On Being a Nasa Flight Surgeon

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M! ! ! Table!of!Contents! !!

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M77! ! Chapter!1!–!Introduction! ! !! ! R+7&!J#J%>!#,6!9+%!&9*61!8:,9#7,%6!+%>%7,!#99%$J9&!9:!:AA%>!#!6%&8>7J97:,-!:>!! ! 8+#>#89%>7E#97:,!:A!9+%!$%678#0!8#>%%>!@,:O,!#&!A07<+9!&*><%:,N!L>:#601!6%A7,%6!#&!#!! ! J+1&787#,!O+:!7&!>%&J:,&7L0%!A:>!9+%!$%678#0!8#>%!:A!#M7#9:>&(!R+%!9O:!$#I:>!! ! 8:$J:,%,9&!:A!9+%!J#J%>!O700!L%!#!079%>#9*>%!>%M7%O!J%>9#7,7,78#0!#&J%89&!! ! :A!A07<+9!&*><%:,!6%M%0:J$%,9!#,6!9>#7,7,#0N!#,6!&%8:,601!#!6%&8>7J97:,!:A!! ! A07<+9!&*><%:,&!O+:!&J%87A78#001!&%>M%6!#9!9+%!F#97:,#0!G%>:,#*978&!#,6!HJ#8%!! ! G6$7,7&9>#97:,!cFGHGd(!!G!&*>M%1!O#&!8:,6*89%6!:,!Z5!FGHG!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!O+:!! ! >%8%,901!&%>M%6!$7&&7:,&!7,M:0M%6!7,!9+%!%[J0:>#97:,!:A!&J#8%!L%9O%%,!5^_5Q3455! ! 6*>7,:<>#$(!!! ! ! R+%!L#&7&!:A!9+7&!9+%&7&!6%>7M%&!A>:$!#!&7$J0%!%[J0#,#97:,Y!!\!#$!%,>:00%6!7,!! ! #,!#%>:&J#8%!$%6787,%!>%&76%,81!9+#9!*J:,!79&`!8:$J0%97:,!$#@%&!$%!%07<7L0%!9:!! ! L%8:$%!#!A07<+9!&*><%:,(!!\,!#66797:,-!\!L%8:$%!%07<7L0%!9:!L%!+7>%6!O79+7,!9+%!&J#8%!! ! #<%,81!#&!#!A07<+9!&*><%:,-!7,80*67,!O+78+!%,9#70&!J>:M767,M78%!9:!9+%!#&9>:,#*9!8:>J&(!!!\!%,9%>%6!9+%!>%&76%,81!O79+!07990%!a!priori!! ! @,:O0%6<%!#L:*9!O+#9!#!A07<+9!&*><%:,!6:%&(!!HJ%87A78#001!$1!*,6%>&9#,67,:0%!9+#9!#!FGHG!A07<+9!&*><%:,!+#6!O#&!>*67$%,9#>1!#9!L%&9(!!R+%!:M%>#00!#7$!:A!9+7&!! ! 9+%&7&!7&!9+*&!9:!#66!9:!9+#9!7,A:>$#97:,-!L:9+!A:>!$1&%0A!#,6!A:>!:9+%>&!O+:!$#1!! ! &+#>%!9+%!&#$%!6%&7>%!9:!*,6%>&9#,6!9+%&%!b*%&97:,&!#,6!9+%!J>:A%&&7:,!L%99%>(! ! ! )+#J9%>!3!&*$$#>7E%&!>%J>%&%,9#97M%!079%>#9*>%!9+#9!7&!*&%A*0!9:!6%A7,%!O+#9!! ! #!A07<+9!&*><%:,!7&-!O+%,!#,6!O+%>%!9+%!9%>$!:>7<7,#9%&-!#,6!9+%!M#>7%91!:A!>:0%&!9+#9!! ! A07<+9!&*><%:,&!7,!<%,%>#0!+#M%!7,!9+%!$%678#0!8#>%!:A!#M7#9:>&(!!\9!7&!80%#>01!6:8*Q! ! $%,9%6!9+#9!9+%!U,79%6!H9#9%&!cU(Hd!$7079#>1!+#&!J0#1%6!#!8>7978#0!>:0%!7,!9+%!!

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`!&*L8:,9>#89:>&!9:!! ! J>:M76%!:J%>#97:,#0!c67>%89!7,M:0M%$%,9!O79+!$7&&7:,Q#&&7<,%6!#&9>:,#*9&d-!807,78#0!! ! cJ>:M7&7:,!:A!$%678#0!8#>%!,:9!,%8%&&#>701!$7&&7:,Q>%0#9%6d-!#,6!>%&%#>8+!$%678#0!! ! &*JJ:>9!6%J%,67,7J97:,&!+#M%!M#>7%6!:M%>!! ! 9+%!+7&9:>1!:A!FGHG-!L*9!A:>!9+%!H+*990%!;>:<>#$!9+%!9%>$&!<7M%,!9:!:J%>#97:,#0!! ! A07<+9!&*><%:,&!O%>%!%79+%>!#!)>%O!H*><%:,!c)Hd!:>!#!/%J*91!)>%O!H*><%:,!c/)Hd(!!! ! \,!&:$%!8#&%&!#,!7,67M76*#0!+#&!&%>M%6!7,!:,01!:,%!8#J#8791-!:9+%>&!$#1!+#M%!! ! &%>M%6!#&!#!/)H!7,!:,%!$7&&7:,!:>!#!)H!7,!#,:9+%>!c7(%(!L:9+!>:0%&d(!!! !!! ! )+#J9%>!]!J>%&%,9&!9+%!8:,8%J9&!L%+7,6!#,6!9+%!M#>7#L0%&!7,M:0M%6!7,!9+%!! ! H+*990%!)>%O!H*><%:,W/%J*91!)>%O!H*><%:,!H*>M%1-!8:,6*89%6!#&!J#>9!:A!9+7&!9+%&7&!! ! :,!9+%!Z5!J+1&787#,&!O+:!&%>M%6!#&!9+%!)H!#,6!/)H!A:>!9+%!H+*990%!;>:<>#$(!!\A!9+%!! ! :M%>#00!#7$!:A!9+%!9+%&7&!7&!9:!L%99%>!*,6%>&9#,6!9+%!>:0%!:A!9+%!A07<+9!&*><%:,-!9+%!!

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cG.Bd!O+:!&%>M%!#&!J#>9!:A!#!9%#$!:A!J>:M76%>&!! ! 9+#9!L>:#601!%,&*>%!&#A%91!:A!9+%!J*L078!L1!9+%!>:0%&!9+%1!J0#1!7,!9+%!$%678#0!! ! 8%>97A78#97:,!:A!#M7#9:>&(!!G!67&8*&&7:,!:A!9+7&!87M70!>:0%!:A!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!7&!L%1:,6!! ! 9+%!&8:J%!:A!9+7&!>%&%#>8+N!+:O%M%>!#!J#J%>!L1!G&+%!c5d!O+78+!67&8*&&%&!9+%!>:0%!:A!! ! 9+%!C%6%>#0!GM7#97:,!G<%,81!cCGGd!#,6!87M70!#%>:,#*978&-!7,80*67,:0%!:A!A07<+9!! ! &*><%:,&!7&!7,80*6%6!7,!9+%!V7L07:<>#J+1(!!)>7978#0!#&J%89&!:A!J*L078!&#A%91!%M:0M%6!! ! 6*>7,#J76!%[J#,&7:,!:A!J*L078!#,6!8:$$%>87#0!#M7#97:,!L%9O%%,!5^3e!#,6!! ! 5^Z_-!9+%!0#99%>!1%#>!L%7,!9+%!CGG!O#&!A:*,6%6(!!!C>:$!9+7&!97$%!A:>O#>6-!! ! 9+%!CGG!+#&!L%%,!>%&J:,&7L0%!A:>!9+%!9>#7,7,9#,8%!:A!9+%!O:>@!J>%&%,9%6!7,!9+7&!9+%&7&!7&!9+#9!79!#66&!9:!! ! 9+%!%[7&97,%0#97,#89%>7&978&!#,6!#99>7L*9%&!:A!#!<>:*J!! ! :A!$%678#0!#,6!+%#09+!J>:M76%>&!A:>!:,%!:A!:*>!8:*,9>1`&!$:&9!M7&7L0%!&87%,97A78!! !!!!!!! J>:<>#$&!f!9+#9!:A!9+%!+*$#,!%[J0:>#97:,!:A!&J#8%(!!R+%!J+1&787#,!J>:M76%>&!O:>@!! ! O79+7,!#!61,#$78!7,6*&9>1N!6%>7M%6!A>:$!#!J>:A%&&7:,#0!9>#6797:,!#0$:&9!#&!:06!#&!! !

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! 4 Chapter!2!–!Background!and!Literature!Review! ! ! G!'::<0%!H8+:0#>!!&%#>8+!O#&!J%>A:>$%6!*&7,7%&Y!!KA07<+9!! ! &*><%:,!9>#7,7,<%:,g!chh!879#97:,&dN!#,6!K#%>:&J#8%!! ! $%6787,%!9>#7,7,9+!&%#>8+!*&%6!9+%!XM76!.%607,%!6#9#L#&%(!!! ! R+%!A*00!.%607,%!6#9#L#&%!O#&!&%#>8+%6!9:!3455(!!R+%!&%#>8+!*&%6!#!8:$L7,#97:,!:A!! ! .%678#0!H*LI%89!=%#67,<&!c.%H=d!#,6!@%1O:>6&!&7$70#>!9:!9+:&%!*&%6!7,!9+%!'::<0%!! ! H8+:0#>!&%#>8+%&!c25!879#97:,&d(!!):$L7,7,8+%&!17%06%6!345!9790%&(!!! ! GA9%>!879#97:,!>%M7%O!A:>!>%0%M#,8%-!ZZ!>%A%>%,8%&!c9%>$%6!J>7$#>1!>%A%>%,8%&d!O%>%!! ! >%#6(!!G!J:>97:,!:A!9+%!J>7$#>1!>%A%>%,8%&!!<%,%>#9%6!!&%8:,6#>1!>%A%>%,8%&!9+#9!! ! 8:,&979*9%&!9+%!V7L07:<>#J+1(! ! ! R+%!+7&9:>78#0!>::9&!:A!L%7,<%:,!7&!M7>9*#001!#&!:06!#&!+*$#,!! ! A07<+9(!!;#*0!V%>9!c5_]]Q5__ed!&9*67%6!&1$J9:$&!>%J:>9%6!L1!#%>:,#*9&!6*>7,#,8%-!,:9#L01!%#>01!O:>@!:,!9+%!8#*&%&!#,6!%AA%89&!:A!+1J:[7#(!!! ! V%>9!7&!8:,&76%>%6!L1!$#,1!9:!L%!9+%!A#9+%>!:A!#M7#97:,!$%6787,%!c]d(!!R+%!?>7<+9!! ! L>:9+%>&`!A7>&9!J:O%>%6!A07<+9&!7,!D7991!=#O@-!F:>9+!)#>:07,#!9::@!J0#8%!7,!5^4](!!\,!! ! 5^4h-!K9+%!U(H(!G>$1!J*>8+#&%6!79&`!A7>&9!$7079#>1!#7>J0#,%!#,6!#&&7<,%6!79!9:!9+%!! ! H7<,#0!):>J&`!,%O01Q:><#,7E%6!G%>:,#*978#0!/7M7&7:,g!#&!6%&8>7L%6!7,!#!344]!U(H(!G7>!! ! C:>8%!>%J:>9-!c2d(!!\,!9+#9!&#$%!>%J:>9-!79!7&!&9#9%6!9+#9!9+%!KA:*,67,@-!.#>10#,6!7,!5^55g!O#&!9+%!L%<7,,7,<&!:A!#!&J%87#07E%6!! ! $%678#0!>:0%!f!9+#9!:A!$%678#0!8#>%!:A!9+%!#M7#9:>!c2d(!!R+7&!>%J:>9!&*<<%&9&!9+#9!7,!! ! 5^55!9+%!$%678#0!&%>M78%&!:A!S9(!":+,!;(!D%00%1!>%&J:,67,%#97,&!! ! 7,I*>%6!#&!#!>%&*09!:A!A07<+9!$#1!+#M%!>%J>%&%,9%6!9+%!#897:,&!:A!9+%!A7>&9!A07<+9!! ! &*><%:,!c2d(! !

! 5 ! !R+%!9%>$!KA07<+9!&*><%:,g!cCHd!O#&!,:9!8:7,%6!*,970!5^5_(!!G88:>67,-!9+%!9%>$!O#&!K7,9>:6*8%6!7,!.#>8+!5^5_-!7,!>%A%>%,8%!9:!J+1&787#,&!! ! #&&7<,%6!9:!9+%!8#>%!:A!$7079#>1!J70:9&g!&%>M7,!H%>M78%!/7M7&7:,!:A!9+%!U(H(!! ! G>$1!cZd(!!G!6%9#70%6!#88:*,97,%!<7M%,!L1!G0A:>6!O+:!O>79%&!! ! 9+#9!#!J#7>!:A!:9:0#>1,<:0:<7&9Q:9:0:<7&9!J+1&787#,&!O%>%!J7:,%%>&!7,!9+%!%#>07%&9!! ! 6#1&!:A!9>#7,7,!8#>%<7M%>&!#,6!O%>%!>%&J:,&7L0%!A:>!9+%!9%>$!KA07<+9! ! &*><%:,g!ced(!!R+7&!+7&9:>78#0!#>9780%!8>%679&!9+%&%!9O:!&J%87#07&9&!O79+!6%M%0:J7,#7,7,&-!L*9!:A!9+%!! ! J+1&787#,!%[#$7,%>&!#&!O%00(!!R+%7>!0%#6%>&+7J!O#&!8>%679%6!O79+!9+%!6%M%0:J$%,9!:A!! ! K9+%!67&87J07,%!:A!#M7#97:,!$%6787,%i#,6!7,!5^5_!#9!=#E%0+*>&9!C7%06!7,!F%O!j:>@!! ! 9+%!.%678#0!T%&%#>8+!S#L:>#9:>1!:A!9+%!G>$1!H7<,#0!):>J&i(#,6!9+%!:>7<7,#0!]3!! ! A07<+9!&*><%:,&!O%>%!9>#7,%6!#9!=#E%0+*>&9g!ced(! ! ! G,!#>9780%!L1!T%7,#>9E!6%&8>7L%&!9+%!%M:0*97:,!:A!9+%!CH!A>:$!9+%!&9#9*&!:A!! ! $%678#0!:AA78%>!#99#8+%6!9:!9+%!GM7#97:,!H%897:,!:A!9+%!H7<,#0!):>J&!:A!9+%!G>$1!7,!! ! ??\!9:!9+%!&J%87#07&9!:A!5^e3(!!!!T%7,#>9E!&9#9%&!9+#9!9+%!A07<+9!&*><%:,!+#6!K#!$:&9!! ! 67AA78*09!807$Lg!9:!+7&!J:&797:,!<7M%,!9+%!7,+%>%,9!8:,A0789!7,!9+%!$%678#0!,%8%&&791!A:>!! ! 8%>97A17,%!9:!A01!>%<#>60%&&(!!KG&!0#9%!#&!5^]^!9+%!)+7%A!:A!9+%!! ! G>$1!G7>!C:>8%!%[J>%&&%6!6:*L9&!k#&!9:!9+%!I*&97A17,<%:,&`g!chd(! ! ! T%7,#>9E!6%&8>7L%&!9+%!8>7978#0!7$J:>9#,8%!:A!9+%!6%M%0:J$%,9!7,!5^25!:A!9+%!! ! G7>!H*><%:,`&!XAA78%!O+78+!&::,!0%6!9:!#!8+#7,!:A!8:$$#,6!L%9O%%,!9+%!G7>!H*><%:,!! ! #,6!9+%!G>$1!G7>!C:>8%!):$$#,67,#0(!!R+%!8+#7,!:A!8:$$#,6!&*JJ:>9!O#&!! ! 7,&9>*$%,9#0!7,!J>%&%>M7,&:,#0!8:,9#89!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!+#6!O79+!! !

! 6 9+%7>!A07<+9!8>%O&g!L1!#00:O7,%6!G7>!C:>8%!8>%O&!O79+!9+%!! ! J+1&787#,&!O+:!@,%O!9+%$(!!KR+7&!8:,9#89!O#&!,%8%&&#>1!9:!@%%J!A01%>&!7,!9+%!#7>g!! ! chd(! ! ! R+%!A017,:$!9+%!L%<7,,7,<(!!! ! /700%!chd!,:9%&!9+#9!9+%!:9:0#>1,<:0:<7&9!":,%&!7,!5^5^!A%09!K9+%!:,%!O+:!L%&9!! ! *,6%>&9#,6&!9+%!J70:9!7&!9+%!6:89:>!O+:!A07%&g!#,6!K9+%!:,%!$#7,!J*>J:&%!:A!A07<+9!! ! &*><%:,&!7&!9:!@%%J!J70:9&!$%,9#001!#,6!J+1&78#001!A79!9:!8:,97,*%!A017,-!/700%!O>79%&!9+#9!=#>>1!'(!G>$&9>:,<-!.(/(!A%09!9+#9!KA07<+9!&*><%:,&!O%>%!,:9!! ! A*001!9>#7,%6!9:!J%>A:>$!9+%7>!6*97%&!*,970!9+%1!+#6iA0:O,!]44!+:*>&g!c_d(!!!D%001!! ! O>79%&!7,!5^^_!9+#9!9+%!U(H(!F#M1!:>7<7,#001!$#,6#9%6!9+#9!#00!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!L%!! ! 8%>97A7%6!#&!,#M#0!#M7#9:>&!cJ70:9&d-!*,970!9+7&!J>:<>#$!O#&!,7[%6!L1!9+%!H*><%:,!! ! '%,%>#0!6*%!9:!#!&+:>9#<%!:A!F#M1!J+1&787#,&(!!R+*&-!7,!5^32-!9+%!:AA787#0!,#M#0!! ! >%b*7>%$%,9&!A:>!9+%!J:&797:,!:A!A07<+9!&*><%:,!676!,:9!7,80*6%!A:>$#0!A07<+9!9>#7,7,%,9!7,!9+%!>%M7%O!:A!9+7&!+7&9:>78#0!079%>#9*>%!7&!9+%!! ! 7,%[9>78#L0%!,#9*>%!:A!9+%!%#>01!6%M%0:J$%,9!:A!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!#,6!9+%!,%8%&&791!A:>!! ! 9+%$!9:!+#M%!&J%87#07E%6!$%678#0!9>#7,7,<(!!HJ%87#0!J>:L0%$&!A#8%6!L1!#M7#9:>&!! ! 7,80*6%!L*9!#>%!,:9!07$79%6!9:!M7&7:,!6%<>#6#97:,-!%[J:&*>%!9:!9+%!%0%$%,9&-!9+%!! ! 6#,<%>!:A!+1J:[7#!c0:O!:[1<%,!8:,9%,9!7,!9+%!L0::6d-!>%&J:,67,8>#A9!! ! $%8+#,78#0!7&&*%&!#,6!L#70:*9&!c54d(!!;+1&787#,&!>%b*7>%6!$%678#0!9>#7,7,#9%!O79+!9+%&%!7&&*%&!#,6!$:>%(! ! ! \,!#!0%89*>%!<7M%,!9:!,%O!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!7,!9+%!C>%,8+!G7>!C:>8%!7,!5^__-!! ! '#00%`QR%&&:,,%#*!%[J>%&&%&!9+%!8+#>#89%>7&978&!:A!9+%!A07<+9!&*><%:,!#&!+%!&#O!! !

! 7 9+%$Y!!Ki<::6!O700!#,6!J>:A%&&7:,#0!8:,&87:*&,%&&!O700!%,8:*,9%>!67AA78*097%&ic1:*d!! ! O700!L%!>%6*8%6!9:!6:7,:*97,%!%[#$&-!#,6!9%#8+7,6!#<#7,&9!67&%#&%-!! ! #,6!9:!$#7,9#7,!J%>&:,#0!+1<7%,%!c55d(!!j:*!O700!,:9!%#&701!>%&:0M%!1:*>!&%8>%9!! ! A#,9#&7%&!9:!O7&+!A:>!9+%$!c#M7#9:>&d!O:*,6&!#,6!67&%#&%&!9+#9!O:*06!A7,#001!#00:O!! ! 1:*!9:!6%$:,&9>#9%!1:*>!$%678#0!#L70797%&(!!j:*!O700!A%%0!A>*&9>#9%6i(G!J+1&787#,!! ! #,7$#9%6!O79+!#,!%[8%&&7M%!9+%>#J%*978!6%&7>%!8#,!>%J>%&%,9!#!9+>%#9!9:!9+%!A07%>`&!! ! ,%8%&&#>1!A%%07,#L70791i((O%!$*&9!8:,9>:0!:*>!*,8:,&87:*&!O7&+!9:!9*>,!! ! J70:9&!7,9:!J#97%,9&i(g!c55d!! ! ! H7$70#>01-!9+%!7&&*%!:A!$%678#0!9>#7,7,<%:,&!7&!80:&%01!#07<,%6!! ! O79+!9+%!$7079#>1!#,6!7,!J#>978*0#>-!9+%!9O:!?:>06!?#>&!c55Q5]d(!!!C:00:O7,7:6!! ! :A!$#I:>!6%A%,&%!L*6<%9!8*9L#8@&!#,6!6%$:L707E#97:,!A:00:O7,7$#>1!! ! <>:O9+!O#&!7,!9+%!U(H(!<:M%>,$%,9`&!&*JJ:>9!:A!#7>8>#A9!$#,*A#89*>7,9#,9!J:&9QO#>!7,6*&9>1(!!R+%!,%O01!A:>$%6!G%>:,#*978&!V>#,8+!:A!9+%!! ! /%J#>9$%,9!:A!):$$%>8%!A:>$#07E%6!#!A7%06!@,:O,!#&!#M7#97:,!$%6787,%!c55d(!!R+%!! ! J%>7:6!L%9O%%,!9+%!9O:!?:>06!?#>&!O#&!#!97$%!:A!:><#,7E#97:,#0!<>:O9+!#,6!! ! 8+#,<%!7,!9%>$&!:A!#M7#97:,!A:>!9+%!<:M%>,$%,9-!$7079#>1!#,6!$%678#0!&87%,8%!c&%%!! ! GJJ%,67[!3d(!!R+%&%!&#$%!#*9+:>&!%$J+#&7E%!9+%!7,97$#9%!>%0#97:,&+7J!! ! L%9O%%,!$7079#>1!A07<+9!&*><%:,!6%M%0:J$%,9!#,6!$%678#0!9>#7,7,:&J#8%!! ! $%6787,%(! ! ! R+%!L*706Q*J!9:!?:>06!?#>!\\!7,!9+%!U(H(!#,6!&*L&%b*%,9!>%&J:,&%!9:!%,9>1!! ! 7,9:!9+%!O#>!7,!/%8%$L%>!5^25!>%&*09%6!7,!8+#,<%&!7,!K#M7#97:,!$%6787,%!,%#>01!! ! 7$J:&&7L0%!9:!8:$J>%+%,6!9:6#1g!c55-5]d(!!.#8@:O&@7!J>:M76%&!&9#97&978&!9+#9!! ! 8:,M%1!9+%!&8#0%!:A!8+#,<%Y!!6*>7,&!:A!O#>-!9+%!G>$1!$%678#0!8:>J&!! !

! 8 8#>%6!A:>!5344!97$%&!9+%!,*$L%>!:A!J%>&:,,%0!79!+#6!8#>%6!A:>!:M%>!9+%!32!1%#>&!! ! &7,8%!9+%!%,6!:A!??\(!!H%M%,!9+:*&#,6!G$%>78#,&!%#>,%6!J70:9`&!O7,<&!7,!9+%!! ! ,7,%9%%,!1%#>&!L%A:>%!9+%!O#>N!&:$%!&%M%,91QA7M%!9+:*&#,6!O%,9!9+>:*<+!$7079#>1!! ! J70:9!9>#7,7,!#A9%>!??\\!L%<#,(!!c54d(!!K\,!5^25-!:,01!A:>91!L*7067,<&!! ! %[7&9%6!#9!?>7<+9!C7%06!7,!/#19:,!X+7:-!9+%!&79%!:A!9+%!G>$1!G7>!):>J&!.#9%>7%0!! ! /7M7&7:,(!!V1!5^22!9+%!#7>A7%06!8:,&7&9%6!:A!$:>%!9+#,!9+>%%!+*,6>%6!L*7067,<&!! ! Ki((!A:00:O7,#0!6:00#>&(!Kc52d! ! ! ?+70%!$7079#>1!A07<+9!&*><%:,!9>#7,7,&!#<:d!#,6!8:,97,*%6!9+>:*<+!L:9+!?:>06!?#>&-!9+%!A7>&9!#88>%679%6!87M707#,!! ! #%>:&J#8%!$%6787,%!9>#7,7,:<>#$!676!,:9!L%<7,!*,970!5^ZZ!f!#9!9+%!X+7:!H9#9%!! ! U,7M%>&791!7,!):0*$L*&-!X+7:(!!!\,!3454-!V7007,<&!J*L07&+%6!#!6%9#70%6!#88:*,97,:<>#$N!#,!+7&9:>78#0!>%M7%O!:A!9+%!1%#>&!5^ZZQ5^hh!6*>7,#6*#9%6!Z5!J+1&787#,&!9>#7,%6!7,!#%>:&J#8%!$%6787,%!#,6!:88*J#97:,#0!$%6787,%!! ! c5Zd(!!XA!9+%&%-!K53!+#M%!L%%,!$%678#0!:AA78%>&!7,!FGHG!f!7,80*67,#0!A07<+9!! ! &*><%:,&!:,!9+%!'%$7,7-!GJ:00:-!H@10#L-!#,6!H+*990%!J>:<>#$&g!c5Zd(!! ! ! .:+0%>!7,!5^_Z!J*L07&+%6!#,!#>9780%!O+78+!8+#>#89%>7E%6!9+%!:><#,7E#97:,!:A!! ! $%678#0!9>#7,7,:&J#8%!$%6787,%!O79+!A07<+9!&*><%:,&(!!=%!6%&8>7L%&!! ! 9+#9!#%>:&J#8%!$%6787,%!7&!#!&J%87#091!O79+7,!;>%M%,97M%!.%6787,%-!O+78+!7&!:,%!:A!! ! 9+%!3]!V:#>6&!:M%>&%%,!L1!9+%!G$%>78#,!V:#>6!:A!.%678#0!HJ%87#097%&!cGV.Hd!cZd(!!! ! KR+%!&J%87#091!:A!#%>:&J#8%!$%6787,%!O#&!A:>$#001!%&9#L07&+%6!7,!5^Z]!#&!#!! ! 8:$J:,%,9!:A!9+%!G$%>78#,!V:#>6!:A!;>%M%,97M%!.%6787,%g!cZd(!!G9!9+%!97$%!9+7&!! ! #>9780%!O#&!J*L07&+%6-!9+%!>%&76%,81!>%b*7>%6!9+>%%!1%#>&(!!;>%&%,901!9+%! ! >%b*7>%$%,9!:A!9+%!>%&76%,81!7&!A:>!#!9O:Q1%#>!#%>:&J#8%!$%6787,%!>%&76%,81!! !

! 9 #&&*$7,%&76%,9!+#&!#0>%#61!8:$J0%9%6!#!$7,7$*$!:A!:,%!1%#>!:A!9>#,&797:,#0!! ! >%&76%,81!%0&%O+%>%!c]!1%#>&!9:9#0d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c5ed(! ! ! R+%!>%&76%,81!J>:<>#$&!7,!#%>:&J#8%!$%6787,%!J>%J#>%6!9+%!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!! ! O+:!L%8#$%!7,8:>J:>#9%6!7,9:!9+%!$%678#0!67M7&7:,!:A!9+%!,#97:,#0!&J#8%!J>:<>#$!#9!! ! FGHG(!!!a7>9*#001!&7,8%!FGHG`&!L%<7,,7,<&-!#%>:&J#8%!$%6787,%!9>#7,7,9#,9!>:0%!7,!J+1&787#,!J>%J#>#97:,(!!!.8'7,,7&!>%8:*,9&!+:O!9+%!6:O,&7E7,!&J#8%!%[J0:>#97:,!!c>%#8+7,!7,!9+%!$76Q5^_4`&d!! ! O#&!#&&:87#9%6!O79+!9+%!80:&7,!#%>:&J#8%!$%6787,%!9>#7,7,:<>#$&Y!!X+7:!! ! H9#9%!U,7M%>&791-!=#>M#>6!H8+::0!:A!;*L078!=%#09+-!U,7M%>&791!:A!X@0#+:$#-!#,6!! ! H9#,A:>6!U,7M%>&791!c5hd(!!V%8#*&%!:A!9+7&-!+%!:AA%>&!9+%!:J7,7:,!9+#9!K#!,%O!! ! J#>#67<$g!:A!$#@7,#7,7,#9%!A>:$!! ! #%>:&J#8%!$%6787,%!&+:*06!L%!8:,&76%>%6!c5hd(!!!!\,!:,%!&*8+!+1J:9+%978#0!! ! 8:,A7<*>#97:,!:A!9>#7,7,<-!9+%!&*88%&&A*0!<>#6*#9%!7&!8:,&76%>%6!%07<7L0%!A:>!&%0%897:,!! ! #&!#!8>%O$%$L%>!A:>!%[9%,6%6!6*>#97:,!$7&&7:,&!7,!&J#8%(! ! ! G!8:$$%,9#>1!L1!'>%,:,!O#&!>%8%,901!J*L07&+%6!#66>%&&7,!! ! 7$J>:M%6!8:$$*,78#97:,!#,6!8::>67,#97:,!O79+7,!9+%!<0:L#0!&J#8%!$%6787,%!! !

! 10 8:$$*,791!7,!:>6%>!9:!L>:#6%,!9+%!#88%&&!9:!%6*8#97:,#0!#,6!8#>%%>!:JJ:>9*,797%&!! ! c5_d(!!)797,1!O79+:*9!#!KA:>$#0!9>#7,7,%#$!7,!! ! #M7#97:,!:>!#%>:&J#8%!$%6787,%!#&&:87#9%6!O79+!87M707#,!&J%87#091!$%678#0!9>#7,7,&!6%&8>7L%!#09%>,#9%!J#9+O#1&!&*8+!#&!9+%!\,9%>,#97:,#0!HJ#8%!U,7M%>&791!! ! 9+#9!7&!*9707E%6!L1!79&`!7,9%>%&9%6!8797E%,&!9:!<#7,!#6M#,8%6!%6*8#97:,!7,!9+%!#>%#!:A!! ! #%>:&J#8%!$%6787,%!c5_d(! ! ! G8b*7>7,:*,6!7,A:>$#97:,!:,!FGHG!A07<+9!&*><%:,&-!7,!J#>978*0#>!! ! 7,A:>$#97:,!9+#9!O:*06!L%!+%0JA*0!7,!9+%!6%&7<,!#,6!7,9%>J>%9#97:,!:A!#!&*>M%1-!! ! J>:M%6!9:!L%!67AA78*09(!!\,!8:,9>#&9!9:!9+%!079%>#9*>%!J*L07&+%6!:,!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!! ! O79+7,!9+%!$7079#>1-!9+%>%!O#&!#!J#*8791!:A!079%>#9*>%!#,6!A%O!7A!#,1!8:$J0%9%!&9*67%&!! ! >%<#>67,:0%!:A!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!A:>!9+%!&J#8%!J>:<>#$!c5^Q3Zd(!!X,%!! ! 8:,9%$J:>#>1!&*>M%1!:A!9+%!FGHG!A07<+9!&*><%:,!J:J*0#97:,!+#6!L%%,!J%>A:>$%6!! ! %M#0*#97,#0!#,6!7,9%>Q>%0#97:,&+7J!A#89:>&!#,6!9+%!>%&*09&!O%>%!:A!07$79%6!! ! M#0*%!c3ed(!!!.8/:,#06!#,6!;:0@!&*L$799%6!#,!#L&9>#89!9:!9+%!#,,*#0!$%%97,:&J#8%!.%678#0!G&&:87#97:,!cG&.Gd!7,!344e!%,9790%6!KR+>:*<+!9+%!#<%&Y!!G!FGHG!! ! A07<+9!&*><%:,!#9!O:>@g-!J*>J:>97,A:>$!#,!+7&9:>78#0!>%M7%O!:A!9+%!>:0%!:A!9+%!! ! FGHG!A07<+9!&*><%:,!c3hd(!!;*L078#97:,!:A!9+7&!6#9#!O#&!&:*<+9!L*9!O#&!*,#L0%!9:!L%!! ! 0:8#9%6!A:>!9+7&!J>%&%,9!9+%&7&(!!R:!$:>%!A*001!J>%J#>%!A:>!9+%!8:,6*89!:A!9+%!&*>M%1-!! ! :>#0!+7&9:>7%&!:A!FGHG!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!#,6!$#,#<%>&!7,M:0M%6!O79+!9+%!J>:<>#$!! ! H+*990%Q.7>!c&%%!L%0:Od-!#M#70#L0%!:,07,%-!O%>%!>%M7%O%6!c3_-!&%%!#0&:!GJJ%,67[!]d(!!! ! \,!#66797:,!9:!9+%&%-!&%0%89!:>#0!+7&9:>7%&!:A!&%,7:>!J+1&787#,!$%$L%>&!:A!FGHG!! ! #&&:87#9%6!O79+!A07<+9!&*><%:,!6%M%0:J$%,9!#,6!#%>:&J#8%!$%6787,%!%6*8#97:,!O%>%!! ! #0&:!>%M7%O%6!c3^-!&%%!#0&:!R#L0%!5d(!

! 11 Table!1:!!Oral!Histories!from!Space!Medicine!Association,!Aerospace!Medicine! !!Association!Reinartz!series! The!following!three!paragraphs!are!a!synopsis!of!the!comments!that!I!drew!from!listening!to! the!online!Space!Medicine!Association!(Reinartz!Series)!Interviews,!available!through!the! AsMA!SMA!website!(Ref.!28,!accessed!1"19"12!at!the!Space!Medicine!Association!website,!under! Reinartz!Memorial,!username!and!password!protected):! ! T:1!/%=#>9!c\,9%>M7%O%>!m!"%AA!/#M7&d(!!=%!L%8#$%!7,M:0M%6!L1!9#@7,!C:>8%! J>:<>#$!A:>!&%,7:>!$%678#0!&9*6%,9&(!!=%!O#&!$#>>7%6!#9!9+%!97$%!#,6!+#6!A7,#,87#0! >%&J:,&7L70797%&(!!=%!I:7,%6!9+%!G7>!C:>8%!6*>7,,&+7J-!O#&!J>:$:9%6!A>:$! S7%*9%,#,9!9:!)#J9#7,(!!R+%,!+%!+%#>6!#L:*9!K9+%!A07<+9!&*><%:,!L*&7,%&&g(!! \,0*%,8%&W$%,9:>&!,#$%6!#>%!;#*0!)#$JL%00!k#9!&8+::0`(!!F:9%6!9+%!);)!A:>$#9!#9! 9+%!H8+::0!:A!GM7#97:,!.%6787,%!):*>&%!O#&!7,A0*%,97#0-!#,6!9#*<+9!L1!/>(!)#$JL%00(! =%!#0&:!,#$%6!/>(!=#>>1!G>$&9>:,&:,#001`(! ! "%AA!/#M7&!c\,9%>M7%O%>m!T78+#>6!"%,,7,<&d(!!/>(!/#M7&!&!+%!O#&!%[J:&%6!%#>01!9:! &J#8%N!+7&!A#9+%>!O:@%!+7$!*J!M%>1!%#>01!9:!O#98+!.%>8*>1!0#*,8+%&(!!/>(!H9#,0%1! .:+0%>!#9!?>7<+9QH9#9%!O#&!#!@%1!$%,9:>N!+%!k:J%,%6!6::>&`(!!T%&76%,81!O#&!+7&!A7>&9! k7,9%>&%897:,`!O79+!9+%!A7%06(!!F:9%6!+7&!9+7>6!1%#>!:A!>%&76%,81!O#&!J#76!A:>-!O+78+! O#&!7$J:>9#,9(!!):,9>:M%>&7%&!#,6!7&&*%&!7,80*6%!&9#,6#>6&!:A!8%>97A78#97:,!cA:>! A07<+9d-!>#67#97:,-!#,6!J&18+:0:<78#0!&*JJ:>9!#,6!+%#09+!cA:>!B[J0:>#9:>1!)0#&&! $7&&7:,&d(!!/>(!/#M7&!#0&:!&J:@%!#L:*9!9+%!k%M:0*97:,!:A!G&.G`!#,6!+7&! #88:$J07&+$%,9&!:A!O:>@7,:,#*9&!#&!k+*$#,!&1&9%$&`!7,9%<>#9%6!7,9:! &J#8%A07<+9(!!C%09!9+#9!k@%1!%M%,9&`!7,80*6%6!L:9+!T%9*>,Q9:QC07<+9&!cA:00:O7,!#,6!):0*$L7#!67&#&9%>&d!O+78+!6%$:,&9>#9%6!9+%!8:+%&7:,!:A!9+%!FGHG! 8:$$*,791(!!kFGHG!J*00&!9:<%9+%>!6*>7,%&&`(!!;#76!+:$#<%!9:!'%,%! D>#,E!O+:!+%!8#00%6!k0#><%>!9+#,!07A%`(! ! T78+#>6!"%,,7,<&!c\,9%>M7%O%>m!"%AA!/#M7&d!!!G&!#!+7<+!&8+::0!&9*6%,9-!+%!8+:&%! $%678#0!&8+::0!9:!L%8:$%!#!J+1&787#,!7,!9+%!&J#8%!J>:<>#$(!!=%!#6$7>%6!/>(!)+#>0%&! V%>>1-!#,6!O>:9%!#!J#J%>!7,!+7&!A7>&9!1%#>!:A!8:00%<%(!!=:O%M%>-!#&!#!$%678#0!&8+::0! &%,7:>-!9+%>%!O#&!#,!%LL!7,!FGHG!cGJ:00:!%,6%6d(!!=%!8:,&76%>%6!L%8:$7,<%:,-!L*9!O%,9!7,9:!XLQ'1,!A:>!_!1%#>&!#,6!k<:9!807,78#0!%[J%>7%,8%(`!!=7&! &%8:,6!>%&76%,81!O#&!#%>:&J#8%(!!.%,9:>&!7,80*6%6!/>(!V%>>1-!O+:!+%!>%A%>>%6!9:!#&! k9+%!M7&7L0%!J%>&:,i(#99#8+%6!9:!9+%!079%>#9*>%g(!!=%!#0&:!$%,97:,&!/>(!H9#,!.:+0%>-! "7$!S:<#,-!#,6!)+*8@!S#;7,9#-!O+:!+%!9%>$%6!k+#>6!O:>@7,<`(!!G&!A#>!#&!7&&*%&-! k&*>M7M#0!7&&*%&!+#M%!<:,%!#O#1`-!<>:*J!67M%>&791!:A!#&9>:,#*9&!#,6!<>#6*#001! O76%,7,!7&&*%!7&!,%#$!:A!&J#8%! M%>&*&!:J%,7,&(!!G0&:!,:9%&!%M:0*97:,!:A!G&.G!A>:$!#!k$7079#>1!$%$L%>&+7J! &910%`!9:!#!k>%#0!J0%#&#,9!9+7,%0#97:,&+7J&`!#,6!k&%%7,7%,6&! %#8+!1%#>`(!!=%!>%A%>&!9:!9+%!$:&9!7$J>%&&7M%!%M%,9!L%7,&9!8>%O!1:*!9#@%!8#>%! :A-!7(%(!9+%!A7>&9!0#*,8+(!!k\9!7&!9+%!$:&9!7$J>%&&7M%!9+7,<%:,`(!! .%,97:,%6!+7&!$:&9!&7<,7A78#,9!8:,9>7L*97:,!7&!,*$L%>!:,%Y!!L%7,!8#>7,!#!J70:9Y!!#!&7,<0%!7,67M76*#0!#8>:&&!9+%!9#L0%-!9:!+%0J!+7$!&#A%01!A01`(! !!

! 12 R+%!HJ#8%!R>#,&J:>9#97:,!H1&9%$!cHRH-!:>!H+*990%d!;>:<>#$!:J%>#9%6!! ! L%9O%%,!9+%!0#*,8+!:A!HRHQ5!7,!5^_5!#,6!9+%!A7,#0!0#*,8+!:A!HRHQ5]Z!7,!3455(! ! R+%!,*$L%>7,789!,*$%>78#0!:>6%>(!!G9!:,%!J:7,9!6*>7,:<>#$-!#!I:7,9!%,6%#M:>!L%9O%%,!9+%!U(H(!#,6!T*&&7#!8#00%6!A:>!6:8@7,(!!R+%!H+*990%Q.7>!! ! J>:<>#$!O#&!#0&:!@,:O,!#&!K;+#&%!5g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b*%&97:,&(!!D%1!J:7,9&!#>%!&*$$#>7E%6!7,!R#L0%!! ! 3(!!G!&*$$#>1!:A!9+%!+7&9:>7%&!#>%!J>%&%,9%6!7,!GJJ%,67[!](! ! ! able!2:!!Oral!Histories!from!Shuttle"Mir!Program!! The!following!four!paragraphs!are!a!synopsis!of!the!comments!that!I!drew!from! listening!to!the!online!Shuttle"Mir!Oral!Histories,!available!through!the!NASA!website! (Appendix!3!has!more!complete!summary!of!those!oral!histories):! ! C>#,@!S(!)*0L%>9&:,!9>#M%0%6!9:!T*&&7#!7,!5^^]!#&!J#>9!:A!9+%!XJ%>#97:,&!.7&&7:,&! '>:*J-!J0#,,7,!6:8@7,<(!!=7&!%[J%>7%,8%!7,! k7,9%>,#97:,#0!:J%>#97:,&`!6%>7M%6!A>:$!+7&!97$%!O79+!9+%!U(H(!F#M1!#,6!O:>@!:,! HJ#8%!H9#97:,!C>%%6:$(!!=%!&J%#@&!:A!9+%!H+*990%!.7>!J>:<>#$!#&!#,!76%#0! 7,9%>$%67#9%!J>:<>#$!07,@7,(!V#>>#99-!:,%!:A!9+%!A07<+9! &*><%:,&!A:>!H+*990%!.7>-!k<:%&!:,!>%8:>6`!9:!!9+#9!L%7,<%:,!7&! 9+%!&%8:,6!L%&9!I:L!:,!9+%!J0#,%9N!&%8:,6!9:!L%7,:,#*9(!!C:>!H+*990%!.7>-!#! $7&&7:,!A07<+9!&*><%:,!O#&!#&&7<,%6!9:!%#8+!0:,#97:,!A07%>-!7,!8:,9>#&9!9:!9+%! H+*990%!J>:<>#$!O+%>%!9+%>%!O%>%!9O:!A07<+9!&*><%:,&-!!#!0%#6!A07<+9!&*><%:,!c)>%O! H*><%:,d!#,6!#!6%J*91!c/%J*91!)>%O!H*><%:,d!#&&7<,%6!9:!%#8+!&+:>9Q6*>#97:,! A07<+9!f!%#8+!8>%O(!!R+%!G$%>78#,!&1&9%$!:A!A07<+9!&*><%:,!M#0*%&!k8:,97,*791`-!

! 13 $%#,7,<%:,&!8:M%>!8>%O!J>%QA07<+9-!7,QA07<+9-!#,6!J:&9QA07<+9(! ! T:<%>!V70078#!L%<#,!+7&!:>#0!+7&9:>1!L1!6%A7,7,%`!#&! J>:M76%6!L1!A07<+9!&*><%:,&-!9:!7,80*6%Y! ! 7( #,19+7,1-!>%#67,%&&!A:>!A07<+9! 777( %&9#L07&+7,6&! 7M( J%>A:>$7,97A78#97:,!:A!8>%O&! M( 8:,97,*791!:A!+%#09+!8#>%N!$%678#0!&*JJ:>9!:A!#&9>:,#*9&! M7( 6%&7<,-!6%M%0:J$%,9!#,6!$#,#<%$%,9!:A!#00!+%#09+!8#>%!%b*7J$%,9! M77( 7,80*6%&!8:*,9%>$%#&*>%&-!%(<(!%[%>87&%-!%,M7>:,$%,9#0!+%#09+! M777( 8>%O!9>#7,7,%0#9%6!9:!+%#09+!c$%678#0!9>#7,7,<-!%b*7J$%,9-!%98(d! 7[( $7&&7:,!&*JJ:>9!cO:>@!&8+%6*0%&-!O:>@Q>%&9!>%<7$%-!&0%%J!&+7A97,:0N!8:,&:0%!#,6!L#8@!>::$!&*JJ:>9! [7( BJ76%$7:0:<1-!9>#8@7,%,6&! [77( S::@7,#0!+7&9:>1!9+%!J:7,9!9+#9!9+%>%!+#6!L%%,!#!0:,%0#97:,&+7J!L%9O%%,!9+%!U(H(!#,6!T*&&7#!cUHHTd!6#97,$&! :A!&J#8%!8::J%>#97:,(!!R:$!.#>&+L*>,-!#,:9+%>!A07<+9!&*><%:,!L!9+#9!k9+%! :>7<7,#0!J0#,`!O#&!A:>!+7$!#,6!9+%!:9+%>!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!9:!$#@%!&*>%!9+#9!,:9+7,:,#*9&(!!R+%!76%#!:A!#!A07<+9!&*><%:,!6%678#9%6!9:!#! $7&&7:,-!#,6!J#>9!:A!#!$7&&7:,!k9%#$`!O#&!#!,%O!8:,8%J9!9+#9!J%>!/>(!.#>&+L*>,! O#&!6%M%0:J%6!9+%>%!c7,!T*&&7#-!6*>7,!:J&d(!!=%!%[J#,6%6!:,!9+%! A*>9+%>!>:0%&!:A!#!A07<+9!&*><%:,!7,!H9#>!)791!9:!7,80*6%!c7,!#66797:,!9:!9+:&%!07&9%6!L1! />(!V70078#d!:88*J#97:,#0!#,6!+%#09+!&#A%91!:AA78%>&!A:>!9+%!#&9>:,#*9&-!J>:M7&7:,!:A! <%,%>#0!$%678#0!8#>%!c9:!#00d-!#,6!8:,&:0%!6*97%&(! ! \,!+7&!:>#0!+7&9:>1-!#&9>:,#*9!/#M76!?:0A!9#0@&!#L:*9!+:O!7$J:>9#,9!9+%!A07<+9!6:8&! O%>%-!,<%:,&!9#@%!:,!#!,%O!7$J:>9#,8%!7,!#!$7&&7:,!07@%!9+7&(! R+%1!6:!$:>%!9+#,!O+#9!O:*06!9>#6797:,#001!L%!8:,&76%>%6!A07<+9!&*><%:,!O:>@(! R+%1!#>%!1:*>!#09%>!%<:(!R+%1o>%!1:*>&%0A!:,!9+%!<>:*,6-!#,6!9+%1!@,:O!9+%!J%:J0%! 1:*!,%%6!9:!9#0@!O79+!#,6!8:$$*,78#9%!O79+(n!G88:>67,<%:,&! O%>%!9+%!.7>!#&9>:,#*9&o!n<#9%O#1&-n!A:>!#00!&:>9&!:A!7,A:>$#97:,!#,6! 8:$$*,78#97:,(!!)+>7&9:J+%>!C01,,!L!9+#9!+#M7,97M%!&J:*&%!O79+! +7$!7,!T*&&7#!O#&!M%>1!+%0JA*0-!#,6!9+#9!k9+%!>%0#97:,&+7J!O79+!9+%!8>%O$%$L%>!7&!#! J>7M70%<%!9+#9!7&!9+%!L%&9!J#>9!:A!9+7&!I:L`!

! !! !

! 14 )hapter!3!–!The!NASA!Shuttle!Program!Crew!Surgeon/Deputy!Crew!Surgeon! Survey:!!Data!and!Methods! ! ! R+%!91J%!:A!&9*61!L%7,!9+7&!9+%&7&!7&!#!J:J*0#97:,!&*>M%1(!!R+%!! ! &9*61!J:J*0#97:,!7&!8:$J:&%6!:A!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!#&&7<,%6!9:!9+%!H/3!c.%678#0!! ! XJ%>#97:,&d!/7M7&7:,!:A!9+%!FGHG`&!S7A%!H87%,8%&!/7>%89:>#9%(!!C7A91Q:,%!J+1&787#,&!! ! O%>%!#&&7<,%6!9:!J>:M76%!:J%>#97:,#0!$%678#0!&*JJ:>9!9:!H+*990%!8>%O&!6*>7,:<>#$!c5^_5Q3455N!/>(!.#>1!?%#>-!J%>&:,#0!8:$$*,78#97:,!6%>7M%6!A>:$!! ! #!FGHG!6#9#L#&%d(! ! ! R+%!M#076791!:A!9+%!J:J*0#97:,!07&9!O#&!8:,A7>$%6!7,!&%M%>#0!$%%97,<&!O79+!! ! FGHG!#,6W:>!?10%!S7A%!H87%,8%&!J%>&:,,%0(!!G!&*>M%1!9::0!O#&!6%M%0:J%6!L1!*&7,87#001!#M#70#L0%!:,07,%!J>:6*89-!H*>M%1!.:,@%1p!c]5d(!!G!6>#A9!:A!9+%!! ! &*>M%1!O#&!8>%#9%6!5Q4]Q3453!#,6!M%99%6!O79+!9O:!$%$L%>&!:A!$1!)#J&9:,%!! ! 8:$$799%%-!7,80*67,!O:>67,!8:,9%,9(!!G!A7,#0!M%>&7:,!:A!9+%!! ! &*>M%1!O#&!J>%&%,9%6!9:!$%$L%>&!:A!9+%!C07<+9!H*><%:,!XAA78%!#9!FGHG!#,6!! ! 7,&979*97:,#0!\TV!#JJ>:M#0!A>:$!9+%!U,7M%>&791!:A!R%[#&!.%678#0!V>#,8+!f!! ! '#0M%&9:,(! ! !!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! R+%!&*>M%1!O#&!8:,8%7M%6!#,6!6%&7<,%6!9:!#66>%&&!A:*>!$#7,!#>%#&!:A!! ! 7,b*7>1Y!!5d!6%$:<>#J+78&!#,6!9>#7,7,M78%N!#,6!2d!M7&7:,(! ! R+%!7,9%,9!O#&!9:!@%%J!9+%!97$%!A:>!&*>M%1!8:$J0%97:,!9:!#JJ>:[7$#9%01!]4!$7,*9%&!! ! L1!07$797,!:A!b*%&97:,&!9:!L%9O%%,!]4Q24(!!R+%!A7>&9!J>7:>791!O#&!9:!! ! %,&*>%!9+%!J#>9787J#,9&!9+#9!9+%7>!#,:,1$791!O:*06!L%!J>%&%>M%6-!#&!O%00!#&!! ! 8:,A76%,97#0791!O79+!79&`!>%&*09&(!!R+%!A7,#0!&*>M%1!8:,9#7,%6!]^!b*%&97:,&-!7,80*67,9!&8#0%!A:>$#9!b*%&97:,&!O+%>%!%#8+!b*%&97:,!7,80*6%6!#!07&9!:A!M#>7#L0%&!#,6!! ! 9+%!>#,@7,%&&%6!:,!#!&8#0%!:A!5QZ-!O79+!5!L%7,:,

! 15 :A!9+%!>#97,<&!#,6!Z!L%7,:,<%&9!>%0#97M%!>#97,<(!!!H9#97&978#0!#,#01&7&!:A!9+%!! ! S7@%>9!&8#0%!b*%&97:,&!O#&!J%>A:>$%6!*&7,%!! ! cHGH!f!^(3d(!!!G!:,%QO#1!#,#01&7&!:A!M#>7#,8%!O#&!J%>A:>$%6!*&7,%!O#&!#!8:>>%0#97:,!O79+7,!&*LI%89&!c&*>M%1!! ! b*%&97:,&dN!%#8+!&*LI%89!79&%0A!#,&O%>%6!Z!:>!$:>%!b*%&97:,&(!!G!9%&9!:A!A7[%6!%AA%89&!! ! O#&!8:,6*89%6!A:>!%#8+!&*LI%89!9:!6%9%>$7,%!7A!9+%>%!O#&!#!&9#97&978#001!&7<,7A78#,9!! ! 67AA%>%,8%!#$:,&!7,!%#8+!&*>M%1!b*%&97:,(!!\9!9*>,%6!:*9!A:>!! ! %#8+!:A!9+%!^!S7@%>9!&8#0%!b*%&97:,&-!&9#97&978#001!&7<,7A78#,9!>%0#97:,&+7J&!O%>%!! ! A:*,6(! ! ! G!9%&9!:A!8:,9>#&9&!O#&!J%>A:>$%6!9:!6%9%>$7,%!O+78+!:A!9+%!J:&&7L0%!! ! #,&O%>&!67AA%>%6!A>:$!9+%!:9+%>!2!c:>!:9+%>!J:&&7L0%!#,&O%>&!7,!%#8+!&*>M%1!! ! b*%&97:,d-!#,6!9+7&!M#>7%6!A>:$!:,%!&*>M%1!b*%&97:,!c&*LI%89d!9:!9+%!:9+%>(!!R+%!F*00!! ! +1J:9+%&7&!O#&!9+#9!9+%>%!O:*06!L%!,:!67AA%>%,8%&!L%9O%%,!#,1!:A!9+%!7,67M76*#0!! ! #,&O%>&!A:>!#!<7M%,!&*>M%1!b*%&97:,(!!G!JQM#0*%!q!4(4Z!O#&!8:,&76%>%6!&7<,7A78#,9(! ! R+%!0%#&9!&b*#>%6!$%#,&!9%&9!J>:M76%6!9+%!$%#,!c%&97$#9%!M#0*%d!A:>!%#8+!J:&&7L0%!! ! #,&O%>!#&!O%00!#&!&9#,6#>6!%>>:>(!!R#L0%&!2Qe!7,!9+%!9%[9!>%J:>9!9+%!$%#,-!&9#,6#>6!! ! %>>:>-!#,6!JQM#0*%!A:>!%#8+!#,&O%>(!!R+%!JQM#0*%!07&9%6!8:>>%&J:,6&!9:!8:$J#>7,!$%#,&!O79+7,!%#8+!&*LI%89!c&*>M%1!b*%&97:,d(! ! G!8:J1!:A!9+%!&*>M%1!8#,!L%!A:*,6!7,!GJJ%,67[!2(! ! ! /%$:<>#J+78&!#,6!9>#7,7,%!9:!A:8*&!:,!9+%7>!$%678#0!9>#7,7,!#6M#,8%6!6%<>%%&!L%1:,6!*,6%><>#6*#9%!O:>@(! ! /%$:<>#J+78!b*%&97:,&!7,80*6%6Y! ! ! G<%!:,!9+%!6#9%!:A!9#@7,M%1! ! ! G<%!:,!9+%!6#9%!:A!+7>%!L1!FGHG! ! ! G<%!:,!9+%!6#9%!:A!0%#M7,!%$J0:1%6d!

! 16 ! ! F*$L%>!:A!1%#>&!O:>@%6!#9!FGHG!c6%>7M%6!#,&O%>d! ! ! '%,6%>! ! ! ;0#8%!:A!L7>9+!c&9#9%!7,!U(H(-!:>!8:*,9>1!7A!,:9!L:>,!7,!9+%!U(H(d! ! ! ):00%<%!$#I:>c&d(!!/*#0!$#I:>&!>%b*%&9%6-!,:9!$7,:>&! ! ! j%#>!<>#6*#9%6!$%678#0!&8+::0! ! ! G!L>7%A!9%[9!#,&O%>!<7M7,#0!&%b*%,8%!:A!%6*8#97:,W9>#7,7,%&76%,81c7%&d!8:$J0%9%6! ! ! )07,78#0!C%00:O&+7J&!8:$J0%9%6! ! ! H:87%91!C%00:O&+7J&!cJ#&9!:>!J>%&%,9d! ! ! V:#>6!)%>97A78#97:,&!c%M%>d! ! ! V:#>6!)%>97A78#97:,&!c#897M%!#9!9+%!97$%!:A!&*>M%1d! ! ! ;:&9Q*,6%><>#6*#9%!6%<>%%&!:9+%>!9+#,!./W/X!c%(<(!.;=-!.H-!;+/d! !!! ! .:97M#97:,!b*%&97:,&!O%>%!@%1!9:!8+#>#89%>7E%!#!FGHG!A07<+9!&*><%:,(!!R+%!! ! b*%&97:,&!O%>%!O>799%,!9:!:L9#7,!7,A:>$#97:,!L:9+!:,!#,!7,9%00%89*#0!0%M%0!#,6!:9+%>!! ! 0%M%0&-!%(<(!O+:!$#1!+#M%!7,A0*%,8%6!9+%$!#0:,7$#>1!$:97M#97:,!9:!#99%,6!$%678#0!&8+::0! ! ! R+%!@%1!7,&J7>#97:,!9:!#99#7,!A07<+9!&*><%:,!&9#9*&! ! ! H:*>8%!:A!$:97M#97:,!9:!I:7,!9+%!$#,,%6!&J#8%!J>:<>#$! ! ! ?+:!O#&!$:&9!7,A0*%,97#0!c9:!9+%$d!7,!9+%7>!J*>&*79!:A!#!&J#8%!8#>%%>! ! ! X,8%!#!FGHG!A07<+9!&*><%:,-!9:!O+#9!6%<>%%!676!#!A#89:>!c07&9%6d!#89!#&!! ! ! !!!#!J:&797M%!8#>%%>!$:97M#9:>! !!!!!!! ! H%>M78%!b*%&97:,&!O%>%!#0&:!@%1!9:!9+%!%AA:>9!#9!#99%$J97,!9+%!! ! 9+%&7&!b*%&97:,(!!\,80*6%6!O%>%!b*%&97:,&!9+#9!&:*<+9!9:!8+#>#89%>7E%!9+%!! ! >%&J:,6%,9&`!&%,&%!:A!&%>M78%!L:9+!O79+7,!FGHG!#,6!:*9&76%!:A!9+%!#<%,81(!!H%>M78%!! ! b*%&97:,&!7,80*6%6Y! ! ! ! S7&9!:A!$7079#>1!&%>M78%-!7,80*67,#,8+!#,6!1%#>&!&%>M%6! ! ! C017,7%,8%! ! ! ?+%,!676!9+%1!A7>&9!<7M%!&%>7:*&!8:,&76%>#97:,!9:!#!&J#8%!8#>%%>! ! ! S%#6%>&+7J!J:&797:,c&d!J>7:>!9:!O:>@7,:<>#$! ! ! ?+%,!676!9+%1!A7>&9!8:,&76%>!9+%!&J%87A78!8#>%%>!:A!A07<+9!&*><%:,! ! ! ?+#9!#>%WO%>%!9+%7>!0:,$!8#>%%>!<:#0c&d!#9!FGHG! ! ! C:>!O+#9!$7&&7:,&!676!9+%1!&%>M%!#&!)>%O!H*><%:,!c)Hd! ! ! C:>!O+#9!$7&&7:,&!676!9+%1!&%>M%!#&!/%J*91!)>%O!H*><%:,!c/)Hd! ! ! =:O!676!9+%1!&J%,6!9+%7>!97$%!O+%,!#&&7<,%6!9:!#!H+*990%!$7&&7:,! ! ! =:O!676!9+%1!&J%,6!9+%7>!97$%!O+%,!,:9!#&&7<,%6!9:!#!H+*990%!$7&&7:,!

! 17 ! ! T#,@!9+%!>%0#97M%!7$J:>9#,8%!:A!&@700!&%9!#&!#!FGHG!A07<+9!&*><%:,! ! ! a7&7:,!b*%&97:,&!O%>%!6%&7<,%6!7,!#,!%AA:>9!9:!<%9!#!&%,&%!:A!9+%!>%&J:,6%,9`&! ! &%,&%!:A!9+%!A*9*>%-!L#&%6!:,!9+%7>!%[J%>7%,8%&!O79+!FGHG!#,6!@,:O0%6<%!<#7,%6!#&!! ! O%00(!!R+%>%!O#&!#,!%AA:>9!9:!@%%J!9+%!b*%&97:,&!c#,6!07@%01!>%&J:,&%&d!:,!#!! ! &:$%O+#9!J:&797M%!,:9%!#,6!9+%>%A:>%!7,+%>%,901!,%<#97M%!b*%&97:,&!O%>%!#M:76%6(!!! ! a7&7:,!b*%&97:,&!7,80*6%6Y! ! ! ! ?+78+!:A!9+%!07&9%6!8:$$%>87#0!&J#8%!$%6787,%!8#>%%>&!O:*06!L%! ! ! !!!8:,&76%>%6! ! ! R+%!>%0#97M%!7$J:>9#,8%!:A!67>%89!A07<+9!&*><%:,!7,M:0M%$%,9!#9!FGHG! ! ! !!!:M%>!9+%!,%[9!54!1%#>&!c9+%!>%$#7,7,:<>#$d! ! ! R+%!>%0#97M%!7$J:>9#,8%!:A!67>%89!A07<+9!&*><%:,!7,M:0M%$%,9!#9!FGHG! ! !! !!!#A9%>!\HH!*9707E#97:,!7&!8:$J0%9%!c#JJ>:[(!3433Q343Zd! ! ! T#,@!9+%!07&9%6!&:*>8%&!:A!8:,97,*7,!9+%! ! ! !!!A07<+9!&*><%:,!7,!9%>$&!:A!7$J:>9#,8%!

! 18 Chapter!4!–!The!NASA!Shuttle!Program!CS/DCS!Survey:!!Results! ! ! C7A91Q:,%!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!#&&7<,%6!#&!)>%O!H*><%:,!#,6W:>!/%J*91!)>%O!! ! H*><%:,!6*>7,:<>#$!#9!FGHG!O%>%!76%,97A7%6(!!):,9#89!7,A:>$#97:,!! ! c%$#70!#66>%&&!:>!9%0%J+:,%!,*$L%>d!8:*06!L%!6%9%>$7,%6!A:>!2h!:A!9+%!Z5(!!R+7>91Q! ! A7M%!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!8:$J0%9%6!9+%!&*>M%1!#,6!8:$J>7&%!9+%!J:J*0#97:,!&#$J0%!! ! >%J:>9%6!L%0:O(!!G!9#L*0#97:,!#,6!<>#J+78!6%$:,&9>#97:,!:A!9+%!8:$J0%9%!>%&*09&!A:>! ! %#8+!&*>M%1!b*%&97:,!8#,!L%!A:*,6!7,!GJJ%,67[!Z(! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 5^! Demographics!and!Training! ! Number! Mean!Age! Median!Age! Standard!deviation! Responding! (yrs)! (yrs)! /#9%!:A!H*>M%1! ]Z! Z](5! Z3! h(_! /#9%!:A!FGHG!+7>%! ]Z! ]h(5! ]Z! e(^! ! ! G00!]Z!>%&J:,6%,9&!J>:M76%6!#<%!6#9#(!!R+%!#M%>#<%!#<%!#9!9+%!97$%!:A!+7>%!! ! O79+!FGHG!7&!]h(5!1%#>&!:A!#<%(!!C:>!9+:&%!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!O+:!#,&O%>%6!9+#9!9+%1!! ! +#6!#0>%#61!0%A9!FGHG!c,m34d-!9+%!$%#,!6*>#97:,!:A!%$J0:1$%,9!#9!FGHG!J>7:>!9:!! ! 0%#M7,&(! ! ! XA!9+:&%!>%&J:,67,!c,m]3d-!3h!c_2(2rd!! ! 7,678#9%6!$#0%!#,6!Z!c5Z(erd!>%&J:,6%6!A%$#0%(!!G00!L*9!]!:A!]Z!O%>%!L:>,!7,!9+%!! ! U,79%6!H9#9%&(!!C:>%7<,!8:*,9>7%&!:A!L7>9+!7,80*6%!)#,#6#!c5d-!?%&9!'%>$#,1!c5d-!#,6!! ! \9#01!c5d(!!X,%!>%&J:,6%,9!7,678#9%6!KU(H(g!#&!&9#9%!:A!L7>9+(!!R+%!$:&9!A>%b*%,9!! ! &9#9%&!7,80*6%6!F%O!j:>@!c2d-!'%:><7#!#,6!F:>9+!)#>:07,#!c]!%#8+d-!! ! ?7&8:,&7,-!\,67#,#!#,6!X+7:!c3!%#8+d-!#,6!F%O!.%[78:-!X@0#+:$#-!D#,&#&-!! ! .7,,%&:9#-!R%,,%&&%%-!D%,9*8@1-!.78+7<#,-!a7><7,7#-!?%&9!a7><7,7#-!;%,,&10M#,7#-!! ! F%O!"%>&%1!#,6!.#&+*&%99&!c5!%#8+d(! !

! 19 ! G09+:*<+!9+%!&*>M%1!8:,9#7,%6!b*%&97:,&!>%<#>67,&!#,6!1%#>!! ! :A!<>#6*#97:,!A>:$!$%678#0!&8+::0-!9+%&%!#,&O%>&!676!,:9!17%06!#,1!J#>978*0#>!! ! 7,&7<+9&!#,6!9+%&%!>%&*09&!#>%!,:9!7,80*6%6!7,!9+%!O>799%,!J:>97:,!:A!9+7&!9+%&7&(!!R+%!! ! 9%[9!>%&J:,&%!9:!&*>M%1!b*%&97:,!,*$L%>!34-!7(%(!&%b*%,8%!:A!%6*8#97:,-!7&!J>:M76%6!! ! 7,!GJJ%,67[!Z6(!!U,A:>9*,#9%01!L%8#*&%!:A!9+%!O:>67,M%1-!! ! ,:9!#00!>%&J:,6%,9&!O+:!&%>M%6!7,!9+%!$7079#>1!7,80*6%6!9+%7>!&%>M78%!7,!9+%!97$%07,%(! ! ! T%&76%,81!9>#7,7,:<>#$&!c8:$J0%9%6d!O%>%!07&9%6!L1!]2!:A!9+%!]Z!! ! >%&J:,6%,9&!O79+!5_!cZerd!07&97,%&76%,87%&!8:$J0%9%6(!!R+%!$:&9!8:$$:,!! ! >%&76%,87%&!O%>%!G%>:&J#8%!.%6787,%-!35!ce5(_rdN!B$%><%,81!.%6787,%-!^!c3e(Zrd!! ! #,6!\,9%>,#0!.%6787,%-!h!c34(erd(!!!!\,!#!&%J#>#9%!b*%&97:,-!5^W]Z!cZ2(]rd!7,678#9%6!! ! 9+%1!+#6!8:$J0%9%6!#,!#%>:&J#8%!$%6787,%!>%&76%,81Y!!,7,%!A>:$!?>7<+9QH9#9%!! ! U,7M%>&791-!,7,%!A>:$!9+%!U,7M%>&791!:A!R%[#&!.%678#0!V>#,8+!f!'#0M%&9:,-!#,6!:,%!! ! A>:$!9+%!X+7:!H9#9%!U,7M%>&791(! ! ! R+%!8:$J0%97:,!:A!)07,78#0!C%00:O&+7J&!O#&!7,678#9%6!L1!55!>%&J:,6%,9&N!32!! ! <7M7,%&J:,&%!9:!9+%!b*%&97:,(!!XA!9+%!55-!9+%>%!O%>%!3!C%00:O&+7J&!7,!HJ#8%!! ! .%6787,%-!#,6!:,%!C%00:O&+7J!7,!,7,%!:9+%>!$%678#0!&J%87#097%&(!!\,!8:,9>#&9-!H:87%91!! ! C%00:O&+7J&!O%>%!76%,97A7%6!L1!]2!>%&J:,6%,9&N!9+%!$:&9!8:$$:,!:A!O+78+!O%>%!! ! C%00:O&+7J&!7,!G&.G!c55d!#,6!9+%!G$%>78#,!):00%<%!:A!B$%><%,81!;+1&787#,&!! ! cCG)B;-!hd(!!C:*>9%%,!67AA%>%,9!91J%&!:A!C%00:O&+7J&!O%>%!07&9%6!#,6!#>%!#M#70#L0%!7,!! ! GJJ%,67[!Z(! ! ! G00!:A!9+%!>%&J:,6%,9&!7,678#9%6!#!8*>>%,9!:>!J#&9!G$%>78#,!V:#>6!:A!.%678#0!! ! HJ%87#097%&!cGV.Hd!8%>97A78#97:,(!!XA!]Z!>%&J:,6%,9&-!5e!c2Z(hrd!O%>%!6:*L0%Q! ! L:#>6%6N!52!c24rd!O%>%!&7,<0%QL:#>6%6(!!C:*>!>%&J:,6%,9&!O%>%!9>7J0%QL:#>6%6-!! !

! 20 #,6!:,%!7,678#9%6!A:*>!L:#>6!8%>97A78#9%&(!!R+7>91Q9O:!>%&J:,6%,9&!7,678#9%6!9+#9!! ! L:#>6&!O%>%!8*>>%,901!#897M%(!!XA!9+%&%-!9+%!8:$$:,!#897M%!L:#>6&!O%>%!G%>:&J#8%!! ! .%6787,%-!5^!cZh(erdN!B$%><%,81!.%6787,%-!55!c]](]rdN!\,9%>,#0!.%6787,%-!Z!! ! c5Z(3rdN!'%,%>#0!;>%M%,97M%!:>!X88*J#97:,#0!.%6787,%-!Z!c5Z(3rd!#,6!C#$701!! ! .%6787,%-!2!c53(5rd(! ! ! R+%!A7,#0!6%$:<>#J+78!#,6!9>#7,7,%&&%6!#6M#,8%6!#8#6%$78!! ! 6%<>%%&!L%1:,6!*,6%><>#6*#9%!#,6!$%678#0!&8+::0(!!R+7>91Q9+>%%!:A!9+%!]Z!! ! >%&J:,6%,9&!7,678#9%6!#,!#,&O%>(!!.:&9!8:$$:,01-!A07<+9!&*><%:,!>%&J:,6%,9&!+#6!! ! %79+%>!#,!./!#0:,%-!%7<+9!c32(3rd!:>!#,6!./!J0*&!#!.#&9%>!:A!H87%,8%!:>!.H-!%7<+9!! ! c32(3rd(!!R+%&%!>%J>%&%,9%6!#JJ>:[7$#9%01!+#0A!:A!9+%!>%&J:,6%,9&(!!G,!./!s!.;=!! ! O#&!>%J:>9%6!L1!&%M%,!c35(3rd(!X9+%>!8:$L7,#97:,&!7,80*6%6!9+>%%!c^(5rd!O79+!./!! ! s!.H!s!.H-!#,6!9O:!ce(5rd!O79+!./!s!.H!s!.;=(!!! ! Motivation! ! ! H7[!&*>M%1!b*%&97:,&!#66>%&&%6!7&&*%&!:A!$:97M#97:,(!!!RO%0M%!c]2(]rd!:A!]Z!! ! >%&J:,6%,9&!A7>&9!<#M%!&%>7:*&!8:,&76%>#97:,!9:!#!8#>%%>!7,!9+%!&J#8%!J>:<>#$!#&!#!! ! +7<+!&8+::0!&9*6%,9!:>!%#>07%>!#,6!&7[!c5hrd!L1!8:00%<%(!!\,!9:9#0-!_Z(hr!:A!9+%&%!! ! FGHG!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!#,9787J#9%6!#!&J#8%!J>:<>#$!8#>%%>!L%A:>%!9+%!8:$J0%97:,!:A!! ! 9+%7>!7,797#0!>%&76%,81(!!R+%!J>7$#>1!$:97M#97:,!9:!#99%,6!$%678#0!&8+::0!O#&!9:!! ! L%8:$%!#!J>#89787,%&J:,6%,9&(!!C:*>!c55(2rd!! ! #,&O%>%6!L%8#*&%!:A!#!6%&7>%!9:!O:>@!#&!#!J+1&787#,!#9!FGHG!#,6!9O:!cZ(hrd!7,!! ! :>6%>!9:!L%8:$%!#,!#&9>:,#*9(!!! ! ! G!b*%&97:,!8:,8%>,%6!9+%!97$7,&9!8:,&76%>%6!#!8#>%%>!! ! &J%87A78#001!#&!#!A07<+9!&*><%:,(!!RO%,91Q9O:!ce3(_rd!A7>&9!8:,&76%>%6!9+%!8#>%%>!:A!! !

! 21 FGHG!A07<+9!&*><%:,!L%9O%%,!9+%!1%#>&!:A!*,6%><>#6*#9%!&9*61!#,6!9+%!%,6!:A!9+%7>!! ! $%678#0!>%&76%,81(!!RO:!cZ(hrd!:9+%>!>%&J:,6%,9&!8:,&76%>%6!79!prior!to!8:00%<%(! ! ! \,&J7>#97:,!9:!L%8:$%!#!A07<+9!&*><%:,!6%>7M%6!A>:$!$*097J0%!&:*>8%&(!!R+%!! ! $:&9!8:$$:,!#,&O%>!7&!#!&J%87A78!$%%97,!%M%,9!7,!55!c]2(2rd-!%(<(!#!>:9#97:,! !! J%>A:>$%6!#9!#!&J#8%Q>%0#9%6!A#870791!O+%,!1:*,<(!!X9+%>!&:*>8%&!:A!7,&J7>#97:,!! ! 7,80*6%6!#!FGHG!8:,9#89!:>!8:00%#<*%-!&%M%,!c35(^rd!:>!9+%!J:&&7L0%!8#>%%>!J#9+!! ! 9:O#>6!9+%!#&9>:,#*9!8:>J&-!&%M%,!c35(^rd(!!H%%!GJJ%,67[!Z!A:>!9+%!%,97>%!07&9(!!! ! R+>%%!b*%&97:,&!#66>%&&7,9!&8#0%!A:>$#9!O+78+!#>%!! ! #$%,#L0%!9:!&9#97&978#0!#,#01&7&-!&%%!R#L0%!2(!!! ! Table!4:!!Motivation!Questions!from!survey!(Likert!scale):! t*%&97:,!#,6!#,&O%>&!>#,@%6!c+7<+%&9!M&(!0:O%&9d .%#,! H(B(! J!M#0*% Q.!!What!sources!of!motivation!to!join!the!space!program!BEST! !! describes!yours?! =7<+%&9!>#,@7,&Y! ! ! !!!K#8#6%$78!7,9%>%&9!7,!#,6!J#&&7:,!A:>!&J#8%!%[J0:>#97:,g! 2(25! 4(5e]! q4(445! !!!K6%&7>%!9:!J>#8978%!$%6787,%!7,!#!&J#8%!%,M7>:,$%,9g! 2(4]! 4(5eZ! !!!4(445! S:O%&9!>#,@7,&Y! ! ! !!!K#L70791!9:!O:>@!7,!#!+7<+!9%8+!7,6*&9>1g! 3(hh! 4(5e4! q4(445! !!!K6%&7>%!9:!L%!#,!#&9>:,#*9g! ](35! 4(5eZ! !!4(434! ! !! Q.!!Who!was!the!most!influential!to!you!in!your!pursuing!a! !! career!in!space?! =7<+%&9!>#,@7,Y! ! ! !!!K&%0Ag! 2(e]! 4(5^2! q4(445! S:O%&9!>#,@7,&Y! ! ! ! !!!K&8+::0!9%#8+%>g!cJ>7:>!9:!8:00%<%d! 5(h2! 4(35_! q4(445! !!!KJ>:A%&&:>g!c6*>7,!#A9%>!8:00%<%d! 3(44! 4(5^5! !!!4(445! !!!K$7079#>1!$%,9:>g! 3(5Z! 4(335! !!!4(454! ! !! Q.!!Once!you!became!a!NASA!flight!surgeon!(past!or!present),!to! !! what!degree!did!the!following!serve!to!retain!your!position! here;!i.e.!serve!as!a!positive!career!motivator?! =7<+%&9!>#,@7,&Y! ! ! !!!K&%,&%!:A!8:,9>7L*97,#97:,g! 2(3e! 4(5_2! q4(445! !!!KI:L!a&A#897:,!7,!.%678#0!XJ%>#97:,&g! 2(44! 4(5_2! q4(445! S:O%&9!>#,@7,&Y! ! ! ! !!!K:M%>#00!A7,#,87#0!J:&797:,g! 3(4e! 4(5_2! q4(445! !!!K9+%!;+1&787#,!):$J#>#L70791!G00:O#,8%!c;)Gdg! 3(3^! 4(5^5! q4(445! !!!K#L70791!9:!J#>9787J#9%!7,!>%&%#>8+g! 3(Z5! 4(5_2! !!!4(44e! !!!K#L70791!9:!J#>9787J#9%!7,!#,#0::,$%,9!O:>@g! 3(e4! 4(5_2! !!!4(43_! H(B(Y!!H9#,6#>6!B>>:>N!J!M#0*%!m!q4(4Z!

! 22 ! ?+%,!#&@%6!O+#9!&:*>8%&!:A!$:97M#97:,!9:!I:7,!9+%!&J#8%!J>:<>#$!O#&!L%&9!! ! 6%&8>7J97M%!:A!9+%7>!:O,-!!kG8#6%$78!7,9%>%&9!7,-!#,6!J#&&7:,!A:>!&J#8%!%[J0:>#97:,`!! ! #,6!k6%&7>%!9:!J>#8978%!$%6787,%!7,!#!&J#8%!%,M7>:,$%,9`!L:9+!&8:>%6!&7<,7A78#,901!! ! +7<+%>!9+#,!9+%!$%#,!:A!9+%!:9+%>!8+:78%&(!!!\,!9+%!&#$%!b*%&97:,-!9O:!>%&J:,&%&!! ! &8:>7,!7,!9%>$&!:A!9+%7>!$:97M#97:,!9:!I:7,!9+%!&J#8%!J>:<>#$!! ! O%>%!kO:>@7,1`!#,6!k6%&7>%!9:!L%!#,!#&9>:,#*9`(! ! ! ?+%,!#&@%6!9:!76%,97A1!O+:!O#&!9+%!$:&9!7,A0*%,97#0!7,!9+%7>!J*>&*7,%%>!7,!&J#8%-!!9+%!:,01!#,&O%>!9:!#8+7%M%!#!>#97,!9+#,!9+%!! ! $%#,!:A!9+%!:9+%>!#,&O%>&!O#&!K&%0Ag(!!R+%!$%#,!&8:>%!:A!2(e]!A:>!9+7&!J#>978*0#>!! ! #,&O%>!c:,!#!&8#0%!:A!Zd!O#&!9+%!&7,<0%!+7<+%&9!$%#,!&8:>%!A:>!#,1!:A!9+%!S7@%>9!&8#0%!! ! b*%&97:,&(!!G&!&%%,!7,!R#L0%!2-!9+%!>%&J:,&%&!:A!&8+::0!9%#8+%>-!8:00%<%!J>:A%&&:>!! ! #,6W:>!$7079#>1!$%,9:>!O%>%!&7<,7A78#,901!0:O%>(!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! R+%!A7,#0!b*%&97:,!>%0#9%6!9:!$:97M#97:,!#66>%&&%6!&:*>8%&!:A!J:&797M%!8#>%%>!! ! $:97M#97:,!after!9+%!A07<+9!&*><%:,!L%<#,!&%>M7,7#L0%&!07&9%6-!! ! 9+%!+7<+%&9!>#97,7L*97,6!+*$#,!&J#8%!! ! %[J0:>#97:,`!#,6!#0:,#97:,&`!O#&!&7<,7A78#,901!! ! +7<+%>!9+#,!9+%!$%#,!:A!9+%!:9+%>!#,&O%>&(!!T%&J:,&%&!&8:>7,!! ! 7,80*6%!A7,#,87#0!7,8%,97M%&!:>!:JJ:>9*,791!9:!J%>A:>$!>%&%#>8+(! ! ! Service! ! ! t*%&97:,&!6%M:9%6!9:!9+%!A07<+9!&*><%:,&`!8:,8%J9!:A!#,6!%[J%>7%,8%!O79+!! ! &%>M78%!O%>%!#&@%6(!!R+>%%!:A!9+%!b*%&97:,&!#>%!:A!9+%!S7@%>9!&8#0%!A:>$#9(!!H%M%>#0!! ! b*%&97:,&!J%>9#7,%6!9:!$7079#>1!&%>M78%(!!RO%,91Q:,%!ce4rd!:A!9+%!]Z!)HW/)H!O+:!! ! 8:$J0%9%6!9+%!&*>M%1!&9#9%6!9+%1!+#6!&%>M%6!7,!9+%!$7079#>1(!!G897M%!6*91!7,!9+%!U(H(!!

! 23 G7>!C:>8%!O#&!9+%!$:&9!8:$$:,!L>#,8+!>%J:>9%6-!O79+!,7,%!c23(^r!:A!9+%!35!O+:!! ! &%>M%6!7,!9+%!$7079#>1N!3Z(hr!:A!#00!]Z!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!>%&J:,67,M%&!! ! #,6!#897M%!6*91!7,!9+%!U(H(!F#M1!O%>%!9+%!&%8:,6!$:&9!8:$$:,!L>#,8+%&!&%>M%6(!! ! B#8+!+#6!&%M%,!c]](]r!:A!9+:&%!O+:!&%>M%6!#,6!34r!:A!#00!9+%!A07<+9!&*><%:,&d!! ! >%&J:,&%&(!!X9+%>!L>#,8+%&!7,80*6%6!G>$1-!G7>!F#97:,#0!'*#>6!#,6!G>$1!F#97:,#0!! ! '*#>6(!!XA!9+%!35!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!O+:!&%>M%6!7,!9+%!$7079#>1-!5^!c^4rd!7,678#9%6!9+#9!! ! 9+7&!&%>M78%!O#&!J>7:>!9:!9+%7>!O:>@!#9!FGHG-!#,6!5h!c_5rd!+#6!&%>M%6!#&!#!$7079#>1!! ! A07<+9!&*><%:,-!#0&:!J>7:>!9:!9+%7>!&%>M78%!#9!FGHG(!!! ! ! T%<#>67,7%,8%-!5^W]Z!cZ2(]rd!>%J07%6!9+#9!9+%1!+#6!$7079#>1!! ! A07<+9!%[J%>7%,8%!7,80*67,%J:>9%6!L%7,7M#9%!! ! J70:9(!!F7,%!c3Z(hrd!:9+%>&!>%J:>9%6!9#@7,!>%J:>9%6!A017,7%,8%!7&!07&9%6!7,!GJJ%,67[!Z(! ! ! G,:9+%>!b*%&97:,!#&@%6!#L:*9!0%#6%>&+7J!J:&797:,&!J>7:>!9:!O:>@7,%&J:,6%,9&!7,678#9%6!J>7:>!0%#6%>&+7J!%[J%>7%,8%!7,!9+%!! ! $7079#>1-!52!c25(3r!7,!807,78#0!$%6787,%!J:&797:,&!#,6!%7<+9!c3](Zrd!7,!8:$$*,791!! ! :>!87M78!#897M797%&(!!XM%>#00-!_4r!>%&J:,6%6!9+%1!+#6!&:$%!A:>$!:A!0%#6%>&+7J!! ! J:&797:,!J>7:>!9:!FGHG(! ! ! R+%!,%[9!<>:*J!:A!b*%&97:,&!A:8*&%6!:,!&%>M78%!J>:M76%6!#9!:>!>%0#9%6!9:!! ! FGHG!&J%87A78#001(!!\,!>%&J:,&%!9:!9+%!b*%&97:,!:A!KO+#9!9+%7>!8#>%%>!<:#0c&d!#9!FGHG!! ! O#&!cO%>%d!#9!9+%!97$%!:A!+7>%!L1!FGHGg-!]5!c__(erd!7,678#9%6!A07<+9!&*><%:,(!!R%,! ! !c3_(erd!:A!9+%!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!>%&J:,6%6!#&9>:,#*9!#,6!54!c3_(erd!>%&J:,6%6!! ! &J#8%!$%6787,%!>%&%#>8+(!!R+%!$#I:>791!:A!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!&%>M%6!6*>7,!HRHQ! ! 3e!9:!HRHQ^h!#,6!HRHQ^_!9:!HRHQ5]Z!#&!%79+%>!)H!:>!/)H(!!H7[!>%&J:,6%6!9+%1!&%>M%6!! !

! 24 6*>7,-!O+78+!>%J>%&%,9&!_er!:A!9+%!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!A:>!9+#9!&%>7%&!:A!! ! %[J%6797:,&(!!R+>%%!b*%&97:,&!#66>%&&7,M78%!A:00:O!9+%!S7@%>9!&8#0%!A:>$#9-!#>%!! ! #$%,#L0%!9:!&9#97&978#0!#,#01&7&-!&%%!R#L0%!Z(!!! ! Table!5:!!Service!Questions!from!survey!(Likert!scale):! t*%&97:,!#,6!#,&O%>&!>#,@%6!c+7<+%&9!M&(!0:O%&9d! .%#,! H(B(! J!M#0*% Q.!!What!did!you!spend!the!most!total!time!doing!when! !!! assigned!to!a!Shuttle!mission?! =7<+%&9!>#,@7,&Y! ! ! ! !!!KJ>%QA07<+9!8>%O!&*JJ:>9!A:>!$7&&7:,!>%#67,%&&g! ](_e! 4(5h3! !!4(443! !!!K7,QA07<+9!8>%O!$:,79:>7,9-!7,80(!8:,&:0%g! ](h2! 4(5h3! !!4(44]! S:O%&9!>#,@7,&Y! ! ! ! !!!KFGHG!,:,Q8>%O!$%678#0!#&&7<,$%,9&g! 3(_Z! 4(5_4! !!!4(44h! !!!KJ:&9QA07<+9!8>%O!%[#$&!#,6!AW*!9:!L#&%07,%g! 3(_e! 4(5h3! !!!4(44e! !!! ! Q.!!What!did!you!spend!the!most!total!time!doing!when! !!! NOT!assigned!to!a!Shuttle!mission?! =7<+%&9!>#,@7,Y! ! ! ! !!!K#99%,6!J0#,,7,#97M%!O:>@g! ](e4! 4(5h2! q4(445! S:O%&9!>#,@7,&Y! ! ! ! !!!KGX/!cG7>8>#A9!XJ%>#97:,!/7>%89:>#9%d!&*JJ:>9g! 5(__! 4(5he! q4(445! ! ! !!! ! Q.!!Please!rank!relative!importance!of!skill!set!as!a! !!! NASA!flight!surgeon!in!Medical!Operations.!! =7<+%&9!>#,@7,&Y! ! ! ! !!!K&J%87#07E%6!@,:O0%6<%W%[J%>7%,8%!7,!&J#8%W#%>:&J#8%g! 2(3^! 4(5eZ! q4(445! !!!K:J97$#0!$%678#0!@,:O0%6<%!#,6!%[J%>7%,8%g! 2(44! 4(5eZ! !!4(44Z! S:O%&9!>#,@7,&Y! ! ! ! !!!K&9>:,&:,#0!&*JJ:>9!&1&9%$!c%(<(!&J:*&%dg! 3(_3! 4(5h4! q4(445! !!!KM#>7%6!#8#6%$78!L#8@<>:*,6g! ](4^! 4(5eZ! q4(445! !!!! H(B(Y!!H9#,6#>6!B>>:>N!J!M#0*%!m!q4(4Z! ! ! G&!8#,!L%!&%%,!7,!R#L0%!Z-!>%&J:,&%&!9:!9+%!b*%&97:,&!>%<#>67,M78%!! ! J%>A:>$%6!O+%,!#&&7<,%6!9:!#,!\HH!$7&&7:,!8:*06!L%!67&97,<*7&+%6!#&!&7<,7A78#,901!! ! $:>%!07@%01!9:!L%!J%>A:>$%6!#&!8:$J#>%6!9:!:9+%>!>%&J:,&%&(!!k;>%QA07<+9!8>%O!! ! &*JJ:>9!A:>!$7&&7:,!>%#67,%&&`!#,6!k\,QA07<+9!8>%O!$:,79:>7,<`!O#&!+7<+%>!9+#,!9+%!! ! $%#,!O+70%!k,:,Q8>%O!$%678#0!#&&7<,$%,9&`!#,6!kJ:&9QA07<+9`!8>%O!%[#$&!O%>%!!

! 25 0:O%>(!!?+%,!,:9!#&&7<,%6!9:!#,!\HH!$7&&7:,-!#6$7,7&9>#97M%!O:>@!O#&!&7<,7A78#,901!! ! +7<+%>!9+#,!9+%!$%#,!>%&J:,&%!O+70%!&*JJ:>9!:A!9+%!GX/!O#&!0:O%>(! ! ! ?79+!>%<#>6&!9:!&@700!&%9&!>%b*7>%6!L1!9+%!)HW/)H-!9+%!+7<+%&9!>#,@7,&!O%>%!>%0#9%6!9:!@,:O0%6<%!#,6!%[J%>7%,8%-!O+70%!J%>&:,#0!&*JJ:>9!&1&9%$&!! ! #,6!9+%!>%&J:,&%!kM#>7%6!#8#6%$78!L#8@<>:*,6`!O%>%!>#,@%6!&7<,7A78#,901!0:O%>!! ! 9+#,!9+%!$%#,!:A!9+%!:9+%>!#,&O%>&(! ! ! Vision! ! ! H%M%>#0!b*%&97:,&!O%>%!#&@%6!:A!9+%!)HW/)H!9:!0::@!A:>O#>6!A>:$!9+7&!J:7,9!! ! 7,!9+%7>!>%&J%897M%!8#>%%>&(!!R+%!A7>&9!b*%&97:,!#&@%6!9+%$!9:!07&9!O+#9!8#>%%>!91J%&!! ! 9+%1!$7<+9!8:,&76%>!7,!9+%!6%M%0:J7,87#0!&J#8%!7,6*&9>1(!!XA!9+%!]2!! ! >%&J:,6%,9&-!3e!che(Zrd!7,678#9%6!9+%1!O:*06!8:,&76%>!#!8#>%%>!7,!k8:$$%>87#0!! ! #&9>:,#*9!9>#,&J:>9!9:!9+%!\HH`!#,6!3e!che(Zrd!7,678#9%6!9+%!&#$%!A:>!k&J#8%!! ! 9:*>7&$`(!!RO:!cZ(^rd!O+:!#,&O%>%6!kX9+%>`!7,678#9%6!9+%1!O:*06!8:,97,*%!9+%7>!! ! >:0%!#&!A07<+9!&*><%:,!7,!8:$$%>87#0!&J#8%(!!R+>%%!b*%&97:,&!#66>%&&7,9!&8#0%!A:>$#9-!#>%!#$%,#L0%!9:!&9#97&978#0!#,#01&7&-!&%%!R#L0%!e(! ! ! ! !

! 26 ! ! ! ! Table!6:!!Vision!Questions!from!survey!(Likert!scale):! t*%&97:,!#,6!#,&O%>&!>#,@%6!c+7<+%&9!M&(!0:O%&9d! .%#,! H(B(! JM#0*% Q.!!What!do!you!feel!is!the!relative!importance!of! !!! DIRECT!Flight!Surgeon!involvement!in!the!following! program!choices!over!the!next!10!years!(2012" 2012)?! =7<+%&9!>#,@7,Y! ! ! ! !!!K8:,97,*%!%$J+#&7&!:,!J>%M%,97M%!$%678#0!8#>%!7,! 2(4e! 4(5Zh! q4(445! &J#8%g! ! ! ! S:O%&9!>#,@7,Y! ! ! ! !!!,:,%! ,(#(! ,(#(! ,(#(! ! ! !!! ! Q.!!What!do!you!feel!is!the!relative!importance!of! !!! DIRECT!Flight!Surgeon!involvement!in!the!following! program!choices!after!ISS!utilization!is!complete! (after!approximately!2022"2025)?! =7<+%&9!>#,@7,Y! ! ! ! !!!K8:,97,*%!%$J+#&7&!:,!J>%M%,97M%!$%678#0!8#>%!7,! 2(5]! 4(5ee! q4(445! &J#8%g! ! ! ! S:O%&9!>#,@7,Y! ! ! ! !!!K&9*61!#,6!J0#,!8:*,9%>$%#&*>%&!A:>!a\\;!cM7&*#0! ](]_! 4(5ee! !!4(44h! 7$J#7>$%,9-!7,9>#8>#,7#0!J>%&&*>%dg! ! !!! ! Q.!!Please!rank!the!following!sources!of!continuing! !!! medical!education!(CME)!for!the!Flight!Surgeon!in! terms!of!what!you!consider!to!be!important!to! maintain!and!develop!professionally.! =7<+%&9!>#,@7,&Y! ! ! ! !!!K>%$#7,7,9Q97$%d!7,!A7%06!:A! ](_]! 4(5h]! q4(445! :>7<7,#0!&J%87#091g! ! ! ! !!!KA:8*&%6!&J#8%!$%6787,%!&9*61-!>%#67,%,8%&g! ! ! ! S:O%&9!>#,@7,Y! ! ! ! !!!KG&.G!8:,A%>%,8%&!#,6!8:$$799%%!O:>@g! 3(^5! 4(5h]! !!4(44]! H(B(Y!!H9#,6#>6!B>>:>N!J!M#0*%!m!q4(4Z! ! ! ! ! !

! 27 ! /7>%89!A07<+9!&*><%:,!7,M:0M%$%,9!:M%>!9+%!,%[9!9%,!1%#>&!:A!:J%>#97:,&!c9+%!! ! J0#,,%6!>%$#7,7,&!:A!9+%!\HHd!O#&!A%09!9:!L%!$:&9!7$J:>9#,9!7,!9+%!#>%#!:A!! ! k8:,97,*%6!!%$J+#&7&!:,!J>%M%,97M%!$%678#0!8#>%`(!!R+7&!#,&O%>!#8+7%M%6!#!>#,@7,!9+#,!9+%!$%#,!:A!9+%!:9+%>!8+:78%&N!,:!#,&O%>!O79+7,!9+%!! ! b*%&97:,!>%#8+%6!&9#97&978#0!&7<,7A78#,8%!7,!9%>$&!:A!L%7,!9+#,!9+%!$%#,(! ! ! /7>%89!A07<+9!&*><%:,!7,M:0M%$%,9!beyond!9+%!\HH!c%&97$#9%6!#A9%>!1%#>!3433Q! ! 343Zd!>%9#7,%6!9+%!&#$%!J>7:>791!:A!&7<,A78#,8%!#&!8:$J#>%6!9:!9+%!b*%&97:,!>%0#9%6!! ! 9:!9+%!,%[9!9%,!1%#>&N!!9+%!#,&O%>!:A!8:*,9%>$%#&*>%&!A:>!M7&7:,!7$J#7>$%,9!+#6!#!! ! $%#,!>#,@7,!9+#,!9+%!$%#,(!!R+7&!>%0#97:,&+7J!O#&!&7<,7A78#,9(!!S#&901-!#!! ! b*%&97:,!O#&!#&@%6!>%<#>67,<%:,!8:,97,*7,9#,8%!:A!M#>7:*&!&:*>8%&!:A!).B-!9+%!>%&J:,6%,9&!<#M%!k>%$#7,7,!:>7<7,#0!A7%06`!#,6!kA:8*&%6!&J#8%!$%6787,%!&9*61`!#&!! ! &7<,7A78#,901!+7<+%>!9+#,!:9+%>!8+:78%&N!O+%>%#&!kG&.G!8:,A%>%,8%&!#,6!8:$$799%%!! ! O:>@`!O#&!0:O%>!7,!>#,@7,$&!:A!A*9*>%!).B(! ! !

! 28 Chapter!5!–!Discussion! ! ! R+%!J>7$#>1!#7$!:A!9+7&!9+%&7&!O#&!9:!0%#>,!$:>%!#L:*9!O+#9!79!$%#,&!9:!L%!#!! ! FGHG!A07<+9!&*><%:,(!!R+%!#JJ>:#8+!9:!A7,67,!A:00:O%6!&%M%>#0!J#9+&(!! ! C7>&9!O#&!9:!0%#>,!$:>%!#L:*9!KA07<+9!&*><%:,&g!7,!<%,%>#0!L1!>%M7%O!:A!#M#70#L0%!! ! J*L07&+%6!079%>#9*>%-!9+%!&%8:,6!O#&!9:!$%%9!J%>&:,#001!O79+!J#&9!#,6!J>%&%,9!FGHG!! ! A07<+9!&*><%:,&!#&!#!$%#&*>%!:A!>%#07&$-!#,6!9+%!9+7>6!O#&!9:!:L9#7,!:>7<7,#0!&*>M%1!! ! 6#9#!A>:$!#!J:J*0#97:,!:A!FGHG!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!9:!#,&O%>!&J%87A78!b*%&97:,&(!!R+%!! ! A7,#0!&9%J!7&!9:!&1,9+%&7E%!9+%!7,A:>$#97:,!<#9+%>%6-!#,#01E%!9+%!6#9#-!#,6!6>#O!! ! #JJ>:J>7#9%!8:,80*&7:,&(!!R+%!A7>&9!J>:L0%$!%,8:*,9%>%6!O#&!7,!A7,67,%!7&!! ! M%>1!07990%!J*L07&+%6!7,A:>$#97:,!9+#9!8+#>#89%>7E%&!$%678#0!J>:M76%>&!9:!9+%!U(H(!! ! #&9>:,#*9!8:>J&(!!R+%!7,M%&9$%,9!7,!6:00#>&-!97$%!#,6!%[J%>97&%!9:!&%0%89-!8%>97A1-!! ! 9>#7,!#,6!*097$#9%01!A01!$%$L%>&!:A!9+%!#&9>:,#*9!8:>J&!:,!8:$J0%[!$7&&7:,&!! ! >%b*7>%&!#,!7,9%<>#9%6!+%#09+!J>:<>#$!9+#9!7,80*6%&!#&9>:,#*9!&%0%897:,-!J>%M%,97M%!! ! $%6787,%!J>:<>#$&-!J>:M7&7:,!:A!$%678#0!8#>%-!$7&&7:,!&*JJ:>9-!A:8*&%6!>%&%#>8+-!! ! >%+#L7079#97:,!J>:<>#$&!#,6!0:,<79*67,#0!&*>M%700#,8%(!!/7M%>&%!$%678#0!&%>M78%!7&!! ! J>:M76%6!7,!J>%QA07<+9-!7,QA07<+9!#,6!J:&9QA07<+9!&9#<%&(!!GJJ>:[7$#9%01!_3!J+1&787#,&!! ! +#M%!&%>M%6!FGHG!#&!:J%>#97:,#0!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!6*>7,&9!Z4!1%#>&!! ! c&%%!GJJ%,67[!5d-!#,6!79!O#&!*,%[J%89%6!9:!A7,6!#!>%0#97M%01!&$#00!#$:*,9!:A!! ! J*L07&+%6!7,A:>$#97:,!#L:*9!9+%7>!>:0%!7,!9+%!87M707#,!&J#8%!J>:<>#$!c3]-!3eQ3h-!! ! ]3Q]2d(! ! ! R+%>%!7&!$:>%!+7&9:>1!#&!O%00!#&!$:>%!J*L07&+%6!079%>#9*>%!>%0#9%6!9:!9+%!! ! $7079#>1!A07<+9!&*><%:,-!#,6!9+%!>:0%!:A!#%>:&J#8%!$%6787,%!7,!9+%!9>#7,7,1!! ! J+1&787#,&!#&!8:$J#>%6!9:!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!7,!9+%!&J#8%!J>:<>#$(!!XM%>!97$%-!! !

! 29 J7:,%%>7,1!9>#7,7,:<>#$&!0%6!9:!9+%!A:>$#97:,!:A!87M707#,!J>:<>#$&!A:>!! ! 9+%!J*>J:&%&!:A!9>#7,7,87#0!#M7#97:,!A07<+9!&*><%:,&(!!\,!$:&9!! ! 8#&%&-!9+%!&#$%!$7079#>1!J7:,%%>&!O+:!67>%89%6!9+%!%#>07%&9!9>#7,7,:<>#$&!O%>%!! ! 8+:&%,!9:!:><#,7E%!87M70!#M7#97:,!$%678#0!&9#,6#>6&!#&!O%00!f!#!80#&&78!%[#$J0%!:A!! ! 9+7&!7&!/>(!S:*7&!=(!V#*%>!c3d(!!\,!9+%!&#$%!$#,,%>-!9+%!9O:!?:>06!?#>&!+#6!9+%!! ! 8>7978#0!7,A0*%,8%!:,!9+%!6%M%0:J$%,9!:A!#%>:&J#8%!$%6787,%!#,6!79&`!#JJ078#97:,!9:!! ! &J#8%!$%6787,%!f!%M%,!7A!#&!.#8@:O&@7!&*<<%&9&!9+%!9>*%!>::9&!:A!9+7&!>%0#97:,&+7J!! ! L%9O%%,!$7079#>1!#,6!&J#8%!L%<#,!7,!5^5Z!O79+!9+%!A:*,67,1!):$$799%%!A:>!G%>:,#*978&!cFG)Gd!f!FGHG`&!J>%6%8%&&:>!c54d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take!on!a!new!importance!in!missions!like!this.!!They!do!more!! ! that!what!would!traditionally!be!considered!flight!surgeon!work.!!They!are!your!alter!! ! ego”!c&%%!R#L0%!5d(!!!!! ! ! R+%!FGHG!H+*990%!;>:<>#$!)HW/)H!H*>M%1!O#&!&%,9!M7#!%$#70!9:!FGHG!8>%O!! ! &*><%:,&!#,6!6%J*91!8>%O!&*><%:,&!&%>M7,9!:A!H+*990%(!!XA!9+%!Z5!J+1&787#,&!7,!9+7&!<>:*J-!8:,9#89!7,A:>$#97:,!O#&!! !

! 30 :L9#7,%6!A:>!2h-!!#,6!]Z!8:$J0%9%6!9+%!&*>M%1(!!R+%!A7,67,<&!#>%!&*JJ:>97M%!:A!9+%!! ! #M#70#L0%!079%>#9*>%!#,6!9+%!%[J%>7%,8%&!:A!J#&9!#,6!J>%&%,9!FGHG!A07<+9!&*><%:,&(!!! ! ! /%&J79%!#,!#O#>%,%&&!#9!#!>%0#97M%01!1:*,%!&%>7:*&01!! ! 8:,&76%>7,%%>!7,!9+%!&J#8%!J>:<>#$!c+#0A!L%A:>%!A7,7&+7,791!chhrd!9:!L%8:$%!#!J>#89787,9%6!L1!9+%!7,67M76*#0!! ! 9+%$&%0M%&-!7(%(!&%0AQ$:97M#97:,!O#&!>#9%6!$:&9!+7<+01!#,6!&7<,7A78#,901!O+%,!! ! 8:$J#>%6!9:!:9+%>!J:&&7L0%!7,A0*%,8%&(! ! ! \,!:>6%>!9:!#8+7%M%!9+%&%!<:#0&-!%6*8#97:,!O#&!+7<+01!M#0*%6Y!!hZr!:A!9+%!! ! >%&J:,6%,9&!+:06!$*097J0%!6%<>%%&N!$:&9!8:$$:,01!#!$%678#0!6%<>%%!c.(/(d!#,6!! ! %79+%>!#!.#&9%>!:A!H87%,8%!c.Hd!:>!#!.#&9%>!7,!;*L078!=%#09+!c.;=d(!!XM%>!+#0A!:A!9+%!! ! >%&J:,6%,9&!O%>%!6:*L0%QV:#>6%6!:>!+%06!$*097J0%!V:#>6!8%>97A78#97:,&(!!!V%1:,6!! ! %6*8#97:,-!$%678#0!9>#7,7,:&J#8%!$%6787,%-!%$%>Q!! ! <%,81!$%6787,%!#,6!7,9%>,#0!$%6787,%!&J%87#097%&(!!X9+%>!&J%87#097%&!>%J>%&%,9%6!#>%!! ! #&!,:9%6!7,!GJJ%,67[!Z(!!G!&J%87A78!$%%97,!%M%,9!O#&!#!@%1!&:*>8%!:A!7,&J7>#97:,!! ! 9:!#99#7,!A07<+9!&*><%:,!&9#9*&(!!B[#$J0%&!O%>%!<7M%,!&*8+!#&!k#!80%>@&+7J!#9!"H)!! ! 6*>7,!C:>8%!CH`-!#,6!k#!$%%97,:$!c/>(d!)+#>0%&!V%>>1`(!!! ! ! '7M%,!9+%!:JJ:>9*,791!:A!A7M%!67AA%>%,9!>%&J:,&%&!9:!8+#>#89%>7E%!! ! $:97M#97:,!9:!I:7,!9+%!&J#8%!J>:<>#$-!9O:!O%>%!>#9%6!&7<,7A78#,901!+7<+%>!9+#,!9+%!! ! $%#,!:A!9+%!:9+%>&(!!X,%!7&!#!&9>:,!&J#8%!%[J0:>#97:,!#,6!#,!#8#6%$78!! ! 7,9%>%&9!7,!&J#8%N!9+%!:9+%>-!&7<,7A78#,901-!7&!9+%!6%&7>%!9:!J>#8978%!$%6787,%!7,!9+%!! ! &J#8%!%,M7>:,$%,9(!!R+%&%!8+:78%&!67&97,<*7&+!9+%$&%0M%&!A>:$!9O:!#09%>,#9%!! !

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! 32 9+7>6!O%>%!&%>M7,1!8:,8*>>%,9!9:!9+%7>!FGHG!&%>M78%(!!=#0A!:A!#00!! ! >%&J:,6%,9&!7,!9+7&!&*>M%1!#>%!J>7M#9%!#M7#97:,!J70:9&!O79+!M#>17,97A78#97:,(! ! ! ?+70%!79!7&!O%00Q@,:O,!G$%>78#,!+7&9:>1!9+#9!:*>!8:*,9>1!%,9%>%6!9+%!K&J#8%!! ! >#8%g!7,!8:$J%9797:,!O79+!9+%!UHHT!cT*&&7#d!#,6!9+#9!9+%!7,797#0!#&9>:,#*9&!O%>%!! ! $7079#>1!9%&9!J70:9&-!79!$#1!,:9!L%!@,:O,!9+#9!#00!9+%!7,797#0!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!A:>!! ! FGHG!&7$70#>01!6%9#70%6!A>:$!9+%!$7079#>1(!!\,!#,!:>#0!+7&9:>1!O79+!/>(!?7007#$!! ! )#>J%,97%>!c+7$&%0A!#!A:>$%>!'%$7,7!#,6!GJ:00:!A07<+9!&*><%:,d!9#@%,!7,!"#,*#>1-!! ! 3453-!/>(!)#J%,97%>!7,678#9%6!9+#9!A:>!;>:I%89!.%>8*>1-!#00!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!O%>%!A>:$!! ! 9+%!$7079#>1(!!G>$1-!G7>!C:>8%-!#,6!F#M1!O%>%!#00!>%J>%&%,9%6!cJ%>&:,#0!! ! 8:$$*,78#97:,-!?(!)#>J%,97%>d(!!!R+*&-!9+7&!L#8@<>:*,6!:A!$7079#>1!&%>M78%!A:*,6!7,!! ! $#,1!:A!9+7&!8:,9%$J:>#>1!<>:*J!:A!FGHG!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!7&!&7$70#>!9:!9+:&%!7,!J#&9!! ! J>:<>#$&(!!R+7&!:L&%>M#97:,!7&!:,%!9+#9!7&!J>:M76%6!#&!#!6%&8>7J97M%!A7,67,%0%M#,8%!9:!9+%!b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d!7,!9+%!A7%06!:A!:>7<7,#0!&J%87#091!#&!O%00!#&!A:8*&%6!&J#8%!! !

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! 34 8#,9!$%8+#,7&$!L1!O+78+!9+%&%!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!A%09!9+%1!O:*06!$#7,9#7,!#,6!! ! 6%M%0:J!9+%7>!J>:A%&&7:,#0!8#J#L70797%&(!!\,!J>#8978%-!&*8+!#,!#66797:,#0!O:>@!! ! 8:$$79$%,9!7&!#!J%>&:,#0!6%87&7:,!#,6!9+%!9+%&7&!676!,:9!6%9%>$7,%!9+%!,*$L%>!:A!! ! A07<+9!&*><%:,&!O+:!#89*#001!J%>A:>$%6!&*8+!6*97%&!#,6!9:!O+#9!%[9%,9(!! ! ! \,!GJJ%,67[!5!7&!9+%!07&9!:A!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!A>:$!9+%!M#>7:*&!L>#,8+%&!:A!9+%!! ! $7079#>1!#,6!<:M%>,$%,9!O+:!#>%!9+%!J>%6%8%&&:>&!:A!9:6#1`&!FGHG!A07<+9!&*><%:,!! ! #,6!)HW/)H(!!R+%!07&9!7&!*,:AA787#0!7,!J#>9!L%8#*&%!#&!:A!9+7&!O>797,<-!9+%>%!7&!,:!! ! &J%87A78!6#9#L#&%!07&97,<%:,&!A:>!9+%!.%>8*>1-!'%$7,7!! ! :>!GJ:00:!J>:<>#$&!cJ%>&:,#0!8:$$*,78#97:,-!H#>#!;%>>1-!"#,*#>1!3453d(!!T%8:>6!! ! >%M7%O!>%M%#0&!9+#9!$*097J0%!6:89:>&!#,6!&*JJ:>9!8>%O!#>%!07&9%6!#&!J%>A:>$7,%QA07<+9-!J:&9QA07<+9dN!>%M7%O7,&N!>#67:<>#J+1!! ! 7,9%>J>%9%>&N!J&18+7#9>7&9&!c#,6!:9+%>&d(!!R+%>%!O%>%!@%1!,*>&%&!7,!&*JJ:>9!:A!9+%!! ! J+1&787#,&-!&*8+!#&!.&(!/%%!X`=#>#!cJ%>&:,#0!8:$$*,78#97:,-!H#>#!;%>>1-!"#,*#>1!! ! 3453d(!!.%>8*>1-!'%$7,7!#,6!GJ:00:!+#6!>%8:M%>1!9%#$&!J>%&%,9!A:>!O#9%>!0#,67,<&(!!! ! .#,,%6!<0:L#0!$:,79:>7,M%6!9+%,!O+#9!9>#8@7,%0#1! %0079%&!6:!,:O(!!G$:,<%:,&!:A!9+%&%!%#>01!$7&&7:,&-!9+%!! ! $:97M#97:,!c&7$70#>!9:!9+%!#&9>:,#*9&d!O#&!9+%!exploration!of!space(! !!!!!! ! \,!8:,M%>a:,&!O79+!/>(!)#>J%,97%>-!O%!&J:@%!:A!9+%!&%M%,!! ! #&9>:,#*9&!O+:!0:&9!9+%7>!07M%&!6*>7,01!J>:<>#$&Y!!R+%:6:>%!)(!C>%%$#,!! ! c5ê2dN!)+#>0%&!G(!V#&&%99!#,6!B007:99!.(!H%%-!">(!c5êedN!)07A9:,!)(!K)()(g!?7007#$&!! ! c5êhdN!#,6!'*&!'>7&&:$-!T:<%>!)+#AA%%!#,6!B6!?+79%!c5êhd!#,6!9+%!$:>#0!8:*>#<%!! ! &+:O,!L1!%M%>1:,%!#9!FGHG!#9!9+%!97$%!9:!&%%@!#,6!8:>>%89!9+%!J>:L0%$&!#,6!J>%&&!! ! A:>O#>6(!!KV%8#*&%!O%!L!O%!O:*06g!O#&!9+%!%[J0#,#97:,-!91J78#0!:A!9+#9!! !

! 35 <%,%>#97:,-!A:>!8:,97,*7,!0#,67,&:,#0!8:$$*,78#97:,-!! ! ?7007#$!)#>J%,97%>d(!!! ! ! R+7&!9+%&7&!+#&!#99%$J9%6!9:!#66>%&&!9+%!8+#>#89%>7&978&!:A!#!8:,9%$J:>#>1!! ! <>:*J!:A!FGHG!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!L1!8:,6*897,M%1!:A!8>%O!&*><%:,&!#,6!9+%7>!! ! 6%J*97%&!O:>@7,%&*09&!! ! >%A0%89!9+%!#,&O%>&!:A!$:&9-!L*9!,:9!#00-!:A!9+:&%!9+#9!&%>M%6!7,!9+%!:J%>#97:,#0!! ! 67M7&7:,!:A!9+%!$%678#0!67>%89:>#9%!#9!FGHG!6*>7,:<>#$(!!B[80*6%6!! ! #>%!A07<+9!&*><%:,&!&%>M7,:<>#$!7,!#>%#&!:9+%>!9+#,!$%678#0!! ! :J%>#97:,&!f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d(!!C:>!9+%!S7@%>9!&8#0%!! ! #,#01&7&-!#!R1J%!\!%>>:>!7&!>7&@%6!L1!&9#97,%!O%>%!>%&J:,&%&!&9#97&978#001!67&97,89!! !

! 36 A>:$!:9+%>&(!!?79+!9+%!07$79#97:,&!#&!6%&8>7L%6-!9+%!:>7<7,#0!b*%&97:,!:A!L%99%>!! ! *,6%>&9#,67,<%:,!+#&!:,01!+#6!79&`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

! 37 Bibliography! ! ! 5(!!!G&+%!?CY!!T%8%,9!6%M%0:J$%,9&!7,!#M7#97:,!#,6!#%>:&J#8%!$%6787,%(!!;*L078! =%#09+!T%J:>9&-!a:0(!hhchd-!JJ&(!e3]Qe3h-!"*01!5ê3(! ! 3(!!.:+0%>!HTY!!S:*7&!=(!V#*%>-!#,6!9+%!A7>&9!87M70!U(H(!#%>:$%678#0!&9#,6#>6&Y!!=7&! 8:,97,*7,:,!.%6-!3445N!h3Ye3Qe^(! ! ](!!/700%!"T-!.:+0%>!HTY!!R+%!L%<7,,7,<&Y!!;#&9!#,6!J>%&%,9(!!)+#J9%>!5!7,! C*,6#$%,9#0&!:A!G%>:&J#8%!.%6787,%-!29+!B6(-!!/#M7&!"-!":+,&:,!T-!H9%J#,%@!"-!C:<#>91! "-!B6&(-!S7JJ7,8:99-!?7007#$&-!u!?70@7,&-!;+70#6%0J+7#-!344_(! ! 2(!!!":,%&!/T-!.#>&+!T?Y!!C07<+9!H*><%:,!&*JJ:>9!9:!U,79%6!H9#9%&!G7>!C:>8%!C07%>&!7,! ):$L#9(!!UHGC!H8+::0!:A!G%>:&J#8%!.%6787,%-!HG.QCBQVTQRTQ344]Q445N!J(!3N! GJJ>:M%6!A:>!J*L078!>%0%#&%-!.#1!344](! ! Z(!!.:+0%>!HTY!!R>#7,7,:&J#8%!$%6787,%!J+1&787#,&(!!"(!UXB=-!a:0(!hc5dY!5Qh-! 5^_Z(! ! e(!!G0A:>6!VT-!G9@7,&!"=Y!!=7&9:>78#0!97%&!L%9O%%,!:9:0#>1,<:0:<1!f!+%#6!#,6!,%8@! &*><%>1!#,6!&J#8%!$%6787,%(!!X9:0#>1,<:0!=%#6!F%8@!H*>9E!B'Y!!R+%!#6M#,8%!:A!9+%!A07<+9!&*><%:,!7,9:!&J#8%!$%6787,%(!!G%>:&J#8%! .%6787,%-!JJ&(!2]3Q2]Z-!!GJ>70!5ê3(! ! _(!!/700%!"TY!!S%&&:,&!A>:$!9+%!J7:,%%>&(!!GM7#9!HJ#8%!B,M7>:,!.%6-!5^^_N!e^Yh_Q_3(! ! ^(!!D%001!CY!!R+%!+7&9:>1!:A!9+%!U,79%6!H9#9%&!F#M1!A07<+9!&*><%:,W,#M#0!#M7#9:>! J>:<>#$(!!GM7#9-!HJ#8%!B,M7>:,!.%6-!5^^_N!e^Y]55Q]5e(! ! 54(!!.#8@:O&@7!.;Y!!R%&97,7<7,&!:A! $#,,%6!&J#8%!A07<+9(!!R%[#&!Gu.!U,7M%>&791!;>%&&-!):00%<%!H9#97:,-!Rv-!344e(! ! 55(!!'#00wQR%&&:,,%#*!"TY!!V%8:$7,<%:,(!!GM7#9!HJ#8%!B,M7>:,!.%6N! 5^__N!/%8(!J(!55^_Q5343(! ! 53(!!H9>78@0#,6!VG-!=%&&L%>(Y!!R+%!A07<+9!&*><%:,!7,!#%>:&J#8%!>%&%#>8+!#,6! 6%M%0:J$%,9(!!G%>:&J#8%!.%6787,%-!JJ&(!22]Q22e-!GJ>70!5ê3(!!! ! 5](!!G,:,1$:*&!#*9+:>&Y!!R>#7,7,:&J#8%!$%6787,%(!!G%>:&J#8%!.%6787,%-!a:0(! ]^YH*JJ0Y!5Q3_-!H%J9%$L%>!5ê_(! ! ! ! !!!!!!!

! 38 ! 52(!!X+7:!=7&9:>78#0!H:87%91-!):J1>7<+9!5^^^(!!):0*$L*&-!X+7:!! OOO(:+7:+7&9:>18%,9>#0(:>1(J+Jx>%8m5h4]!c#88%&&%6!"*,%!3-!5453d! ! 5Z(!!V7007,<&!)BY!!GM7#97:,!$%6787,%!<>#6*#9%!9>#7,7,&791-!5^ZZQ 5^hh(!!GM7#9!HJ#8%!B,M7>:,!.%6!3454N!_5YZ5hQZ35(! ! 5e(!!j#&*+#>#!RR-!/:6<%!TB-!"%,,7,<&!TR-!%9(!#0(Y!HJ%87#091!8:$J%9%,87%&!A:>!>%&76%,9&! 7,!#%>:&J#8%!$%6787,%(!!GM7#9!HJ#8%!B,M7>:,!.%6!5^^^N!h4Ye4^Qe55(! ! 5h(!!.8'7,,7&!;"-!=#>>7&!VG!">(Y!!R+%!>%Q%$%><%,8%!:A!&J#8%!$%6787,%!#&!#!67&97,89! 67&87J07,%(!!GM7#9!HJ#8%!B,M7>:,!.%6-!5^^_Ne^Y554hQ5555(! ! 5_(!!'>%,:,!H.-!H##>1!"Y!!)+#00%,<%&!7,!#%>:&J#8%!$%6787,%!%6*8#97:,(!!GM7#9!HJ#8%! B,M7>:,!.%6!3455N!_3Y54h5Q54h3(! ! 5^(!!V%>>1!)G-!=:AA0%>!'?-!"%>,7<#,!)G-!%9(#0(Y!!=7&9:>1!:A!&J#8%!$%6787,%Y!!R+%! A:>$#97M%!1%#>&!#9!FGHG(!!GM7#9!HJ#8%!B,M7>:,!.%6!344^N!_4Y]2ZQZ3(! ! 34(!!=799-!/(-!FGHG!B6*8#97:,#0!R%8+,:0:<1!H%>M78%&(!!FGHG!XAA787#0Y!!V(!/*,L#>(! +99JYWWOOO(,#&#(<:MW#*67%,8%WA:>%6*8#9:>&W&9&%6*8#97:,W&9:>7%&W;:O%>&yT:6%, y;>:A70%(+9$0!!#88%&&%6!55W3]W3455(! ! 35(!!S7,@-!..(-!FGHG!HJ%87#0!;*L078#97:,Q244]!7,!9+%!FGHG!=7&9:>1!H%>7%&-!5^eZ(! +99JYWW+7&9:>1(,#&#(<:MWH;Q244]W9:8(+9$-!#88%&&%6!55W3]W3455(!!HJ#8%!$%6787,%!7,! ;>:I%89!.%>8*>1!cG*9+:>!S7,@!..d(!!FGHG!HJ%87#0!;*L078#97:,Q244]-!5^eZ(! ! 33(!!T%6$:,6-!)(-!'#>L%>!H(!cFGHG!=7&9:>1!?%L!)*>#9:>d-!FGHG!=7&9:>1!=:$%J#<%! +99JYWW+7&9:>1(,#&#(<:MW#J:00:W#J&:1+7&9(+9$0-!#88%&&%6!55W3]W3455(!!R+%!A07<+9!:A! GJ:00:QH:1*E(! ! 3](!!=%&&L%><%:,&(!!GM7#9!HJ#8%!B,M7>:,!.%6! 5^h^N!.#1-!J(!Z]Z(! ! 32(!!Wilson J: !NASA Homepage, B. Dunbar (NASA Official), September 2, 2011 +99JYWWOOO(,#&#(<:MW+:$%W+b,%O&W344hWA%LW=ty4h4Z]yFBB.Xy53y8>%OyJ>9(+9 $0!!#88%&&%6!55W3]W3455(! ! 3Z(!!.78+%,%>-!"GY!!HJ#8%(!!T#,6:$!=:*&%!;*L07&+7,<-!F%O!j:>@-!5^_3(! ! 3e(!!G*9+:>!*,@,:O,Y!!":+,&:,!HJ#8%!)%,9%>!G&9>:,#*9!#,6!C07<+9!H*><%:,!! H*>M%1! T%J:>9-!"#,*#>1!344_(!!! ! ! ! !!!!!!!

! 39 ! 3h(!!.8/:,#06!;a-!;:0@!"/Y!!R+>:*<+!9+%!#<%&Y!!G!FGHG!A07<+9!&*><%:,!#9!O:>@! cGL&9>#89!F:(!32e!#9!9+%!hh9+!G,,*#0!.%%97,0#,6:-!CS-!344ed(!!GM7#9! HJ#8%!B,M7>:,!.%6!344eN!hhY3he(! !!!!!!! 3_(!!/7&$*@%&-!D(-!;%991!"\!cFGHG!XAA787#0d-!J#<%!0#&9!*J6#9%6!2W4]W3442(! +99JYWW&J#8%A07<+9(,#&#(<:MW+7&9:>1W&+*990%Q$7>WO%08:$%W9:QO%08:$%(+9$-! #88%&&%6!55W3]W3455(!!H+*990%Q.7>!+7&9:>1!O%L!&79%(!!c\,80*6%&!#88%&&!9:!:>#0! +7&9:>7%&d-!0#&9!*J6#9%6!GJ>70-!3442(! ! 3^(!!)#$JL%00-!.(-!?%L$#&9%>!A:>!HJ#8%!.%6787,%!G&&:87#97:,-!344Z(!! !+99JYWW&J#8%$%6787,%#&&:87#97:,(:>1!5^-!3453(! ! ! ]4(!!/7&$*@%&-!D(-!;%991!"\!cFGHG!XAA787#0d-!J#<%!0#&9!*J6#9%6!eW52W5^^^(!!! !+99JYWW&J#8%A07<+9(,#&#(<:MW+7&9:>1W&+*990%Q$7>W!c#88%&&%6!"#,*#>1!5^-!3453d! ! ]5(!!!):$$%>87#001!#M#70#L0%!O%L&79%-!):J1>7<+9!z!5^^^Q3453!H*>M%1.:,@%1(!! !+99JYWWOOO(&*>M%1$:,@%1(8:$-!#88%&&%6!"#,*#>1!5^-!3453! ! ]3(!!?7007#$&!/TY!!R+%!L7:$%678#0!8+#00%,<%&!:A!&J#8%A07<+9(!!G,,*(!T%M(!.%6(!344]N! Z2Y32ZQ3Ze(! ! ]](!!/:#>,!)TY!!.%678#0!J:0781!6%M%0:J$%,9!A:>!+*$#,!&J#8%A07<+9!#9!FGHGY!!G,! %M:0*97:,(!!GM7#9!HJ#8%!B,M7>:,!.%6!3455N!_3Y54h]Q54hh(!!! ! ]2(!!T:6%,L%>&!D"Y!!HJ#8%!&+*990%!:J%>#97:,&!#9!9+%!FGHG!D%,,%61!HJ#8%! )%,9%>Y!!R+%!>:0%!:A!%$%><%,81!$%6787,%(!!"!B$%>

! 40 List!of!Appendices! ! ! ! 5( R#L0%!:A!FGHG!C07<+9!H*><%:,&!c.%>8*>1QGJ:00:QH:1*E!R%&9!;>:I%89d! 3( =7&9:>78#0!R7$%07,%!A:>!A07<+9!&*><%:,&W9>#7,7,#,&8>7J9!H*$$#>7%&!:A!H+*990%Q.7>!X>#0!=7&9:>7%&! 2( C*00!H*>M%1!R::0! Z( H*>M%1!T%&*09&Y!!H*$$#>1!!! e( !H*>M%1%6!)HW/)H!%6*8#97:,!&%b*%,8%!ct(!34!#,&O%>d! ! ! !

! 41 GJJ%,67[!5Y!!FGHG!C07<+9!H*><%:,&!c.%>8*>1!f!GJ:00:!H:1*E!R%&9!;>:I%89d!

! Mission! Crew! Date! Mission!Docs!/Flight!Surgeons! .%>8*>1QT%6&9:,%!]! H+%J#>6! ZWZW5ê5 ?7007#$!/:*<0#&-!=:O#>6!.7,,%>&-!B>,%&9!.8)*98+%:, ! ! .%>8*>1QT%6&9:,%!2! '>7&&:$! hW35W5ê5 ?7007#$!/:*<0#&-!B*<%,%!R*LL&-!)+#>0%&!V%>>1 .%>8*>1QG90#&!e! '0%,,! 3W34W5ê3 ?7007#$!/:*<0#&-!G&+9:,!'>#1L7%0 .%>8*>1QG90#&!h! )#>J%,9%>! ZW32W5ê3 ?7007#$!/:*<0#&-!=:O#>6!.7,,%>&-!G&+9:,!'>#1L7%0 Project Mercury .%>8*>1QG90#&!_! H8+7>>#! 54W]W5ê3 =:O#>6!.7,,%>&-!G&+9:,!'>#1L7%0 .%>8*>1QG90#&!^! )::J%>! ZW5ZQ5eW5ê] =:O#>6!.7,,%>&-!B>,%&9!.8)*98+%:,-!H9#,0%1!?+79%-!?7007#$!H(!G*<%>&:, ! ! ! '%$7,7QR79#,!\\\! '>7&&:$-!j:*,< ]W3]W5êZ B*<%,%!R*LL&-!=:O#>6!.7,,%>&

! '%$7,7QR79#,!\\\! .8/7M799-!?+79% eW]QhW5êZ B*<%,%!R*LL&-!)+#>0%&!V%>>1-!/78@!;:00#>6 '%$7,7QR79#,!\\\! )::J%>-!):,>#6 _W35Q3^W5êZ =:O#>6!.7,,%>&-!B*<%,%!R*LL&-!?7007#$!)#>J%,97%> '%$7,7QR79#,!\\\! V:>$#,-!S:M%00 53W2Q5_W5êZ =:O#>6!.7,,%>&-!F:>$#,!;7,8:8@-!?7007#$!)#>J%,97%> '%$7,7QR79#,!\\\! H8+7>>#-!H9#AA:>6 53W5ZQ5eW5êZ /*#,%!)#99%>&:,-!F:>$#,!;7,8:8@-!=:O#>6!.7,,%>&-!?7007#$!)#>J%,97%> Program ! '%$7,7QR79#,!\\\! G>$&9:,<-!/(!H8:99 ]W5eW5êe C>%6!D%001-!F:>$#,!;7,8:8@-!T:L%>9!=#00 '%$7,7QR79#,!\\\! H9#AA:>6-!)%>,#, eW]QeW5êe /*#,%!)#99%>&:,-!F:>$#,!;7,8:8@-!?7007#$!)#>J%,97%> '%$7,7QR79#,!\\\! j:*,<-!):007,& hW5_Q35W5êe XO%,!)::,&-!F:>$#,!;7,8:8@ Gemini '%$7,7QR79#,!\\\! ):,>#6-!':>6:, ^W53Q5ZW5êe C>%6!D%001-!G00%,!=#>9%> '%$7,7QR79#,!\\\! S:M%00-!G06>7, 55W55Q5ZW5êe G00%,!=#>9%>-!F:>$#,!;7,8:8@ ! ! ! GJ:00:!5! '>7&&:$-!?+79%-!)+#AA%% 5W3hW5êh C>%6!D%001-!G00%,!=#>9%> GJ:00:QH#9*>,!h! H8+7>>#-!B7&%0%-!)*,,7,<+#$ 54W55Q33W5ê_ )0#>%,8%!"%>,7<#,-!"#8@!R%%<%,-!G00%,!=#>9%>-!?7007#$!)#>J%,97%> GJ:00:QH#9*>,!_! V:>$#,-!S:M%00-!G,6%>& 53W35Q3hW5ê_ )0#>%,8%!"%>,7<#,-!G00%,!=#>9%>

! GJ:00:QH#9*>,!^! .8/7M799-!/(!H8:99-! ]W]Q5]W5^e^ )0#>%,8%!"%>,7<#,-!"%>>1!":7,%>-!.D!V#7>6-!)>#7 H8+O%78@#>9! GJ:00:QH#9*>,!54! H9#AA:>6-!j:*,<-!)%>,#, ZW5_Q3eW5^e^ )0#>%,8%!"%>,7<#,-!.D!V#7>6-!)>#7

Program GJ:00:QH#9*>,!55! G>$&9>:,<-!):007,&-!G06>7, hW5eQ32W5^e^ ?7007#$!)#>J%,97%>-!)0#>%,8%!"%>,7<#,-!)>#7 ! GJ:00:QH#9*>,!53! ):,>#6-!':>6:,-!V%#, 55W52Q32W5^e^ )0#>%,8%!"%>,7<#,-!"#8@!R%%<%, GJ:00:QH#9*>,!5]! S:M%00-!HO7<%>9-!=#7&% 2W55Q5hW5^h4 )0#>%,8%!"%>,7<#,-!"#8@!R%%<%,-!.D!V#7>6-!?700#>6!T(!=#O@7,&

Apollo GJ:00:QH#9*>,!52! H+%J#>6-!T::&#-!.798+%00 5W]5Q3W^W5^h5 ?7007#$!)#>J%,97%>-!"#8@!R%%<%,-!)+#>0%&!S#;7,9# GJ:00:QH#9*>,!5Z! H8:99-!?:>6%,-!\>O7, hW3eQ_WhW5^h5 "#8@!R%%<%,-!)+#>0%&!S#;7,9# GJ:00:QH#9*>,!5e! j:*,<-!.#997,<01-!/*@% 2W5eQ3hW5^h3 )+#>0%&!S#;7,9#-!?700#>6!T(!=#O@7,&-!H#$!;*$#-!":+,!=:6<%& GJ:00:QH#9*>,!5h! )%>,#,-!BM#,&-!H8+$799 53WhQ5^W5^h3 )+#>0%&!S#;7,9#-!?700#>6!=#O@7,&-!H#$!;*$#-!":+, =:6<%& ! ! !

! H@10#L!HSQ3! ):,>#6-!D%>O7,-!?%79E ZWZQeW33W5^h] "%>>1!=:>67,&@1-!)B!T:&& ! H@10#L!HSQ]! V%#,-!'#>>7:99-!S:*&$# hW3_Q^W3ZW5^h] ;#*0!V*8+#,#,-!B6*#>6!V*>8+#>6 H@10#L!HSQ2! )#>>-!'7L&:,-!;:<*% 55W5eWh]Q3W_Wh2 "%>>1!=:>67,&@1-!B6*#>6!V*>8+#>6

Skylab ;>:I%89!GHR;! ! Program GJ:00:QH:1*E!R%&9! H9#AA:>6-!V>#,6-!H0#19:, hW5ZQ32W5^hZ H9%J+%,!D7$E%1-!G>,#*06!F78:<:&&7#,

! 42 GJJ%,67[!5!c8:,`9dY!!X06%>!$7&&7:,!FGHG!C07<+9!H*><%:,&!c,*$L%>!:A!,%O!CHd! ! MERCURY!(8)!!!! APOLLO!(8)! ! ?7007#$!/:*<0#&! ! ! ! '(!C>%6!D%001! =:O#>6!.7,,%>&! ! ! ! )0#>%,8%!"%>,7<#,! B>,%&9!.8)*98+%:,! ! ! ! "#8@!R%%<#,! B*<%,%!R*LL&! ! ! ! G00%,!=#>9%>! ! )+#>0%&!V%>>1!! ! ! ! V700!)#>J%,97%>! G&+9:,!'>#1L7%0!cF#M1-!;%,:0#d!! .D!V#7>6! H9#,0%1!?+79%!! ! ! ! )>#7! ?7007#$!H(!G*<%>&:,! ! ! ! )+#>0%&!S#;7,9#! ! ! ! ! ! ! ?700#>6!=#O@7,&! GEMINI!(11)!!!!! "#8@!/>:%&8+%>! ! ! ! ! ! ! "%>>1!":7,%>! B*<%,%!R*LL&! ! =:O#>6!.7,,%>&! ! ! ! SKYLAB!(4)! )+#>0%&!V%>>1!! /78@!;:00#>6! ! ! ! ! "%>>1!=:>67,&@1! V700!)#>J%,97%>! ! ! ! )B!T:&&! F:>$#,!;7,8:8@! ! ! ! ;#*0!V*8+#,#,! /*#,%!)#99%>&:,! ! ! ! B6*#>6!V*>8+#>6! '(!C>%6!D%001! ! ! ! ! ! T:L%>9!=#00! ! ! ! ! PROJECT!ASTP!(2)!! XO%,!)::,&! ! G00%,!=#>9%>! ! ! ! ! H9%J+%,!D7$E%1! '%:><%!H$79+!! ! ! ! G>,#*06!F78:<:&&7#,! '%,(!.#[!V>#007#>! ! )>#7! ! ! ! SHUTTLE!PROGRAM!(49)! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Z5!)HW/)H!c3!&%>M%6!#L:M%d! ! Notes!on!Appendix!1! 5( R+%!J>7$#>1!&:*>8%!:A!9+%!7,A:>$#97:,!7,!9+7&!GJJ%,67[!5!7&!#,!%J76%$7:0:<78! 6#9#L#&%!#&&:87#9%6!O79+!9+%!&J#8%!#<%,81!#,6!7&!not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

! 43 GJJ%,67[!3Y!!=7&9:>78#0!97$%07,%!A:>!A07<+9!&*><%:,!%M%,9&!#,6!9>#7,7,7<+9!L>:9+%>&!A7>&9!A07<+9!#9!D7991!=#O@! !!!! ! 5^55!Q!!.%678#0!8#>%!J>:M76%6!#9!,#97:,`&!A7>&9!A07<+9!&8+::0! !! ! 5^53!Q!!U(H(!?#>!/%J#>9$%,9!J*L07&+%&!A:>$#0!7,&9>*897:,&!A:>!!!! ! !!!!!! J+1&78#0!%[#$!#,6!&%0%897:,!:A!J70:9&!cG0A:>6d! ! ! ! ! 5^5e!f!V>797&+!&9*61!:A!J70:9&!@700%6!7,!#897:,!>%M%#0&!^4r!+#6!! ! ! ! ! 8>#&+%6!#&!#!>%&*09!:A!J70:9!%>>:>-!67&:>7%,9#97:,-!#,6!! ! ! ! ! :9+%>!+*$#,!A#89:>&!cG0A:>6d! ! ! ! ! ! ! 5^5h!f!R+%!U(H(!%,9%>&!??\!!!!!!!! ! 5^5_!f!KA07<+9!&*><%:,g!8:7,%6!#&!#!6%&8>7J97M%!9%>$!! ! ! ! ! 5^5_!f!G>$1!H7<,#0!):>J&!%&9#L07&+%&!A7>&9!.%678#0!T%&%#>8+!! ! ! ! ! S#L!A:>!#M7#97:,!$%6787,%!7,!=#E%0+*>&9-!FjN!$:M7,-!??!5!%,6&(! !!!!!! ! 5^3e!f!R+%!H8+::0!:A!GM7#97:,!.%6787,%!A:>$%6!#9!V>::@&!C7%06-!H#,!G,9:,7:! ! 5^3e!f!/>(!S:*7&!V#*%>!6%&7<,#9%6!A7>&9!.%678#0!/7>%89:>!:A!9+%!!! ! ! ! ,%O!G%>:,#*978&!V>#,8+!:A!9+%!/%J#>9$%,9!:A!! ! ! ! ! ! ):$$%>8%N!7&&*7,&9!)7M70!GM7#97:,!H9#,6#>6&! ! ! ! 5^3h!f!?>7<+9!C7%06-!/#19:,!X+7:!A:>$#001!:J%,&!! ! ! ! ! 5^3^!f!G%>:!.%678#0!G&&:87#97:,!c,:O!9+%!G%>:&J#8%!.%678#0! ! ! ! ! G&&:87#97:,d!+:06&!79&`!A7>&9!$%%97,:79-!.78+7<#,!! ! ! 5^]5!f!R+%!H8+::0!:A!GM7#97:,!.%6787,%!cHG.d!$:M%&!A>:$!! ! ! ! ! V>::@&!C7%06!9:!T#,6:0J+!C7%06! ! ! ! ! ! ! 5^]^!f!R+%!H8+::0!:A!GM7#97:,!.%6787,%!<>#6*#9%&!79&`!0#&9!! ! ! ! ! <>:*J!:A!F#M1!A07<+9!&*><%:,&N!9+%!F#M1!&9#>9&!79&`!:O,! ! ! ! ! H8+::0!:A!GM7#97:,!.%6787,%!7,!;%,:0#-!C0:>76#(! ! ! ! 5^25!f!G7>!H*><%:,`&!XAA78%!%&9#L07&+%6!L1!#!?#>!/%J#>9$%,9!67>%897M%! ! 5^25!f!h!/%8%$L%>-!;%#>0!=#>L:>!G99#8@!#,6!UH!%,9%>&!??\\! ! ! ! 5^2Z!f!??\\!%,6&!O79+!G007%6!M789:>1! !!!!! ! 5^2h!f!R+%!U(H(!G7>!C:>8%!7&!%&9#L07&+%6!#&!#!&%J#>#9%!$7079#>1!L>#,8+!!! ! 5^Z4W5!f!RO:!J>:A%&&7:,#0!$%%97,<&!:,!9+%!&*LI%89!:A!&J#8%!! ! ! ! ! $%6787,%!9#@%!J0#8%!7,!)+78#<:!#,6!H#,!G,9:,7:!!! ! ! ! 5^Z]!f!R+%!&J%87#091!:A!G%>:&J#8%!.%6787,%!7&!A:>$#001!!! ! ! ! ! %&9#L07&+%6!#&!#!8:$J:,%,9!:A!9+%!G$%>78#,!V:#>6!:A! ! ! ! ! ;>%M%,97M%!.%6787,%(!!/>(!S:*7&!V#*%>-!J7:,%%>!A07<+9!! ! ! ! ! &*><%:,!>%8%7M%&!8%>97A78#9%!F*$L%>!5(!!! ! ! ! ! ! 5^ZZ!f!X+7:!H9#9%!U,7M%>&791-!):0*$L*&-!X+7:!L%<7,&!9+%!A7>&9! !! ! ! 87M707#,!#%>:&J#8%!$%6787,%!>%&76%,81!! ! ! ! ! ! 5^e2!f!U(H!G>$1!%&9#L07&+%&!9+%!V#&78!G>$1!GM7#97:,!.%678#0!! ! ! ! ! XAA78%>!R>#7,7,&%!#9!C:>9!T*8@%>-!G0#L#$#!!! ! ! ! 5^h_!f!?>7<+9!H9#9%!U,7M%>&791!%&9#L07&+%&!9+%!&%8:,6!c#,6!! ! ! ! ! :,01!:J%>#97:,#0d!87M707#,!#%>:&J#8%!$%6787,%!>%&76%,81!! ! ! 5^^h!f!U,7M%>&791!:A!R%[#&!.%678#0!V>#,8+!f!'#0M%&9:,!#99#7,&! !! ! ! 9+%!8:*,9>1`&!&%8:,6!87M707#,!#%>:&J#8%!$%6787,%!>%&76%,81!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!

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! 49 Flight Surgeon / Crew Surgeon / DCS Survey Exit this survey

1. Please enter your age as of today (age in years):

2. Please enter your age at NASA hire (age in years):

3. If you are no longer with NASA in the role of Flight Surgeon, please enter your age at the time you left (otherwise leave blank and go to next question):

4. Your gender

!"#$% Female

!"#$% Male

5. Your birthplace (simply name U.S. State, or if not born in the U.S., name country of birth)

6. List your college major, degree earned, and year graduated (e.g. Biology, B.A., 1981). If you had either dual majors or earned dual degrees, please note accordingly.

7. What was your PRIMARY motivation to attend medical school? (Mark only ONE best answer)

!"#$% to be a practicing physician

!"#$% to apply to NASA as a doctor

!"#$% to apply to NASA for astronaut selection

!"#$% part of a miltary pathway

!"#$% financial security

50 !"#$% for a reason not listed (briefly explain)

Other (please specify)

8. Year that you graduated from medical school or school of osteopathy:

9. List which residency training programs you have completed (e.g. family practice, internal medicine, aerospace medicine) AND year of completion. Please do not include partial (non-completed) residencies or fellowships in this answer:

10. If you completed a residency in aerospace medicine, from which program did you graduate?:

!"#$% Wright-State University, Dayton, Ohio

!"#$% University of Texas Medical Branch - Galveston, TX

!"#$% A military aerospace medicine program

!"#$% Did not complete a residency in aerospace medicine

!"#$% Other (please explain)

Other (please specify)

11. For your flight surgeon training specifically, which ONE of the following most closely describes your type of program?:

!"#$% a residency in aerospace medicine

!"#$% military flight surgeon school/training

!"#$% military academy or school

!"#$% completed other residency(ies), but not one in aerospace

!"#$% other (please explain)

Other (please specify)

51 12. List clinical fellowships completed, including type of fellowship AND year completed. If no fellowship completed, leave blank:

13. List Society Fellowships if you have, or have ever held one (e.g. Fellows of the American College of Cardiology, Fellowship in American Academy of Emergency Medicine, e.g.)

14. List all Board Certifications you EVER obtained (name of Board), year not necessary.

15. List all Board Certifications that are CURRENTLY ACTIVE:

16. If you have ever served in the U.S. military, please check which branch or branches you've ever served in? (mark ALL that apply):

&'()* 1. Air Force, active duty

&'()* 2. Air Force, reserves

&'()* 3. Navy, active duty

&'()* 4. Navy, reserves

52 &'()* 5. Army, active duty

&'()* 6. Army, reserves

&'()* 7. Marines, active duty

&'()* 8. Marines, reserves

&'()* 9. Coast Guard, active duty

&'()* 10. Coast Guard, reserves

&'()* 11. Air National Guard

&'()* 12. Army National Guard

&'()* 13. Other state Guard

&'()* 14. Other (please explain)

Other (please specify)

17. In the branch that you served the MOST number of years, please indicate those number of years below. If you served in both active duty and reserves, please list number of years for each. (If you have not served in any military branch, leave blank):

18. If you completed military training as part of your service, please indicate below when it occurred relative to your working at NASA?: (answer all that apply)

&'()* before working at NASA

&'()* while working for NASA

&'()* after working at NASA

&'()* not applicable (did not complete military training)

19. Prior to working for NASA, were you ever a military Flight Surgeon? (Yes/No):

!"#$% Yes

!"#$% No

20. In the space below, briefly describe the sequence of events of your medical training, from medical school to completion of your final residency or clinical Fellowship. (Example: 4 years of medical school, one three year residency in Emergency Medicine, two years performing research at an engineering facility, a

53 one year sports medicine fellowship.) 500 words or less:

21. List ALL post-graduate degrees you earned PRIOR TO beginning your NASA career, and the YEAR you earned that degree (e.g. Ph.D., 1984, MPH, 1986, MS, 1986 etc.)

22. Regarding your flight experience: (fill in ANY or ALL that apply):

&'()* I am not a private pilot (equivalent answer to no lessons and no license to fly)

&'()* I have taken pilot lessons but am not yet licensed to fly

&'()* I have had military flight surgeon training and participated in flight (includes back seat)

&'()* I have been a military pilot

&'()* I am a private pilot (equivalent answer to licensed to fly)

&'()* Other

Other (please specify)

23. When did you FIRST give SERIOUS consideration to joining the space program as a CAREER commitment? (choose only ONE best answer):

!"#$% as a high school student or earlier

!"#$% in college

!"#$% during military service

!"#$% as a medical student

!"#$% during residency training

!"#$% following residency training

!"#$% following a period of time in prior medical career

!"#$% other

54 Other (please specify)

24. What source(s) of motivation to join the space program BEST describes yours? (Mark the ONE most appropriate relevance for each possible motivator, each degree of rating can be used once, or more than once): a somewhat not a a minor a very important the main important consideration consideration consideration consideration consideration national pride (nation's space !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% program) chance to work in !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% high tech industry desire to be an !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% astronaut academic interest in and passion for !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% space exploration desire to practice medicine in space !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% environment for a motivator not listed here (please !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% explain) Other (please specify)

25. Who was MOST influential to you in your pursuing a career in space (mark the ONE most appropriate amount of motivation for each person, the amount options can be used once or more than once): the most not involved, not mildly very motivational involved/irrelevant motivational motivational motivational person

Parent(s) !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$%

School teacher !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% (prior to college)

Professor !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% (during/after

55 college) Adult role model (e.g. non-parent !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% relative, scoutmaster,)

a military mentor !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$%

SELF motivation; !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% no true mentor

Other !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$%

Other (please specify)

26. This is a question regarding leadership experience PRIOR to working in the space program. Indicate if you had leadership experience in any of the following (MORE than one can be checked):

&'()* Military

&'()* Business owner or co-owner

&'()* Hospital administration

&'()* Clinical medicine leadership (e.g. Division or Department head)

&'()* Community or civic

&'()* None of the above (i.e. no prior specific leadership position held)

&'()* Other (please explain)

Other (please specify)

27. When did you FIRST consider a career SPECIFICALLY as Flight Surgeon? (Mark one answer):

!"#$% prior to entering college/university

!"#$% during undergraduate education or medical school

!"#$% during medical residency training

!"#$% while serving military duty

!"#$% 0-5 years out of either training or military service

!"#$% >5 years out of training or military service

56 28. Please identify the best description of your KEY inspiration to attain flight surgeon status (Mark ONE only):

!"#$% a NASA contact or NASA colleague (past or present)

!"#$% recruited for the position

!"#$% possible career path towards astronaut corps

!"#$% a specific mentor (please give name and affiliation below)

!"#$% a specific meeting or event (please describe event and timing below)

Please name the mentor, or identify the event here

29. At the time you were hired by NASA (or NASA contractor), which position(s) best describes your long-term career goal at NASA?: (may choose more than one answer if applicable)

&'()* astronaut

&'()* flight surgeon

&'()* space medicine research

&'()* Life Sciences Directorate administration (management)

&'()* NASA position sought was none of the above (briefly describe)

if initial NASA position other, please describe

30. Please indicate which mission(s) you serve(d) as designated Crew Surgeon (CS): (check all that apply)

&'()* STS-1 to STS-51 L (until January 1986)

&'()* STS-26 to STS-97 (until December 2000)

&'()* STS-98 to STS-135 (February 2001-July 2011)

&'()* Shuttle-Mir flights

&'()* Also served as CS in other, described below

Other (please specify)

31. Please indicate which mission(s) you serve(d) as designated Deputy Crew Surgeon (DCS, check all that apply):

&'()* STS-1 to STS-51 L (until January 1986)

'()* 57 &'()* STS-26 to STS-97 (until December 2000)

&'()* STS-98 to STS-135 (February 2001 - July 2011)

&'()* Shuttle-Mir flights

&'()* Also served as CS in other, described below

Other (please specify)

32. What did you spend the most time doing (in terms of total time) when assigned to a Shuttle mission (mark the most appropriate amount of time for each activity: 4=significant 1=the least time 2=some time 3=moderate time 5=the most time time pre-flight crew support related to !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% readiness for mission in-flight crew monitoring and !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% support, including console work post-flight crew examination and follow-up to !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% baseline health and completed medical report administrative tasks (e.g. meetings, paperwork) !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% associated with CS/DCS duties NASA medical assignments non- !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% related to crew and mission support Other (please !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% describe below) Other (please specify)

58 33. What did you spend the most time doing (in terms of total time) when NOT ASSIGNED to a Shuttle mission? (mark the most appropriate amount of time for each activity: 4=significant 1=least time 2=some time 3=moderate time 5=the most time time attend planning meetings, catching !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% up with administrative work assisting in auxiliary role (back-up) for mission-assigned !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% Crew Surgeons and/or DCS staffing the Flight Medicine Clinic and !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% other clinical exposure AOD (Aircraft Operation !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% Directorate) support participating in training exercises !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% with other FS and/or astronauts Other (please !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% explain) Other (please specify)

34. Please rank relative importance of skill set as a NASA Flight Surgeon in Medical Operations: 1=least 2=somewhat 3=moderately 4=very 5=most

important important important important important understanding and capable in the art of negotiation and !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% compromise (personal skills)

varied academic background (e.g.

59 combining medical !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% and engineering background) having a strong personal support !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% system (spouse, family) optimal medical knowledge and !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% experience specialized knowledge/experience !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% in space/aerospace

35. What do you feel is the relative importance of DIRECT Flight Surgeon involvement in the following program choices over the next TEN YEARS (2012- 2021): of least somewhat of most necessary/important very important importance important importance continue emphasis on preventive medical care in !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% space (role in crew mission readiness, health and safety) study and plan countermeasures !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% for effects of radiation exposure study and plan countermeasures for musculoskeletal !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% injury and/or degradation study and plan countermeasures !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% for behavioral health issues

study and plan !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% countermeasures for VIIP (Visual

60 impairment intracranial pressure) training of flight surgeons and crewmembers in application of new medical !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% knowledge, techniques and on- orbit medical supplies

Other !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$%

Other (please specify)

36. What do you feel is the relative importance of DIRECT Flight Surgeon involvement in the following program choices AFTER ISS utilization is complete (AFTER approx. 2022-2025): relatively of relatively of somewhat least important/necessary very important most important importance importance continue emphasis on preventive medical care in !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% space (role in crew mission readiness, health and safety) study and plan countermeasures !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% for effects of radiation exposure study and plan countermeasures for musculoskeletal !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% injury and/or degradation study and plan countermeasures !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% for behavioral health issues

61 study and plan countermeasures for VIIP (Visual !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% impairment intracranial pressure) training of flight surgeons and crewmembers in application of new medical !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% knowledge, techniques and on- orbit medical supplies

Other !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$%

Other (please specify)

37. Please rank the following sources of continuing medical education for the Flight Surgeon in terms of what YOU consider to be important to maintain and develop professionally? of relatively of relatively moderately least important/necessary very important most important importance importance journal reading and conferences in field !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% of original specialty remaining clinically active (part-time) in !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% field of original specialty focused space medicine study, !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% reading and conferences AsMA conferences and committee !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% work

NASA-based on- the-job

62 conferences, !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% symposia, internal training a diversified source of CME; potentially including an as-yet !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% undeveloped program Other (please !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% explain) Other (please specify)

38. Please indicate one or more of the following careers in commercial space travel that you would consider (more than one can be checked):

&'()* commercial alternative to astronaut transport to ISS

&'()* space tourism

&'()* commercially-based space medicine research

&'()* I have already participated in one or more of the above

&'()* None of the above

&'()* Other (please specify)

Other (please specify)

39. Once you became a NASA Flight Surgeon (past or present), to what degree did each of the following serve to retain your position here; i.e. act as a positive career motivator? the most not a factor mild factor moderate factor significant factor significant factor Job satisfaction in !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% Medical Operations Sense of contributing to !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% human space exploration

The Physician Comparability Allowance, or PCA

63 (if available when !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% you were with NASA) An overall life balance possibly !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% not available in other career path Overall financial position, including health benefits, !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% government retirement Ability to fly T-38 and microgravity !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% environment Ability to participate in advanced !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% technology development Ability to participate in clinical and basic !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% research Ability to participate in analog environment !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% work....Devon Island, NEEMO, e.g. Other factor (please !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% !"#$% describe) Other (please specify)

64 Appendix 5: Survey Results Summary Survey Summary Analysis

Respondent Age at Age at NASA If left NASA, # yrs at NASAGender Survey hiring age leaving if left 1 1 1 51 45 1 2 54 34 1 3 53 37 1 4 57 40 49 5 5 65 59 1 6 52 44 1 7 51 34 45 7 1 8 54 42 43 8 1 9 62 38 46 6 1 10 46 35 33 3 2 11 47 40 1 12 35 30 46 10 1 13 43 30 31 3 2 14 57 36 2 15 58 28 1 16 41 38 60 12 1 17 47 45 42 7 18 60 48 38 3 1 19 62 35 70 43 1 20 52 35 42 2 2 21 75 27 35 4 1 22 45 40 52 4 1 23 61 31 35 4 1 24 58 48 45 10 1 25 49 31 50 12 26 50 35 1 27 52 38 1 28 53 47 1 29 50 40 1 30 48 30 52 19 1 31 46 34 36 6 1 32 66 33 32 1 2 33 49 30 34 58 31 35 50 32 42 10 1 Age Gender n (%) Day of survey mean 53.1 median 52 male 27 (77.1) SD 7.8 female 5 (14.3) at NASA hire mean 37.1 not stated 3 (8.6) median 35 SD 6.9 Years @ NASA mean 8.5 median 6 SD 9.0

65 Survey Summary Analysis

Primary motivation to attend medical school 35 responded No. %

to be a practicing physician 27 77.1 to apply to NASA as a doctor 4 11.4 become NASA astronaut 2 5.7 part of a military pathway 1 2.9 financial security 0 0 Other reason 1 2.9

(Other included: "Medicine is a scientific field with the ability to interact with and help people")

Frequency of residencies listed as 'completed' 34 responded (multiple responses alllowed) ASM 21 61.8 EM 9 26.5 IM 7 20.6 Fam Prac 5 14.7 Occ Med 3 8.8 Pathology 3 8.8 Neurology 2 5.9 Ob/Gyn 1 2.9 Urology 1 2.9 Psychiatry 1 2.9 No response 1 2.9 number listing 2 residencies 18 (.56)

Clinical Fellowships Completed 11 responded Space Med 2 NASA 1 USAF ASM 1 ID 1 Pulmonary 1 Nuclear Med 1 CCM 1 Uro-oncology 1 Aeromed CC 1 Other 1

Society Fellowships (past or present) Single 11 Two 5 Three 5 Four 1

66 Survey Summary Analysis

Frequency of Society Fellowships (N=34) 34 responded No. %

AsMA - Aeronautical Space Medicine Association 11 32.4 FACEP - Fellow American College of Emergency Physicians 7 20.6 FAAFP - Fellow American Academy of Family Physicians 3 FACP - Fellow, American College of Physicians 2 FACPM - Fellow, American College of Preventive Medicine 2 FACS - Fellow, American College of Surgeons 1 FACOG - Fellow, American College Obstetrics & Gynecology 1 FACFE - Fellow, American College of Forensic Examiners 1 FCCP - Fellow, American College of Chest Physicians 1 FCAP - Fellow, College of American Pathology 1 FASCP - Fellow, American Society of Clinical Pathology 1 FACNM - Fellow, American College of Nuclear Medicine 1 IDSA - Fellow, Infectious Diseases Society of North America 1 FACPE - Fellow, American College of Physician Executives 1

Board Certifications (ever) 35 responded

Double-boarded 16 45.7 Single-boarded 14 40 Triple-boarded 4 4 Boards 1

Board Certifications (currently active) 32 responded

Single-boarded 15 46.9 Double-boarded 14 43.8 Triple boarded 3 9.4

Currently Active Boards 33 responded (multiple responses allowed)

Aerospace Medicine 19 57.6 Emergency Medicine 11 33.3 Internal Medicine 5 15.2 Prev. or Occupational Med 5 15.2 Family Medicine 4 12.1 Critical Care Medicine 2 6 (1 ) each: Ob/Gyn; ID, Urol, 6 3 Psych+Neurol; Neurology; Hyperbaric

67 Survey Summary Analysis

Summary of Military Service

21 (60%) of the 35 CS/DCS surveyed stated they had served in the military.*

19/21 (90%) served before working at NASA 7/21 (33%) served during work at NASA 0/21 (0%) served after working at NASA 5/35 (14%) responded they had not served in the military * (may underestimate as there were 9 'No responses')

Numbers of respondents serving in the following military branch(es): 21 responded % of those % of survey serving respondents Air Force, Active Duty 9 42.9 25.7 Air Force, Reserves 7 33.3 20 Navy, Active Duty 7 33.3 20 Navy, Reserves 4 19 11.4 Army, Active Duty 3 14.3 8.6 Army, Reserves 2 9.5 5.7 Air National Guard 4 19 11.4 Army National Guard 2 9.5 5.7

(the total percentages may exceed 100% because respondents were asked to indicate all branches they had served in)

Prior to NASA, served as military flight surgeon 17 81 48.6

Summary of respondents earning MD and other post-graduate degrees: 33 responded % of those responding MD alone 8 24.2 MD + MPH 7 21.2 MD + MS 8 24.2 MD + MS(2) 3 9.1 MD+ MPH+MS 2 6.1 DO + MS 1 3 MD + MBA 1 3 MD + MS + PhD 1 3 MD + MS(2) + MPH 1 3 MD + MS(2) + PhD 1 3

Approximate: two-thirds of the respondents had MD alone, or MD with either MS/MPH one-third of the respondents had multiple degrees

68 Survey Summary Analysis

Flight Experience: 35 responded % of those No. responding Had military flight experience including backseat 19 54.3 Is a private pilot 17 48.6 Other 11 31.4 Has taken pilot lessons but is not yet licensed 9 25.7 Not a private pilot 2 5.7 Is/was a military pilot 1 2.9

(Other includes: T-38 backseat (3); aerobatic-commercial-T 38 backseat (1); NASA flight participation (2); former private pilot (2); flight MD in Air Care Service (1); and IFR and 'instrument and commercial' ratings.

First gave serious consideration to a career in the space program: 35 responded No. % as a high school student or earlier 12 34.3 during residency training 7 20 in college 6 17.1 during military service 5 14.3 following a period of time in practice 3 8.6 as a medical student 2 5.7 following residency training 0

Leadership prior to working in the space program 34 responded % military 17 50 clinical medicine leadership 14 41.2 community or civic 8 23.5 business owner/co-owner 7 20.6 none of the above 7 20.6 other 4 11.8 hospital administration 3 8.8

(Other includes: aerospace medicine company; Kansas University Space Medicine Group; Director of patient care clinic; Research)

When did you first consider the specific career of flight surgeon? % 35 responded during medical residency training 11 31.4 during undergraduate or medical school 11 31.4 0-5 years out of either training or military 6 17.1 while serving military duty 4 11.4 prior to college/university 2 5.7 > 5 years out of training or military 1 2.9

69 Survey Summary Analysis

Identify the best description of the key inspiration to attain flight surgeon status 32 responded No. % A specific meeting or event 11 34.4 A NASA contact or colleague 7 21.9 Possible career path toward astronaut corps 7 21.9 Recruited for the position 5 15.6 A specific mentor 2 6.3

Specific event listed as follows: Clerkship at JSC during medical school chance meeting w/ AF FS no specific event desire to practice aero med manned vehicle lab at MIT 1998 AsMA meeting caring for USAF pilots as surg intern meeting w/ Randy Lovelace at AsMA, call from Ch. Berry joined military after 9/11; chose FS for ops no particular event medical student rotation at KSC Specific mentor listed as follows: Dr. Stanley Mohler miltary mento r offered AF Liason Officer

At the time of NASA hiring, which position reflects your long-term career goal at NASA 35 responded (multiple responses allowed) Flight surgeon 31 88.6 Space medicine research 10 28.6 Astronaut 10 28.6 Life Sciences Directorate administration 3 8.6 Other 2 5.7

(Other included two responses: Air Force Liason Officer)

70 Survey Summary Analysis

Service as Crew Surgeon No. % 27 responded (multiple responses allowed) STS-1 to STS-51 L (until January 1986) 5 18.5 STS-26 to STS-97 (until December 2000) 8 29.6 STS-98 to STS-135 (until July 2011) 16 59.3 Shuttle Mir 6 22.2 Also served as CS in other 10 37 (Other included a number of ISS/Increment missions served)

Service as Deputy Crew Surgeon 35 responded (multiple responses allowed) STS-1 to STS-51 L (until January 1986) 6 17.1 STS-26 to STS-97 (until December 2000) 14 40 STS-98 to STS-135 (until July 2011) 20 57.1 Shuttle Mir 6 17.1 Also served as DCS in other 7 20

Which of the following commercial space medicine careers would be considered 34 responded (multiple responses allowed) commercial astronaut transport to ISS 26 76.5 space tourism 26 76.5 commercial-based space medicine research 23 67.7 have already participated in 7 20.6 none of the above 3 8.8 other 2 5.9 (Other included "Flight surgeon" which was implied in the first choice) (Only 4 (12%) had none of the first 3 responses checked off)

71 Survey Summary Analysis

Which aerospace medicine residency No. % 26 responded Wright-State University 9 34.6 UTMB - Galveston 9 34.6 a military aerospace medicine program 3 11.5 did not complete a residency in aerospace 3 11.5 other 2 7.7 (Other includes Ohio State University and Board eligibility while teaching a Navy RAM)

What type of program for flight surgeon training 35 responded an aerospace medicine residency 17 48.6 military flight surgeon school/training 14 40 military academy of school 1 2.9 completed other residencies, not aerospace 2 5.7 other 1 2.9

72 Survey Summary Analysis - 9 Likert Scale Questions

Q.1 What source(s) of motivation to join the space program BEST describes yours? (Mark the one most appropriate relevance for each possible motivator, each degree of rating can be used once, or more than once)

Relevance scale (Outcome expressed as mean, median, std dev) 1 not a consideration 2 a minor consideration 3 a somewhat important consideration 4 a very important consideration 5 the main consideration

Variable No. mean median st dev national pride (nation's 35 3.31 3.5 0.99 space program) chance to work in high 33 3.21 3 0.91 tech industry desire to be an astronaut 35 2.77 3 1.31 academic interest in and 34 4.41 4 0.61 passion for space explor'n desire to practice medicine 34 4.03 4 0.62 in space environment Other 3 n.a. n.a. n.a.

Q. 2 Who was most influential to you in your pursuing a career in space (Mark the one most appropriate amount of motivation for each person, the amount options can be used once or more than once)

Relevance scale (Outcome expressed as mean, median, std dev) 1 not involved/irrelevant 2 involved, not motivational 3 mildly motivational 4 very motivational 5 the most motivational person

Variable No. mean median st dev

Parent(s) 32 2.66 3 1.31 Schoolteacher (prior to 26 1.69 1 0.99 college) Professor (during/after 26 2 1 1.24 college) Adult role model (e.g. non- 26 2.42 2 1.32 parent relative) Military mentor 25 2.12 1.5 1.28 Self motivation; no true 34 4.62 5 0.83 mentor Other 1 n.a. n.a. n.a.

73 Survey Summary Analysis - 9 Likert Scale Questions

Q. 3 What did you spend the most time doing (in terms of total time) when assigned to a Shuttle mission (mark the appropriate amount of time for each activity)

Relevance scale (Outcome expressed as mean, median, std dev) 1 the least time 2 some time 3 moderate time 4 significant time 5 the most time

Variable No. mean median st dev pre-flight crew support for 35 3.86 4 0.98 mission readiness in-flight crew monitoring and 35 3.74 4 0.86 support, incl. console post-flight crew examination 35 2.86 3 1.1 and f/u to baseline health administrative tasks (e.g. 35 3.09 3 0.81 meetings, paperwork) NASA medical assignments 32 2.84 3 1.31 unrelated to mission Other 4 n.a. n.a. n.a.

Q. 4 What did you spend the most time doing (in terms of total time) when not assigned to a Shuttle mission (mark the appropriate amount of time for each activity)

Relevance scale (Outcome expressed as mean, median, std dev) 1 the least time 2 some time 3 moderate time 4 significant time 5 the most time

Variable No. mean median st dev Meetings and administrative 35 3.6 3 0.97 work Auxillary role (back-up) for 33 2.48 2 0.96 mission-assigned FS Clinical exposure incl. 35 2.77 2 1.27 staffing the FMC AOD (Aircraft Operations 34 1.88 2 0.93 Directorate) support training of other FS and/or 35 2.77 3 0.97 crewmembers Other 5 n.a. n.a. n.a.

74 Survey Summary Analysis - 9 Likert Scale Questions

Q. 5 Rank the relative importance of skill set as a NASA Flight Surgeon in Medical Operations

Relevance scale (Outcome expressed as mean, median, std dev) 1 least important 2 somewhat important 3 moderately important 4 very important 5 most important

Variable No. mean median st dev understanding and capable 34 3.76 4 0.85 in negotiation/compromise varied academic background 35 3.09 3 1.07 (e.g. multiple degrees) having a strong personal 33 2.82 3 1.09 support system (family) optimal medical knowledge 35 4 4 1.07 and experience specialized knowledge/exper- 35 4.29 4 0.72 ience in space, aerospace

Q. 6 What do you feel is the relative importance of direct Flight Surgeon involvement in the following programs over the next ten yrs (2012-21)

Relevance scale (Outcome expressed as mean, median, std dev) 1 least important 2 somewhat important 3 moderately important 4 very important 5 most important Variable No. mean median st dev continue emphasis on 34 4.06 4 0.95 preventive medical care study/plan countermeasures 35 3.34 3.5 0.93 radiation exposure study/plan countermeasures 35 3.57 4 0.79 for muskuloskeletal study/plan countermeasures 35 3.4 4 1.03 for behavioral health study/plan countermeasures 35 3.51 4 1.06 for VIIP training of flight surgeons + 35 3.57 4 0.79 crewmembers in applicat'n of new medical techniques Other 5 n.a. n.a. n.a.

75 Survey Summary Analysis - 9 Likert Scale Questions

Q. 7 What do you feel is the relative importance of direct Flight Surgeon involvement in the following programs after ISS utilization is complete (after approx. 2022-2025)

Relevance scale (Outcome expressed as mean, median, std dev) 1 least important 2 somewhat important 3 moderately important 4 very important 5 most important Variable No. mean median st dev continue emphasis on 32 4.13 4 0.93 preventive medical care study/plan countermeasures 32 3.66 4 1.02 radiation exposure study/plan countermeasures 31 3.42 4 0.78 for muskuloskeletal study/plan countermeasures 32 3.53 4 1.03 for behavioral health study/plan countermeasures 32 3.38 3 0.95 for VIIP training of flight surgeons + 32 3.69 4 0.86 crewmembers in applicat'n of new medical techniques Other 4 n.a. n.a. n.a.

Q. 8 Rank the following sources of continuing medical education for the FS in terms of what you consider to be important to develop professionally

Relevance scale (Outcome expressed as mean, median, std dev) 1 least important 2 somewhat important 3 moderately important 4 very important 5 most important Variable No. mean median st dev

Journal reading/conferences 35 3.09 3 0.93 in field of original specialty Remain clinically active in 35 3.83 4 0.91 original field Focused space medicine 35 3.63 4 0.99 study, conferences AsMA conferences/committee 35 2.91 3 1.23 NASA-based conferences 34 3.32 3 1.05 A diversified source of CME; 35 3.26 3 0.99 undeveloped program Other 0 n.a. n.a. n.a.

76 Survey Summary Analysis - 9 Likert Scale Questions

Q. 9 Once you became a NASA Flight Surgeon (past or present), to what degree did each of the following serve to retain your position here, i.e. act as a positive career motivator?

Relevance scale (Outcome expressed as mean, median, std dev) 1 not a factor 2 mild factor 3 moderate factor 4 significant factor 5 the most significant factor

Variable No. mean median st dev

Job satisfaction in Medical 35 4 4 1.07 Operations Sense of contributing to 35 4.26 4 0.7 human space exploration The Physician Comparability 32 2.28 2 1.27 Allowance, or PCA An overall life balance 35 2.69 3 1.2 possibly not available in another career path Overall financial position 34 2.06 2 1.13 incl. health benefits Ability to fly T-38 and the 35 3.24 3 1.12 microgravity environment Ability to participate in 35 2.86 3 1.07 advanced tech develop't Ability to participate in 35 2.51 3 0.99 clinical and basic research Ability to participate in analog 35 2.6 3 1.21 environment work…Devon Island, NEEMO Other 5 n.a. n.a. n.a.

77 Flight Surgeon / Crew Surgeon / DCS Survey

For your flight surgeon training specifically, which ONE of the following most closely describes your type of program?: Response Response Answer Options Percent Count a residency in aerospace medicine 45.7% 16 military flight surgeon school/training 40.0% 14 military academy or school 2.9% 1 completed other residency(ies), but not one in aerospace 5.7% 2 other (please explain) 5.7% 2 Other (please specify) 2 answered question 35 skipped question 0

For your flight surgeon training specifically, which ONE of the following most closely describes your type of program?:

a residency in aerospace other medicine (please… complete military flight surgeon school/training d other …

military military academy or school academ… military completed other residency(ies), flight… but not one in aerospace a residenc… other (please explain)

0.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0%

78 Flight Surgeon / Crew Surgeon / DCS Survey

If you completed a residency in aerospace medicine, from which program did you graduate?: Response Response Answer Options Percent Count Wright-State University, Dayton, Ohio 34.6% 9 University of Texas Medical Branch - Galveston, TX 34.6% 9 A military aerospace medicine program 11.5% 3 Did not complete a residency in aerospace medicine 11.5% 3 Other (please explain) 7.7% 2 Other (please specify) 2 answered question 26 skipped question 9

If you completed a residency in aerospace medicine, from which program did you graduate?:

Wright-State University, Other Dayton, Ohio (please…

Did not University of Texas Medical Branch - Galveston, TX complet…

A military A military aerospace medicine aerospa… program

University Did not complete a residency in of Texas… aerospace medicine Wright- State… Other (please explain)

0.0% 20.0% 40.0%

79 Flight Surgeon / Crew Surgeon / DCS Survey

What was your PRIMARY motivation to attend medical school? (Mark only ONE best answer) Response Response Answer Options Percent Count to be a practicing physician 77.1% 27 to apply to NASA as a doctor 11.4% 4 to apply to NASA for astronaut selection 5.7% 2 part of a miltary pathway 2.9% 1 financial security 0.0% 0 for a reason not listed (briefly explain) 2.9% 1 Other (please specify) 1 answered question 35 skipped question 0

What was your PRIMARY motivation to attend medical school? (Mark only ONE best answer)

to be a practicing physician

to apply to NASA as a doctor

to apply to NASA for astronaut selection part of a miltary pathway

financial security

for a reason not listed (briefly explain) 0.0% 50.0% 100.0%

80 Flight Surgeon / Crew Surgeon / DCS Survey

Please identify the best description of your KEY inspiration to attain flight surgeon status (Mark ONE only): Response Response Answer Options Percent Count a NASA contact or NASA colleague (past or present) 21.9% 7 recruited for the position 15.6% 5 possible career path towards astronaut corps 21.9% 7 a specific mentor (please give name and affiliation 6.3% 2 a specific meeting or event (please describe event and 34.4% 11 Please name the mentor, or identify the event here 13 answered question 32 skipped question 3

Please identify the best description of your KEY inspiration to attain flight surgeon status (Mark ONE only):

a NASA contact or NASA colleague (past or present) a specific meeting … recruited for the position a specific mentor …

possible possible career path towards astronaut corps career … recruited a specific mentor (please give for the … name and affiliation below)

a NASA contact … a specific meeting or event (please describe event and timing below) 0.0% 20.0% 40.0%

81 Flight Surgeon / Crew Surgeon / DCS Survey

What source(s) of motivation to join the space program BEST describes yours? (Mark the ONE most appropriate relevance for each possible motivator, each degree of rating can be used once, or more than once):

a somewhat not a a minor a very important the main Rating Answer Options important consideration consideration consideration consideration Average consideration national pride (nation's space program) 1 8 8 15 3 3.31 chance to work in high tech industry 2 4 12 15 0 3.21 desire to be an astronaut 8 8 7 8 4 2.77 academic interest in and passion for space 0 0 2 16 16 4.41 desireli to practice medicine in space 0 0 6 20 7 4.03 for ai motivator not listed here (please explain) 0 0 1 1 1 4.00 Other (please specify) answered question 35 skipped question 0

desire to practice medicine in space environment

desire to be an astronaut

national pride (nation's space program) 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00

82 Flight Surgeon / Crew Surgeon / DCS Survey

This is a question regarding leadership experience PRIOR to working in the space program. Indicate if you had leadership experience in any of the following (MORE Response Response Answer Options Percent Count Military 50.0% 17 Business owner or co-owner 20.6% 7 Hospital administration 8.8% 3 Clinical medicine leadership (e.g. Division or Department 41.2% 14 Community or civic 23.5% 8 None of the above (i.e. no prior specific leadership 23.5% 8 Other (please explain) 8.8% 3 Other (please specify) 4 answered question 34 skipped question 1

83 Flight Surgeon / Crew Surgeon / DCS Survey

When did you FIRST consider a career SPECIFICALLY as Flight Surgeon? (Mark one answer): Response Response Answer Options Percent Count prior to entering college/university 5.7% 2 during undergraduate education or medical school 31.4% 11 during medical residency training 31.4% 11 while serving military duty 11.4% 4 0-5 years out of either training or military service 17.1% 6 >5 years out of training or military service 2.9% 1 answered question 35 skipped question 0

When did you FIRST consider a career SPECIFICALLY as Flight Surgeon? (Mark one answer):

>5 years prior to entering out of… college/university 0-5 years during undergraduate education out of… or medical school while during medical residency training serving… during while serving military duty medical… during 0-5 years out of either training or undergr… military service prior to >5 years out of training or military entering… service 0.0% 20.0% 40.0%

84 Flight Surgeon / Crew Surgeon / DCS Survey

At the time you were hired by NASA (or NASA contractor), which position(s) best describes your long-term career goal at NASA?: (may choose more than one answer if Response Response Answer Options Percent Count astronaut 28.6% 10 flight surgeon 88.6% 31 space medicine research 28.6% 10 Life Sciences Directorate administration (management) 8.6% 3 NASA position sought was none of the above (briefly 5.7% 2 if initial NASA position other, please describe 2 answered question 35 skipped question 0

At the time you were hired by NASA (or NASA contractor), which position(s) best describes your long-term career goal at NASA?: (may choose more than one answer if applicable)

100.0% 90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% astronaut flight surgeon space Life Sciences NASA position medicine Directorate sought was research administration none of the (management) above (briefly describe)

85 Flight Surgeon / Crew Surgeon / DCS Survey

Please indicate which mission(s) you serve(d) as designated Crew Surgeon (CS): (check all that apply) Response Response Answer Options Percent Count STS-1 to STS-51 L (until January 1986) 18.5% 5 STS-26 to STS-97 (until December 2000) 32.0% 8 STS-98 to STS-135 (February 2001-July 2011) 64.0% 16 Shuttle-Mir flights 24.0% 6 Also served as CS in other, described below 40.0% 10 Other (please specify) 12 answered question 27 skipped question 8

Please indicate which mission(s) you serve(d) as designated Crew Surgeon (CS): (check all that apply)

70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% STS-1 to STS- STS-26 to STS-98 to Shuttle-Mir Also served as 51 L (until STS-97 (until STS-135 flights CS in other, January 1986) December (February described 2000) 2001-July below 2011)

86 Flight Surgeon / Crew Surgeon / DCS Survey

Please indicate which mission(s) you serve(d) as designated Deputy Crew Surgeon (DCS, check all that apply): Response Response Answer Options Percent Count STS-1 to STS-51 L (until January 1986) 17.1% 6 STS-26 to STS-97 (until December 2000) 40.0% 14 STS-98 to STS-135 (February 2001 - July 2011) 57.1% 20 Shuttle-Mir flights 17.1% 6 Also served as CS in other, described below 20.0% 7 Other (please specify) 8 answered question 35 skipped question 0

Please indicate which mission(s) you serve(d) as designated Deputy Crew Surgeon (DCS, check all that apply):

60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% STS-1 to STS- STS-26 to STS-98 to Shuttle-Mir Also served as 51 L (until STS-97 (until STS-135 flights CS in other, January 1986) December (February 2001 described 2000) - July 2011) below

87 Flight Surgeon / Crew Surgeon / DCS Survey

What did you spend the most time doing (in terms of total time) when assigned to a Shuttle mission (mark the most appropriate amount of time for each activity: 1=the least 3=moderate 4=significant 5=the most Answer Options 2=some time time time time time pre-flight crew support related to readiness for 0 4 7 1410 mission in-flight crew monitoring and support, including 0 2 12 14 7 console work post-flight crew examination and follow-up to 4 10 9 11 1 baseline health and completed medical report administrative tasks (e.g. meetings, paperwork) 0 10 12 13 0 associated with CS/DCS duties NASA medical assignments non-related to 5 9 9 4 5 crew and mission support Other (please describe below) 1 0 1 1 1 Other (please specify) answered question 35 skipped question 0

What did you spend the most time doing (in terms of total time) when assigned to a Shuttle mission (mark the most appropriate amount of time for each activity:

40 35 1=the least time 30 25 2=some time 20 3=moderate time 15 4=significant time 10 5=the most time 5 0

… crew crew

medical

mission crew and … and crew assignments assignments follow-up to follow-up non-related to non-related NASA pre-flight support related related support to readiness for readiness to post-flight baseline health health baseline examination and and examination

88 Flight Surgeon / Crew Surgeon / DCS Survey

What did you spend the most time doing (in terms of total time) when NOT ASSIGNED to a Shuttle mission? (mark the most appropriate amount of time for each activity:

3=moderate 4=significant 5=the most Answer Options 1=least time 2=some time time time time attend planning meetings, catching 0 4 14 9 8 up with administrative work assisting in auxiliary role (back-up) for mission-assigned Crew 415 9 4 1 staffing the Flight Medicine Clinic 514 4 8 4 and other clinical exposure AOD (Aircraft Operation Directorate) 13 15 3 3 0 support participating in training exercises 21312 7 1 with other FS and/or astronauts Other (please explain) 1 0 0 1 5 Other (please specify) answered question 35 skipped question 0

89 Flight Surgeon / Crew Surgeon / DCS Survey

Please rank relative importance of skill set as a NASA Flight Surgeon in Medical Operations:

1=least 2=somewhat 3=moderately 4=very 5=most Answer Options important important important important important understanding and capable in the art of negotiation and compromise (personal 02 11 14 7 skills) varied academic background (e.g. combining medical and engineering 46 10 13 2 background) having a strong personal support system 5 7 13 6 2 (spouse, family) optimal medical knowledge and 1 1 5 16 12 experiencep g p space/aerospace 0 2 1 18 14 answered question 35 skipped question 0

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! 92 CURRICULUM VITAE JAMES G. CUSHMAN, M.D., FACS

PERSONAL

Home address: 18101 Point Lookout Drive #103 Nassau Bay, TX 77058 Home telephone: see cell Work telephone: Cell telephone: (410) 428-8645 Email address: [email protected]

Hobbies/interests: Member Grosvenor Council, The National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C. Member, William Greenleaf Eliot Society, Washington University in St. Louis Member & Supporter: American Museum of Natural History in New York City Bicycling, Hiking, Golf PADI Open Water scuba diving (Certified August, 2010)

EDUCATION

UNDERGRADUATE: Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri August 1977 through August 1981 Degree: B.A. Major: Biology

Scientific research: W.U. School of Medicine Department of Microbiology & Immunology

GRADUATE: Columbia University’s College of Physicians & Surgeons New York, New York, August 1981 through May 1986 Degree: M.D.

Scientific research: Awarded Dean’s Fellowship in Research: Department of Anatomy. Studied neuronal protein chemistry in Aplysia californica.

93 CUSHMAN, J CV, P2

SURGICAL TRAINING

RESIDENCY St. Vincent’s Hospital and Medical Center, New York July 1986 through June 1991 Surgical Internship, Residency, and Chief Residency *(Note: This hospital closed in 2010) Surgical elective: May 1989: at The Ben Taub Hospital, Houston, Texas Chief residency: July 1990 through June 1991

FELLOWSHIP University of California, San Diego, California July 1991 through June 1992 Trauma/Surgical Critical Care Fellow, Division of Trauma

July 1992 through June 1993 Trauma Research Fellow and Staff Surgeon, UCSD Clinical Instructor, Department of Surgery, UCSD

AEROSPACE MEDICINE TRAINING

RESIDENCY University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX June, 2011 – June 2013

Key Events During Aerospace Medicine Residency

First Year (MPH Year)

1. Tandem skydiving and parachute training, August 2011 2. Public Health Program, The Hope Clinic, August 2011 3. Coordinate PHTLS Provider Course for NASA FS, August 2011 4. Simulator experience, Continental Airlines, October, 2011 5. Initial flight training in Mooney aircraft (6.5 hrs as of June 2011) 6. Clinical rotations X 4: i. The Hope Clinic ii. Anesthesiology iii. Echocardiography iv. Flight Medicine Clinic (JSC) 7. Adult Wilderness Life Support (AWLS) Course, March 2012 8. Poster Presentation, UTMB Public Health Symposium, April 2012 9. Aircraft Mishap Investigation Program (AMIP), U.S. Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, April, 2012 10. 83rd Annual AsMA Meeting: Presenter at Grand Rounds and RAM Bowl, Atlanta, GA, May, 2012

94 CUSHMAN, J CV, P3

Second Year (Practicum Year)

1. Johnson Space Center Rotations 2. pending 3. pending

LICENSURE AND CERTIFICATION

Diplomate of the National Board of Medical Examiners July, 1987

Medical Licensure by State New York 171801 August, 1987 California G 71415 May, 1991 Georgia 037186 July, 1993 Pennsylvania 058879L May, 1996 Hawaii 10883 January, 2000 Maryland D0061862 June, 2004 (active) Texas N9839 May, 2011 (active)

American Board of Surgery Certification General Surgery – May 5, 1993 Re-certified – October, 2000 Surgical Critical Care – Jan. 5, 1995 Re-certified – November, 2005

DEA Registration #BC4321965 -- Issued 3-23-99, Active

Advanced Medical Course Certifications

Course Date of Initial Certification Certification Status BLS 1991 Updated April 2011 ACLS December 1991 Updated June 2012 ATLS Provider April 1990 Active ATLS Instructor November 1991 Active (last taught 6/2010) PHTLS August 2011 (4 years) Active thru August 2015 AWLS March 2012 (4 years) Active thru March 2016 ATOM Instructor May 2006 Active APLS October 1996 Inactive

95 CUSHMAN, J CV, P4

HOSPITAL APPOINTMENTS AND ACADEMIC POSITIONS

July 1991 – June 1993

UCSD Hospital and Medical Center Trauma/Surgical Critical Care Fellow Division of Trauma July 1991-June 1992 200 West Arbor Drive San Diego, CA 92103 Clinical Instructor, Department of Surgery

July 1993 – June 1996

Grady Memorial Hospital Attending Surgeon, Grady Memorial Hosp. Department of Surgery Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery 69 Butler Street, SE Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, GA 30303

Crawford Long Hospital Attending Surgeon (1994-1995) 550 Peachtree Street, NE Atlanta, GA 30365

June 1996 – January 2000

Lehigh Valley Hospital Attending Surgeon, Lehigh Valley Practice Cedar Crest Blvd. and I-78 Group (LVPG) Allentown, PA 18105 Chief, Section of Pediatric Trauma Division of Trauma/Surgical Critical Care Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery Penn State University School of Medicine

January 2000 – October 2000

The Queen’s Medical Center Attending General Surgeon 1301 Punchbowl Street Associate Medical Director of Trauma Services Honolulu, HI 96813 John A. Burns School of Medicine

February 2001 – July 2004

Bellevue Medical Center Attending General Surgeon East 27th Street & 1st Avenue Director of Trauma Services, Bellevue Hospital New York, New York 10016 Co-Director, Surgical Intensive Care Unit Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery New York University School of Medicine

CUSHMAN, J CV, P5

July 2004 – May 2011

University of Maryland Associate Professor of Surgery Department of Surgery Attending Surgeon 22 South Greene Street R. Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center Baltimore, MD 21201

PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES AND ORGANIZATIONS

Society for Critical Care Medicine 1994 Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma 1997 American College of Surgeons 1998 Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) 1999 American Association for the Surgery of Trauma 2001 Western Trauma Association 2004 Aerospace Medical Association 2007 Space Medicine Association (Lifetime Member) 2010

ATLS/APLS/ATOM SURGICAL TRAINING COURSES TAUGHT

ATLS Instructor (San Diego):October 31 – November 1, 1991; December 7-8, 1991; June 224-25, 1992 Instructor (Atlanta): March 11-12, 1994; June 24-25, 1994; November 12, 1994; February 11, 1995; May 6, 1995; June 23, 1995 Instructor (Allentown): March 27, 1998; July 8, 1998 Instructor (Honolulu): April 11-12, 2000; April 13-14, 2000 Instructor, PALS (Honolulu): April 28, 2000 Instructor, (New York): May 4-6, 2002; July 24-25, 2002; May 2003; November 2003 Instructor, (Baltimore) August 26-27, 2004; September 23-24, 2004; October 28-29, 2004; December 10, 2004; June 23-24, 2005 April 13, 2006; August 10-11, 2006; November 10, 2006 March 22-23, 2007; October 25-26, 2007; April 3, 2008 June 17-18, 2010 ATOM Instruction (Balt.) May 15, 2006; August 22, 2006; October 17, 2006 June 12, 2007; March 18, 2008

CUSHMAN, J CV, P6

ADDITIONAL EXPERIENCES AND/OR HONORS

Medical Advisor to the National Ski Patrol, Pennsylvania Eastern Region – October 1998 Provider (Lower Manhattan), The White House Medical Unit (October 2001-May 2004) Senior Associate, Space Initiatives, Center for Strategic & International Studies, Washington, D.C. 2007-2008 Clerk, April 2010 Aerospace Medicine Clerkship; The National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) and Wyle Life Sciences (April 2010)

PUBLICATIONS

1. Hoyt DB, Simons RK, Winchell RJ, Cushman JG, Fridlund P, Holdbrook T, Fortlage D: A risk analysis of pulmonary complications following major trauma. Journal of Trauma, Vol 35(4), p. 524, October 1993.

2. Cushman JG, Feliciano DV: Contemporary management of pancreatic injury. In Advances in Trauma and Critical Care, p. 309-336, Vol. 10, 1995.

3. Rozycki GS, Feliciano DV, Schmidt JA, Cushman JG, et al: The role of surgeon-performed ultrasound in patients with possible cardiac wounds. Annals of Surgery, Vol. 223 (6), p. 737, June 1996.

4. Cushman JG, Feliciano DV, Renz BM, et al: Iliac vessel injury: Operative physiology related to outcome. Journal of Trauma, Vol. 42(6), p. 1033, 1997.

5. Cushman JG, Rogers FB, et al: The use of sequential compression devices in prevention of DVT/PE. In Practice Management Guidelines for Trauma from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma, Journal of Trauma, Vol. 44(6), p. 941, June 1998. {Also available on www.east.org}

6. Peitzman AB….Cushman JG, et al: Blunt splenic injury in adults: Multi- institutional study of the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. Journal of Trauma, Vol. 49(2), p. 177-189, August 2000.

7. Chang SL, Cushman JG, Pasquale MD: The injured intoxicated driver: Analysis of the conviction process. Journal of Trauma, Vol. 51(3), p. 551, September, 2001.

8. Cushman JG, Agarwal N, Fabian T, et al: Practice management guidelines for the management of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: The EAST Practice Management Guidelines Work Group. Journal of Trauma, Vol. 51(5), p. 1016, November, 2001. {Also available on www.east.org}

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9. Marcus S, Shamamian P, Cushman JG: Remembering September 11: reflections from Bellevue Hospital and New York University Medical Center. Surgery, Vol. 132, p. 502, September 2002.

10. Roccaforte JD, Cushman JG: Disaster preparation and management for the intensive care unit. Current Opinion in Critical Care, Vol. 8, pps. 607-615, 2002.

11. Cushman JG, Pachter HL, Beaton H: September 11th, 2001 terrorist attack in New York City: Two NYC hospitals’ surgical response. Journal of Trauma, Vol. 54(1), January, 2003.

12. Nalbandian MM, Maldonado TS, Cushman JG, et al: Successful limb reperfusion using prolonged intravascular shunting in a case of an unstable trauma patient: a case report. Vasc Endovasc Surg 38:375, 2004. . 13. Katz S, Pachter HL, Cushman JG et al: Superficial Septic Thrombophlebitis. Journal of Trauma, Vol. 59(3), September 2005.

14. Rubinson L, Nuzzo JB, Talmor DS, et al: Augmentation of hospital critical care capacity after bioterrorist attacks or epidemics: Recommendations of the Working Group on Emergency Mass Critical Care (member of working group with University of Pittsburgh’s Center for Biosecurity). Crit Care Med, Vol. 33, No. 10, 2005.

14. Roccaforte JD, Cushman JG: Disaster preparedness, triage and surge capacity for hospital definitive care areas: Optimizing outcomes when demands exceed resources. Anesthesiology Clin 25(1), March 2007.

15. Paryavi E, Ludwig SC, Cushman JG et al: Acute exertional lumbar paraspinal compartment syndrome. Spine, 35(25):E1529-E1533, 2010.

16. Cushman JG, Schmid J: Surgery in Microgravity: A Review of the Literature. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine (journal submission pending as of 6/2012)

Book Chapters/Chapter Commentary

1. Pachter HL, Cushman JG. Injury to the small and large intestine. In: Cameron J, ed. Current Surgical Therapy, 8th Ed., Elsevier/Mosby, 2004.

2. Cushman JG, Roccaforte, JD. Commentary on Chapter 9: Trauma Care in Mass Casualty Incidents. Feliciano, Mattox, Moore, Eds. Trauma, 2008.

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Resident Paper Competition Sponsorship

1. Moreno R, Cushman JG, Pachter HL. Non-therapeutic laparotomies at one university trauma center. Region II Committee on Trauma, ACSCOT Resi- dent Trauma Papers Competition, December 2002, New York. (abstract only)

3. Saunders JK, Cushman JG, Pachter HL. Splenic salvage: The role of angio- Embolization. Region II Committee on Trauma, ACSCOT Resident Trauma Papers Competition, December 5, 2003.

INVITED LECTURES/PRESENTATIONS

1. “Current management of splenic injuries”. Lecture delivered at the 16th Annual San Diego Post-graduate Assembly in Surgery, January 24-29, 1993. San Diego, California.

2. “Abdominal Trauma”. Panel discussion at the 16th Annual San Diego Post-graduate Assembly in Surgery, January 24-29, 1993. San Diego, California.

3. “Forming a medical audit committee”. Lecture delivered to the Atlanta District III EMS Council Trauma Advisory Committee, October 20, 1993. Atlanta, Georgia.

4. “Managing abdominal trauma”. Lecture delivered at The Southeast Regional Chapter of The Society of Critical Care Medicine, November 13, 1993. Atlanta, Georgia.

5. “Selected topics in trauma and surgical critical care”. Lecture delivered at the Atlanta Critical Care Nursing Association, February 14, 1994. Atlanta, Georgia.

6. “Trauma care at Grady Memorial Hospital”. Lecture delivered to The Atlanta District III EMS Council Trauma Advisory Committee, February 16, 1994. Atlanta, Georgia.

7. “Self-inflicted trauma”. Lecture delivered to the EAST Surgical Society, April 22, 1994. Atlanta, Georgia.

8. “Quality assurance in a trauma system”. Mercer University Grand Rounds, February 2, 1995. Macon, Georgia.

9. “Penetrating abdominal trauma”. Lecture delivered as a Visiting Lecturer, March 8, 1995, Kennestone Hospital. Marietta, Georgia.

10. “Self-inflicted trauma”. Poster session at Southwestern Surgical Congress, 47th Annual Meeting, April 23, 1995. San Antonio, Texas.

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11. “Management of Iliac vessel injury”. Emory University Department of Surgery Grand Rounds, June 1, 1995. Atlanta, Georgia

12. “Iliac vessel injury: Operative physiology related to outcome”. Presented at the 26th Annual Meeting of the Western Trauma Association, February 26, 1996. West Targhee, Wyoming.

13. “Penetrating thoracic and abdominal injuries”. Lehigh Valley Hospital Symposium: Trauma – A Continuum of Care – 1997. January 17, 1997. White Haven, PA.

14. “Early management of burn injuries” – 2 Emergency Medical Systems (EMS) lectures, January 22, and February 12, 1997. Scranton, PA and Allentown, PA.

15. “The effect of a quality-assurance derived trauma airway policy on reducing provider-related errors in the Emergency Department”. 27th Annual Western Trauma Association, March 5, 1997. Snowbird, Utah.

16. “Trauma: recognition and management”. Sharm el Sheik, South Sinai Peninsula, Egypt Rotary Club. The Moevenpick Hotel, May 26, 1997. Egypt.

17. “Biomechanics of injury”. Lehigh Valley Hospital Symposium: abdominal and pelvic injuries. June 24, 1998. Allentown, PA.

18. “Vascular trauma”. Society for Vascular Nursing, Tri-State Chapter Meeting. September 17, 1998. West Philadelphia/Conshohocken, PA.

19. “Head injury in skiing”. Eastern Pennsylvania Region of the National Ski Patrol, September 19 and October 18, 1998. Blue Mountain Ski Resort, Brodheadsville, PA.

20. “Biomechanics of vehicular injury”. Surgical Grand Rounds at Crozer-Chester Hospital, November 24, 1998. Philadelphia, PA.

21. “Non-heart beating organ donation”. Medical Grand Rounds, January 5, 1999. Lehigh Valley Hospital, Allentown, PA.

22. “Practice management guidelines: Management of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury”. Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma, January 13-15, 1999. Orlando, FL.

23. “Penetrating trauma & damage control”. Lehigh Valley Hospital Symposium -- A Continuum of Care – 1999, February 4, 1999. Poconos, PA.

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24. “Pediatric Trauma Resuscitation”. Multidisciplinary trauma conference, Queens Medical Center, March 28, 2000. Honolulu, HI.

25. “Damage control celiotomy”. Grand Rounds, Department of Surgery, John A. Burns School of Medicine, July 19, 2000. Honolulu, HI.

26. “Surgeon-performed ultrasound in trauma”. New York University’s Department of Surgery resident lecture course, July 10, 2001. New York, New York.

27. “Cardiac injury”. New York University’s Emergency Medicine Residency lecture series, September 5, 2001. New York, New York.

28. “Role of Damage Control in Trauma”. Grand Rounds presentation to New York University’s Department of Surgery, February 13, 2002.

29. “The Bellevue Hospital Trauma Service” Presentation to the Medical Board of New York’s Bellevue Medical Center, February 13, 2002.

30. “Profiles in Profound Shock”, Invited lecturer at the Decisions in Trauma Conference, Cox Health Systems, Springfield, Missouri, May 10, 2002.

31. “Pediatric Trauma Resuscitation”, Trauma Conference Presentation at Babies Hospital, Columbia Presbyterian School of Medicine, June 3, 2002.

32. “September 11th, 2001: Looking back and forward. Grand Rounds to the New York University Department of Anesthesia, New York, New York, September 11, 2002.

33. “September 11th, 2001 Terrorist Attack in New York City: Two NYC hospitals’ surgical response. Plenary session at the 61st Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST), Orlando, Florida, September 26, 2002.

34. “The Terrorism Century and Disaster Preparedness”, New York University Department of Neurosurgery Grand Rounds, New York, New York, November 22, 2002.

35. “The Terrorism Century and Disaster Preparedness”, North Shore University and Long Island Jewish Hospitals Department of Surgery Grand Rounds, Man- hasset, New York, December 3, 2002.

36. “The Terrorism Century and Disaster Preparedness”, Columbia Presbyterian Hospital Division of Critical Care Grand Rounds, New York, NY, December 5, 2002.

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37. “The Surgeon’s Preparation in the Terrorism Century”, The 11th Annual Vincent Feliciano Memorial Lecture, St. Joseph’s Wayne Hospital, Wayne, NJ, March 22, 2003.

38. “The Use of Diagnostic Modalities in the Mass Casualty Situation: Some, All, or None?”, General Session of the American College of Surgeons 31st Annual Spring Meeting, New York, April 12, 2003.

39. Beyond September 11th: Invited speaker to the Annual Meeting of the New York Cancer Society, Tavern on the Green, Central Park, New York, June 17, 2003.

40. “Surge Capacity for the Operating Room”, Lecturer and Course Co-Director for the First Annual Urban Disaster Medicine Symposium, sponsored by the New York University School of Post-Graduate Medicine and the Department of Anesthesiol- ogy, New York, September 20, 2003.

41. “Teamwork in the trenches”, lecturer for Bellevue Hospital Nursing Department, Nursing Staff Development Office, New York, monthly lectures beginning December 2, 2003 for 1 year.

42. “Surge capacity: essential concept for disaster preparedness”, Invited lecturer for First Bioterrorism Lecture (Series), New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, February 26, 2004.

43. “After changes upon changes we are more or less the same: The terrorism century and disaster preparedenss, Part II.“, Department of Surgery Grand Rounds, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, May 26, 2005.

44. “Emergency Medical Response to Disaster”, 2005 Maryland State Firemen’s Convention and Conference in Ocean City, Maryland. June 21, 2005.

45. “Trauma in India and damage control concepts”, lecture given to medical staff of the Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India, March 16, 2006.

46. “Teenage Driving: Reckless or Faultless?” River Hill High School Gifted Student Mentoree Program/Lecture, Clarksville, Maryland. April 25, 2006.

47. “Trauma management priorities in the neuro-trauma patient”, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Department of Surgery Grand Rounds, New Delhi, India, September 19, 2006.

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48. “Pre-hospital care, prevention of secondary brain injury and safe transportation of head and spinal injury patients”, 5th Annual Critical Care Symposium, Neurocritical Care Course, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, Delhi, India, September 21, 2006.

49. “Prioritization of management in multi-injured neurotrauma patients”, 5th Annual Critical Care Symposium, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, Delhi, India, September 22, 2006.

50. “Why India?”, Department of Surgery Grand Rounds, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, May 3, 2007.

51. “Passkey”: Report to Space Initiatives at CSIS, Washington, D.C., May 21, 2007.

52. “Mass Casualty Preparation for Surgeons and Intensive Care Units”, 2007 Taiwan Trauma Forum, Formosa Association for the Surgery of Trauma, Taichung, Taiwan, November 18, 2007.

53. “Damage Control Celiotomy in Trauma”, 2007 Taiwan Trauma Forum, Formosa Association for the Surgery of Trauma, Taichung, Taiwan, November 18, 2007.

54. “Perforated gastric ulcers – is wedge resection the best option?” Point/Counterpoint XXVII in Acute Care Surgery, American College of Surgeons, Baltimore, MD, June 9-11, 2008.

55. “Penetrating neck injuries – is expectant (observation) management evidence- based?” Point/Counterpoint XXVII in Acute Care Surgery, American College of Surgeons, Baltimore, MD, June 9-11, 2008.

56. Four lectures presented on Trauma Topics at: TRAUMA 2009: International Congress and 2nd Annual Conference of the Indian Society for Trauma and Acute Care (ISTAC®), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, 12th-15th November, 2009.

57. “Retroperitoneal Trauma”, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Surgery Grand Rounds, January 14, 2010.

58. “Surgery in Microgravity”, April 2010 Aerospace Medicine Clerkship Lecture given at Wyle Life Sciences in conjunction with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), April 30, Houston, Texas, April 30, 2010.

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59. “Autonomous Surgery and Anesthesia for Exploratory Class Missions” University of Texas Medical Branch-Galveston Short Course Lecture, Houston, Texas, July 7, 2010.

60. “Hospital Preparedness in Mass Casualties: 9 years after September 11, 2001” The University of Maryland School of Nursing Special Topics Series, Baltimore, Maryland, October 21, 2010.

61. “Surgery Yes, Gravity No”. Department of Surgery Grand Rounds, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD. March 17, 2011.

62. “Blast Injuries: Review of Pathophysiology and Management”. 5th Annual Trauma Symposium, Maryland Committee on Trauma, Baltimore, MD. April 21, 2011.

Web-based, e-lectures, or teleconferenced lectures

1. “Preparing the ICU for a mass casualty event: a post-9/11 perspective (or two). National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. February 8, 2006. Live and archived webcast at: http://download.yousendit.com/8F45188844A3360A.

2. “February 2008 Teleconference in Trauma”, videolinkage between RA Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, MD and EMRI Research Institute, Secunderabad, India, February 19, 2008.

Series of Lectures given regarding New York University’s Department of Surgery and Bellevue Hospital’s role in September 11th, 2001. Presentation title: “September 11th, 2001: Terrorist Attack in New York City”

1. All Surgeons’ Day of American College of Surgeons/Metropolitan Washington, D.C. Chapter, Bethesda Marriot, February 23, 2002.

2. Trauma 2002: A Continuum of Care, Lehigh Valley Hospital Trauma Symposium, Allentown, PA, March 1, 2002.

3. Department of Surgery Grand Rounds, Huntingdon Hospital, Huntingdon, Long Island, NY, April 9, 2002.

4. Department of Surgery Grand Rounds, Pascack Valley Hospital, Westwood, NJ, May 3, 2002.

5. Decisions in Trauma Conference, Cox Health Systems, Springfield, Missouri, May 10, 2002.

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6. 7th Annual Adult & Pediatric Trauma Symposium, Crozer-Chester Medical Center, Upland, PA, May 16, 2002.

7. 61st Meeting of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST), Hilton Hotel, Lake Buena Vista, Orlando, FL, September 26, 2002.

COMMITTEES

1. Medical Audit Committee, County of San Diego Regional Trauma System, San Diego, California: July 1991-June 1993.

2. Medical Ethics Committee of UCSD Hospital, UCSD Hospital, San Diego, California: July 1992-June 1993.

3. SICU User’s Group, UCSD Hospital, San Diego, California: July 1991-June 1993.

4. Trauma Advisory Committee of Atlanta District III EMS Council, Atlanta, Georgia: July 1993-June 1996.

5. Trauma Outcome Review Committee (Chairman), Department of Surgery, Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia: May 1994 - June 1996.

6. Trauma Death Audit, Department of Surgery, Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia: July 1993 - May 1994.

7. Trauma Multidisciplinary Committee, Department of Surgery, Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia: July 1993 - June 1996.

8. Trauma-Emergency Care Center Steering Group, Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia: July 1994 - January 1995.

9. Section for Accredited Trauma Centers of the Council of Teaching Hospitals, Hospital Association of Pennsylvania, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania: July 1996 - December 1999.

10. The Sinai Medical Project. (Co-founder) An international cooperative initiative for the development of comprehensive medical care in Sharm el Sheik, South Sinai, Egypt, 1997.

11. EAST Ad Hoc Guidelines Committee, Guideline Chairperson for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, 1998.

12. EAST Evidence Based Guidelines Committee, Guideline Chairperson for Blunt Thoracic Injury and Pain Management, 1999.

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13. Keiki Injury Prevention Coalition (KIPC), Honolulu, Hawai’i: March 2000-October 2000.

14. Trauma Mortality and Morbidity Conference (Chairman), Bellevue Hospital Department of Surgery: July 10, 2001 to June, 2004

15. Bellevue Hospital Infection and Control Committee: July 12, 2001 to June, 2004.

16. Bellevue Hospital Committee on Drugs and Formulary: July 12, 2001 to June 2004.

17. Trauma Multidisciplinary Conference (Chairman), Bellevue Hospital Department of Surgery: July 24, 2001 to June 2002.

18. New York City Regional Trauma Advisory Committee, July 2001 – June 2004.

19. Bellevue Hospital Disaster Committee, October, 2001 to June 2004.

20. American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma New York/Brooklyn State Committee on Trauma, July 2001 – June 2004.

21. SICU User’s Group, Bellevue Hospital: February 2002 to June 2002.

22. American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Finance Committee, (Chairman), September 27, 2002 – September 13, 2003

23. New York University Department of Anesthesiology/Post-Graduate School of Medicine Urban Disaster Medicine Symposium Planning Committee, Course Co-Director: January, 2003 – September 20, 2003.

24. Greater New York Hospital Association’s Emergency Preparedness Coordinating Council (EPCC), January 2003 – June 2004.

25. Medical Staff Committee, University of Maryland School of Medicine, July 2004 to July, 2005.

26. Medical Peer Review Committee, Shock Trauma Center, January 2005 to June 2009.

27. Shock Trauma Mass Casualty Committee (Chairman), May 2006 to April , 2008.

28. Credentials Committee, University of Maryland Hospital, August 2004 to September 2010.

29. Trauma Outcome and Review Committee (Chairman), Shock Trauma Center, December, 2004 – April 2011.

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