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The Chemically Zoned 1949 Eruption on La Palma Canary Islands

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The Chemically Zoned 1949 Eruption on La Palma Canary Islands JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 105,NO. B3, PAGES 5997-6016,MARCH 10, 2000 The chemically zoned 1949 eruption on La Palma (Canary Islands): Petrologic evolution and magma supply dynamics of a rift zone eruption AndreasKlagell Max-Planck-Institutfar Chemic,Mainz, Germany Kaj A. Hoernle and Hans-UlrichSchmincke GeomarForschungszentrum, Kiel, Germany James D. L. White GeologyDepartment, University of Otago,Dunedin, New Zealand Abstract. The 1949 rift zoneeruption along the CumbreVieja ridgeon La Palmainvolved three eruptivecenters, 3 km spacedapart, and was chemicallyand mineralogically zoned. Duraznero cratererupted tephrite for 14 daysand shutdown upon the openingof Llano del Banco,a fissure that issuedfirst tephriteand, after 3 days,basanite. Hoyo Negro crateropened 4 dayslater and eruptedbasanite, tephrite, and phonotephrite, while Llano del Bancocontinued to issuebasanite. The eruptionended with Durazneroerupting basanite with abundantcrustal and mantle xenoliths. The tephritesand basanites from Durazneroand Llano del Bancoshow narrow compositional rangesand def'me a bhmodalsuite. Each batch ascended and evolved separately without significant intermixing,as did the Hoyo Negro basanite,which formedat lower degreesof melting.The magmasfractionated clinopyroxene + olivine+ kaersutite+ Ti-magnetiteat 600-800 MPa and possibly800-1100 MPa. Abundantreversely zoned phenocrysts reflect mixing with evolvedmelts at mantledepths. Probably as early as 1936,Hoyo Negrobasanite entered the deeprift systemat 200-350 MPa. Someshallower pockets of thisbasanite evolved to phonotephritethrough differen- tiationand assimilation of wall rock.A few monthsprior to eruption,a mixingevent in the mantle may havetriggered the final ascentof the magmas.Most of the eruptedtephrite and basanite ascendedfrom mantledepths within hours to dayswithout prolonged storage in crustalreservoirs. The CumbreVieja rift zonediffers from the rift zonesof Kilaueavolcano (Hawaii) in lackinga summitcaldera or a summitreservoir feeding the rift systemand in beingsmaller and lessactive with mostof the rift magmasolidifying between eruptions. 1. Introduction and typically,though not always,results in an eruption.Much Volcanic rift zones are common features of basaltic ocean magmais storedin the deeperpart of the rift system,forming crystalmush or isolatedpockets which differentiateand then islandand continental volcanoes, yet a full understandingof their eithersolidify or are erupted[Wright and Fiske, 1971; Ryan, role in the overallmagma supply system and in controlling 1988;Delaney et al., 1990].Mixing of distinctmagmas in the petrologicevolution remains elusive. An exceptionis Kilauea summitreservoir and in the deeprift is importantin controlling volcano(Hawaii), where interdisciplinary studies have provided the compositionof the eruptedlavas, although some magmas deeperinsight into the geometryand dynamicsof the volcano's bypassthe summit reservoir [Garcia et al., 1989,1996]. magmaplumbing system (see review by Tilling and Dvorak La Palmahas a well-developedactive volcanic rift zonealong [1993]),yet manyaspects, such as the geometryof thesummit a north-southtrending ridge [Middlemost,1972; Carracedo, reservoir,remain controversial [Pietruszka and Garcia,1999]. At 1994]. Only a few studies,however, have addressedmagma Kilaueaa nearlycontinuous supply of magmaaccumulates over transportand storage beneath and within this rift system[Klagel timein a summitreservoir at 2-4 krn depth,gradually inflating et al., 1997] and the evolutionof its magmas[Praegel, 1986; the summitregion. Episodic lateral injection of summitmagma Elliott, 1991].Here we discussthe petrology,geochemistry, and into adjacentrift zones(a rift event)releases accumulated stress magmasupply dynamics of the 1949 eruption,which serves as a casestudy for complexrift zoneeruptions on La Palma.We show •Now at Fachbereich Geowissenschaften,Universitltt Bremen, howthe eruptedmagmas can be relatedto storage,fractionation, Bremen,Germany. and mixing in reservoirswithin the mantle and the crust and comparethe situationon La Palma to that of Kilauea. The 1949 Copyright2000 by theAmerican Geophysical Union. eruptionis of particularinterest because a varietyof eruptive Papernumber 1999JB900334. processesoccurred during the 37 days of activityand because 0148-0227/00/1999JB900334509.00 eyewitnessaccounts indicate an interconnectionof widelysepa- 5997 5998 KLOGEL ET AL.' THE 1949 RIFT ZONE ERUPTION ON LA PALMA N o 5 km Santa I Historiceruption Cruz [--•ß Recentsediments I----] CumbreVieja series '""• Older volcanicseries • Basalcomplex -,- -,- Cliff / steep ridge --- Cumbre Vieja rift zone 1949 1585 1949 1712 / M25 Lanzarote•/S 1 29 La Palma/... •[ ._ / c;anary Islands 1646 28L •/'/ GO•m•er•• •Tenerife '• Fu ert e v•t enura/ / • / ""• Gran Canaria I / El Hierro I ! ATLANTICOCEAN 1971 Figure 1. Locationmap (inset)and simplifiedgeological map of La Palma [after Navarro and Coello, 1993; Ancocheaet al., 1994;Carracedo et al., 1999].Most historiceruptive centers are locatedalong the north-south trendingCumbre Vieja rift zone.The three vents of the 1949eruption are Duraznero (1880 m abovesea level) and HoyoNegro (1880 m) craterslocated on the Cumbre Vieja crestand Llano del Banco fissure (1300 m) at theridge flank to the west of the rift. ratedvents. Furthermore, the late eruptedlavas carry a great La Palmahas been the mostactive of the CanaryIslands in variety of crustal and mantle xenoliths which were studied to historictimes with eruptionsrecorded in •-1440, 1585, 1646, obtainadditional information on magmaascent and storage. The 1677, 1712, 1949, and 1971 [Hernanddz-Pachecoand Valls, 1949eruption is alsoof interestbecause the erupted lavas show a 1982]. The island consistsof three main units: (1) the basal widerange in chemicalcomposition for a singleeruption (e.g., complex (3-4 Ma), which comprisesa Pliocene seamount basaniteand phonotephritewere simultaneouslyerupted from sequenceand a plutonic complex that have been uplifted and differentvents during one phase). tiltedto theirpresent position; (2) the oldervolcanic series (2 Ma to 0.7 Ma) which includes the Taburiente shield volcano, the 2. GeologicalSetting Bejenadoedifice, and the Cumbre Nueva series;and (3) the CumbreVieja series(0.7 Ma to present)which is confinedto the The CanaryIslands form a chainof sevenlarge volcanic southernhalf of the island [Hausen, 1969; Middlemost, 1972; islandslocated off the northwesternAfrican continental shelf Abdel-Monemet al., 1972;$chmincke, 1976; Staudigel and (Figure1). All islandsare underlain by oceaniccrust as indicated Schmincke,1984; Ancochea et al., 1994; Carracedoet al., 1999] by tholeiiticmid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) gabbroxenoliths (Figure1). The north-southtrending Cumbre Vieja ridgeconsists occurringon Lanzarote,Gran Canaria, and La Palma[Hoernle, dominantly of mafic lava flows, cinder cones, and several 1998;Schmincke et al., 1998]. The ageof the crustis bracketed phonolitic plugs. Lava compositionsrange from basaniteto by paleomagneticanomalies S 1 (175 Ma), betweenthe eastern- phonolitewith clinopyroxene+ olivine+ kaersutiticamphibole as mostislands and the Africancoast, and M25 (155 Ma) between the majorphenocryst phases. Most historiceruptions were chem- La Palmaand Hierro,which are the westernmostand youngest ically and mineralogicallyzoned, commonly carrying mantle and islands[Roeset, 1982; Klitgord and Schouten,1986]. The crustalxenoliths during the final eruptive phase [Hernanddz- geologyof the Canary Islandsis summarizedby SchminckePacheco and Valls, 1982; Ibarrola, 1974; Praegel, 1986]. The [ 1976, 1982]. CumbreVieja is interpretedas a volcanicrift zone becausevents KLOGEL ET AL.: THE 1949 RIFT ZONE ERUPTION ON LA PALMA 5999 I Phreatomagmatic Firefountains xenoliths Fissure eruption Llano del Banco •' Stronglyphreatomagmatic ........ Ho,yo.N.e,gr.o.l.?, ! ? , . I........ June•6'28 30 July 4 6 8 10 12 14 '16 '18 '20 22 24 26 28 30 I Phase 1 I 2 ! 3 141 ..........:•Tephrite group • Basunitegroup I I Phonotephritegroup Figure2. Chronologyofthe 1949 eruption. Note the bimodality ofthe Duraznero and Llano del Banco eruptives, thesimultaneous eruption ofbasunite atLlano del Banco and phonotephrite atHoyo Negro, and the synchrony of events.Hoyo Negro produced a basanitic lapilli layer during its first days of activity and basanitic bombs during the finalphase, but further basunite occurrences inthe eruptive sequence areuncertain. The late basunite erupted from Duraznerocarried almost all xenolithsof the entireeruption. and north-southtrending fissures,faults, and dikes are concen- whichrapidly descended toward the east coast. This final phase tratedalong its crest[Middlemost, 1972; Carracedo, 1994]. of theeruption terminated after 12 hours. 3. Chronology of the 1949 Eruption 4. Petrographyand Mineral Chemistry The shortsummary of the temporalevolution of the eruption On the basisof petrographyand wholerock chemistry,we given below is basedon works by Bonelli Rubio [1950], Romero dividethe volcanic rocks of the 1949eruption into three groups Ortiz [1951], and Martel San Gil [ 1960]; detailedaccounts of the (compareFigure 2): the tephritegroup comprises tephritic pyro- eruption chronology and volcanology are given elsewhere elasticsand lavas from Duraznero and Llano del Banco(June 24 [Kl•igelet al., 1999; Whiteand Schmincke,1999]. to July10); the basanite group contains basanitic lavas and pyro- Seismic precursors:The first weak seismic precursorswere elasticsfrom Llano del Banco, Hoyo Negro, and Duraznero
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