthritis exacerbation in 1 mouse model CURRENT STATUS: UNDER REVISION Yuta Hamamoto Hiroshima University Kazuhisa Ouhara Hiroshima University [email protected] Author ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6796-884X Syuichi Munenaga HIroshima University Mikio Shoji Nagasaki University Tatsuhiko Ozawa University of Toyama Jyunzo Hisatsune National Institute of Infectious Diseases Isamu Kado Hiroshima University Mikihito Kajiya Hiroshima University Shinji Matsuda Hiroshima University Toshihisa Kawai Nova Southeastern University Noriyoshi Mizuno Hiroshima University 1 Tsuyoshi Fujita Hiroshima University Shintaro Hirata Hiroshima University Kotaro Tanimoto Hiroshima University Koji Nakayama Nagasaki University Hiroyuki Kishi University of Toyama Eiji Sugiyama Hiroshima University Hidemi Kurihara Hiroshima University DOI: 10.21203/rs.2.20521/v1 SUBJECT AREAS Rheumatology KEYWORDS Porphyromonas gingivalis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Periodontitis, Citrullinated protein, Dysbiosis 2 Abstract Background : Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) infection causes periodontal disease and is one of the causative bacteria of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) exacerbation. Gut microbiota dysbiosis has shown strong associations with systemic diseases, including RA, diabetes mellitus, and inflammatory bowel disease, and inoculation of periodontopathogenic bacteria (i.e. Pg) can alter gut microbiota composition. Therefore, this study investigated dysbiosis-mediated arthritis exacerbation by Pg oral inoculation in an experimental arthritis model mouse. Methods : Pg inoculation in the oral cavity twice a week for 6 weeks was performed to induce periodontitis in SKG mice. Concomitantly, a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of laminarin (LA) was administered to induce experimental arthritis (Pg-LA mouse). Citrullinated protein (CP) and IL-6 levels in periodontal, intestinal, and joint tissues, and serum were measured by ELISA.