Final Report
EnvironmentalAssessment of SecondMadras Water Supply Project A;New Public Disclosure Authorized
Volume II
Public Disclosure Authorized Sponsor: Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
October1994 Environmental Assessment of Second Madras Water Supply Project - New Veeranam
Volume II
Sponsor Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage (TWAD) Board
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute Nehru Marg, Nagpur - 440 020 October1994 CONTENTS
VOLDHJE I
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
List of Figures (i)
List of Tables (ii)
List of Acronyms Used (ix)
1. Introduction 1-1
1.1 Preamble 1-1
1.2 Objective of the Study 1-2
1.3 Scope of Work 1-3
1.4 The Study Area 1-3
1.5 Methodology 1-4
1.6 Organisation of the Report 1-5
2. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework 2-1 for Environmental Assessnent
2.1 General 2-1
2.2 World Bank Guidelines 2-2
2.3 National Policy Guidelines 2-3
2.4 Tamil Nadu State Environmental Committee 2-6
2.5 Madras Metropolitan Groundwater Act 2-6
2.6 Statutory EA Requirements 2-6
3. Description of the Proposed Project 3-1
3.1 Background 3-1
3.2 The Second Water Supply Project 3-2 - New Veeranam CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
3.2.1 Components of New Veeranam 3-3 Project
3.3 Alternatives Evaluated 3-11
3.4 Project Cost 3-16
3.5 Project Imple.ientation 3-16
3.6 Useful Life of the Project 3-17
3.7 Organisational Aspects 3-18
4. Description of the Environment 4-1
4.1 Preamble 4-1
4.2 Study Area 4-1
4.2.1 Madras City 4-1
4.2.2 Veeranam Lake and its Ayacut 4-2
4.2.3 Pipeline ROW 4-4
4.3 Physical Environment 4-4
4.3.1 Geology 4-4
4.3.2 Topography 4-5
4.3.3 Soils 4-6
4.3.4 Climate and Meteorology 4-6
4.3.5 Air Quality 4-7
4.3.6 Noise Levels 4-8
4.3.7 Surface Water Hydrology 4-10
4.3.8 Groundwater Hydrology 4-13
4.3.9 Water Quality 4-14
4.4 Biological Environment 4-19
4.4.1 Terrestrial Ecology 4-19
4.4.2 Aquatic Ecology 4-25 CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
4.4.3 Sensitive Areas 4-33
4.5 Socio Cultural Environment 4-36
4.5.1 Population 4-36
4.5.2 Land Use 4-38
4.5.3 Domestic Water Supply 4-38
4.5.4 Distribution System 4-40
4.5.5 Industrial Water Use 4-40
4.5.6 Water Quality 4-42
4.5.7 Wastewater Management 4-42
4.5.8 Planned Ongoing Development 4-47 Activities
4.5.9 Employment 4-50
4.5.10 Education 4-51
4.5.11 Housing 4-51
4.5.12 Income Distribution in MMA 4-51
4.5.13 Water Based Recreation 4-52
4.5.14 Public Health 4-52
4.5.15 Accidents and Occupational Safety 4-53
4.5.16 Cultural Properties 4-54
4.5.17 Tribal People 4-54
4.5.18 Customs, Aspirations and Attitudes 4-55
5. Identification of Ibipacts 5-1
5.1 General 5-1
5.2 Impact Networks 5-2
5.3 Major Potential Environmental Impacts 5-8 CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
5.4 Significant Impacts 5-9
5.4.1 Socio-economic Impacts 5-9
5.4.2 Socio-economic Impacts in the 5-13 Veeranam Irrigation Command Area
5.4.3 Potential Risks from Failure of 5-13 Bund and Transmission Main
5.4.4 Potential Impacts of Alternative 5-15 Pipeline Alignments between Kelambakkam and Madras
5.5 Potential Impacts of Alternative Sites for 5-17 Water Treatment Plant
5.6 Other Impacts 5-19
5.7 Issues Identified through Public Meetings 5-22
6. Prediction of Impacts 6-1
6.1 General 6-1
6.2 Air Environment 6-2
6.3 Noise Environment 6-3
6.3.1 Impact on Community 6-4
6.3.2 Impact on Occupational Health 6-5
6.4 Ecology 6-5
6.4.1 Terrestrial 6-5
6.4.2 Aquatic 6-6
6.5 Water Environment 6-7
6.6 Land Environment 6-10
6.7 Socio-Economic Environment 6-11 CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
7. Evaluation of Impacts 7-1
7.1 Battelle Environmental Evaluation System 7-1
7.1.1 Ecology 7-3
7.1.2 Environmental Pollution 7-15
7.1.3 Aesthetics 7-15
7.1.4 Human Interest 7-16
7.2 Overall Impact Evaluation 7-16
7.3 Environmental Impact Statement 7-17
7.3.1 Ecology 7-17
7.3.2 Environmental Pollution 7-19
7.3.3 Aesthetics 7-20
7.3.4 Human Interest 7-20
8. Environmental Management Plan 8-1
8.1 Preamble 8-1
8.2 Pre-construction Phase 8-1
8.3 Construction Phase 8-2
8.3.1 Protection of vegetation 8-2
8.3.2 Veeranam Catchment Area Treatment 8-3
8.3.3 Runoff and Erosion Control along 8-5 Pipeline ROW
8.3.4 Dust Control 8-5
8.3.5 Air Quality Control 8-6
8.3.6 Noise Abatement Measures 8-6
8.3.7 Visual/ Aesthetics Enhancement 8-7
8.3.8 Traffic Control and Detours 8-7 CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
8.3.9 Disposal of Construction Wastes 8-9
8.3.10 Paving Repair 8-9
8.3.11 Historical and Archaeological 8-9 Protection
8.3.12 Eliminating Safety Hazards 8-9
8.3.13 Completing the Construction Project 8-10
8.4 Operational Phase 8-10
8.4.1 Source Protection 8-10
8.4.2 Land Environment 8-11
8.4.3 Water Treatment 8-12
8.4.4 Water Quality Surveillance 8-13
8.4.5 Leak Detection and Control in 8-14 Water Distribution System
8.5 Environmental Monitoring 8-15
8.6 Training 8-15
8.7 Institutional Strengthening 8-16 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
3.1 Index Map Showing Vadavar Channel and 3-5 Veeranam Lake
3.2 Schematic Diagram of Veeranam Lake 3-6 Conveyance System
3.3 Map Showing Veeranam Transmission 3-13 Pipeline Alignment Alternatives
3.4 Map Showing The Selected Alignment of 3-14 Veeranam Transmission Pipeline
4.1 Wind Rose for Madras in February, 1994 4-9
4.2 Location of Sampling Stations for Water 4-18 Quality Assessment
4.3 Forest Cover in Chengleput District 4-21
4.4 Forest Cover in Soutn Arcot District 4-22
4.5 Water Distribution Zones of Various 4-41 Headworks in MMA
4.6 Layout Plan Depicting Components of 4-48 Krishna Project for Madras Water Supply
5.1 Environmental Impact Network 5-3
5.2 Environmental Impact Network : 5-4 Desilting and Raising of Lake Bund
5.3 Environmental Impact Network : 5-5 Canals and Lake
5.4 Environmental Impact Network : 5-6 Operation of Pumping/ Booster Stations and Conveying Main
5.5 Environmental Impact Network 5-7 Water Treatment and Clear Water Storage
7.1 Assigned Weights for Environmental 7-3 Parameters
(i) LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGE
2.1 Projects Requiring Environmental 2-4 Clearance as per Schedule-I
3.1 Salient Features of the Veeranam Lake 3-4
3.2 Salient Parameters of Shortlisted 3-15 Alternatives
4.1 (a) Physico-Chemical Characteristics of 4-16 Veeranam Lake Water
(b) Heavy Metal Concentration in Veeranam 4-17 Lake Water
(c) Pesticide Concentration in Veeranam 4-17 Lake Water
4.2 Projected Population by MMDA 4-37
4.3 Statistics on Water Service Type 4-39 Domestic Water Use (Madras City)
4.4 Water Quality in Distribution System 4-43
4.5 Existing Wastewater Treatment Plants at 4-46 Madras
6.1 Nature of Predicted Impacts on 6-12 Socio-economic Environment
7.1 Environmental Quality : Ecology 7-4
7.2 Environmental Quality : Environmental 7-5 Pollution
7.3 Environmental Quality : Aesthetics 7-6
7.4 Environmental Quality : Human Interest 7-7
7.5 Environmental Evaluation : Ecology 7-8
7.6 Environmental Evaluation : Environmental 7-10 Pollution
(ii) TABLE TITLE PAGE
7.7 Environmental Evaluation : Aesthetics 7-12
7.8 Environmental Evaluation : Human Interest 7-14
7.9 Summary of Environmental Evaluation for 7-18 Second Madras Water Supply Project- New Veeranam
8.1 Recommended Trees for Plantation around 8-4 Veeranam Lake and Pipeline ROW
8.2 Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring 8-17 Measures
( iii) CONTENTS
VOWIIE II
NO. TITLE PAGE
Annexures
1.1 Environmental Assessment of Second Madras 1 Water Supply Project, New Veeranam- Terms of Reference
2.1 Acquisition of Land 24
4.1 Development Strategy for Madras 2011 : An 109 Agenda for Action - Actions and Implementing Agencies
4.2 Socio-Economic Survey (Personal Interview) 112
5.1 Status of Water Supply for Enroute Population 120 along ROW - New Veeranam
8.1 Safety Measures and Services for Construction 127 Activities
8.2 Chlorine Safety Measures 135
8.3 Guidelines for Maintenance Activities of 139 Water Treatment Plant
8.4 Frequency of Sampling for Bacteriological 144 Analysis in Water Distribution System
Sources of Information 145
Tables
A.4.1 Normal Crop Yields in Ayacut Area of 33 Veeranam Lake
A.4.2 Crops in the Catchment Area of Veeranam Lake 34
A.4.3 Types and Quantities of Agro Chemicals 35 Used in the Water Sheds Feeding Veeranam Lake
(iv) NO. TITLL PAGE
A.4.4 Stratigraphical Succession of Madras and 36 its Environs
A.4.5 Characteristics of Soil Types on Areas 37 in the Immediate Vicinity of Veeranam Lake
A.4.6 Major Soil Types and Groundwater Levels 39 on Areas Along the Alignment of Pipeline
A.4.7 Characteristics of Soil Types 42 on Areas Along the Pipeline
A.4.8 Air Quality Along the Proposed Pipeline 44 Alignment
A.4.9 Background Noise Level at Human Settlements 45 Surrounding the Proposed Pipeline from Madras to Veeranam Lake
A.4.10 Noise Levels at Sensitive Receptors 47 in Study Area
A.4.11 Noise Levels at Different Industries 48 in the Study Area
A.4.12 Day and Night Noise Levels in the Study Area 49 A.4.13 Noise Level due to Vehicular Traffic in 51 the Study Area During Peak Hours
A.4.14 Noise Standards (Central Pollution 53 Control Board)
A.4.15 Annual Inflow-Outflow for Poondi, 54 Cholavaram, Redhills and Chembarambakkam Reservoirs
A.4.16 Salient Data of Existing Surface Reservoirs 55
A.4.17 Water Resources Potential and Supply 56 for Madras City
A.4.18 Physico-chemical Characteristics of 57 Raw Water at Kilpauk Works (1991-1993)
A.4.19 Groundwater Quality in the Minjur, Panjetti 58 and Tamarapakkam Areas
(v) NO. TITLE PAGE
A.4.20 Physico-chemical Characteristics of Borewell 60 Waters Along the Pipeline Corridor in South Arcot District
A.4.21 Water Quality Data of Veeranam Lake 61
A.4.22 Physico-chemical Quality of Veeranam Lake 62 Water (Based on 1968 and 1978 Data) A.4.23 Pesticides Concentration in Veeranam Lake Water 63
A.4.24 List of Trees, Herbs and Shrubs in 64 the Study Area A.4.25 List of Birds Observed in the Study Area 66
A.4.26 List of Exotic Species in Arignar Anna 69 Zoological Park, Vandalur A.4.27 Status of Collection of Animals (Mammals, 70 Birds, Reptiles) as on 31.3.1994 Arignar Anna Zoological Park
A.4.28 List of Endangered Species in the Arignar 75 Anna Zoological Park Vandalur
A.4.29 Phytoplankton Population in Veeranam Lake 76 (September, 1993) A.4.30 Phytoplankton Population in Veeranam Lake 77 (March, 1994) A.4.31 Chlorophyll-a Content in the Water Samples 78 from Veeranam Lake and Vadavar Channel
A.4.32 Observations on Phytoplankton Community 79 of Veeranam Lake
A.4.33 Zooplankton Population in Veeranam Lake 80 (September, 1993) A.4.34 Zooplankton Population in Veeranam Lake 81 (March, 1994) A.4.35 Diversity, Density and Dominance of 82 Zooplankton in Veeranam Lake
A.4.36 Tilapia Culture Ponds in Madras 83
(vi) NO. TITLE PAGE
A.4.37 List of Marine Fishes around Madras 84
A.4.38 Historical Growth of Population of 85 Madras City/ MMA
A.4.39 Population Break-up in MMA- 1981 86
A.4.40 1991 Census Statistics- Tamil Nadu and 87 Project Area
A.4.41 Distribution of Population (1991)- Urban 88 and Rural- Tamil Nadu and Project Area
A.4.42 Water Supplied to Industrial Sector 89
A.4.43 Water Demand of Major Industries 90
A.4.44 Physico-chemical Characteristics of 91 Treated Water at Kilpauk Water Works (1991 - 1993)
A.4.45 Work Participation Rate (1991) by Sector- 92 Tamil Nadu and Project Area
A.4.46 Employment Share in the Organised Sector 93 in Madras (1989)
A.4.47 Organised Sector Employment in Madras city 94
A.4.48 Estimation of Unorganised Sector in Madras 95
A.4.49 Literacy Level (1991 Census)- Tamil Nadu 96 and Project Area
A.4.50 Households by Durability of Shelter 97
A.4.51 Trends in Housing Stock (Residential Houses) 98 in Madras Metropolitan Area and Tamil Nadu
A.4.52 Annual Requirement of Ownership and 99 Rental Accommodation- Madras
A.4.53 Average Annual Housing Supplies in MUA 100
A.4.54 Structural Composition of Earners (1990) 101
A.4.55 Households by Monthly Income in 102 Madras City, Madras Metropolitan Area and Madras Urban Agglomeration
(vii) NO. TITLE PAGE
A.4.56 Registered Vital Rates in the Project Area 103 and Tamil Nadu (1986-1991)
A.4.57 Acute Diarrhoeal and Cholera Diseases 104 Cases and Deaths in the Project Area and Tamil Nadu (1986-1993)
A.4.58 Incidence of Malaria in the Project Area 105 and Tamil Nadu (1986-1993)
A.4.59 Incidence of Japanese Encephalitis in the 106 Project Area and Tamil Nadu
A.4.60 Filaria Cases in the Project Area and 107 Tamil Nadu (1990-92)
A.4.61 List of Persons Involved in Accidents, 108 Injuries and Fatalities in the Operation of Metrowater for the Past Five Years
A.5.1 Agricultural Crop loss due to Acquisition of 115 land in catch.rment area for Source Improvement Works
A.5.2 List of Structures along the Pipeline ROW 116 from Veeranam to Porur
A.6.1 Air Quality Criteria (CPCB) Standards 123
A.6.2 Sources of Noise 124
A.6.3 Expected Noise Sources and Noise Levels 125 at Construction Sites
A.6.4 Classification of Inland Surface Water 126 (CPCB Standards)
(viii) ANNEXURES Annexure 1.1
MADRASMETROPOLITAN WATER SUPPLY & SEWERAGEBOARD
PROPOSED SECOND MADRASWATER SUPPLY PROJECT - NEW VEERANAM
Environmental Assessment - Terms of Reference (October 13, 1993)
Introduction
IMPORTANTNOTE
An important source of information for this EA is the "Environmental Assessment of the Second Madras Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project" prepared by the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), dated May 1991, under the direction of METROWATER. In preparation of the EA to which the following TOR refer, the Consultant is expected to draw heavily on data contained in the 1991 EA report, updating and verifying the information as necessary.
1. The purpose of the environmental assessment (EA) process is to ensure that development options under consideration are environmentally sound and sustainable and that any environmental consequences are recognized early and taken into account in project design. These Terms of Reference (TOR) are for EA of the proposed Second Madras Water Supply Project which is being prepared by the Madras Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (METROWATER) for appraisal by the World Bank in mid-1994.
2. The EA, which will be conducted in parallel with the project Feasibility Study, is required to be completed prior to appraisal of the project for World Bank Group financial assistance. The content of the EA reflects much of the data that will be assembled for the Feasibility Report and data that are contained in the Water Supply Master Plan Report which has recently been completed. It is important that in conducting the EA, the Consultant coordinates activities with the Feasibility Study Consultant and is conversant with applicable aspects of the Water Supply Master Plan Report. Background Information
3. Availability of Water - Madras, the capital of the State of Tamil Nadu, is the largest city in south India with 3.3 million people in the city and 4.5 million in the metropolitan area (1981 census). The rapid growth of the population and of industry and commerce in the metropolitan area has placed a severe strain on the meager water resources of Tamil Nadu State. As a result, the city has suffered chronic water shortages for several decades, despite substantial efforts on the part of the State and Central Governments to alleviate the situation. It is reported that in years of normal rainfall, available sources produce about 70 liters/capita/day (lcd) (about one-third the amount of Delhi or Calcutta). In years of poor monsoon rains, as at present, production falls to about 45 lcd which is supplied for one to three hours on alternate days. This low level of supply for domestic use is sometimes only maintained by diversion of industrial water supply from the city's major industries, *requiring them to curtail, or even cease, their operations.
4. The water supply for Madras is now obtained from a large number of surface water and groundwater sources (about 13 depending on how they are categorized into groups); these systems are detailed in the recently completed Water Supply Master Plan Report. In addition, the Telugu-Ganga Project, which is now under construction, will supply 400 mld of Krishna River water for Madras in its first stage (ultimately 930 mld). However, by the year 2000 the projected water demand from the metropolitan area will equal the yield of all of these existing and potential water supply sources.
5. Extensive hydrological and hydrogeological studies of the area which were conducted by a United Nations Project identified new groundwater sources, groundwater aquifer recharge measures, and well field protection measures. The First Madras Water Supply and Sanitation Project, which began in 1986/87 and extends to 1993/94, included financing for these recommendations, in addition to other components.
6. A Master Plan for Madras water supply was completed by Engineering Science, Inc., USA, in 1978. A revision of this
2 Water Supply Master plan was recently completed for METROWATER by Tata Consulting Engineers. A study of unaccounted for water (including leakage) was also conducted by Tata Consulting Engineers with assistance from the Thames Water International (a repair program to reduce the high level of leakage aims to cover 10 % of the 150,000 existing connections in Madras).
7. Proposed Water Source - Under the project it is proposed to exploit part of the yield of an existing agricultural water source, the Veeranam tank, to serve the Madras metropolitan area. Additional details relating to these sources of water and preliminary designs of the facilities to be developed will be available as the Feasibility Study progresses.
8. The Veeranam tank, reportedly dating from the eleventh century, is a shallow lake formed by an earth embankment and would act as a storage reservoir for water allocated for use in Madras and received from the Cauvery River. The Cauvery River is supplied primarily by water released from the Mettur Reservoir. During the irrigation season (July to January) water released from the reservoir to the Cauvery river is then diverted to Coleroon River and finally reaches the Veeranam tank through the Vadavar channel, supplementing the tank's own catchment area of 165 sq. miles.
9. It has been estimated (see the Project Report dated June 1993, prepared by the Tamilnadu Water Supply and Drainage Board (TWAD)) that during the irrigation season (when water is being diverted from Mettur Reservoir) Veeranam tank would yield 180 mld for Madras, as required under this project. However, during the non irrigation period (February to June) the supply to Madras would have to be drawn from storage at Veeranam tank. This would require that the capacity of the tank be increased, unless some other operating procedure for the system could be devised and agreed to.
10. The storage capacity of the Veeranam tank has substantially declined over several decades due to siltation. The Public Works Department has proposals to restore the tank to its original capacity by raising the embankment by two feet and removing some of the silt. Associated canals would also be desilted under this proposal.
3 11. The proposed project would be similar in outline, but with different technology and some design changes (identified by the feasibility study) to a previous "'Veeranam Project" which was to be developed in the 1970s and was subsequently abandoned. Under the previous project, water (180 mld) was to be conveyed from the Veeranam tank to Madras, a distance of about 220 km. Under that project it was proposed to pump water from Veeranam tank to a water treatment facility at Vadakuthu, located at about 20 km from Veeranam. After treatment at Vadakuthu, the clear water was to be pumped to a (then) existing facility located in the southern area of Madras, where it would be pumped to a series of distribution reservoirs. A raw water pumping station at Veeranam tank, a treatment facility at Vadakuthu and a treated water pumping station at Vadakuthu (each of capacity 180 mld) were constructed. These facilities remain unused although in a deteriorated condition. Many prestressed concrete pipes, from which the transmission main was to be constructed, were manufactured and remain near the pipeline-right-of-way (or easement), although they can no longer be used for construction of a pressurized transmission main.
12. Sewerage - The Madras sewerage system presently serves only the area within the pre-1978 city limits. It is affected by frequent blockages caused by solid waste, grit, and insufficient water. These problems are exacerbated by the complexity of the system (there are more than 60 pumping stations) and by inadequate routine and preventive maintenance. The operation of the sewage treatment plants has deteriorated badly for similar reasons. Reportedly, waterways receiving the partially treated, and untreated, effluents are at times anaerobic.
13. The status of the existing sewerage system has been evaluated by Severn Trent Water International with funding from the British ODA. The scope of this work dealt with operation, maintenance and rehabilitation of existing sewers, sewerage pumping stations, and sewage treatment plants. The same group also evaluated the environmental improvement of urban waterways and the institutional needs of METROWATER and the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board. Parts of the proposed urgent need program from these activities is being implemented under an ongoing Madras Water Supply Project.
4 14. Major waterways in the city are the Cooum and the Adyar Rivers which discharge to the Bay and the Buckingham Canal which parallels the shore and crosses the two rivers. Madras sewage treatment plants discharge upstream of the city to the Cooum and the Adyar, and industrial effluents discharged to the Buckingham Canal reach the lower Cooum. Low flows, high pollutant loads, and sand bars at the river mouths contribute to deterioration of the waterways in the city. It is reported that sewage treatment is inadequate, some areas are without sewers, and sewers and storm water drains are interconnected in some areas. In addition, industrial effluents, cattle dung, and solid wastes are major sources of waterway pollution. A project to alleviate these conditions is at present being implemented by METROWATER.
15. The Proposed Project - The project is intended to develop, as an urgent and emergency measure, an additional source of potable water for Madras, Veeranam tank, to relieve the present severe water shortage. METROWATER, TWAD and Tamil Nadu Public Works Department (PWD) would implement, operate and maintain the various water supply components falling within their respective areas of responsibility, with assistance from consultants in conducting the feasibility study, preparing the final engineering design and supervising construction.
16. The water supply component of the project using the Veeranam source would include:
increasing the storage capacity of the Veeranam tank by heightening the embankment(s), removing excess silt from the tank and improving associated conduits and channels;
rehabilitating an existing surface water intake and pumping station (or constructing a new intake and pumping station) nominal capacity 180 mld;
rehabilitating an existing water treatment facility and clear water pumping facility (or constructing new facilities) nominal capacity 180 mld;
5 * constructing a transmission main to convey water (180 mld) from Veeranam to distribution reservoir(s) in Madras metropolitan area;
* constructing distribution storage reservoir(s) in Madras metropolitan area.
Objectives
17. This EA will address the proposed works and activities in the Madras metropolitan area in addition to the area of the proposed source of supply (from Madras city, about 220 km to Veeranam tank) which form part of the proposed Second Madras Water Supply Project. The project is being planned to relieve the severe water shortage experienced by some six million residents of the metropolitan area, and therefore its net environmental impacts are expected to be very positive. Comparison of the expected condition of the environment of the study area with the project to the expected condition without the project would demonstrate the magnitude and type of the project impacts.
18. Early environmental review of the project, inter-agency review and comment, and involvement of local citizens and NGOs will identify environmental issues that the EA and project design should address. Such action could reduce delays and the possibility of additional costs during implementation caused by unanticipated environmental difficulties. These TOR identify specific issues for the EA, the significance of which may only be evident on completion of analysis. Additional issues are expected to be identified locally and will be considered in the EA to the extent feasible.
19. The timing of the EA in relation to the proposed project preparation for consideration of World Bank Group financing is critical. It is essential that the EA executive summary is made available to the World Bank by April 1994.
Environmental Assessment Requirements
20. The conduct of the EA and the content of its report shall be governed by the following guidelines and regulations:
6 * World Bank Operational Directive 4.01: "Environmental Assessment", and pertinent Operational Directives, Operational Policy Notes, and Guidelines (cited in Annex A thereto);
* Pertinent requirements of the Government of India under the Environmental (Protection) Act No. 29 of 1986 and any national regulations on environmental review and impact assessment;
Pertinent requirements of the Government of Tamil Nadu under the Madras Metropolitan Area Groundwater (Regulation) Act No. 27 of 1987 and any state regulations on environmental review and impact assessment.
Study Area
21. The study area shall encompass the following: areas presently irrigated from the Veeranam tank, the area within the Madras Metropolitan Authority boundary; area surrounding Veeranam tank; the routes of the water supply canals which transport water to the Veeranam tank (to the extent necessary in relation to the proposed dependence on, and rehabilitation of such canals); the routes of the water supply transmission main from the proposed source of supply (i.e., Veeranam tank) to proposed distribution storage reservoir sites in the Metropolitan area; the site of the existing water treatment facility at Vadakuthu and any other proposed water treatment plant site; the site(s) of proposed distribution reservoirs, or the site of any other component of the project identified by the feasibility study.
Scope of Work
The Environmental Assessment should make full use of existing studies, maps, statistics, and reports, undertaking original work only when existing studies are not available or are inadequate. The EA Report must compile and organize the existing information and any required new studies. The report should be concise and limited to significant environmental issues. The proposed project is designed to improve the environment of the Madras area, and the Consultant should compare the expected
7 improved conditions with the conditions which would prevail without the project.
22. A number of the topics from checklists of potential environmental issues have been included in these TOR which may be found to be insignificant as work on the assessment proceeds. In such cases, simple statements of findings may be made to indicate the potential issue has been considered and found to be unimportant in the project context.
23. The public and/or inter-agency meetings required under Task 9 below are expected to identify additional issues and to help in judging which issues are truly significant.
24. Task 1. Description of the Proposed Project.
Provide a brief description of the project and its existing setting, using existing maps at appropriate scales. Include the following information:
location of the project in relation to its physical and socio-political surroundings;
for Veeranam tank, the general layout, the size and capacity of the tank, embankment (dam) and spillway capacities, projected life span of the embankments (dams) and reservoir;
* list of other project components and subcomponents with size, capacities, etc.;
* objectives of the project;
* preconstruction activities;
* land acquisition and resettlement
* construction activities, schedule, staffing and support facilities and services
* operation and maintenance activities, staffing and support facilities, and services
8 useful life span of the project components and of the project.
25. Task 2. Description of the Environment
Assemble, evaluate and present baseline data on the environmental characteristics of the study area which are related to the project components. Include information on any changes anticipated before the project commences. (Note: much of the socio-economic data needed for the EA is contained in the Water Supply Master Plan Report, the 1991 EA Report or is available from METROWATER).
(a) Physical environment:
geology: briefly describe the regional geology as it relates to the construction of major pipelines, canals and reservoirs; address the seismic risk in the area;
topography: describe the general topography of the region giving land and reservoir elevations at significant locations in the system including the water treatment facilities and distribution reservoirs;
soils: summarize soil conditions along the raw water canal routes and along the routes of major pipelines in order to assess effects of soil stability and erosion during construction, alteration of drainage patterns and its impact on wetlands (if any) and vegetation; assess the impact of soil quality on the safety and life span of large diameter pipelines;
climate and meteorology: summarize pertinent but general data in the Madras region in addition to specific data in relation to reservoir spillway design;
surface water hydrology: from existing reports (see particularly reports of UN and METROWATER project for
9 both surface and groundwater hydrology), summarize water yields of the existing Madras water supply reservoirs and their watersheds, mean monthly evaporation rates at the reservoirs, and spillway design floods at Veeranam tank as applicable;
review the availability and allocation of water from the river basin serving the Veeranam tank (coordinate with Feasibility Study Consultant);
water quality: present existing data on raw water quality of surface sources in the area with particular focus on those being developed under the project, identify sources of pollution that may affect water quality and present seasonal variability of quality where existing data are available;
(b) Biological environment:
flora, fauna, and rare or endangered species: describe generally the natural flora and fauna of the project area and determine whether the habitat of any rare or endangered species has been identified in the project area;
sensitive habitats: describe locations and characteristics of any parks, bird or game sanctuaries, forests or significant natural sites, which may be affected; describe existing wetlands;
species of commercial importance: from the 1991 Environmental Assessment of the Second Madras Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project (the 1991 EA), review the importance of, and whether contamination of, fin fish and shell fish in the sea near Madras has been investigated, and report findings;
pest species and disease vectors: from data contained in the 1991 EA (updated to the extent necessary) describe and quantify the occurrence of species of
10 mosquitoes, flies, rodents and other significant pests and vectors.
(c) Socio-cultural environment:
Note: this includes both present and projected to the census years 2001, 2011, and 2021; substantial information may be drawn from the 1991 EA, updated to the extent necessary, also from the recently completed Water Supply Master Plan Report.
population: total population should be broken down by water supply service areas as served from various headworks within the city of Madras; communities outside Madras which may be served by bulk water supplies should also be separated individually; supply service areas should be indicated on a small scale map;
land use: illustrate current land use areas by category -- agriculture forest, vacant land, public land and transportation, industrial, commercial, and residential -- indicate the type of water service to these areas and relate these areas to the population/water supply service areas (see previous sub-para.); in areas along canal, channel and major pipeline routes and at reservoir sites, indicate forest, rainfed and irrigated agricultural land, residential and other land uses on a map with an accompanying text; in connection with agricultural land use, estimate types and quantities of agrochemicals used in the watersheds that feed Veernam tank and specify the chemical analyses required to measure their presence in surface and groundwater supplies; assess the adequacy of existing data to evaluate the risk of water supply pollution by agrochemicals;
domestic water use: for each water supply service area, report population served by house connections, by metered connections, by 24-hour or intermittent
11 service, by stand pipes, by public hand pumps, by private wells, by public tankers, and private tankers; report estimated per capita supply to each type of water service;
industrial water use: for each water supply service area, assemble existing data and report estimated industrial water use, listing separately those industries which have significant water supply systems of their own;
agricultural water use: identify and describe water used in the areas served by the Veeranam tank;
water quality: assemble and comment on existing data on the quality of treated water at water treatment facilities and in the distribution system; assemble existing data on well water quality, (both bacteriological and chemical) pertaining to public and private wells serving the Madras area;
planned development activities: list development activities in the Madras area which would have implications for water supply which are not part of the proposed project; include public housing, new or expanded industries, major transportation system extensions, government facilities and schools, major private housing, commercial developments and expanded irrigated agriculture;
Note: for this information the Consultant may rely heavily on information provided by METROWATER, MMDA, the Municipal Corporation, the Pollution Control Board and other agencies of the Government of Tamil Nadu as appropriate, in addition to the 1991 EA Report and other documentation;
employment: describe the industrial employment base of the Madras area identifying those employed in industries which are dependent on a reliable and adequate water supply; estimate the employment losses at established industries in recent years attributable
12 to an unsatisfactory water supply service; describe the employment base of those dependent on Veeranam tank;
Note: for this information the Consultant may rely on sources listed in the previous sub. para.
distribution of income, goods and services: relate the level of water service to income, within the study area;
water based recreation: describe the use of the waters of Madras for recreational boating and fishing and any other recreational use;
public health: for each water supply service area, assemble the following estimated data: the population with access to piped water supply, differentiating between, those with property connections, shared property connections, and using public taps; the population using private wells and other sources; also estimate the populations served by a water borne sewerage system, with private unsewered latrines, with public unsewered latrines, and those without access to sanitation; assemble and comment on historic health statistics on morbidity and mortality related to the water and sewerage services (by water supply service areas if possible); as far as possible, identify any other public health factors which relate to environmental aspects, including bathing and laundering clothes in the waterways;
accidents and occupational safety: assemble information, primarily from METROWATER, but also TWAD and PWD on accidents and occupational safety; hazards to be assessed include construction related accidents involving workers and the public; handling of materials such as acids, caustic, chlorine, and toxic compounds in treatment plants and laboratories; falls in open tanks and other locations in plants; handling, heavy or otherwise dangerous material and equipment;
13 mechanical equipment operation; electrical systems and wiring; and vehicular accidents including those involving pedestrians;
cultural properties: identify any temples, funeral grounds, and architecturally or historically significant buildings which may be affected by the project, and describe such effects;
tribal peoples: determine whether tribal or other communities may be affected significantly by the construction of facilities proposed under the project; if such communities are identified, report on population and the socio-economic aspects of each group;
customs, aspirations and attitudes: assemble information and comment on customs, aspirations, and attitudes of different socio-economic groups which are affected by the project; include consideration of acceptance and use of public water supply and sanitation facilities and their desire for such facilities including willingness to pay; ascertain as far as possible, the attitudes toward 24-hour supply, water meters, the taste of piped water, use of public latrines, and other relevant information:
26. Task 3. Legislative and Regulatory Considerations
Describe the pertinent regulations and standards governing environmental quality: health and safety, protection of sensitive areas, protection of endangered species, land use control, etc., at international, national, regional and local levels including, but not limited to the following:
World Bank. 1991. Operational Directive 4.01: Environmental Assessment, and pertinent Operational Directives, Operational Policy Notes, and Guidelines cited in Annex A thereto; World Bank 1990, Operation Directive 4.30, Involuntary Resettlement; requirements of the Government of India under the Environmental (Protection) Act No. 29 of
14 1986 and any national regulations environmental review and impact assessment; requirements of the Government of Tamil Nadu under the Madras Metropolitan Area Groundwater (Regulation) Act No. 27 of 1987 and any state regulations on environmental review and impact assessment;
27. Task 4. Determination of the Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project
In this analysis, distinguish between significant positive and negative impacts, direct and indirect impacts, and immediate and long-term impacts. Identify impacts which are unavoidable or irreversible. Wherever possible, describe impacts quantitatively, in terms of environmental costs and benefits. Assign economic values when feasible. Characterize the extent and quality of available data, explaining significant information deficiencies and any uncertainities associated with prediction of impact.
28. The allocation of water from a source of water which has traditionally been used for agriculture may have adverse socio- economic impacts. It is also possible that NOT allocating the water to Madras may have greater socio-economic impacts; it has already been seen that limitations are being placed on industrial output by the recent water shortages in the metropolitan area. It is of great importance, therefore, that the socio-economic impacts of the proposed water allocations are carefully assessed, quantified and evaluated, based on the Source Yield Study Consultant's assessment of the impact on irrigation water availability.
29. The construction or improvement of raw water canals or channels and the construction of a major water transmission pipeline, pumping stations distribution reservoirs and facilities associated with the Veeranam tank may necessitate the voluntary or involuntary resettlement of local residents and businesses. These impacts must be assessed along with any impacts on sensitive natural habitats and cultural features. This construction may also impact natural habitats or cultural properties unfavorably. These impacts must also be identified and quantified.
15 30. The raw water canals or channels, and the long, large diameter water transmission pipeline may create seasonal wetlands due to seepage or by creating barriers to normal groundwater drainage. Such effects could be undesirable. Consider whether adequate analyses of such factors have been made.
31. The level of risk of structural failure of the embankments, dam and spillway at Veeranam tank should be assessed and the population at risk identified. The need for a mitigation plan should be determined. (The Consultant should obtain the results of stability analysis of the embankments, the design standard for spillway capacity and other necessary information from the Feasibility Study Consultant.)
32. In connection with the large diameter water transmission pipeline, report on the impact and level of risk that could result from flooding that could occur in the event of failure of the pipeline. Also assess the suitability of proposed measures to deal with the large quantities of water resulting from the need to drain the pipeline for repair or other reasons.
33. Assess the suitability and safety of materials used for water supply pipes and for joining the pipe sections. The plumbosolvency of surface and ground water supplies should be investigated if lead joints or plastic pipes manufactured with lead stabilizers are to be used. Complete avoidance of lead is desirable.
34. The proposed project is expected to provide a 24-hour pressurized supply in parts of the distribution system. Although this may not be feasible to the entire service area initially, it expected to be introduced gradually in conjunction with the ongoing rehabilitation and extension of the distribution system. The impacts of continuous and intermittent pressure systems on bacteriological safety and consequent behavior and expenditure should be compared. Relevant information is available in the Water Supply Master Plan Report and in the 1991 EA.
35. Under the project, additional water supplies will be made available to Madras city and to urbanized areas adjacent to the
16 city. Since some of these areas have no organized sewer systems, the EA should assess the adequacy of arrangements for draining and disposing of the effluent from the additional water supply.
36. Task 5. Analysis of Alternatives to the Proposed Project
Briefly describe alternatives that were or are being examined in the course of developing the proposed project, particularly those considered in the Water Supply Master Plan, and those that are considered in the Feasibility Study. The concept of alternatives extends to siting, design, pipeline routing, technology selection, construction techniques and phasing, and operating and maintenance procedures. Of particular significance in these respects is the rehabilitation and use of the existing (disused) water treatment facility at Vadakuthu, compared with the alternative of partial use of this facility in conjunction with provision of an additional facility to be constructed under the project. Compare the alternatives in terms of potential environmental impacts; capital and operating costs (available from Feasibility Study Consultant); suitability under local conditions; and institutional, training and monitoring requirements. When describing the impacts, indicate which are irreversible or unavoidable and which can be mitigated. To the extent possible, quantify the costs and benefits of each alternative, incorporating the estimated costs of any associated mitigating measures. Include the alternative of not constructing the project, in order to demonstrate environmental conditions without it.
37. It is probable that in connection with the proposal to increase the capacity of the Veeranam tank and associated channels, silt removed from the tank and the waterways would be deposited on the adjacent banks. The environmental impact of this process and the evaluation of alternatives including no action, and disposal in landfills (with special attention to appropriate disposal if the silt contains any toxic materials) are required.
17 38. Task 6. Development of Management Plan to Mitigate Negative Impacts
(See Operational Directive 4.01 Annex C for further guidance) Recommend feasible and cost-effective measures to prevent or reduce significant negative impacts to acceptable levels. Estimate the impacts and costs of those measures, and of the institutional and training requirements to implement them. Consider compensation to affected parties for impacts which cannot be mitigated, including those associated with the reallocation of water. Prepare a management plan including proposed work programs, budget estimates, schedules, staffing and training requirements, and other necessary support services to implement the mitigating measures.
39. Mitigation plans must be developed to minimize the negative impacts caused by construction which may require resettlement of population (see OD 4.30), or loss or disturbance of sensitive natural habitats and cultural properties. Any additional bridges over canals or channels or over large pipelines on the land surface that would be constructed for the proposed pipeline alignment should be considered here.
40. The new water supply may increase drainage problems due to leakage, improper waste water disposal and inadequate sewerage. Evaluate the adequacy of proposed leak detection and repair programs, the enforcement of sewer connection requirements, and other measures to correct such problems and propose a way correct any inadequacies.
41. The disposal of water treatment plant sludges from settling tanks and from filter backwash should be evaluated for impacts on receiving surface waters and on groundwater. If adverse impacts are found, describe how they can be mitigated.
42. Occupational safety concerns should be extended to workers for METROWATER, TWAD and PWD contractors as well as to employees of those agencies. Bidding documents should require contractors to meet specific safety regulations to protect their workers and the public during construction work. METROWATER, TWAD or PWD should supervise contractors to ensure that standards of safety
18 are being met. Make recommendations for safety standards for inclusion in construction contracts and guidelines for supervision of safety at construction sites.
43. Task 7. Identification of Institutional Needs to Implement Environmental Assessment Recommendations
Review the authority and capability of institutions at local, state, and national levels (using existing studies as fully as possible) and recommend steps, if any, to strengthen or expand them so that the management and monitoring plans in the environmental assessment can be implemented. The recommendations may extend to new laws and regulations, new agencies or agency functions, intersectoral arrangements, management procedures and training, staffing, operation and maintenance training, budgeting, and financial support.
44. Evaluate the legislative and regulatory basis for improving occupational safety in construction, the building trades, and the operation and maintenance of public works including sewers and treatment plants. The objective would be to reduce the high level of hazard to workers, and to the public through an organized program of training, inspection, and reporting of hazards and accidents.
45. Task 8. Development of a Monitoring Plan
Prepare a detailed plan to monitor the implementation of mitigating measures and the impacts of the project during construction and,operation. Include in the plan an estimate of capital and operating costs and a description of other inputs (such as training and institutional strengthening) needed to carry it out.
46. The monitoring plan should provide for periodic revision of the measures of the Baseline Condition developed in Task 2 to indicate progress in project implementation and changing environmental conditions. This will provide the basis for evaluation of project impacts. The plan should also recommend agencies to be assigned various monitoring responsibilities, such as compiling and issuing the monitoring reports during the course
19 of the project; monitoring water quality in the waterways; and providing laboratory services for water quality analyses which cannot be performed satisfactorily by METROWATER, TWAD and PWD laboratories.
47. Task 9. Assist in Inter-Agency Coordination and Public Participation
TWAD, PWD and METROWATER shall coordinate the environmental assessment with other government agencies. The Consultant shall obtain the views of local NGO's and affected groups and shall keep records of meetings and other activities, communications, and comments and their disposition.
48. TWAD and METROWATER, assisted by the Consultant, shall organize a series of public meetings at which representatives of METROWATER, TWAD, PWD, and other involved agencies present the proposed project and its schedule, give the purpose and objectives of the EA, describe possible environmental impacts of the project and how the adverse impacts may be mitigated, take questions from the audience and have the participants respond. There should be one meeting early in the EA process to identify concerns of other agencies and affected groups; the outcome of this meeting should be addressed and included in the scope of the EA. A second meeting should be held when the draft EA is available to provide an opportunity for comments.
49. Multiple meetings may be necessary to reach any residents of outlying areas where the raw water conveyance and storage facilities are located, in addition to a meeting to cover the city of Madras, and meetings to cover any adjacent urban area that may be affected. Invitations to, and notices of, these meetings should be sent to local government agencies and officials, and local NGO's at least 10 days before each scheduled meeting. Accurate records of the meetings should be kept including lists of all of those invited and attending.
Report
50. The environmental assessment report, which shall be prepared by the Consultant, should be concise and limited to significant
20 environmental issues. The main text should focus on findings, conclusions and recommended actions, supported by summaries of the data collected and citations for any references used in interpreting those data. The main text shall not exceed 100 pages. Detailed or uninterpreted data are not appropriate in the main text and should be presented in appendices or a separate volume. The environmental assessment report should be organized according to the outline below. The Executive Summary should not exceed 20 pages in length and the synopsis of Findings and Recommendations should be no more than 3 pages in length.
Synopsis of Findings and Recommendations Executive Summary Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework
Description of the Proposed Project
Description of the Environment
Significant Environmental Impacts Analysis of Alternatives Mitigation Management Plan Environmental Management and Training Monitoring Plan
Inter-Agency and Local Government/NGO Involvement List of References
Appendices:
List of Environmental Assessment Preparers Records of Inter-Agency and Local Government/NGO Communications Data and Unpublished Reference Documents Consulting Team
51. Environmental assessments require interdisciplinary analysis. The assessment team should include specialists in the following disciplines:
21 environmental planning and management ecology/fish and wildlife (minimal input) engineering planning and design water chemistry public health sociology/socio-economics cultural resources (minimal input) institutional management (minimal input) occupational health and safety
Other Information
52. Data sources, project background reports and studies, relevant publications, and other items to which the Consultant's attention is directed include the following:
- The National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, under the direction of METROWATER, Environmental Assessment of the Second Madras Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project, May 1991;
- METROWATER, "Krishna Water Supply Project, Madras Transmission and Distribution System, Project Report", October 1989 and subsequent revisions;
- Tata Consulting Engineers with Thames Water International, Master Plan for Madras water supply and sewerage with unaccounted for water study (project for METROWATER)
- Severn Trent International/ODA, project on environmental improvement of the waterways of greater Madras and associated reports including: operation and maintenance of Madras sewerage and sewage treatment systems; improving the waterways through dredging and flow augmentation; solid waste collection and disposal; institutional, organizational and training needs of METROWATER and the Pollution control Board;
- Consulting Engineering Services, Inc. with Sulabh International, report on low cost sanitation alternatives for Madras
22 UN/METROWATER, hydrogeological and artificial recharge studies for Madras including the following reports:
UNDTCD New York, "Technical Report on Madras Hydrogeological and Artificial Recharge Studies", 1987.
various mission reports from 1987 to present by consultants on groundwater models, artificial recharge, water law and regulation, water resources systems, and water chemistry.
proposal by METROWATER artificial recharge to protect Minjur wellfield from seawater intrusion.
Engineering Science, Inc., U.S.A., master plan for Madras water supply and sewage, 1978.
Schedule
53. A schedule for interim and final reports, and other significant events is given below. Progress reports, brief and concise in format, will be prepared at monthly intervals.
Action Time
1. TOR for EA from World Bank to GTN; January, 1994 contract award for EA; Consultant mobilization
2. Submission of Inception Report Before January 15, 1994
3. Submission of Interim Report Before February 15, 1994
4. Submission of Draft Final Report for Before review by TWAD Board and MMWSS Board April 15, 1994
5. Submission of Final Report by concerned Before State and Central Government Agencies April 30, 1994 and IBRD
23 Annexure 2.1
ACQUISITION OF LAND
The provisions of the Land Acquisition Act in so far as the same is relevant to the New Veeranam Project, if for the purposes of the project, private lands are to be acquired.
The counterpart in India to the Law of "Eminent Domain" of America or the "Law of Compensation" of England is the Law of Land Acquisition. Like the Land Clauses Consolidation Act 1845 of England, the principal statute in India is the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 relating to compulsory acquisition of land and compensation payable therefor.
It is a well recognised principle that the sovereign power of a State has adequate authority to command and appropriate for itself lands situated within its jurisdiction, provided it is for purposes of some public utility. The famous maxim 'Salus populist suprema lex, i.e. 'the welfare of the people is paramount law' is the corner stone of the law of land acquisition. It is a well accepted principle that public necessity is greater than private needs.
This sovereign power of the State, which was originally vested in the ancient King, came to be delegated to public bodies and corporations. With the advance of civilization and with all complex organization of the machinery of state, with the growing importance of the progressive industrialization of the country, not to speak of the multiplicity of irrigation projects, town planning and improvement schemes and various other public utilitarian schemes, the subject of land acquisition has gained momentous importance.
The modern tendency of the State to acquire lands may tend to become a menace to the owner of the property unless he is given a fair deal. No one should be deprived of his land except under law. That law must be quite 'intra vires' of the Constitution. This implies reasonableness of the law and existence of a public purpose. The well known maxim is 'audi
24 alteram portem' i.e. every subject is entitled to be heard before he is deprived of the right to the property, which implies 'Hear the other side'. The other principle is that it is improper for a State to appropriate or confiscate private property without paying due compensation therefor. To be just, the compensation must be adequate. It is something if there is given some compensation, though not adequate, on the plea of overriding public interests. But to pay no compensation, is deemed unjust. Hence, the law of compensation is intertwined with the law of acquisition.
Land Acquisition Act of 1894
The statute consists of 55 sections divided into 8 parts, such as preliminary Acquisition (investigation & objection), reference to court and procedure thereon, apportionment of compensation, payment, temporary occupation of land, acquisition of land for companies, and miscellaneous. The procedure for the Govt. to follow when it deems necessary that any land is to be acquired for a public purpose, is this. Under Sec. 4, the appropriate Government causes the publication of a preliminary notification notifying the land required for a public purpose. This is followed by entry, survey, and investigation by authorised Officer of the land in question. The authorised Officer shall pay at the time of such entry for any damage done and if the amount paid is disputed by the party, he shall refer the dispute to the decision of the Collector or the Chief Revenue Officer of the district whose decision thereon shall be final. Objections to such acquisition may be made to the Collector by any person interested in the land, within 30 days of the 4 (1) notification. The Collector who shall hear the objections makes necessary enquiries and submits a report to the State Govt. whose decision thereon shall be final. Sec. 6 enjoins upon the Secretary to the Govt. or some officer duly authorised, to certify that the land is required for a public purpose. This declaration shall be published in the official gazette and this shall be conclusive evidence that the land is needed for a public purpose. After this declaration is made, under Sec. 7 of the Act, the appropriate Govt. or some other authorised officer shall direct the Collector to take order for acquisition of
25 the land. The Collector shall then, under Sec.8, cause the land to be marked out, measured and planned. Sec. 9 enjoins on the Collector to give notice to all persons interested, of Govts' intention to take possession of the land and that claims of compensation for all interests in such land may be made to him at the time and place specifically mentioned but not earlier than 15 days from the publication of the notice. Such notices are to be served on the interested persons and also cause to affixed as public notices at convenient places or near the land to be acquired. Sec 10 empowers the Collector to require and enforce any person the making of any statement as to his own or to any other persons *interest in the land'. Compliance of persons with this requirement is a legal necessity having regard to Sec. 175 and 176 of the Indian Penal Code. Sec. 11 enables the collector to make enquiries into measurements, value and claim of interested persons and issue the final award of the true area of the land, the compensation which in his opinion should be allowed for the land and the apportionment of such amount among interested persons. Sec. 12 makes the award as conclusive evidence as between the Collector and the persons interested, particularly in respect of the area, value of the land and apportionment of compensation among the interested persons. The award shall be filed in the Collector's office and notice of the same shall be given to the persons interested. In determining the amount of compensation, regard shall be had to the value of the land, as on the date of Sec. 4(1) notification and damage sustained by the interested person. After issuance of the award, the Collector can under Sec. 16, take possession of the land which thereupon shall vest absolutely in the Govt. free from all encumbrances. The Collector has special powers in cases of urgency under Sec. 17 to take possession of land where only notice under Sec. 9 had been issued but the award had not been yet given. In such cases also, title to the land shall vest in the Govt. free from all encumbrances. Notice of atleast 48 hours is however to be given to occupiers of such land or buildings, before the land is taken possession of. The Collector shall also offer the value of the standing crops or trees or any such land and if the occupier does not agree to it, the value of such crops and trees and the amount of such other amount shall be allowed while awarding the
26 compensation for the land. In cases arising under Sec. 17, the appropriate Govt. shall direct that Sec. 5(A) procedure shall not apply. It can also direct that a declaration be made under Sec. 6 at any time after the publication of the notification under Sec. 4 sub Sec. (1).
It is open to any interested person who is not accepting the award to apply in writing to the Collector to refer the matter under Sec. 18 for the determination of the Court in respect of any controversy over the measurement of the land, the amount of compensation or to the apportionment of the compensation among the persons interested. The application should contain the grounds on which objection to the award is taken and be presented to the Collector within six weeks from the date of the award, if the applicant was present at the enquiry. Otherwise, the time limit is six weeks from the date of receipt of the notice from the Collector under Sec. 12. The Collector has to make a statement in writing to the Court as contemplated under Sec. 19 regarding the situation, extent etc. of the land, names of interested persons, the amount awarded as damages, and the grounds on which the amount of compensation was determined. He has also to give to the Court as schedule, giving particulars of the notices served upon and of the statements in writing made, or delivered by the parties interested, respectively.
The Court thereafter under Sec. 20 shall cause a notice to be served on the applicant, persons interested in the objection and the Collector. The enquiry date to hear the objection is therein notified, the scope being restricted to the consideration of the interests of the persons affected by the objection Sec. 21. The proceedings shall be in open Court Sec. 22. The criteria for determining compensation are set out in Sec. 23. The court shall thereunder consider.
(a) The market value of the land at the date of the notification under Sec. 4(1)
(b) The damage sustained by the person interested by reason of the taking of any standing crops, or trees, which may be
27 on the land at the time of the Collector's taking possession.
(c) Also damages, if any, then sustained by reason of severing such land from his other land.
(d) Also damages, if any, then sustained by reason of the acquisition injuriously affecting his other property, movable, or immovable or his earnings.
(e) The reasonable expenses, if any, incurred in changing his residence or place of business consequent on the acquisition.
(f) Damages, if any, then sustained bonafide, resulting from diminution of the profits of the land between the time of the publication of the declaration under Sec. 6 and the time of the Collector's taking possession of the land. Apart from the market value of the land so assessed, the court shall award an additional 15 % on such market value, in consideration of the compulsory nature of acquisition. Matters to be neglected by the court in determining compensation are specified under Sec. 24 of the Act, namely, urgency for acquisition, the disinclination of the owner, the damage arising after the declaration under Sec. 6, increase in value consequent on increase in value of the other lands of the owner, of any outlay or improvements on the land made after the notification under Sec. 4(1). Sec. 25 provides the rules as to the amount of compensation, which is that the amount awarded by the court should not be in excess of the amount claimed by the applicant or be less than the amount awarded by the Collector and also provides for award of costs. Sec. 28 enjoins upon the Collector to pay interest on excess compensation. Under Sec. 30 where the amount of compensation is settled, the Collector may refer any dispute as to apportionment of the compensation to the decision of the court. Under Sec. 31 of the Act, the Collector shall tender payment of compensation to the
28 persons interested or deposit the same in the court to which a reference has been made under Sec. 18 of the Act.
Sec. 35 directs acquisition by the direction of the appropriate Govt. of temporary occupation of waste or arable land for a public purpose or for a company for a term not exceeding 3 years. The procedure to be followed by the Collector when difference as to compensation exists is detailed. Notice to persons interested followed by conciliation, failing which reference to the court is to be made by the Collector. On payment of the compensation or on making the reference under Sec. 35, the Collector may enter and take possession of the land. Compensation shall be paid on restoration for any damage done. If the land be rendered unfit permanently for the owner, the appropriate Govt. shall proceed under this Act to acquire the land as if it was needed permanently for a public purpose. If there is a difference between the Collector and the owner as to the condition of the land at the expiration of the term as to any matter connected with the said agreement, the Collector shall refer such difference to the court for decision.
Sections 38 to 44 are important sections dealing with acquisition of land for companies. Under Sec. 38, the appropriate Govt. may authorise any officer of any company desiring to acquire the land for its purposes to exercise the power conferred by Sec. 4. Industrial concern is to be deemed under Sec. 38 A to be "company" for certain purposes. In all the above cases previous consent of appropriate Govt. and execution of agreement is necessary before putting into force sections 6 to 37.
For this, prior enquiry by the appropriate Govt. is necessary (Sec. 40) as to the bonafides of the acquisition for purposes of erection of dwelling houses for work men employed by the company or for the provision of amenities directly connected therewith or that the acquisition is needed for some work which will be useful to the public. If the result of the enquiry is in favour of acquisition, the company is required under Sec. 41 to enter into an agreement with the appropriate Govt. on the following.
29 1. payment to the appropriate Govt. the cost of the acquisition
2. the transfer on such payment of the land to the company
3. the terms on which the land shall be held by the company
4. the conditions on which and the manner in which the dwelling houses, if any, or amenities, if any, shall be erected or provided, etc.
The agreement so concluded shall be published in the official gazette Sec. 42.
Any person obstructing acquisition of any land shall be criminally liable under section 46 and, finally the power to make rules is provided, Under Sec. 48, Govt. can withdraw from acquisition of land of which possession has not been taken and compensation is payable therefore to the interested persons. The above are the broad features of the L.A. Act.
Requisition
During and after the last war, requisitioning of property became an imperative necessity. The power of requisitioning property was derived under the Defence of India Act 1939 and the rules framed there under. The Defence of India Act 1939 came to an end on 30.9.1946. With the termination of the Act, the power to retain possession of the properties already requisitioned would have automatically lapsed and in cases where compensation had yet to be determined, there would have been no machinery in existence to determine the compensation. The legislature had to intervene to deal with the situation that had arisen.
Under the legislative power conferred by Sec. 3 of the India (Central Govt. and Legislature) Act 1946, the provinces passed ordinances or Acts continuing the powers of requisitioning and in some cases took powers to acquire the requisitioned property.
30 Before the Constitution came into force, some of the States had passed Requisitioning and Acquisition Acts presumably under the legislative power claimed to have been conferred upon the provinces under item 9 of list II of the seventh schedule of the Govt. of India Act 1935, but a difficulty arose by reason of a decision of the Bombay High Court which held that the word acquisition' in Entry 9 did not include the power of requisitioning and that therefore the provincial legislatures had no power to enact laws relating to requisitioning of property. The Governor General therefore had immediately to intervene under sections 1 to 4 of the Govt. of India Act 1935 by issuing a notification whereby he empowered the provincial Legislatures to enact laws in respect of the requisitioning of land. The Center and the States, therefore passed the Requisitioning Acts. In view of distribution of legislative powers as it then existed under the Constitution, the Union had to pass a Requisitioning Act of its own for the requisitioning of property for Union purposes and the state legislatures had to pass separate Act for requisitioning for state purposes and public purposes other than Union purposes. The power of requisitioning property of a private owner is an extraordinary power and can justifiably be invoked only when an emergency arises. That is perhaps the reason why most of the Requisitioning and Acquisition of Immovable Property Act (XL 11 of 1956) came to an end on 6.3.1977. By President Act IV of 1977 the Tamil Nadu Act XL 11 of 1965 was made permanent. The aforesaid Act allows the Govt. to requisition and acquire immovable property held in private ownership for public purposes. Sec. 3 gives power to the Govt. to requisition immovable property by the competent authority. Sec. 4 gives the power to take possession of requisitioned property. Sec. 5 deals with the rights over requisitioned property. Sec. 6 provides for release of the property from requisitioning. Sec. 7 deals with the acquisition of the requisitioned property. Sec. 8 deals with the principles and method of determinating compensation. Sec. 9 provides for payment of compensation. Sec. 10 provides for appeal from orders of requisitioning. Sec. 11 provides for an appeal from awards in respect of compensation. Sec. 12 deals with the powers of the competent authority and the arbitrator. Sec. 13 provides for
31 power to obtain information. Sec. 14 gives power to enter and inspect the property. Sec. 16 deals with service of notice and order. Sec. 18 deals with delegation of powers. Sec. 19 provides for protection of action taken in good faith. Sec. 20 prohibits the jurisdiction of civil courts. Sec. 21 provides for penalty for offences. Sec. 23 deals with the rule making power.
It is considered that for acquisition of private patta land for purposes of Veeranam project, recourse to the Land Acquisition Act can no doubt be had. But, more often than not, acquisitions under that Act are always challenged and stay granted therein by Court as a matter of routine, when the purpose of acquisition will be lost. The safer course, therefore, seems to be to resort for the purpose to the Tamil Nadu Requisitioning and Acquisitioning of immovable property Act 1956 which, as already stated, has since been made permanent.
32 TABLE A.4.1
NORMAL CROP YIELDS IN AYACUT AREA OF VEERNAM LAE
Si. Name of Crops Irrigated Area Crop Yield No. in Hectares in Tonne
1. Kuruvai 10026.55 1620.29 2. Thaladi (double crop) 8021.24
3. Samba (single crop) 94334.87 15244.52 4. Blackgram and Greengram 11320.18 (single crop ayacut)
5. Sugarcane 724.20 89628.50
6. Kodical 307.04 -
7. Banana 35.55 -
8. Shortfall (Tharisu) 126.05 -
9. Acquired for housing purpose 64.18 -
18121.83 213331.34
33 TABLE A.4.2
CROPS IN THE CATCINENT AREA OF VEEANAN IAKE
SI. Name of the Village Crop Area (ha.) -No. ------______Ground Gingelly Cumbu Paddy Sugar- Cashew nut cane
1. Karunagaranallur- Revenue Village
a) Aranthangi _ -h 240 140 27 70 5 50.0 b) Chenninaththam-
2. Siddhamalli- 20 3 15 7 6 _ Revenue village
3. Mamangalam 114 9 61 122 67 6.4
4. Kandasamudaram 151 12 52 75 45 1.0
5. Vanamadevi 51 23 31 107 55 17.2
6. Agaraputhur 80 80 27 87 36 41.0
656 267 213 468 214 115.6
34 TABLE A.4. 3
TYPES AND QUANTITIES OF AGRO CHEIICALS USED IN THE WATER SHEDS FEEDING VEERANAM LAKE
Paddy Crop Only
1. Phosphomidon - 300 ml/Ha
2. Monochzotophos - 500 ml/Ha
3. Quinolphos - 750 ml/Ha
4. Carbondazim - 250 gm/Ha
5. Cuman L - 1000 ml/Ha
6. Dithane M 45 - 1000 gm/Ha
Sugarcane
1. Endosulphon - 750 ml/Ha
2. Carbofuran - 30 kg/Ha
3. Carbodazim - 120 gm/Ha (sett treatment)
4. BH,C 10 t - 25 kg/Ha (Time of planting)
Banana
1. Carbofuran - 30 kg/Ha
2. Dithane M 45 - 100 g/Ha
3. Copper oxy chloride - 1000 g/Ha
Dry Crops
1. Gingelly Endosolphone - 1000 ml/Ha
2. Groundnut Manocrotophos - 500 ml/Ha Dithet M45 - 1000 g/Ha
3. Groundnut Manocrotophos - 500 ml/Ha (pumping) Dithem M45 - 1000 g/Ha
35 TABLE A.4.4
STRATIGRAPHICAL SUCCESSION OF NADRAS AND ITS ENVIRONS
Era Period Epoch Formation Lithology Vadamadurai Clay, silt, sand (including beach Recent boulder bed sand), gravels, Pebbles and Quaternary and Kanchip boulders ram gravels Pleisto- Laterite cene
Tertiary Mio- Cuddalore Sandstone, grit, conglomerate, Pliocene beds clay and lignite
---- Unconformity------
Trichino- ( Ariyalur Fossiliferous siliceous limestone, poly beds ( formation calcareous sandstone and marl ( Cretace- ous (---Unconformity------( ( Mesozoic ( ( Satyavedu Ferruginous conglomerate in a matrix Upper ( ( beds with intercalations of sandstone Gondwana Sriperumbudur Clay, shale, felspathic sandstone ( Jurassic beds ( ------Unconformity------
Proterozoic Nagari Quartzite ------Unconformity------
Archaean Granite-gneiss, granite, charnockite and leptynite with basic and ultra- basic intrusives (unclassified) TABLE A.4.5
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL TYPES ON AREAS IN THE IMMEDIATE VICINITY OF VEERANAN LAKE
Soil Type* Physico-chemical Properties Land Capability Irrigability Crop Suitability
Udic Happustalf Light yellowish brown to Good cultivable Moderate limitat- Suitable for ground (Uhsf) brownish yellow; deep to land with mode- tions for sustai- nut, millets, very deep; loamy sand to rate limitation ned use under irri- pulses, tapioca, sandy clay loam surface that reduces the gation. Low water grapes, coconuts, soil, with sandy clay sub- choice of crops. holding capacity vegetables, less surface. Good drainage and Application of and topography are so for paddy, permeability, low water hold- tank silt the causes sugarcane and ing capacity, acidic to manure are banana neutral, non-saline the special needs on these areas
Ultic Haplustalf Fine, loamy texture, mode- Good cultivable Moderate limitat- Suitable for ground (Ulhf) rate alkalinity, deep; mode- lands, but tions for susta- nut, millets,pulses, rate limitations due to low impeded drainage ined use under tapioca, grapes, water holding capacity irrigation coconuts,vegetables.
Typic Ustifluvents Light yellowish brown, very Moderately good Marginal for sus- Groundnut, coconut, (Tuft) deep, coarse sand to loamy cultivable land, tained use under casuarina, onion, sand; well drained rapid but severe limi- irrigation. Limi- sugarcane, banana, permeability, low organic tation for crop tations imposed by vegetables, millets carbon, CEC, exchangeable selection low water holding in this order Ca++, Na+, transported by capacity water, neutral to acidic
Contd TABLE A.4-5 (Contd ... )
Soil Type Physico-chemical Properties Land Capability Irrigability Crop Suitability
Entic Chromustert Greyish brown to dark brown, Moderately good Severe limitations Suitable for paddy, (EcSV) deep, fine, calcarious, domi- cultivable land, for sustained use cotton, green gram, nantly montmorillionite clay severe limita- under irrigation. black gram, modera- of 2:1 type with shrinking tions due to Poor drainage and tely so for pulses, and swelling properties; poor drainage higher water table chilies, coriander, clay more than 30%, clay yam; fairly so for loam to silty clayloams, millets and sugar- slow permeability, poorly cane co drained; slightly saline; medium alkaline, high CEC and exchangeable calcium and moderate exchangeable sodium
Typic Ustorthents Brownish yellow to reddish Severe limita- Severe limitations Good for settlement (Tust) yellow, shallow sandy tions for agri- for irrigation, purposes. Suitable loams, rapid permeability, cultural use, imposed by topo- for Eucalyptus, well drained, non-saline, needs soil con- graphy & low water pulses and jowar neutral to acidic, low servation mea- holding capacity only CEC sures, tank silt application, mulching etc. TABLE A-4.6
MAJOR SOIL TYPES AND GROUNDWATER LEVELS ON AREAS ALONG THE ALIGNMENT OF PIPELINE
Taluk/ Village Major Soil Geology Level of Groundwater Type Below Ground Surface (m)
Winter Summer
Kattuuanarkoil Kumarakudi Ecsv A 3-5 7-12
Chidambaram
Purattankudi - A 3-5 5-10 Sethiatope Ecsv and A 3-5 5-10 Tuft Miralur Ecsv and A 3-5 5-10 Tuft Pinnalur Ecsv A 3-5 5-10
Cuddalore Maruvai Thsf S&T 25-30 35-45 Najinakuppam Uhsf S&T 25-30 35-45 Parvathipuram Uhsf S&T 25-30 35-45 Abatharangapuram Uhsf S&T 50-60 70-80
Panruti Tenkuthu Lsf,Tuft, T 50-60 70-80 Uhsf Vadakuthu Ursf,Uhsf, T 50-60 70-80 Lsf Marungur Ursf,Uhsf, T 45-50 60-70 Lsf Kadampuliyur Ursf, Uhsf T 50-60 70-80 Mel Mambattu Ursf T 50-60 70-80
Panikuppam Ursf, Uhsf T 25-35 40-50 Thsf
Contd...
39 TABLE A.4.6 (Contd ...)
Taluk/ Village Major Soil Geology Level of Groundwater Type Below Ground Surface (m)
Winter Suimmer
Lakshminarangapuram Uhsf, Thsf A 10-50 20-25 Kanisappakam Uhsf, Thsf A 10-15 20-25 Pungalan Uhsf, Thsf, A 10-15 20-25 Fuop Pulavanur Uhsf, Thsf, A 10-15 20-25 Udsp Kandarakkottai Uhsf,Thsf, A 10-15 20-25 Uuop
Villupuram Kallippattu Uuop, Tuop, A 10-15 15-20 Tuft, Fuop Arasamangalam Uuop, Tuop, A 10-15 15-20 Tuft, Fuop Panchamadevi Uuop, Uhsf, A 10-15 20-25 Tuop Vengatadri Agoram Uuop, Uhsf, A 10-15 20-25 Tuft Malavarayanur Ecsv A 10-15 20-25 Nannattam Palayam Uuop, Vuop A 10-15 15-20 Salaiyampalayam Tuop, Vuop A 10-15 20-25 Pannamguppam Vuop A 10-15 20-25 Kiliyanur Uuop, Uhsf A 10-15 15-20 Melpadi Uuop A 10-15 15-20 Madimangalam Uuop A 10-15 15-20 Panndaiyapuram Uuop, Vuop A 10-15 20-25 Pappanapattu Vuop, Uuop C 5-10 15-20 Uhsf Vikravandi Uuop, Ursf, C 7-10 15-18 Tuop Salai Uuop C 7-10 15-18
Contd...
40 TABLE A.4.6 (Contd ...)
Taluk/ Village Major Soil Geology Level of Groundwater Type Below Ground Surface (m)
Winter Summer
Tindivanam Chendur - C 5-8 12-15 Elay - C 5-8 12-15 Mangalam - c 5-8 12-15 Ongur - C 5-8 12-15 Girandipuram - C 5-8 12-15
Chengleput Irumbili Luot, Uuop Korapakkan Ecsv, Vuop Ammanamabakkam Uuop, Luot Edaiyur Tupt Mudaiyur Luot, Uuop Puliyur Uuop Thimmur Ecsv, Vuop Vilagam Tupt Ecsv, Vuop
Madurantakam Acharapakkam Uuop, Epsv Athur Uuop, Epsv Budur Uuop, Ecsv Irumbili Uuop, Luot Isur Uuop, Epsv Kolathur Ecsv, Ulhf Puraiyur Uuop, Luot Thozhuppedu Uuop, Epsv Veeranakunnam Uuop, Ecsv
A - Alluvium; C - Crystalline; T - Tertiary
41 TABLE A.4.7
CEHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL TYPES ON AREAS ALONG THE PIPELINE
Soil Type Physico-chemical Properties Land Capability Irrigability Crop Suitability
Typic Haplustalf Light yellowish brown, deep Good cultivable Low water holding Suited for ground- (Thsf) to very deep, surface loamy, land with mode- and presence of nut, pulses, sub-surface gravity, well rate limitations kankar are source millets, chillies, drained, neutral non-salime, for choice of limitations banana and low water holding capacity crops vegetables
Vertic Ustocrepts Light to dark grey, deep, Good cultivable Poor drainage. Suited for paddy, vp~ (Vuop) sandy clay to clay, poorly land with mode- High water table cotton, coriander drained, high water holding rate limitations capacity, slightly saline for choice of crops
Udic Rhodustalfs Reddish brown, very deep, Good cultivable Poor surface tex- Suited for ground- (Ursf) loamy surface, gravelly land with mode- ture and low water nut, pulses, sub-surface, well drained, rate limitations holding capacity millets low CEC, non saline for choice of are limitations crops for irrigation
Plinth Ustalfs (Lsf) Yellowish brown to reddish Good cultivable Coarse, fragment, Casurina, pulses, brown, deep sandy loam, land with mode- topography and eucalyptus, rapid permeability, acidic, rate limitations plinthite hard vegetables non-saline for choice of sub-surface crops Contd TABLE A.4.7 (Contd ...)
Soil Type Physico-chemical Properties Land Capability Irrigability Crop Suitability
Typic ustochrepts Brownish to reddish, yellow, Limitations for Severe limitations Coconut, casuarina, (Tuop) shallow, loamy, sand, well cultivation for irrigation cashew, palmyra drained imposed by low CEC, water holding capacity
Udic Ustochrepts Greyish brown, very deep, Adverse Groundnut, pulses, (Uuop) drained slightly, salime productivity millets natural, erodable sandy clay
Lithic Ustorthent Loamy, shallow, yellowish, Moderately good Poor water storage Ground nut, pulses, (Luot) coarse texture, excessively cultivable land limits irrigation millets drained
Entic Pellustor Light brown, fine loamy, Cultivable land Poor water storage Ground nut, pulses, (Epsv) non-salime, impeded with moderate limits irrigation millets drainage limitation due to impeded drainage Fluventic Light grey to yellowish Moderate Topography, soil Coconut, groundnut, Ustochrepts (Fuop) brown, very deep, sandy loam erosion and medium millets, pulses, to clay loam, low CEC, water holding vegetables medium water holding capacity being capacity, slightly alkaline caution' in irri- gation management TABLE A.4.8
AIR QUALITY ALONG THE PROPOSED PIPELINE ALIGNMENT
Sampling Parameter Location ------S02 NOx SPM
NLC, Neyveli 25 9 238
Vadakuthu 10 15 75
Tindivanam 8 23 149 (Highway)
Mangalam (away 7 10 62 from highway)
Madras city 10 11 169
Values are 8 hourly average and expressed as Ag/mr3
A
44 TABLE A.4.9
BACKGROUND NOISE LEVEL AT HUMAN SETTI±MENTS SURROUNDING THE PROPOSED PIPELINE FRONM MADRAS TO VEERANAI LAKE
S.No. Locations Time Noise Level (Hrs.) ----- ______SPL (dBA)
1. Thirvanmiyur 1400 65 - 70 Near Okkiapettai
2. Sholinganallur 1430 48 - 50
3. Kelambakkam Village 1445 48 - 50
4. Adyar, CLRI Colony 1800 48 - 50
5. Balaji Nagar 1600 46 - 48 Velacherry Road
6. Sembakkam 1630 46 - 48 Plot No.10, Kamrajpooram
7. Residential Colony 1700 48 - 50 Near Tambaram Railway Station
8. Residential Area 1715 48 - 50 Near Indira Gandhi Road Tambaram
9. Chembarambakkam 1800 40 - 42
10. Tirukkalikundram 1730 46 - 50
11. Mangalam 1800 40 - 42
12. Budur 1830 48 - 50
13. Tindivanam 1900 50 - 52 49, Jayram colony
14. Eraiur 0930 44.- 46
15. Vikravandi 1000 48 - 50
Contd ...
45 TABLE A.4.9 (Contd ... )
S.No. Locations Time Noise Level (Hrs.) ------SPL (dBA)
16. Xoliyanur 1100 46 - 48 (Panrutti Road)
17. Xanadirakotti 1200 42 - 44
18. Panrutti, Residential 1230 38 - 40 Colony Behind Tahsil Office
19. Kadampuliyur 1300 48 - 50 20. Block No.25, Q.No.49, 1700 48 - 50 Neyveli Colony
21. Residential Colony 1800 44 - 48 Treatment Plant (Proposed) Vadakuthu
22. Viranam Lake 0900 40 - 42 Off.Take Point
23. Bhutan Wadi 0930 40 - 42
24. South Virudhakha 1000 34 - 38 Nallur
25. Kandakumarand 1015 42 - 44 Villur (Near Radha Sluice Gate)
26. Nandmalai 1030 48 - 50
27. Lalpet 1100 38 - 40
46 TABLE A.4.10
NOISE LEVELS AT SENSITIVE RECEPTORS IN STUDY AREA
S.No. Locations Time (Hr.) Noise Level SPL (dBA)
1. Panchayati Primary School 1730 44 - 46 Thirukkali Kundram
2. Govt. High School 1500 44 - 46 Kelambakkam
3. St. Philominas Girls Higher 0900 50 - 52 Secondary School Tindivanam on Pody Road
4. Primary School 1130 44 - 46 Koliyanna Village
4. ERA Kannuswami Govt. 1330 42 - 44 Secondary School Kadampulliyur
5. Saint Joseph Higher 1730 48 - 50 Secondary School Neyveli Township
6. Primary School Nandiyalai 1045 42 - 44 Veeranam Lake
7. Central School. 1730 44 - 46 CLRI, Adyar
8. Balaji Dental Hospital 1600 44 - 46 Palikkarana
9. Oxfam School No.1 1700 48 - 50 Rajaji Road Tambaram (West).
47 TABLE A.4.11
NOISE LEVELS AT DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES IN THE STUDY AREA
Si. Locations Time Noise Level No. (Hr.) SPL (dBA)
1. Aniline and Chemical 1600 52 - 56 Industries, 39 Velachery Main Road, Madras
2. Rice Mill, 0800 56 - 58 Tindivanam Tindivanam to Pody Road
3. Shanthipet Cashew 1030 50 - 52 Nut Factory, Punrutti
4. Hindustan Chemicals 1100 52 - 59 and Plastics. Panrutti to Neyveli Road
5. S. N. Industries, 0830 54 - 56 Vadlur
6. M.A.K. Sugar Mills 0800 50 - 52 Vadlur to Veeranam Lutre Road Sethiathope
48 TABLE A.4.12
DAY AND NIGHT NOISE LEVELS IN THE STUDY AREA
Si. Locations Area Noise Level (Leq) No. Code ------Ldn Day Night
1. Kelambakkam R 55 45 55
2. Thirukalikundram R 55 48 55
3. Tindivanam R 55 50 55
4. Vadakuthu, T.P. R 50 45 50 Residential Colony
5. Kelambakkam C 58 50 58
6. Tindivanam C 65 60 65
7. Main Market C 60 55 66 Neyveli
8. Panchayat S 50 45 50 Primary School Thirukalikundram
9. St. Philomina S 55 50 55 G.H.S.School, Tindivanam
10. ERA, Kannuswami S 50 45 50 Govt.Secondary School, Kandamdulliyur
11. St.Joseph Cluny S 50 45 50 Mat.H.S.School Neyvelli
12. Aniline and I 65 60 65 Chemical Industrial, Velachery Main Road, Madras.
Contd ...
49 TABLE A.4.12 (Contd ... )
Sl. Locations Area Noise Level (Leq) No. Code ------Ldn Day Night
13. Rice Mills I 65 60 65 Ind.Area Tindivanam
14. S.N.Industries I 55 50 55 Vadalur
15. MRK, Sugar Mills I 55 45 55 Vadalur to Veeranam Lake Road (Sethiatope)
R = Residential, I = Industrial, C = Commercial, S = Sensitive
50 TABLE A.4.13
NOISE LEVEL DUE TO VEHICULAR TRAFFIC IN THE STUDY AREA DURING PEAK HOURS
Si. Locations Noise Traffic Density Predicted Noise No. Level (One Hour) at 5 meter Leq ------distance from (1 H) H M L Centre of Road Leq (1 Hr)
1. Madras to 75 60 96 132 74 - 76 Mambalam Old Mahabali- puram Road at Sholingannalur
2. N.H. 45 at 75 300 180 60 80 - 81 Kaikalpet
3. N.H.No.45 at 84 420 1236 1200 82 - 84 Tambaram Near Delhi Restaurant
4. N.H.No.45 at 80 720 60 60 82 - 84 Tindivanam Near Bus Stand
5. Tindivanam to 71 630 72 72 81 - 82 Trichi at Tindivanam
6. Tindivanam to 72 120 180 300 76 - 78 Pondy at Tindivanam
7. Crossing of 76 300 60 72 81 - 82 Madras to Neyveli Road with Pondy to Villupuram Road near Railway Crossing
8. Vandalur Road with 71 72 180 120 73 - 75 Pondy at Tindivanam Prutty to Salhyilhy Road with Vridachalam Road
Contd ...
51 TABLE A.4.13 (Contd ...
Sl. Locations Noise Traffic Density Predicted Noise No. Level (One Hour) at 5 meter Leq ------distance from (1 H) H M L Centre of Road Leq (1 Hr)
9. Palar River 52 - - Crossing
10. Railway 54 - - Crossing at Thirukalikundram
11 Tondiar River 70 - - Crossing Bridge
12. Sankaparni river 73 - - Bridge (NH45)
13. Vikravandi River 69 - - Crossing
14. Ponniar River 52 - - Crossing
15. Villupuram 58 - - River Crossing
16. Vandalur Railway 57 - - Crossing
17. Vallarjan 67 - - Channel near Sluice Gate
18. Vellore River 67 - - Crossing
52 TABLE A.4-14
NOISE STANDARDS (CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD)
Standards for Limits in dBA (Leq)
Day Time Night Time
Ambient Noise Levels a) Industrial Area 75 70 b) Commercial Area 65 55 c) Residential Area 55 45 d) Silence Zone 50 40
Permissible Noise Exposure for Industrial Workers
Exposure time (hr./day) Sound Pressure Level
8 90 4 93 2 96 1 99 1/2 102 1/4 105 1/8 108 1/16 111 1/32 (2 minutes or less) 114
53 TABLE A.4.15
ANNUAL INFLOW-OUTFLOW FOR POONDI, CHOLAVARAM, REDHILIS AND IBARAIBAIUA RESERVOIRS
Reservoir Inflow in MCM/year Outflow in MCM/year Full ------Capa- By Diver- By Irriga- Losses city sion direct tion or ------of preci- supply Evapo- See- Spill Reser- pitation to city ration page over voir in on reser- MCM voir catchment
Poondi 178.0 44.1 16.0 38.5 15.6 157.3 74.9
Cholavaram 111.3 6.2 92.4 8.7 - 18.4 24.9
Redhills 92.4 21.2 72.6 29.3 - 16.0 75.4
Chembaram- 22.5 84.7 45.3 18.8 9.5 35.2 88.3 bakkam
Source : UNDTCD Report, Hydrogeological and Artificial Recharge Studies, Madras (1987)
54 TABLE A.4.16
SALIENT DATA OF EXISTING SURFACE RESERVOIRS
Reservoir Catchment Maximum Drawoff Mean Maximum Full Area water Eleva- Depth Usable Surface (Sq. km) Eleva- tion (m) Volume Area tion (m) (million (million (m) cum) sq.m)
Poondi 2,950 42.06 33.56 2.2 76.7 34.3
Cholavaram 487 19.66 44.24 3.4 22.5 7.0 Redhills 76 14.66 8.99 3.8 71.0 20.6
- Includes Tamaraipakkam drainage area Source : PWD, Chepauk, Madras
55 TABLE A.4.17
WATER RESOURCES POTENTIAL AND. SUPPLY FOR IADRAS CITY
Source Potential Present Supply (mld) (mld) a) Poondi-Cholavaram-Redhills 200 90 reservoirs system b) Ground water from well fields 93 } of Thamarapakkam, Panjetty and Minjur 55 ) C) Kannigaiper, Kortalaiyar flood 55 ) plains and Poondi (under deve- lopment) d) Southern coastal aquifer 10 5 ______Total for city 358 150
Industries in Manali
From (b) and (c) above 45
Total for city 358 195
Source : METROWATER, Madras
56 TABLE A.4.18
PHYSICO-CHENICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RAW WATER AT KILPAUK WATER WORKS (1991-1993)
1991 1992 1993 Si. Parameter ------No. Min Max Min Max Min Max
1. Colour Sl.Yel. Yel. Sl.Yel. Sl.Yel. Sl.Yel. Sl.Yel. 2. Odour Nil Sl.Ear Sl.Ear Sl.Ear Sl.Ear Ear 3. Turbidity (ppm) 3 24 12 23 13 74 4. Total Solids at 105°C 140 250 154 253 205 338 5. Total Hardness as CaCO 3 64 97 74 101 91 130 6. Chlorides as Cl 24 36 24 42 27 64 7. Sulphates as S04 6 27 19 42 20 66 8. Ammonical Nitrogen as N 0.02 0.15 0.02 0.17 0.19 0.69 9. Albuminoid Nitrogen as N 0.17 0.53 0.31 0.72 0.13 1.12 10. Nitrous Nitrogen as N 0 0 Nil Trace 0 Trace 11. Nitric Nitrogen as N 0 0 0 0 0 0 12. Oxygen absorbed (Tidy's test) 1.48 3.41 1.64 3.53 2.07 8.77 13. P-Alkalinity as CaCO 3 0 0 0 5 0 0 14. M-Alkalinity as CaCO 3 69 95 74 132 78 142 15. Phosphates as P0 4 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.015 16. Iron as Fe 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.15 0.1 0.3 17. pH 7.5 7.9 7.6 8.5 7.4 8.1 18. Silicate as SiO 2 10 20 10 20 10 20 19. Fluoride as F 0.1 0.15 0.1 0.15 0.1 0.2 20. Specific Conductance 215 340 220 390 250 565 (jmhos/cm)
All the parameters except colour, odour and pH are expressed as mg/L. Sl.Ear - Slightly Earthy; Sl.Yel.- Slightly Yellowish; Yel. - Yellowish Microbial quality : All samples were negative for total coliforms
Source Metrowater, Madras TABLE A.4.19
GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN THE KIKJUR, PANJETTI AND TANAMAPARKAN AREAS
S1. Parameters Borewell No. ------______Minjur Panjetti Thamarapakkam
I II I II I II
Physical
1. Colour Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear
2. Odour None None None None None None
3. Turbidity 6 10 7 5 5 5
4. Solids, suspended 12 13 8 7 10 10
Total dissolved 350 550 770 500 175 650
5. Electric Cond 500 800 1100 700 250 900
6. Oxygen Absorbed 0.39 0.51 0.61 0.43 0.72 0.69
Cheuical
1. pH 8.1 8.3 8.3 8.1 8.1 8.3
2. Alkalinity (Phe) 0 36 32 0 0 24
(Methyl) 212 276 292 252 104 264
3. Hardness 156 268 292 252 64 252 Carbonate
Non carbonate 0 0 56 16 0 0
4. Hardness-Calcium 125 165 213 188 45 180
Magnesium 33 103 136 66 16 72
5. Calcium 50 66 85 75 18 72
6. Magnesium 8 25 33 16 4 17
7. Iron 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.25 0.4 0.35
8. Manganese 0.1 0.15 Nil Nil Nil Nil
Contd ...
58 TABLE A.4.19 (Contd -- )
Si. Parameters Borewell No. ------Minjur Panjetti Thamarapakkam
I II I II I II
9. Chlorides 68 156 260 172 20 192
10. Fluorides 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
11. Sulphates 30 80 50 40 26 92
12. Phosphates 0.18 < 0.1 Trace Trace 0.67 0.52
13. Free Ammonia Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
14. Nitrite N NIl < 0.1 Nil Nil < 0.01 Trace
15. Nitrate N < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 1.1 < 0.1 17.1
16. Albuminoid N Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
All parameters are expressed as mg/l except pH
59 TABLE A.4.20
PHYSICO-CHEYICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BOREWELL WATERS ALONG THE PIPELINE CORRIDOR IN SOUTH ARCOT DISTRICT
S1. Parameters Concentration No. ------Minimum Maximum
For the Year 1992 No. of samples = 39
1. Turbidity (NTU) 2 90 2. Total Dissolved Solids 90 5500 3. Conductivity (4s/cm) 135 8530 4. pH 6.5 8.0 5. Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3 ) 0 500 6. Total Hardness (as CaCO3 ) 45 2060 7. Calcium (as Ca) 14 504 8. Magnesium (as Mg) 1 192 9. Iron (as Fe) 0 18.2 10. Nitrate (as NO) 0 50 11. Chloride (as Cl) 24 2600 12. Fluoride (as F) 0.1 0.5 13. Sulphate (as So4 ) 1 270 14. Phosphate (as P0 4 ) 0 1.2
For the Year 1993 No. of samples = 68
1. Turbidity (NTU) 2 40 2. Total Dissolved Solids 90 6450 3. Conductivity (us/cm) 140 9220 4. pH 6.5 8.2 5. Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3 ) 30 600 6. Total Hardness (as CaCO3 ) 30 2900 7. Calcium (as Ca) 0 864 8. Magnesium (as Mg) 0 178 9. Iron (as Fe) 0 2.2 10. Nitrate (as NO,) 0 30 11. Chloride (as C1) 10 2540 12. Fluoride (as F) 0.1 0.9 13. Sulphate (as So4 ) 5 470 14. Phosphate (as P04 ) 0 2.2
All values except pH are expressed as mg/l
60 TABLE A.4.21
WATERQUALITY DATA Of VEERANANLAKE
l l 0tDate of Saptjing
------R I ~~~~------.------St. 23.9.93 1.12.93 8.12.93 15.12.93 22.12.93 20.1.94 09.02.94 02.03.94 10.03.94 No. I I I |Parameters/source | RMA PM I R% P | RM PM RM PM R P |R R P | 4 P| RM PM | RM PM l I . l lI l l l l lI I
1. Turbidity (NTU) 5 5 20 4 300 60 80 20 40 30 10 20 7 5 7 10 15 10 2. pH 8.7 8.7 8.0 8.1 7.6 7.8 7.8 7.7 8.0 7.9 8.3 8.2 8.1 7.8 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.9 3. Conductivity (uS/cm) 300 280 260 280 180 250 270 250 340 250 520 250 420 440 410 350 380 360 4. Total Solids 180 170 190 200 130 180 180 170 220 170 360 180 3f00 310 290 250 270 250
5. Hardness (CaCO3 ) Carbonate - - 82 95 70 88 87 84 113 91 110 96 119 82 74 56 60 45 Total 100 90 87 95 70 88 100 93 113 91 163 103 134 133 122 106 105 100 6. Chloride (Cl) 34 24 22 4 13 18 Z1 17 31 17 48 18 37 45 41 37 39 40 0.04 0.1 0.08 Trace Trace - - - - 0.06 0.04 cn 7. Witrogen (NH3 ) Nil Nit Trace Trace 0.1 0.08 0.04 8. Nitrogen (Alb) - - 0.12 0.16 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.16 0.2 0.2 0.24 0.16 - - 0.24 0.20 9. oxygen absorbed 1 1 1.6 1.52 4 3 3 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.68 1.76 - - - - 1.76 1.68 10. Ni4trogen (No) Trace Trace Nit Nil Nit Nit N;l Nil Nil Ni. Ni't Niit Nit Nit Nil Nit Nit Nit 11. Alkalinity P 20 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 Nil 9 11 17 84 113 97 110 96 149 155 144 125 123 117 as CaC03 N 80 80 82 113 70 100 87 12. Fluoride (F) 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 - - - - 0.3 0.3 13. Iron (Fe) 0.4 0.05 30 4 6 1.6 1.4 1 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.4 0.3 0.1 14. Manganese (Mn) Nil Nil 0.4 0.05 Nil Nil Nit Nil Nil Nil Nit Nil Nil Nit Nil Nil Nil Nil Trace Trace Trace Trace Trace Trace - - - - Trace Trace 15. Nitrogen (NO2) Nil Nil Trace Nit Trace Trace Trace Trace Trace Trace Trace Trace 50 45 48 25 Trace Trace 16. Sutphate (SO4) 5 5 Trace Trace Trace Trace Trace Trace - Trace Trace 17. Phosphate (P04) Trace Trace Trace Trace Trace Trace Trace Trace Trace Trace - - - 18. Total Colonies 800 680 1800 600 2800 1400 350 200 1500 1100 1700 2200 - - - - 1500 2000 (CFU/100 mt) 19. Total Coliforms 79 180 1609 918 1609 918 548 130 1609 1609 172 348 - - 1609 1609 (MPN/100 ml)
RN Radha Madagu; PM - Pudu Madagu; * Tidy's taste (4 hours) Att vatues except pH are in mg/L Source : Directorate of Pubtlc Health * Preventive Medicine, Department of Water & Seiwage Examination TABLE A.4.22
PHYSICO-CHEKICAL QUALITY OF VEERANAM LAKE WATER (BASED ON 1968 AND 1978 DATA)
Sl. Parameters Range No.
1. pH 7.3-8.4
2. Conductivity (As/cm) at 20 0 C 250-500
3. Turbidity (NTU) 0-45
4. Hardness (as CaC03 ) 80-134
5. Alkalinity (as CaCO3 ) 100-144
6. Total Solids 160-400
7. Iron 0.5-3.0
8. Chlorides as Cl 21-56
9. Fluoride as F 0.2-0.8
All the parameters are expressed as mg/l except pH
Source Draft Feasibility Report on Water Transmission, Pumping and Treatment of Second Madras Water Supply Project- New Veeranam, Vol I, MMWSSB, February, 1994
62 TABLE A.4.23
PESTICIDES CONCENTRATION IN VEERANAM LAKE WATER
Si. Date of Pesticide Concentration (pg/1) No. Sampling Atrazene BHC DDT
Location Radha Madhagu
1 8/09/93 BDL BDL BDL 2 15/09/93 BDL BDL BDL 3 30/09/93 BDL 1.5 BDL 4 06/10/93 BDL BDL BDL 5 14/10/93 BDL BDL BDL 6 21/10/93 BDL 3.2 BDL 7 27/10/93 BDL 5.0 BDL 8 01/12/93 BDL BDL BDL 9 08/12/93 BDL BDL BDL 10 15/12/93 BDL BDL BDL 11 03/02/94 BDL BDL BDL 12 09/02/94 BDL 0.54 BDL 13 17/02/94 BDL BDL BDL 14 20/01/94 BDL BDL BDL 15 27/01/94 BDL BDL BDL 16 21/04/94 BDL BDL BDL 17 28/04/94 BDL BDL BDL 18 11/05/94 BDL BDL BDL
Location : Pudu Madhagu
1 8/09/93 BDL BDL BDL 2 15/09/93 BDL BDL BDL 3 30/09/93 BDL 1.5 BDL 4 06/10/93 BDL BDL BDL 5 14/10/93 BDL BDL BDL 6 21/10/93 BDL 6.2 BDL 7 27/10/93 BDL 4.7 BDL 8 01/12/93 BDL BDL BDL 9 08/12/93 BDL BDL BDL 10 15/12/93 BDL BDL BDL 11 03/02/94 BDL BDL BDL 12 09/02/94 BDL 0.08 BDL 13 17/02/94 BDL BDL BDL 14 20/01/94 BDL BDL BDL 15 27/01/94 BDL BDL BDL 16 21/04/94 BDL BDL BDL 17 28/04/94 BDL BDL BDL 18 11/05/94 BDL BDL BDL
BHC : Benzene Hexa Chloride DDT : Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane
* Source : Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board
63 TABLE A.4.24
LIST OF TREES, HERBS AND SHRUBS IN THE STUDY AREA
Name of the plant Sector Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Tamarindus indica P p p p p p p p Azadirachta indica P p p p p p p p Cassia simea P p p p p - - - Cassia fistula P - P p p - - - Cassia sp p p p p - P - - Polyalthia longifolia p p p - P - - Cocos nucifera P p p p p p p p Areca catechu P p p p p p p p Palm tree P p p p p p p p Ailanthus sp. P p - - P p - - Eucalyptus sp. P p p p p - - Mangifera indica P p p p p p p - Prosopis juliflora P p p p p p p p Anacardium occidentale - P - P p p p - Musa paradisica p p - P p - - Acacia catechu - P p p p - - Acacia arabica - - P p p - - Acacia chundra - P p p - - - - Acacia feruginea - - P p - P - - Ficus religiosa p p - P - P - - Ficus bengalensis p p p - - P - P Calotropis sp. P p p p p p - - Ipomoea sp. P p p p p p p p Carrisa carandas - P p p p - - - Clerodendron sp. - P - P - - - - Ricinus communis P - P - P p - - Typha angustata ------P - Aloe vera - P p p - - - - Opuntia sp. - - P p - - - - Avicennia sp. - - P - - - P - Phoenix sylvestris P p p p p p p - Tectona grandis p p p p p p p - Palm tree plantation - P p p p p p p Pongamia pinnata P - - P - P - - Bauhinia variegata - P p p - - - - Mimusops elengi - - P - - - - - Delonix regia P - p p p - - - Hibiscus tiliaceus - - - - P - - - Albizia lebbeck - p p - P - - - Dalbergia lalifolia P - P - P - - - Bambusa sp. - - - - P - - - Dendrocalamus strictus - - - - P - - - Kigelia pinnata - - P p - - - - Thespesia populnea P - p p - P p -
Contd...
64 TABLE A.4.24 (Contd ... )
Name of the plant Sector Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Cassia tora P - P - P - P - Borassus flabellifer - P - P - - - - Butea monosperma - P P - P - - - Euphorbia sp. - - P p p - - - Terminalia arjuna - P - P - - - Zizyphus jujuba - P - P - - - Annona squamosa - - - - P - - - Erythrina indica - P P - - - - - Leucaena leucocephala P p p - P p - - Michaelia cha-mpaca P p - - - -P Lantana camera p p p P - P - - Capparis qrandiflora - P p p - Capparis sepiaria - p p P - - Cyanodon dactylum - p p P P p p - Tribulus terrestris - p p p p P P - Moringa oleifera P - P P - - - - Acacia nilotica - P p p - - - - Casuarina equisetifolia - P p p - - - - Vitex negundo P - P - P - - -
65 TABLE A.4.25
LIST OP BIRDS OBSERVED IN THE STUDY AREA
Common name Scientific name Study sector 1 2 3 4 5 6 78
Little Grebe Podiceps rufficolis ------+
Little Cormorant Phalacocorax niger -- + - + - + +
Indian Darter Anhinga rufa ------+ - Indian pond heron Ardeola grayii ------+
Cattle egret Bubulcus ibis - - + + - + - +
Large egret Egretta alba ------+
Little egret Egretta garzetta - - - - + - - -
Black winged Elaneus ceruleus - - + - + - + - kite
Pariah kite Milvus migrans ------
Brahminy kite Haliastur indus - - + - - - - -
Grey patridge Francolinus pondi- - - + + - - - + cerianus
Indian moorhen Gallinula Chloropus ------+
Red wattled Vanellus indicus - - + + + - + + lapwing
Yellow wattled Vanellus malabaricus - - - - + - + - lapwing
Blue rock pigeon Columba livia + + - - + - - - Spotted dove Streptopelia - - - + - + - - chinensis
Pied crested Clamator jacobinus - - + + + - + - cuckoo
Koel Eudayramis scolopacea - - - - + - - +
Crow pheasant Centropus sinensis - - + + + - + +
Contd...
66 TABLE A.4.25 (Contd ... )
Common name Scientific name Study sector
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Palm swift Cypsiurus paorvus - + - + - + + +
Kingfisher Alcedo athis - - + + + - + +
White breasted Halcyon sp. - - - - + - + - kingfisher
Green bee eater Merops orientalis - - + + + + + +
Blue jay Caoacius bengalensis - - - - + + - +
Hoopoe Upupa epops - - + - - - - +
Indian pitta Pitta brachyura - - + - - - - -
Golden Oriole Oriolus kundoo - - -+ + - - +
Black drongo Dicrurus adsimilis - - + + + + + +
Brahminy myna Sturnus pagodarum - - - - +- - -
Common myna Acridotheres tristis ------
House crow Corvus splendens + + + .+ -. +
Jungle crow Corvus macrorhyncus - - + + + +
Common Iora Aegithina tiphia - + - + + - +
Redvented bulbul Pycnonotus cafer - - . + + .+ +
White headed Turdoides affinis - - + + + + + + babbler
Magpie robin Copsychus saularis - - + + - + + +
Indian robin Saxicoloides fulicata - - - - + - - -
Grey wagtail Motacilla caspica - - + + - + + +
Purple sunbird Nectarina asiatica - - + + + + + +
House sparrow Passea domesticus + + - - - + + +
Contd...
67 TABLE A.4.25 (Contd -)
Common name Scientific name Study sector …______l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Baya weaver bird Ploceus phillipinus - - + + + + + +
Black headed Lonchura malacca - - + + - - + - munia
Roseringed Psittacula krameri - - + + - - + + parakeet
Open hilled stork Anastomus osciatus - - + + - - + +
Total species 4 5 20 17 22 13 20 24
Note Total bird species observed = 44 Maximum species : at sector 8 (24 Nos)
68 TABLE A.4.26
LIST OF EXOTIC SPECIES IN ARIGNAR ANNA ZOOLOGICAL PARK,VANDAIUR
Sr.No. Common name Scientific Name Total MAMMALS 1. Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius 3 2. Pigmy Hippopotamus Cheeropsis ligeriensis 2 3. Zebra Equus burcielii 1 4. Llama Lama glama 4 5. Binturong Arctictis binturong 4 6. Chimpanzee Pan troglaytes 4 7. Gray kangaroo Macropus giganteus 5 8. Siamese cat Felis silvestris 2 9. Mangaby Cercocebus torquatus 2 10. Brown capuchin Cebus apella 2 11. European brown beer Ursus arctos 1 12. Jaguar Panthera onca 2
69 TABLE A.4.27
STATUS OF COLLEC;TION OF ANDAIMS (HAMIALS, BIRDS, REPTILES) AS ON 31.3.1994: ARIGNAR ANNA ZOOLOGICAL PARK
Sr. Common Name Scientific Total No. No. Name
MA)MAlS 1. Brown Capuchin Cabus apella 2 2. Rhesus macaque Macaca mulatta 5 3. Grey checked Mangabey Cercocebus torquatus 2 4. Lion-tailed Macaque Macaca silenus 9 5. Bonnet Macaque Macaca radiata 38 6. Savana baboon 2 7. Common Langur Presbytis entellus 4 8. Nilgiri Langur Presbytis johnil 9 9. Eastern Gray Kangaroo Macropus giganteus 5 10. Leaf capped langur Presbytis pileatus 2 11. Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 4 12. Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata 1 13. Rabbit Oryctolagus caniculus 8 14. Indian Giant Squirrel Ratufa Indica 1 15. Malayan Giant Squirrel Ratufa bicolor 3 16. Porcupine Hystrix hodgson 3 17. Grey wolf Canis lupus 2 18. Jackal Canis aureus 5 19. Wild dog Cuon alpinus 8 20. Himalayan Black Bear Selenarctos thibetanus 3 21. European Brown Bear Ursus arctos 1 22. Sloth Bear Melursus ursinus 5 23. Otter Lutra lutra 2 24. Palm Civet Cat Paradoxurus hermaproditus9 25. Binturong Arctictis binturong 3 26. Mongoose Herpestes sp 2 27. Siamese Cat Felis silvestris 2 28. Striped hyena Hyena hyena 9 29. Jungle Cat Felis Chaus 4 30. Panther Panthera pardus 6 31. Lion Panthera leo 17 32. Tiger Panthera tigris 9 33. Jaguar Panthera onca 2 34. Elephant Elephas maximas 7 35. Wild Ass Equs hemionus 1 36. Zebra Equus burchelli 1 37. Wild boar Sus crofa 1 38. Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius 3 39. Pigmy Hippopotamus Cheeropsis ligeriensis 2 40. Llama Lama glama 4
Contd....
70 TABLE A.4.27 (Contd ...
Sr. Common Name Scientific Total No. No. Name
41. Camel Camelus dromedarius 4 42. Mouse Deer Tragulis napu 1 43. Barking Deer Nuntiacus muntijak 4 44. Chital Axis axis 49 45. Hog deer Cervus porcinus 5 46. Sambar Cervus unicolor 26 47. Tamin deer Cervus eldieldi 6 48. Nilgai Boselaphus trago camelaus 7 49. Black buck Antelope cervicapra 52 50. Gaur Bos gaurus 1 51. Black & white ruffed Varecia variegata lemur variegata 1
363
BIRDS
1. Macaw Parrot Ara macaw 2 2. Alexandarine parakeet Psittacula euptria 3 3. Roseringed parakeet Psittacula krameri 56 4. Blossom headed parakeet Paittacula cyano- cephalarosa 2 5. Red breasted parakeet Psittacula alexandria 6 6. Blue Rock Pigeon Columba livia 9 7. Spotted Dove Streptopelia alinensis 4 8. Little brown dove Streptopelia senega- le.sis 4 9. Common Myna Acrodothers tristis 9 10. Patridges Francolinus pondiceri- anus 18 11. Indian Moorhen Gallinula Chloropus 3 12. Budgerigas Melopsitticus undu- latus 44 13. Darter Anhinga rufa 2 14. White dove 16 15. Fan-tailed Pigeon 2 16. Manila Duck 2 17. White Goose Anser albiforns 9 18. Grey lag ghoose Anser anser 3 19. Teals Anas creecca 17 20. Grey Jungle fowl Gallus sonneratii 3 21. Muniya (Black head) Lanchura malacca I
Contd...
71 TABLE A.4.27 (Contd ... )
Sr. Common Name Scientific Total No. No. Name
22. Spotted Muniya Lanchura punctulata I 23. White throated Muniya Lanchura malabarica ) 31 24. Red Spur fowl Galloperdix spadicea 16 25. White strok Ciconia ciconia 2 26. White necked strok Ciconia episcopus 1 27. Black necked strok Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus 1 28. Painted strok Ibis leucocephalus 40 29. Spoon bill Platalea leucorodia 13 30. White crested cocktoo Kakatoe alba 1 31. Sulphur crested cockatoo Cocatua galerita 3 32. Adjutant stork Leptopilos dubius 2 33. Black swan Cygnis atratus 1 34. Sarus crane Grus antigone 2 35. Demoiselle crane Anthropoides virgo 1 36. Cormonant Phalacrocorax niger 1 37. Little egret Egretta garzetta 60 38. Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber 5 39. Brown headed gull Sarus brunnicephalus 10 40. Brahminy kite Haliastur idus 13 41. Herring gull Larus argentatus henglini 4 42. Night heron Nycticoraz nycticorax 315 43. Pond heron Ardeola grayii 5 44. White Ibis Threskiorrnis melano- cephalus 24 45. Bengal Vulture Gyps bengalensis 6 46. Pariah Kite Milvus migrans govinda 7 47. Grey Pelican Pelecanus philippnesis 7 48. Rosy Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus 8 49. Common Peacock Pavo cristatus 11 50. White Peacock Pavo criststus 6 51. Golden Pheasant Chrysolophus pictus 2 52. Silver Pheasant Lophura nycthemera 1 53. Kalaj Pheasant Lophura leucumelana 2 54. Peach faced love Agapornis roseicolli 6 bird clutino 55. Peach faced love bird 4 56. Peach faced love bird Gream lutino 5 57. Blue masked love bird Agapornis personata 4 58. Domestic duck Anas platyrhyncos 2 59. Muscovey (white) cairina moschata 1 60. Cheer Pheasant Catruc wallichi 1 61. Spotted Qwlet Athene brama 3 62. Indian Horned Owl Bubo bubo 5
Contd...
72 TABLE A.4.27 (Contd ...
Sr. Common Name Scientific Total No. No. Name
63. Grey cockatiel Nymphicus hollandicus 19 64. White cockatiel ,, 5 65. Pearl cockatiel 3 66. Black mini cochin 4 67. Sivel Diamond dove 3 68. Basra pigeon 3 69. Siraj pigeon 29 70. Common Babbler Turdodes caudatus 20 71. White browed bulbul Pycnonotus luteollus 6 72. Purple sun bird Nectarinia asiatica 10 73. Lesser white throat 8 74. Indian Robin Saxiciloides fulicata 7 75. Tailor Bird Orthotomus sutorius 7 76. Grey heron Ardea cinerea 6 77. White crested laughing Garrulax leucolophus 1 thrush 78. Fisher's love bird Agapornis personata fisheri 6 79. Ring necked pheasant Phasianus colchicus 3 80. Rainbow, Lory Trichoglossus haematodus 2 81. Chattering lory Lorius garrulus 1 82. Red billed blue magpie Urocissa erythrohncha 1 83. Black silky fowl 2 84. Grey Guinea 1 85. White Guinea fowl 2 86. Wigeon Anas penelope 1 996
1. Marsh Crocodile Crocodilus palustris 158 2. Salt Water Crocodile Crocodilus porosus 3 3. Gharial Gavialis ganegticus 3 4. Spectacled caiman Caimen crocodylus 4 5. Starred tortoise Geochelone elegans 84 6. Checkeredkeel back water Kenochripis piscator 24 snake 7. Stripped keel back water Amphiesma stolata 4 8. Chaemeleon Chameleon zeylanicus 4 9. Indian Monitor lizard varanus bengalensis 5 10. Iguana Iguana iguana 2 11. Common sand boa Ery conicus 4 Contd...
73 TABLE A.4.27 (Contd .... )
Sr. Common Name Scientific Total No. No. Name
12. Red Sand boa Ery johnii 2 13. Indian Python Python molurus 9 14. Rat snake Ptyas mucocus 16 15. Green whip snake Ahaetulla nasutus 16 16. Indian krait Bungarus caeruleus 3 17. Indian Cobra Naja naja 16 18. Russels viper Vipera russellii 4 19. Bronze back tree snake Dendrelaphis tristis 6 20. Saw scaled viper Echis carinatus 24 21. Trinket snake Elaphe helena 4 22. Water monitor Lizard 2
387
74 TABLE A.4.28
LIST OF ENDANGERED SPECIES IN THE ARIGNAR ANNA ZOOLOGICAL PARK VANDAIUR
Sr. Common Name Scientific Name Total No.
MAMMALS 1. Asian Elephant Elephas maximus 7 2. Indian Giant squirrel Ratufa indica 1 3. Malayan Giant squirrel Ratufa biculor 3 4. Binturong Arctictis binturong 3 5. Black buck Antelope cervicapra 52 6. Brow-antlered deer Cervus eldi eldi 6 7. Wild ass Equs nemionus 1 8. Lion (Asiatic) Panthera leo persica 17 9. Tiger Panthera tigris 9 10. Panther Panthera pardus 6 11. Lion-tailed macaque Macaca silenus 9 12. Nilgiri langur Presbytis johnii 9 13. Leaf-capped langur prebytis pileatus 2 14. Stripped Hyaena Hyaena hyaena 9 15. Mouse deer Traqulus napu 1 16. Ant-eater Manis crassicaudata 1 17. Wild dog Cuon alpinus 8
DIRDS 1. Cheer pheasant Catruc wallichi 1 2. Black necked stork Ephippicorhynchus asiaticus 1 3. Sarus Crane Grus antigone 2 4. Peafowl Pavo cristatus 11
REPTILES 1. Gharials Gavialis gangeticus 3 2. Marsh crocodile Crocodilus palustris 158 3. Salt Water Crocodile Crocodilus porosus 3 4. Indian Python Python molurus 9
75 TABLE A.4.29.
PHYTOPLANKTON POPUIATION IN VEERANAN LAXE (SEPTEMBER, 1993)
Algal Species Stations ______I II III
Chlorophyceae
Chlorococcum sp. - P - Scenedesmus sp. p p p Selenastrum sp. - P p Phytoconis sp. - P -
Cyanophyceae
*Oscillatoria sp. - - P
Bacillariophyceae
Fragillaria sp. - - P *Navicula sp. - - P Nitzschia sp. - - P Stephanodiscus sp. - P -
Euglenophyceae
Euglena sp. - P p
Chrysophyceae
Peridinium sp. - P
Total Number 1 7 7 …-----___-_------Count of 6996 24472 44308 Algae/100 ml
* Pollution indicator species - Absent P Present
Station I Near Offtake Point
Station II Near Radha Sluice
Station III: Vadavar Channel
76 TABLE A.4.30
PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATION IN VEERANAN LAKE (MARCH, 1994)
Algal Species Station No.
I II IIB III
ChloroDhyceae Selenastrum P - P p Scenedesmus P - - P Chroocoues P p - P
Cyanophvceae Merismopedia P p p p Lyngbya - - -P
Bacillariophvceae Diatoma P - - - Navicula - P p p
Euglenophyceae Euglenea P
P => Present
-- => Absent
Station I: Tail end point at Veeranam lake near supply sluice Station II: Tail end point at Veeranam lake near supply sluice Station IIB: 10 km upstream of intake point, Station III: Vadavar channel.
77 TABLE A.4.31
CHLOROPHYLL- a CONTENT IN THE WATER SAMPLES FROM VEERANAN LAE AND VADAVAR CHANNEL
Sampling *Chlorophyll-a Station (mg/i)
I 9.33
II 3.2
IIB 1.56
III 5.61
* Oligotrophic < 9 mg/l
* Mesotrophic 9-20 mg/l
* Entrophic > 20 mg/l
Station I Near Offtake Point
Station II Near Radha sluice
Station IIB 10 km upstream of intake point Station III Vadavar channel
78 TABLE A.4.32
OBSERVATIONS ON PHYTOPLANKTON COMUDNITY OF VEERANAM LAKE
Sampling Total count Percentage of different groups Palmer's Shannon Station no. of algae pollution weaver /100 ml Chloro- Cyano- Bacillario Eugleno- Chryso- index diversity phyceae phyceae phyceae phyceae phyceae index
Septe-ber, 1993
I. 6996 100 - - - - 10 2.1
II 23972 78.1 - 7.3 7.3 7.3 4 1.8
III 44308 60.5 2.6 34.2 2.6 - 9 2.6
Station I : Vadavar channel; Station II : Radha sluice valve Station III : Near outlet (near intake well for Madras water supply)
March, 1994 I 37492 36.30 50.13 9.04 4.5 - 9 2.2
II 8474 40.00 20.00 40.00 - - 3 1.5-
IIB 20523 41.53 41.94 16.51 - - 3 1.5
III 35880 33.43 33.20 33.35 - - 7 2.2
Station I: Near offtake point; Station II: Near Radha Sluice Station IIB: 10 km upstream of intake point; Station III: Vadavar channel
Palmer's Pollution Index Shannon Weaver Diversity Index < 15 - Absence of organic pollution < 1.5 - Polluted water 15 - 20 - Probable presence of organic pollution 1.5 - 2.5 - Marginally polluted water > 20 - Presence of very high organic pollution > 2.5 - Good quality raw water TABLE A.4.33
ZOOPIANKTON POPULATION IN VEERANAH LAKE (Septexber 1993)
Zooplankton Stations Species ------I II III
Protozoa
Difflugia sp. + + + Rotifera
Lecane sp. + + Monostyla bulla + Keratella valga + +
Cladocera
Bosmina sp. - + Chydorous sp. - + Copepoda
Cyclops sp. + -
Ostracoda
Cypris sp. +
Insecta
*Chironomus sp. + + (lst instar larvae)
+ Present - Absent * Pollution indicator species
Station I : Near Offtake Point
Station II : Near Radha Sluice
Station III : Vadavar Channel
80 TABLE A.4.34
ZOOPLANKTON POPULATION IN VEERANAI LAKE (March 1994)
Species Station No.
I II IIB III
Protozoa
Prorodon - + Holophrya - +
Rotifera
Brachionus + + + angularis Brachionus + -+ forficula Brachionus + + falcatus Keratella + + + Asplanchna - +
Ostracoda Cypris + + +
Diptera Chironomus larvae - + + (ist instar)
Cladocera Bosmina + + Bosminopsis - +
C-opepoda Cyclops + + + + Diaptomus - +
+ Present Absent * Pollution indicator species
Station I : Near offtake point
Station II : Near Radha Sluice
Station IIB : 5 km upstream of intake point,
Station III Vadavar channel.
81 TABLE A.4.35
DIVERSITY, DENSITY AND DOMINANCE OF ZOOPLANKTON IN VEERANAM LKE
Sr. Station Total Percent composition in groups No. No. (No/m3) ------Shannon Protozoa Rotifera Cladocera Copepoda Ostra- Diptera Weaver coda Diversity Index
September, 93
1 I 700 27.00 41.00 - 20.00 12.00 - 2.50
2 II 400 25.00 50.00 - - - 25.00 1.50
3 III 600 16.00 50.00 32.00 - - 2.00 1.76
Station I : Vadavar channel; Station II : Radha sluice valve State III : Near outlet (near intake well for Madras water supply)
March, 1994
1 I 910 - 44.00 10.00 22.00 24.00 - 2.81
2 II 1340 16.00 30.00 9.00 21.00 24.00 - 2.89
3 IIB 520 - 80.00 - 20.00 - - 1.98
4 III 180 - - - 66.00 34.00 - 1.58
Station I: Near offtake point; Station II: Near Radha Sluice Station IIB: 5 km upstream of intake point, ; Station III: Vadavar channel.
Shannon Weaver Diversity Index < 1.0 Polluted water 1 to 3 Marginally polluted water > 3.0 Good quality raw water TABLE A. 4. 3 6
TILAPIA CULTURE PONDS IN MADRAS
Name of Pond Location Area Remark (acres)
Y.M.C.A. Pond Madras 1.0 Small Tilapia
Thimmavaja Kulam Chengleput 1.5 -do-
Karpoora Chellikulam Chengleput 1.5 -do-
Veppankulam Chengleput 1.0 -do-
Vellaikulam Arni 0.11 -do-
Fort Moat Arni 6.0 -do-
Chennamaleswar Temple Tank Madras 0.5 Big size Tilapia
Fort Moat Chengleput 7.0 Big size Tilapia
Source : Assistant Director of fisheries, fisheries statistics, Madras
83 TABLE A.4.37
LIST OF MARINE FISHES AROUND MADRAS
General Name Popular Name
Elasmobranchus Longtailed shark, Slack finned shark, Long snout, Small shark, Grey shark, Tiger shark, Hammer head shark Skates Saw fish, Plough fish, Guitar fish, Fiddler fish, Shovelnos fish Rays sting ray, Eel Eel Cat fish Gaint marine cat fish, White cat fish, Bony whiskered cat fish Chirocnetrus Dorab, Silver bar sabre fish Oil sardines Oil sardine Harpodon nehereus Bombay duck Saurida saurus Saurida saurus & Scopelus Hemirhamphus The Half beak Car fish & full beak Flying fish Flying fish Perc-hes cock up, Rock cod, Shappers, Squcking perches, Rock perches, Pind perches, Jew fish, Redsoldier fish Red Mullets Goat fishes, Yellow Goat fish Polynemids Thread fins, Row ball, Indian salmon, Bamin Ribbon fish Hair tail Caranx Horse mackerel, C.Soillemi, Gogglers Cherinemus Leather jacket, Butter fish, Queen fish Elacate Butter fish
84 TABLE A.4.38
HISTORICAL GROWTHOF POPULATION OF MADRAS CITY/ NXKA
Si. Year Madras City Decadal MMA Decadal No. Population Growth Population Growth Rate (%) Rate (%)
1. 1901 553000 - 808000 -
2. 1911 575000 3.98 830000 2.73
3. 1921 592000 2.96 876000 5.54
4. 1931 734000 23.99 1056000 20.55
5. 1941 881000 20.03 1250000 18.37
6. 1951 1459000 65.61 1901000 52.10
7. 1961 1815000 24.40 2358000 24.04
8. 1971 2593000 42.87 3476000 47.41
9. 1981 3276622 26.36 4567758 31.41
Source : Madras Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Master Plan for Water Supply (Vol.I) MMWSSB, (September, 1991)
85 TABLE A.4.39
POPULATION BREAK-UP IN NMA- 1981
Sl. Region Area Census Gross No. (Sq.km) Population Density (1981) (Persons/ha) in Million
1. Madras city 170 3.28 193
2. Adjacent Urban 165 0.52 31 Areas
3. Distant Urban 142 0.44 31 Areas
4. Other Area 701 0.33 5 in MMA …------Total 1178 4.57 39 (Average)
Source Madras Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Master Plan for Water Supply (Vol.I) MMWSSB, (September, 1991)
86 TABLE A.4.40
1991 CENSUS STATISTICS - TAMIL NADU AND PROJECT AREA
State/District Population (lakhs) Sex Ratio No. of Density Decadal ------(Females Persons of Popu- Growth Total Males Females per 1000 per 100 lation Rate (%) males House- per sq.km 1981-91 holds
Tamil Nadu 559 283 276 974 445 429 15.39
Madras 38 20 18 934 481 22077 17.24
Chengalpattu- 47 24 23 960 462 592 28.68 MGR
South Arcot 49 25 24 968 469 448 16.10
Source Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu, Madras TABLE A.4.41
DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION (1991) - URBAN AND RURAL - TAMIL NADU AND PROJECT AREA
State/District No. of No. of Villages Percentage of Towns ------Urban Popula- Inhabited Uninhabited tion to Total Population
Tamil Nadu 469 15822 958 34.15
Madras 1 - - 100.00
Chengalpattu-MGR 78 1690 93 44.87
Soutti Arcot 18 2285 91 15.76
Source : Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu, Madras
88 TABLE A.4.42
WATER SUPPLIED TO INWSTRIAL SECTOR
Si. Year Consumption/month (million lit.) Average No. ------Daily Range Average Consumption (million lit.)
1. 1987-88 905.95-1432.83 1208.22 40.27
2. 1988-89 1215.42-1522.14 1457.45 48.58
3. 1989-90 1124.83-1411.93 1426.17 47.54
4. 1990-91 1305.28-1427.74 1383.51 46.11 ------Average 45.60
Say 46.00
Source Assessment of Industrial Water Demand in North Madras- A Feasibility Study, February, 1993, Alagiri & Associates (Engineers), Pvt. Ltd., Madras
89 TABLE A.4.43
WATER DEMAND OF MAJOR INDUSTRIES
S1. Name of Industry Quantity of Water (mld) Additional No. ------Requirement Industrial Domestic Total Use Use
1. India Pistons Ltd., 0.408 0.408 0.816 - Sembium
2. Ashok Leyland, Ennore 0.267 0.647 0.914 0.914
3. Binny Ltd., Perambur 5.570 1.130 6.700 -
4. Ennore Thermal Power 4.040 2.000 6.040 - Station
5. Indian Oil Corporation, - 2.000 2.000 0.500 Tondiarpet
6. Indian Organic Chemicals 0.84 0.16 1.00 1.26 Ltd., Manali
7. Kothari Industries 0.16 0.01 0.17 0.085 Corporation Ltd., Ennore
8. MRL, Manali 14.01 1.56 15.57 32.00
9. MRF, Thiruvotriyur 1.1442 0.098 1.540 1.849
10. MFL, Manali 9.60 1.20 10.80 9.00
11. North Madras Thermal 8.20 9.08 17.28 - Power Station, Ennore …______-___ Total 62.83 45.608 Grand Total 108.438
Source Assessment of Industrial Water Demand in North Madras- A Feasibility Study, February, 1993, Alagiri & Associates (Engineers), Pvt. Ltd., Madras
90 TABLE A.4.44
PHYSICO-CEMrICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TREATED WATER AT KILPAUK WATER WORKS (1991-1993)
1991 1992 1993 S1. Parameter ------No. Min Max Min Max Min Max
1. Colour C&C S1.W. S1.W. S1.W. Sl.W. S1.W. 2. Odour Nil Chl. Chl. Chl. Sl.Chl. Chl. 3. Turbidity (PPM) 2 12 6 10 6 14 4. Total Solids at 105°C 156 240 162 260 225 373 5. Total Hardness as CaCO 3 67 95 46 103 92 116 6. Chlorides as Cl 32 50 31 56 40 123 7. Sulphates as SO 4 9 35 17 47 27 80 8. Ammoniacal Nitrogen as N 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.19 9. Albuminoid Nitrogen as N 0.07 0.31 0.12 0.5 0.11 0.96 10. Nitrous Nitrogen as N 0 0 0 0 0 0 11. Nitric Nitrogen as N 0 0 0 0 0 0 12. oxygen absorbed (Tidy's test) 0 1.96 1.05 1.68 1.21 4.51 13. P-Alkalinity as CaCO 3 0 1.14 0 0 0 0 14. M-Alkalinity as CaCO 3 0 82 62 115 15 85 15. Phosphates as P0 4 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 16. Iron as Fe 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.15 0.1 0.3 17. pH 7.1 7.4 7.2 7.5 6.5 7.3 18. Silicate as Sio 2 10 15 10 15 10 20 19. Fluoride as F 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.15 0.1 0.15 20. Specific Conductance 230 350 230 410 285 590 (Amhos/cm)
All the parameters except colour, odour and pH are expressed as mg/L. C&C - Colourless and Clear; Sl.W.- Slightly Whitish; Sl.Chl. - Slightly Chlorinous; Chl. - Chlorinous Microbial quality : All samples were negative for total coliforms
Source : Metrowater, Madras TABLE A.4.45
WORK PARTICIPATION RATE (1991) BY SECTOR - TAMIL NADU AND PROJECT AREA
Work Participation Rate Percentage of Main (Total Workers as % of Workers by Sector Total Population ------State/District ------Primary Secon- Tertiary Total Males Females dary Tamil Nadu 43.31 56.39 29.89 61.81 16.18 22.01 Madras 30.54 51.18 8.44 1.05 30.60 68.35
Chengalpattu-MGR 38.06 53.70 21.77 51.44 21.48 27.08 South Arcot 43.68 55.16 31.81 81.46 5.53 13.01
Source : Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu, Madras
Primary Sector Cultivators; agricultural labourers; livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting and plantations, orchards and allied activities; and mining and quarrying Secondary Sector a) Manufacturing, processing, servicing and repairs in household industry
b) Manufacturing, processing, servicing and repairs in other than household industry; constructions
Tertiary Sector Trade and commerce; transport, storage and communications; and other services
92 TABLE A.4.46
EMPLOYMENT SHARE IN THE ORGANISED SECTOR IN MADRAS (1989)
Si. Industrial Classification Public Private Total No.
1. Agriculture, Forestry and 0.1 - 0.1 Fishing
2. Mining and Quarrying 0.0 0.0 0.0
Primary Sector 0.1 0.0 0.1
3. Manufacturing 3.8 40.9 11.5
4. Construction 4.3 0.9 3.6
5. Electricity, Gas and Water 0.8 0.5 0.8
Secondary Sector 8.9 42.3 15.9
6. Trade and Commerce 1.5 27.9 6.9
7. Transport, Storage and 38.4 2.0 30.9 Communications
8. Financial Services 9.7 8.5 9.5
9. Community, Social and 41.4 19.3 36.8 Personal Services
Tertiary Sector 91.0 57.7 84.1
Total for all Sectors 100.0 100.0 100.0
Total Employment 3,19,310 82,971 4,02,281
Source Policy Imperatives, an Agenda for Action, Madras-2011, Vol.I, MMDA, October, 1991
93 TABLE A.4.47
ORGANIZED SECTOR EMPLOYMENT IN MADRAS CITY
Total Public Private Organized Sector Sector Year Employment
1971 3,20,208 2,26,566 93,642
1973 3,36,639 2,43,065 93,575
1975 3,27,352 2,37,082 90,270
1977 3,40,179 2,58,115 82,064
1979 3,66,729 2,68,071 98,658
1984 3,98,853 3,11,012 87,841
1986 3,84,906 3,04,840 80,066
1988 3,93,599 3,12,970 80,629
1989 4,02,281 3,19,310 82,971
1990 4,05,866 3,11,684 91,482
Source Policy Imperatives, an Agenda for Action, Madras-2011, Vol.I, MMDA, October, 1991
94 TABLE A.4.48
ESTIMATION OF UNORGANIZED SECTOR IN MADRAS
1991
Description 1971 1981 Scenario 1 Scenario 2
Total Population 24,69,449 32,76,622 37,95,028 37,95,028
Total Workers 6,96,379 9,14,113 10,58,813 11,15,738
Participation Rate 28.20% 27.90% - -
Participation Rate - - 27.90% 29.40% Projected for 1990
Organized 3,20,208 3,79,579 4,10,000 4,10,000 Employment
Unorganized 3,76,171 5,34,534 6,48,813 7,05,738 Employment
Unorganized as 54.02% 58.48% 61.30% 63.25% % of Total
Source Policy Imperatives, an Agenda for Action, Madras-2011, Vol.I, MMDA, October, 1991
95 TABLE A.4.49
LITERACY LEVEL (1991 CENSUS) - TAMIL NADU AND PROJECT AREA
State/District Percentage of Literates (Population aged 7 and above) ______Total Males Females
Tamil Nadu 62.66 73.75 51.33
Madras 81.60 87.86 74.87
Chengalpattu-MGR 66.38 77.07 55.22
South Arcot 52.86 65.59 39.70
Source Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu, Madras
96 TABLE A.4.50
HOUSEHOLDS BY DURABILITY OF SHELTER
Special Houses with Houses with Houses with Total Unit Non Durable Partly Durable Durable Material Material Material
MUA 1,85,310 72,085 5,74,140 8,31,535 (22.29%) (8.67%) (69.05%) (100.00%)
Madras 1,17,310 52,100 4,58,135 6,27,545 (18.69%) (8.30%) (73.00%) (100.00%)
MUA Towns 68,000 19,985 1,15,965 2,03,950 (33.34%) (9.80%) (56.86%) (100.00%)
Source Policy Imperatives- An Agenda for Action, Madras-2011, Seminar Theme Paper, MMDA, Octoberm 1991
97 TABLE A.4.51
TRENDS IN HOUSING STOCK (RESIDENTIAL HOUSES) IN MADRAS METROPOLITAN AREA AND TAMIL NADU
(NO. OF RESIDENTIAL CENSUS HOUSE)
Madras Metropolitan Area ------Year City MUA Rural Total MMA Tamil Nadu
1961 1,47,694 N.A. N.A. N.A. 63,65,474
1971 3,38,414 1,08,196 59,846 5,06,456 77,08,173
1981 6,20,241 2,01,975 68,998 8,91,214 99,82,996
1991 - 7,94,323 - - 1,24,13,282
MUA Madras Urban Agglomeration
N.A.: Not Available
Source : Census of India 1961, 1971, 1981 and 1991 Household Tables
98 TABLE A.4.52
ANNUAL REQUIREMENT OF OWNERSHIP AND RENTAL ACCOMMODATION- MADRAS
Category 1991-2001 Requirement of Houses
Annually Ownership Rental
EWS 55,000 5,500 3,300 2,200
LIG 51,400 5,100 3,060 2,040
MIG 48,200 4,800 1,920 2,880
HIG 34,400 3,400 1,360 2,040
Total 18,800 9,640 9,160
EWS - Economically Weaker Section; LIG - Low Income Group MIG - Middle Income Group HIG - High Income Group
Source Policy Imperatives, an Agenda for Action, Madras- 2011, Vol.III, MMDA, October, 1991
99 TABLE A.4.53
AVERAGE ANNUAL HOUSING SUPPLIES IN MUA
Supply in ------Madras MUA towns Total for city MUA
Plots Public - 5000 5000 Private-Approved - 3000 3000 Private-Unapproved - 3000 3000 Total - 11000 11000 Houses from Plots - 1300 1300
Built Public 500 4000 4500 Units Private 2000 1500 3500 Developer Self Built 4500 1500 6000 Total 7000 7000 14000
Informal 4000 2000 6000 Housing New Hutments
Source Policy Imperatives- An Agenda for Action, Madras-2011, Seminar Theme Paper, MMDA, October, 1991
100 TABLE A.4.54
STRUCTURAL COMPOSITION OF EARNERS (1990)
Si. Industrial Non-slum Households Slum Households No. Classification ------Madras City MUA Madras City MUA
1. Agriculture, 0.4 0.9 1.2 2.3 Forestry and Fishing
2. Mining and Quarrying 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Primary Sector 0.4 0.9 1.2 2.3
3. Manufacturing 14.9 16.9 8.3 7.8
4. Construction 5.9 7.0 17.8 17.4
5. Electricity, Gas & 3.3 3.2 5.2 4.8 Water
Secondary Sector 24.1 27.21 31.3 30.0
6. Trade and Commerce 21.8 20.9 11.6 10.8
7. Transport, Storage 15.9 15.5 18.6 19.1 & Communication
8. Other Services 37.8 35.6 37.3 37.8
Tertiary Sector 75.5 72.0 67.5 67.7
Sample Size 16,705 21,529 4,419 6,180
Source : Economist Group (1990)
MUA - Madras Urban Agglomeration
101 TABLE A.4.55
HOUSEMOLDS BY MONTHLY INCOME IN NADRAS CITY, MADRAS METROPOLITAN AREA AND MADRAS URBAN AGGLODERATION
Income Madras City Madras Metropolitan Area Madras Urban Agglomeration Class ------(Rs.) House- Popu- Income House- Popu- Income House- Popu- Income holds lation (%) holds lation (%) holds lation (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
1-250 0.4 0.2 Negative 0.6 0.4 0.1 1.0 0.5 0.2
251-400 2.4 1.8 0.4 2.9 2.1 0.5 4.4 3.2 1.0
401-600 9.0 7.6 2.2 9.8 8.3 2.6 12.7 10.6 4.5
L 601-800 10.4 9.4 3.5 11.2 10.1 4.0 13.6 12.5 6.4
801-1500 27.5 27.9 14.6 28.7 29.3 16.3 32.8 34.1 24.2
1501-3000 28.9 30.1 29.1 28.2 29.6 30.1 25.8 28.0 35.1
3001-6000 16.9 17.7 32.6 14.9 15.8 30.7 8.3 9.3 21.8
Above 6000 4.5 5.3 17.6 3.7 4.4 15.7 1.4 1.8 6.8
All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 11,825 56,820 Rs.2,58,24,632 15,397 73,587 Rs.3,13,39,943 3,572 16,767 Rs.55,15,311 Consi- dered
Source : Policy Imperatives, an Agenda for Action, Madras-2011, Vol.III, MMDA, October, 1991 TABLE A.4.56
REGISTERED VITAL RATES IN THE PROJECT AREA AND TAMIL NADU (1986-1991)
Dist- Tamil Nadu Madras Chengai-MGR South Arcot rict ------______Year B.R. D.R. I.M.R. B.R. D.R. I.M.R. B.R. D.R. I.M.R. B.R. D.R. I.M.R.
1986 17.26 5.54 28.51 26.95 7.89 45.87 14.02 4.78 17.37 14.93 5.57 36.95
1987 17.17 5.74 29.25 27.03 7.79 44.23 15.03 4.84 17.89 16.67 5.89 40.18
1988 16.26 5.79 28.04 24.30 8.50 51.35 13.84 5.16 21.12 15.85 5.92 38.74
1989 17.61 6.17 25.78 24.52 8.31 41.83 15.24 5.68 18.76 17.18 6.95 38.32
1990 17.99 6.23 23.95 24.06 8.38 44.02 16.07 5.68 17.63 17.72 6.82 34.20
1991 18.26 6.53 23.03 25.91 9.68 43.02 15.67 6.09 17.85 17.60 6.67 30.95
BR - Birth Rate; DR - Death Rate; IMR - Infant Mortality Rate
Source Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Madras TABLE A.4.57
ACUTE DIARRHOEAL AND CHOLERA DISEASES CASES AND DEATHS IN THE PROJECT AREA AND TAMIL NADU (1986-1993)
Diarrhoeal Cholera City Chengleput- Nadu Madras City Chengleput- Erstwhile Tamil Nadu Madras Dist- Tamil M.G.R. rict M.G.R. South Arcot DS CS DS CS DS Year CS DS CS DS CS DS CS DS CS 17 1141 5 365 4 1986 16075 504 1891 5 1615 39 963 31 1841 89 6532 67 829 17 1987 47481 1164 16045 547 5184 37 1572 80 7732 22 1350 9 173 4 1988 18601 425 2378 25 2180 22 1272 74 1856 30 2576 18 452 5 1989 23662 322 2518 18 2412 20 944 56 3231 803 4 657 2 84 1 1990 18157 254 2094 6 1982 14 1030 71 2072 13 1518 10 351 - 1991 21589 534 2884 12 2286 49 1719 138 3575 6 3343 1 77 - 1992 38068 1026 9383 3 2374 60 2699 222 5442 10 4666 2 645 - 1993 64138 1238 11263 5 5481 123 2643 109
CS - Cases; DS - Deaths Madras Source : Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, TABLE A.4.58
INCIDENCE OF MALARIA IN THE PROJECT AREA AND TAMIL NADU (1986-1993)
No. of cases ------Dist- Tamil Nadu Madras Chengleput- South Villupuram rict City M.G.R. Arcot Ramasamy Valla- Podayatchiyar Year lar
1986 58741 39197 954 157 244
1987 55523 31126 962 64 157
1988 75953 34400 1213 128 279
1989 90478 45622 1617 149 171
1990 120029 51272 3315 159 241
1991 144762* 67013* 3096 646 1474
1992 151633* 72314 3234 360 3379
1993 147663 76749 3999 266 2624
* Death due to malaria occurred during the year 1991 and 1992 are 4 deaths in Madras city and one death in Ramanathapuram district respectively
Source Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Madras
105 TABLE A.4.59
INCIDENCE OF JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS IN THE PROJECT AREA AND TAMIL NADU (1986 to 1993)
Dist- Tamil Nadu Madras City Chengleput- South Arcot Villupuram rict M.G.R. Vallalar Ramasamy Podayatchiyar
Year Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths
1986 851 432 - - 8 4 481 226 - -
1987 581 296 - - 5 4 357 169 - -
1988 249 122 - - - - 147 67 - -
1989 321 1 4- - - - 24 14 129 53
1990 243 170 - - - - 25 15 126 105
1991 276 164 - 5 5 12 7 61 49
1992 177 107 - - 4 3 3 3 15 10
1993 278 176 - - 1 1 7 3 111 59
* Data pertains to Erstwhile South Arcot District
Source : Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Madras TABLE A.4.60
FILARIA CASES IN THE PROJECT AREA AND TAMIL NADU (1990-92)
District 1990 1991 1992
Tamil Nadu 2105 1822 1585
Madras City 138 - Nil
Chengleput- MGR 159 145 173
South Arcot Vallalar
Villupuram Ramasamy 274 180 124 Padayatchiyar
Source Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Madras
107 TABLE A.4.61
LIST OF PERSONS INVOLVED IN ACCIDENTS, INJURIES AND FATALITIES IN THE OPERATION OF NETROWATER FOR THE PAST 5 YEARS
Sl. Area Depot Name and Designation Date of No. No. No. Death
1. IV N.Veerabudran, Sewer Thozhilali 29.07.1986
2. IV M.Selvaraj, Sewer Thozhilali 11.09.1987
3. IV N.Guruswamy, Sewer Thozhilali 11.09.1987
4. IV D.Kannan, Sewer Thozhilali 17.09.1987
5. V V.Dhanapal, Sewer Thozhilali 07.04.1988
6. I 5 K.Rangaswamy 07.04.1988
7. II 24 Arjunan, Sewer Thozhilali 03.05.1988
8. II 2 K.Nallathambi, Field Worker 22.02.1990
Source : Metrowater, Madras
108 Annexure 4.1
DEVELOPMENTSTRATEGY FMR MADRAS 2011: All AGEINA FOR ACTIONI
ACTIONS AND IMPLEMENTINGAGENCIES
St. Agenda Item Main Associated No. Implementing/Action Agencies Initiating Agencies
Metropot i tan Economy
1. Setup Economic Planning Unit in MMDA MMDA --- 2. Setup Economic Advisory Team (MEAT) MMOA Industries Department, Chambers of Commerce 3. Joint Sector Industrial Estates for exports Industries Department MMDA 4. Setup Estates for hazardous industries Industries Dept., MMDA T.N. Pollution Control Board 5. Liberalise siting for industries MMDA -- 6. Promote Industries in satellite towns Industries Department MMDA 7. Develop New Finance & Trade Centre MMDA Banks, Financial Institutions 8. Setup Regional Business Districts MMDA --- 9. Facilitate informal sector MC & Local bodies MMDA, Voluntary Agencies 10. Promote Tourism Tourism Department MMDA, Corporation of Madras 11. Develop New Uses in Historical Buildings, Tourism Department MMDA, INTACH 12. Develop Sports Complexes Director of Sports Tourism Department, MMDA, Sports Authority 13. Pursue Key Economic Development Projects State Government ...
Infrastructure DeveLopment
14. Guaranteed Power supply areas TNEB MMDA 15. Improve power distribution system TNEB --- 16. Make energy audit compulsory TNEB ... 17. Set up a Telecom manufacturing unit State & Central Govts. Telecom Department 18. Space for telecom exchanges MMDA Madras Telephones 19. Cordinate economic infrastructure MMOA All infrastructure development agencies 20. Extend MMWSSBJurisdiction MMWSSB ---- 21. Amend Municipal bylaws MA & WS Department MMDA
Contd... St. Agenda Item Main Associated No. Implementing/Action Agencies Initiating Agencies
22. Set up plants for recycling sewage MMWSSB 23. Set up prototype desalination plant MMWSSB --- 24. Develop rain harvesting system MMWSSB MMDA, Corporation of Madras (MC) 25. Expedite cleaning of waterways MMWSSB,PWD TNSCB 26. Relocate cattle away from City MC, Dairy Dept., MMDA --- 27. Shift more trips to rail corridors PTC, Railways MMDA 28. Restructure bus routes PTC, Railways 29. Expedite completion of MRTS Railways Housing & Urban Dev. Dept. (HUAD) 30. Implement Road improvements plan MC, Highways Dept. (DHRW) MMDA 31. Review NH By-pass alignment Highways Dept. (DHRW) Madras Port Trust (MPT), MMDA 32. Delineate goods movement corridors MC, Police Highways Dept. & Madras Port Trust 33. Build Harbour-Ennore link road Highways Dept. (DHRW) Madras Port Trust (MPT), MMDA 34. Develop Container terminals MMDA Madras Port Trust, IAAI, Railways 35. Transport coordination system MMDA, PTC, Railways
Housing and Land
36. Housing Policy for MMA MMDA TNHB, TNSCB, Co-operative Housing 37. Limit ULC Act to City Revenue Department MMDA 38. Inventory of large land parcels MMDA, TNHB Revenue Department 39. Modify land subdivision rules MMDA Dir. Town & Country Plng. (DTCP) 40. Modify zoning laws MMDA 41. Institute vacant land tax Revenue Department MMDA 42. Set up Land Bank of public lands TNHB MMDA 43. Amend Land Acquisition Act MMDA, Revenue Department TNHB, DTCP 44. Adopt uniform valuation system Revenue Department Registration Dept., MMDA, MC, IT, Dept. 45. Modify land registration procedure Revenue Department Registration Department 46. Minimise transaction costs for housing Revenue Department Registration Dept., Coemml., Taxes Dept. 47. Make a comprehensive Land Development Law MMDA, TNHB --- 48. tnergise Housing Co-operatives Housing & Urban Dev. Dept. Co-operative Housing 49. Promote building material industries Industries Department MMOA, TNHB 50. Set up building material markets MMDA TNHB
Contd... St. * Agenda Itefn Main Associated No. Implementing/Action Agencies Initiating Agencies
Devetopment Strategy & Management
51. Incorporate MIDOS strategy MMDA --- 52. Heritage Zones & Urban Design Guidelines MMDA State Archeology Dept. INTACH, PWD 53. Metro Investment Inventory MMDA Alt Infrastructure Development Agencies, SPC 54. Monitoring Metro Investment Inventory MMDA State Planning Comnission (SPC) 55. Make Madras pay for its development Att InfrastructureAgencies--- 56. Specify Roles of various Agencies MMDA Alt Infrastructure Development Agencies 57. Reconstitute Local Goverrment in WMA MA & WS Department, MMDA Dir. Municipal Admn. (DMA), Dir. Rural Devt. 58. People's participation in LocaL Goverrment State Goverrment --- 59. Improve Local Goverrment finances MC, Local Bodies MMDA -. 60. Review jurisdiction of M14A HMMA, DTCP --- 61. Appropriate Information System (MIS) MHDA Department of Statistics, SPC 62. State Urban Development Strategy Housing & Urban Dev. Dept. MMDA, DTCP, SPC 63. Madras as Nationat City State/CentralGoverr,ment MMDA, SPC
Source : Policy lmperatives- An Agenda for Action, Madras, 2011 Seminar Theme Paper, MMDA, October, 1991 Annexure 4.2
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE, NAGPUR
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE SECOND MADRAS WATER SUPPLY PROJECT- NEW VEERAHNM
SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
(PERSONAL INTERVIEW) a) General
1. Name of respondent :
2. Place (Address) :
3. Sex (Hale/ Female) M/ F
4. Age (20-35/36-50/ > 50 yrs) L / M / H L X H
5. Education (Illiterate/ Primary/ Secondary/ College) I / P / S / C
6. Occupation :
7. No. of family members
8. Family Income : Rs. per annum
9. Type of house (Kutcha/ Pucca) K / P
10. Is it your own house ? . Yes / No
11. If not, how much rent do Rs. per month you pay ? b) Water Supply
12. Source of drinking water :
13. How far it is reliable ? :
14. Distance of the source from house : m
15. Time spent for collecting water : hrs.
16. What is the source of water for : washing and bathing
17. Are you satisfied with present Yes / No quality and quantity of water If no, record details
112 C) Sanitation
18. Hygiene habits Is water being Filtered or : F / B / No Boiled before consumption
Is bathing and washing near : Yes / No water source observed
19. What are the sanitation facilities in your house ? 20. Type of latrine, if provided : 21. How many persons use it :
22. Amount of water used for : lit./day flushing
23. If no latrine is available, what Public latrine t Open Field do you use ?
24. Method of sullage disposal
25. Do you have cattle ? Yes / No 26. Where do you keep your cattle ?
27. How do you dispose off F/ M/ B cattle dung (Fuel/ Manure/Biogas) d) Health Aspects 28. Nearest medical facility : km available
29. Type of medical facility PHC/ S/ P /A Primary Health Centre (PHC)/ Sub-centre(S)/ Private Practitioner (P)/ Any Other (A) 30. Prevalence of Diseases (Tick mark) Cholera/ Gastroenteritis Typhoid Dysentery/ Diarrhoea Worm Infestations Scabies Infectious Hepatitis Guinea Worm Malaria Others (specify)
113 e) Rehabilitation and Resettlesent
31. Are you aware of the project ? Yes / No 32. What is your opinion about it ?
33. Are you losing land for : Yes / No the project
34. Are you getting any compensation : Yes / No for the same ? If yes, how much ?
35. Are you satisfied with the : Yes / No compensation
36. If not, what are your : expectations ?
37. Are you losing your built-up Yes / No property because of the project ? If yes, give details
38. Do you expect any change in your : occupation due to this particular project ?
39. Comments/ Remarks, if any
-14 TABLE A.5.1
AGRICULTURAL CROP LOSS DUE TO ACQUISITION OF LAND IN CATCHMENT AREA FOR SOURCE IMPROVEMENT WORKS
Crop Extent of Crop yield Rate Total loss land to be -- Rs./Tonne of income/ acquired Irri- Nonirr- annum (Ha) gated igated (Rs.) (tonne/Ha)
Paddy 12.60 4.0 1.0 5000 63000
Sugarcane 1.53 5.0 5.0 500 3825
Ground nut 2.59 1.5 0.6 4000 6216
Kambu (Pearl Millet) 0.51 1.8 0.90 3000 1377 and Stalk D.51 1.8 2.2 1000 1122
Saesamum 0.20 0.56 0.33 8000 528 (Til)
Total 76,068
115 TABLE A.5.2
LIST OF STRUCTURES ALONG THE PIPELINE ROW FROM VEARANAN TO PORUR
Si. Place Details f the structures Location No. (mile stone)
Veeranaz Bund 1. Lalpet Bus shelt*er (thatched) -
2. Nathamalai Karaimel Ayyanar kovil cum - bus shelter (concrete)
3. Kollumedu Market (A row of'thatched - shops)
4. Kollumedu Qaid-e-millat Ladies bus - shelter (thatched)
5. Kandakumaran Angalamman kovil (brick - wall with tiles)
6. Chinnamanalmedu Manmadan (Sivalingai, kovil -
7. Chinnamanalmedu Flag-staff (Vanniyar)
8. Kaliyamalai Lusker quarters -
9. Koolapadi Flag-staff (45th Independence Day) -
10. Veyyalur Koolapadi Co-op. Society - Building (concrete)
11. Veyyalur Nallamuthan Pillayar kovil -
12. Paripurananatham Flag-staff (Vanniyar) -
13. Allur, Sethythope Temple pond (pipe line has to go over the pond)
14. Allur, Sethythope ITI(a portion of a building) -
Transmission main from zero point to Kelambakkam
15. Karaimedu Chellamuthu Mariyamman 208/4 on KMB to kovil (Nandi statue only) MDS highways
16. Karaimedu Bus shelter 208/4 on KMB to MDS highways
17. Kariamedu 2'tall compound of the new 208/4 on KMB to temple MDS highways
Contd ...
116 Si. Place Details of the structures Location No. (mile stone)
18. Vadalur Bus shelter 208/4 on KMB to MDS highways 19. Vadalur Post box
20. Aabathanapuram Bus shelter (avoidable) 200/2 on KMB to MDS highways 21. Kannuthopu Bus shelter 197/8 on KMB to MDS highways
22. Vadakkuthu Bus shelter (avoidable) 196/2 on KMB to MDS highways 23. Kollukarankuttai Vanniyar Monument(avoidable) 190/4 on KMB to MDS highways 24. Kollukarankuttai Bus shelter (avoidable) 190/4 on KMB to MDS highways 25. Vadakailasam Balamurugan kovil
26. Poongunam Putru Mariyamman kovil 176/1 on KMB to (temporary brick wall) MDS highways
27. Rajapalayam Koot Bus shelter 172/6 on KMB to Road between- MDS highways Mandiri
28. Mangalam and Vinayakar kovil 159 on KMB to Koliyanoor Koot MDS highways Road
29. Kappiyampuliyur Bus shelter 154 on KMB to MDS highways 30. Panayapuram Koot Vanniyar Monument Road (avoidable)
31. Panayapuram Koot Marriyamman kovil (Platform - Road only)
32. Chithani Vanniyar Monument 141/6 on NH-45 (avoidable)
33. Chithani Angalamman kovil (thatched) 141/6 on NH-45 34. Vilankambadi Public fountain 134/8 on NH-45
35. Vilankambadi Ground level water tank 134/8 on NH-45
36. Vilankambadi Public well 134/8 on NH-45
Contd ...
117 Sl. Place Details of the structures Location No. (mile stone)
37. Kootteripattu Public well 132 on NH-45
38. Tindivanam. Concrete compound wall 124/3 on NH-45 (72 A/5A,NH-45)
39. Tindivanam Karpaga vinayakar and 123/1 on NH-45 (kidangal) Muthumariyamman kovil
40. Tindivanam Ambedkar statue (opp. TTC) (to be unveiled)
41. Tindivanam Bus shelter and telephone (opp. TTC) booth
42. Tindivanam Kamaraj statue (opp. TTC) (1992-unveiled by Vazhapadi)
43. Tindivanam Amachiyar Amman kovil 122/6 on NH-45 (Kaveripakkam)
44. Salavathy Fence 121/3 on NH-45
45. Salavathy Well 120/3 on NH-45
46. Salavathy Police Outpost 120/3 on NH-45
47. Saram Old bus shelter 112/8 on NH-45
48. Ongoor checkpost Pillar kovil- a portion of - compound wall (demolished)
49. Essur, Budur A sump, a pump house, staff - quarters and a transformer
50. Essur, Budur A sump, a pump house, staff - quarters and a transformer
51. Thathakakuppam A booster station, comprising - a sump and a pump house
4/1 52. Kothimangalam Bus shelter (avoidable) Tirukazhukundram to Mahabalipuram highway
4/2 53. Puliyur Bus shelter (avoidable) Tirukazhukundram to Mahabalipuram highway
Contd ...
118 Si. Place Details of the structures Location No. (mile stone)
4/2 54. Agaram Temple (avoidable) Tirukazhukundram to Tiruporur highway 4/2 55. Munthirithope Community hall (built by Tirukazhukundram Amoor world vision - CSI, Madras) to Tiruporur highway
8/4 56. Sirudhavoor Samp and pump house Tirukazhukundram to Tiruporur highway
8/4 57. Sirudhavoor Pump house and sump Tirukazhukundram to Tiruporur highway
58. Kelavakkam Foundation for statue -
59. Kelambakkam Private well -
Transaission main from Kelambakkan to Porur
60. Otteri Vembuli Amman kovil - (60 year old)
61. Perungalathur Kamaraj statue (unveiled by - (opp. Perungala- G.K.Moopanar on 24.9.1987) thur Railway station)
Kovil : Tamil word for temple Source : Project affected families of the New Veeranam Scheme - A study by Economic Perspectives, Madras, June, 1994
119 C) Sanitation 18. Hygiene habits
Is water being Filtered or : F / B / No Boiled before consumption Is bathing and washing near : Yes / No water source observed
19. What are the sanitation facilities in your house ?
20. Type of latrine, if provided :
21. How many persons use it :
22. Amount of water used for : lit./day flushing 23. If no latrine is available, what : Public latrine / Open Field do you use ?
24. Method of sullage disposal
25. Do you have cattle ? Yes / No
26. Where do you keep your cattle ? 27. How do you dispose off F/ M/ B cattle dung (Fuel/ !anure/Biogas) d) Health Aspects
28. Nearest medical facility : km available
29. Type of medical facility PHC / S / P / A Primary Health Centre (PHC)/ Sub-centre(S)/ Private Practitioner (P)/ Any Other (A) 30. Prevalence of Diseases (Tick mark)
Cholera/ Gastroenteritis Typhoid Dysentery/ Diarrhoea Worm Infestations Scabies Infectious Hepatitis Guinea Worm Malaria Others (specify)
113 Proposals for improvement/ augmentation of water supply to turns along the pipeline ROW are briefly described here under
1. Panruti
In order to improve the present level of water supply to Panruti Municipality a new proposal has been formulated with an estimated cost of Rs. 13.9 million which has since been approved by the Technical Committee of the TWAD Board. The administrative approval from the Government of Tamilnadu is awaited.
2. Tindivanau
There are two existing water supply schemes for this municipality. The old scheme provides 1.944 mld of drinking water with the available existing source. An improvement scheme has since been completed to augment the supply by 4.5 mld. The present supply to the town is about 105 lpcd. In addition to the above, 97 India Mark II Hand pumps have been installed in the town.
3. Maduranthagam
A combined water supply scheme (CWSS) for Budur Acharapakkam is under execution with Palar river as source. Provision for drawal of 1.2 mld of water to the Maduranthagam Municipality from the above CWSS has been made. This additional supply will meet the requirements of ultimate population of Maduranthagam in the year 2016.
4. Karunkuzhi
The water shortage in this rural town panchayat is due to the inadequate yield from the local sources. A provision has been made for drawal of 0.58 mld of water from the Budur Acharapakkam CWSS which is under implementation.
5. Thirukalukundram
Due to the unprecedented increase in the population, the ultimate population anticipated in 1996 at the time of execution
121 of the existing protected water supply scheme has exceeded in 1991 itself resulting in shortfall in the present supply.
In order to fulfill the demand, a proposal for water supply improvement scheme has been formulated with an estimated cost of Rs. 15 million and submitted to the Government for approval and sanction. The improvement scheme proposed will meet the shortfall in water supply to the town.
6. Thiruporur
The source has adequate yield and the pro-rata supply has been increased to the required service level by increasing the hours of pumping. Hence, this rural town panchayat will not require additional supply from the New Veeranam Project.
7. Sholinganallur
A new proposal with an estimated cost of Rs. 9 million to provide additional water supply is under consideration by the TWAD Board.
8. Perungalathur
Water supply improvement scheme at a cost of Rs. 7.55 million has been designed and sent to the Government for approval.
Peerkankaranai, Tambaram and Meenambakkam UTP water supply schemes are operated and maintained by TWAD Board, and proposals for improvement/augmentation schemes are under preparation. Most of the villages/habitations enroute the transmission main have been covered under Rural Water Supply programme funded by State/Central Government programmes and have adequate supply of water.
In view of the above, the New Veeranam Project has been specifically formulated only to meet the shortfall in water supply to the public of Madras city and no intermediate tapping has been proposed from the Veeranam - Madras transmission main.
122 TABLE A.6.1
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA
CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD (CPCB) STANDARDS
When monitored uniformly over the 12 months of an year with frequency of not less than once in a week, with a sampling time of eight hours for any sample and analysed according to procedures specified by the CPCB, the concentrations for the following pollutants shall be 95 % of the time, within the limits prescribed below
Area Category Concentration (Ag/m3
SPM S02 CO NOX
A Industrial and mixed 500 120 5000 120 use
B Residential and Rural 200 80 2000 80
c Sensitive 100 30 1000 30
123 TABLE A.6.2
SOURCES OF NOISE
Source Noise Level dBA
Kilpauk Water-works
Water-works Entrance 54-55 Water Pump 575 HP 82-83 Water Pump 325 HP 82-83 Water Pump 250 HP 85-86 Water Pump 220 HP 84-85 Water Pump 120 HP 83-84 Aerator Pump 10 HP 85-86 Aerator Pump 10 HP 84-85 Mechanical Filter 74-75
Southern Water Supply Head-works
Head-works Entrance 63-64 Water Pump 275 HP 85-86
Koyambedu Sewage Treatment Plant
Plant Entrance 52-53 Water Pump 40 HP 76-77 Biofilters 58-59
Perambur Sewage Pumping Station
Pumping Station Entrance 69-70 Sewage Pump 40 HP 91-92
Thyagaraya Nagar Sewage Pumping Station
Pumping Station Entrance 76-77 Sewage Pump 100 HP 96-97
124 TABLE A.6.3
EXPECTED NOISE SOURCES AND NOISE LEVELS AT CONSTRUCTION SITES
Si. Name Average Noise No. Level in dBA
1. Dozer 87-90
2. Loader 79-82
3. Grader 88-90
4. Chain Saws 83-85
5. Concrete Mixer 83-90
6. Concrete Vibrator 75-80
7. Concrete Pump 80-85
S. Cranes Derrick 88-90
9. Crane Mobile 80-85
10. Generators 75-80
11. Pavement Breakers 85-90
12. Pile Drivers 100-105
13. Pneumatic and Hydraulic Tools 85-90
14. Pumps 75-80
15. Rock Drills 95-100
16. Rollers 70-75
17. Saws 75-80
18. Metal Working at Site 100-120
19. Wood Working 95-105
20. Due to Traffic 70-80
125 TABLE A.6.4
CLASSIFICATION OF INLAND SURFACE WATER (CPCB STANDARDS)
Characteristics A@ BQ CQ De E@
1. Dissolved oxygen, mg/l,Min 6 5 4 4 2. Biochemical oxygen demand, 2 3 3 - mg/l. Max 3. Total Coliform organisms,* 50 500 5000 - - MPN/100 ml, max 4. Total Dissolved Solids,mg/l, Max 500 - 1500 - 2100 5. Chlorides(as Cl), mg/l, Max. 250 - 600 - 600 6. Colour, Hazen units, Max. 10 300 300 - - 7. Sodium absorption ratio, Max. - - - - 26 8. Boron (as B) , mg/l, Max. - - - - 2 9. Sulphates (as SO 4 ),mg/l, Max 400 - 400 - 1000 10. Nitrates (as NO3 ),mg/1, Max. 20 - 50 - - 11. Free Ammonia (as N), mg/l, Max. - - - 1.2 - 12. Conductivity at 25 C, - - - 1.0 2.25 micromhos/ cm, Max. 13. pH value 6.5- 6.5- 6.5- 6.5- 6.0 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.0 14. Arsenic (as As),mg/l, Max. 0.05 0.2 0.2 - _ 15. Iron (as Fe) mg/l, Max. 0.3 - 50 - - 16. Fluorides (as F), Mg/l, Max. 1.5 1.5 1.5 - 17. Lead (as Pb),mg/l, Max. 0.1 - 0.1 - _ 18. Copper (as Cu), mg/l, Max. 1.5 - 1.5 - _ 19. Zinc (as Zn), mg/l, Max. 15 - 15 - _
* If the coliform count is found to be more than the prescribed tolerance limits, the criteria for coliforms shall be satisfied if not more than 20 per cent of samples show more than the tolerance limits specified, and not more than 5 per cent of samples show values more than 4 times the tolerance limits. Further, the faecal coliform should not be more than 20 per cent of the coliform. Source: Indian Standard (IS:229 - 1982).
Q A - Drinking water source without conventional treatment but after disinfection
B - Outdoor bathing (organised)
C - Drinking water source with conventional treatment followed by disinfection
D - Propogation of Wildlife, Fisheries
E - Irrigation, Industrial cooling, Controlled waste disposal
126 Annexure 8.1
SAI1Y MEASURES AND SERVI C FOR CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES
A) Safety Measures The contractor shall be responsible for the safety of all the workmen and other persons directly or indirectly employed for the works and shall take all measures at his own expense necessary to ensure their safety to the approval of the Engineer's Representative. In particular, such measures shall include the following
1. Provision of proper safety and emergency regulations; fire, gas and electric shock precautions, stretchers and first aid box together with rescue facilities generally for each place of working;
2. Provision of efficient safety helmets for all personnel (including the Engineer's Representative) and each of his staff and any authorized visitors to the site;
3. Safe control of water, including provision of simple standby generating and pumping plant;
4. Provision and maintenance of suitable lighting to provide adequate illumination of works with appropriate spares and standby equipment;
5. Provision and maintenance of safe, sound mechanical equipment, each item of plant having an up-to-date testing certificate;
6. Provision and maintenance of safe, sound ropes, slings, pulleys, and other lifting tackle, each appliance having an up-to-date testing certificate, where appropriate;
7. Provision of notices 1.25 m x 1.5 m in size, written in bold letters in Tamil and English to be erected on existing footpaths and at points of access likely to be used by the public, which shall warn the public of the existence of the works. These
127 notices shall be in addition to any statutory requirements demanded of the contractor;
8. Suitable scaffolds shall be provided for workmen for all that cannot safely be done from the ground, or from solid construction except such short period work as can be done safely from ladders. When a ladder is used, an extra mazdoor shall be engaged for holding the ladder and if the ladder is used for carrying materials as well, suitable footholds and handholds shall be provided on the ladder and the latter shall be given an inclination not steeper than 1/4 to 1 (1/4 horizontal and 1 vertical);
9. Scaffolding or staging more than 3.25 metres above the ground or floor, swung or suspended from an overhead support, or erected with stationery support, shall have a guard rail properly attached, bolted, braced and otherwise secured atleast 1 metre high above the floor or platform of such scaffolding or staging and extending along the entire length of the outside and ends thereof with only such openings as may be necessary for the delivery of materials. Such scaffolding or staging shall be so fastened as to prevent it from swaying from the building or structure; to. Working platforms, gangways, and stairways shall be so constructed that they do not sag unduly or unequally, and if height of platform or gangway or level or floor level; it shall be closely boarded, have adequate width and be suitably fenced, as described in (ix) above;
11. Every opening in floor of a building or in a working platform shall be provided with suitable means to prevent fall of persons or materials by providing suitable fencing or railing with a minimum height of 1 meter;
12. Safe means of access shall be provided to all working platforms and other working places. Every ladder shall be securely fixed. No portable single ladder shall be over 3 metres in length. Width between side rails in a rung ladder shall in no case be less than 30 cm. for ladder upto and including
128 3 metres in length. For longer ladders this width shall be increased by atleast 6 mm for each additional 30 cm of length. Uniform step spacing shall not exceed 30 cm.
13. Adequate precautions shall be taken to prevent danger from electrical equipment. No material on any of the sites shall be so stacked or placed as to cause danger or inconvenience to any person or the public. The Contractor shall provide all necessary fencing and lights to protect public from accidents and shall be bound to bear expenses of defence of every suit, action or other proceedings at law that may be brought by any person for injury sustained owing to neglect of the above precautions and to pay all damages and costs which may be awarded in any such suit, action or other proceedings to any such person or which may with the consent of the Owner be paid to compromise any claim by any such person;
14. Excavation and trenching : All trenches, 1.5 metres or more in depth, shall at all times be supplied with atleast one ladder for each 30 metres in length or fraction thereof. Ladders shall be extended from the bottom of trench to atleast 1 metre above surface of the ground. Sides of a trench which is 1.5 metres or more in depth shall be stepped back to give suitable slope, or securely held by timber bracing, so as to avoid the danger of sides collapsing. Excavated materials shall not be placed with in 1.5 metres of edge of trench, or half, or depth of trench, whichever is more. Cutting shall be done from top to bottom. Under no circumstance shall undermining or undercutting be done;
15. Demolition : Before any demolition work is commenced and also during the process of the work :
(a) All roads and open areas adjacent to the work site shall either be closed or suitably protected
(b) No electric cable or apparatus which is liable to be a source of danger over a cable or apparatus used by operator shall remain electrically charged
(c) All practicable steps shall be taken to prevent danger to persons employed, from risk of fire or
129 explosion, or other part of a building shall be so overloaded with debris or materials as to render it unsafe
16. All necessary personal safety equipment as considered adequate by the Engineer shall be available for use of persons employed on the site and maintained in a condition suitable for immediate use, and the Contractor shall take adequate steps to ensure proper use of equipment by those concerned :
(a) Workers employed on mixing asphaltic materials, cement and lime mortars/concrete shall be provided with protective footwear, handgloves and goggles
(b) Those engaged in handling any material which is injurious to eyes shall be provided with protective goggles
(c) Those engaged in welding works shall be provided with welder's protective eye shields
(d) Workers exposed to high noise levels even temporarily should be provided with ear muffs/ plugs
(e) Stone breakers shall be provided with protective goggles and protective clothing and seated at sufficiently safe intervals
(f) When workers are employed in underground conduits, ducts or manholes which are in use, the contractor shall ensure that manhole covers are opened and manholes are ventilated at least for an hour before workers are allowed to get into them. Manholes so opened shall be cordoned of with suitable railing and provided with warning signals or boards to prevent accident to public
(g) The contractor shall not employ men below the age of 18 and women on the work of painting with products containing lead in any form. Whenever men above the
130 age of 18 are employed on the work of lead painting, the following precautions shall be taken
No paint containing lead or lead products shall be used except in the form of paste or ready-made paint
Suitable face masks shall be supplied for use by workers when paint is applied in the form of spray on a surface having lead paint dry rubbed and scraped
17. When work is done near any place where there is a risk of drowning, all necessary equipment shall be provided and kept ready for use and all necessary steps taken for prompt rescue of any person in danger and adequate provision made for prompt first aid treatment of all injuries likely to be sustained during the course of the work;
18. Use of hoisting machines and tackle including their attachments, anchorage, and supports shall conform to the following :
(a) These shall be of good mechanical construction, sound material and adequate strength and free from patent defects and shall be kept in good repair and in good working order
(b) Every rope used in hoisting or lowering materials or as a means of suspension shall be of durable quality and adequate strength, and free from patent defects
(c) Every crane driver or hoisting appliance operator shall be properly qualified and no person under the age of 21 years shall be in charge of any hoisting machine including scaffold which or give signals to operator
(d) In case of every hoisting machine and of every chain ring hook, shackle, swivel, and pulley block used in hoisting or lowering or as a means of suspension, safe working load shall be ascertained by adequate means. Every hoisting machine and all gear referred
131 to above shall be plainly marked with safe working load. In case of a hoisting machine having a variable safe working load, each safe working load and the conditions under which it is applicable shall be clearly indicated. No part of any machine or of any gear referred to above in this paragraph shall be loaded beyond safe working load except for the purpose of testing
(e) In case of a departmental machine, safe working load shall be notified by the Engineer. As regards Contractor's machine, the Contractor shall notify safe working load of each machine to the Engineer whenever he brings it to site of work and get it verified by the Engineer
19. Motors, gearing, transmission, electrical wiring and other dangerous parts of hoisting appliances shall be provided with such means as will reduce to the minimum-risk of accidental descent of load, adequate precautions shall be taken to reduce to the minimum risk of any part of a suspended load becoming accidentally displaced. When workers are employed on electrical installations which are already energized, insulating mats, wearing apparel such as gloves, sleeves and boots, as may be necessary shall be provided. Workers shall not wear any rings, watches and carry keys or other material which are good conductors of electricity;
20. All scaffolds, ladders and other safety devices mentioned or described herein shall be maintained in a safe condition and no scaffold, ladder or equipment shall be altered or removed while it is in use. Adequate washing facilities shall be provided at or near places of work;
21. These safety provisions shall be brought to the notice of all concerned by display on a notice board at a prominent place at the work spot. Persons responsible for ensuring compliance with the safety provisions shall be named therein by the contractor;
22. To ensure effective enforcement of the rules and regulations relating to safety precautions, arrangements made by the
132 Contractor shall be open to inspection by the Engineer or his representative and the Inspecting Officers;
23. The Contractor shall provide and maintain at the Site of Works a standard first aid box as directed and approved by the Engineer for the use of his own as well as Owner's staff on site.
In case the Contractor fails to make satisfactory arrangements and to provide necessary facilities as aforesaid, the Engineer shall be entitled to do so and recover the costs thereof from the Contractor.
Notwithstanding the above provisions, the Contractor is not exempted from the operation of any other Act or Rule in force.
The Contractor shall submit for the approval of the Engineer's Representative detailed proposals under (i) above. When the regulations have been approved and before the work is started, the Contractor shall distributed copies in English or in other languages as appropriate to all his employees and to the Engineer's Representative.
The Contractor shall ensure that all his employees are fully conversant with the regulations, emergency and rescue procedures, etc. and the Contractor shall enforce the rule that any employee committing a serious breach of such regulations shall be instantly dismissed and shall not be re-employed.
B) Services
Water Supply : The Contractor shall arrange a suitable supply of piped water for the construction of the Works and provide a satisfactory supply of potable water for drinking, washing, sanitation and cleaning down. The Contractor shall bear all the costs, where applicable, of installation, water consumed, maintenance, dismantling, and ultimate removal of any distribution system around the site. The Contractor shall make arrangements at his cost for disposal of the wastewater and the scheme shall be given to the Engineer for approval and only after
133 which installations can be allowed to be made. These installations shall also be dismantled and removed on completion of the contract.
Sanitation : The Contractor shall at his own cost, make all necessary provisions for health and safety of his work-people. He shall, when required by the Engineer, provide proper toilets and urinals to the satisfaction of the Engineer in such numbers and such localities as he may specify and also make necessary arrangements for disposal of wastes from toilets and urinals to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
Electricity : The Contractor shall make all arrangements at his cost for the installation, operation, maintenance and subsequent removal of temporary supply of electricity, for lighting and ventilation of all offices, stores, laboratories and any other temporary buildings used by him and the Engineer's Representative as well as any supply of electricity the Contractor may require in connection with the construction of the Works.
Source Conditions of contract for works of civil Engineering construction, Part I General Conditions with forms of tender and agreement, Part II Conditions of Particular Application, Fourth Edition, 1988 (FIDIC).
134 Annexure 8.2
CHLORTNE SAFETY IEASURES
The following safety procedures should be adopted to minimise or eliminate hazards
* Do not handle chlorine cylinders roughly; never drop cylinders or permit one to collide with another. It is advisable to move cylinders (up to 75 kg) by means of hand trucks equipped with safety chains. Specially designed electric hoists fitted with the proper lifting bar should be used for one tonne containers. When unloading cylinders from a truck to ground level, it is best to use a hydraulic lift gate or suitable skid with a rubber bumper at the bottom.
* Always keep the protective caps in place where the cylinders or containers are not in use and are being handled; because the discharge valves and fusible plugs are not designed to take shocks. As soon as a cylinder or container is empty and disconnected, replace the protective caps. Always tag or mark empty cylinders or containers at cone. It is advisable to store full and empty containers or cylinders in different sections of the storage area to avoid confusion in handling.
Sstore chlorine containers and cylinders in a cool place and protect them from exposure to external heat sources. Never permit the temperature of the contents to approach 600C. Keep containers and cylinders that are stored out of doors, away from direct exposure to the sun and the weather; maintain them in a clean condition and inspect them regularly for leakage.
* Do not store containers or cylinders near flammable materials, or where continuous exposure to dampness will result.
* Make certain that the storage area is well ventilated and that containers or cylinders are so arranged that a leaking unit can be removed with the least possible handling of other containers. Arrange to use fire proof storage room equipped with an exhaust ventilating system.
135 * Place containers and cylinders in the order in which they are received so that the oldest can be used first.
* The slightest odour of chlorine may indicate a leak and should receive immediate attention because small leaks can grow rapidly.
* Connections to the cylinder valve should be made carefully. When threaded connections are used, it should be ascertained that the threads on appliances and unions are the same as those on the container valve outlets. If connections that do not fit are forced together, they invariably leak.
* Containers or valves should never be altered or repaired by the consumer, except for stopping gas leaks around valve stems by tightening the packing nut. The safety devices on containers should never be tampered with. The fusible plug on cylinders below the valve seat cannot be controlled by the valve.
* Container valves should be opened slowly. No wrench longer than 15 cm, should be used as the employment of large wrenches or pipe wrenches will damage the valves. one complete turn of the valve stem in a counter clock wise direction will open the valve sufficiently to permit maximum discharge.
* All employees handling and using chlorine should be supplied with an approved chlorine gas mask, and they should be instructed in its use. A programme of at least monthly chlorine gas drills should be conducted to familiarise personnel working with the masks on and in use of chlorine- leak safety devices. Gas masks, thick loose-fitting gloves, and aprons of non porous material should be kept in lockers outside of the chlorine equipment area where they can be reached quickly in an emergency.
* All installations using chlorine should have on hand a chlorine-leak repair kit consisting of suitable clamps, drift pins, hammers, wrenches, and other tools for emergency service on cylinders where leaks cannot be otherwise stopped. Drift pins should be of brass or steel and of suitable size to fit
136 the usual fusible plug and valve openings in cylinders and containers. Because drift pins are not suitable for packing holes in the cylinder walls, wooden plugs and clamps should be employed.
* Only authorised and trained personnel equipped with gas masks should investigate chlorine leaks. All other persons should be kept away from the affected area. If the leak occurs on the outside of the building, everyone should stay to the windward side of the leak, and if possible, at a higher elevation.
* Water should never be applied to a chlorine leak because this creates a hazardous condition with the leak being made worse by the corrosive action of chlorine and water.
* Heat should never be applied directly to a container as this could rupture it by internal pressures. If it is necessary to heat a container, a water bath controlled not to exceed 250C should be used.
* Grease or oil should never be used on fittings that will be in contact with chlorine. Certain types of silicone greases may be used sparingly on valve stems and hard-rubber fittings.
First Aid
* Remove the injured employee at once to the open air away from chlorine fumes.
* Call a physician immediately.
* Place the patient flat on his back, with his head and back slightly elevated. Supply blankets if necessary, keep him warm and quiet because rest is essential.
* Because splashes of liquid chlorine and chlorinated water destroy clothing and may cause irritation and acid burns, remove or cut away affected clothing.
* If the patient is unconscious and breathing has apparently ceased, start artificial respiration immediately. Call the
137 fire department rescue squad, if such emergency aid is available, but be sure that Pulmoter or other mechanical means of resuscitation is not used, because of the danger of rupturing the lungs. The patient may greatly aided by the application of oxygen with proper equipment. Oxygen delivery should be started immediately and if the patient has stopped breathing, start artificial respiration. The use of mechanical respirator with a maximum pressure of 13 mm of mercury is recommended.
* Give nothing by mouth.
* If the eyes are slightly irritated, wash them with boric acid.
* To aid skin affected by liquid chlorine, neutralise with a weak solution of sodium bicarbonate and apply loose dressings of a standard burn ointment or carom oil.
138 Annexure 8.3
GUIDELINES FOR MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES OF WATER TREATMENT PLANTS
Section/ part Maintenance to be Frequency/Time to be attended carried out Interval between two consecutive activities
A. Centrifugal Pumps
1. Bearings Checking of temperature 2 months
2. Glands Checking/changing of 1 month gland packings
3. Bearings Checking/greasing 1 month
Replacement 6 months
4. Gauges Calibration 12 months
5. Valves Changing of gland 12 months packing
6. Exhaust pumps Checking/changing of 12 months and auxilliaries gland packings
7. Impeller Checking of impeller 12 months blades, sleeves, efficiency, rings, bearings, impeller nut etc.
B. Electrical Motors
1. Induction motor, Cleaning by air blower 3 months stator and rotor and general inspection
2. Slip ring device Closing of slip rings 1 month and adjustment of carbon brushes, short circuiting jaws, oiling clutch etc.
3. Bearing Lubrication 1 month
Contd. ...
139 Section/ part Maintenance to be Frequency/Time to be attended carried out Interval between two consecutive activities
4. Windings Checking of motor after 24 months taking out its rotor, dust blowing, checking of end connections, testing of insulation, no-load testing
C. Power Transformer 1. Checking of silica gel, 6 months topping of transformer oil, temperature guage, vent pipe, voltage tap changing switch. (These works are not to be attended to in rainy season)
2. Filtration of oil, 12 months checking of dielectric strength, viscosity of oil, terminal boxes, insulators, general tightening of fastners, stopping of leakages.
3. Functional test 12 months
4. Checking of core of 60 months the transformer and its windings and insu- lation condition.
D. Switchgears (air or oil circuit breakers) 1. Circuit breaker Checking of fastenings, 3 months moving and fixed contacts, no vast coil, overload coil, interlock system, condition of transformer oil, knife switches and insulation.
Contd. ...
140 Section/ part Maintenance to be Frequency/Time to be attended carried out Interval between two consecutive activities
2. Oil tank Cleaning and topping of 12 months oil, checking dielectric strength of transformer oil.
3. Contacts Changing of old and 12 months sluggish transformer oil of circuit breaker changing of old and worn out contacts
E. Alum Dosing Equipment
1. Saturation tank Cleaning, checking of 12 months acid resistant coating
2. Pipe and conduits Cleaning and removal of 1 month deposits 3. Measuring of Checking and calibration 1 month control devices
F. Clariflocculator and Their Drive 1. Trolley wheels Lubrication 1 month 2. Reduction gear Checking and topping 1 month box of oil
3. Turn table Checking and topping 3 months mechanism of oil
4. Vertical slip Dust blowing, checking 3 months ring motor of carbon brushes, bearing etc. 5. Rail/track Checking alignment 6 months 6. Reduction gear Checking of helical 12 months box or spurgear condition 7. Rubber tyre or Checking for wear and 6 months Iron wheels tear and its positioning 8. M.S. Serapen Checking fasteners 12 months
Contd. ..
141 Section/ part Maintenance to be Frequency/Time to be attended carried out Interval between two consecutive activities
9. Turn table Checking of its 12 months mechanisms sprockets, chains, steel balls and grease boxes
G. Filters
1. Filter media Topping of sand 6 months
2. Filter media Checking E.S and U.C 60 months
3. Underdrain Checking of nozzles, 60 months system pipes and dust etc.
4. Sluice valves Changing of gland 12 months packing
5. Guages and Checking accuracy and 1 month indicators calibration
6. Filter box Checking for leakages, 6 months cleaning, Lime washing
H. chlorinators
1. Indicator Checking and calibration 1 month
2. Chlorine convey- Checking and cleaning 1 month ing pipes and valves
3. Gas masks Functional checks 1 month
4. Gas leakage Checking of leakage daily
5. Liquid trap Opening and cleaning 1 month
I. Sluice Valves
1. Glands Checking and changing of 12 months glands in case of daily operated valves
2. Valve function Functional check in case 12 months of rarely operated valves
Contd.
142 Section/ part Maintenance to be Frequency/Time to be attended carried out Interval between two consecutive activities
J. Clear Water Reservoir
1. Cleaning and lime 12 months washing of sides
2. Check for leakage 36 months
3. Check condition of 12 months accesses and air vents
Note 1) The activities concerning valves, motors, pumps etc. are not repeated as relevant activities will be applicable wherever these units exist
2) Some activities are based on CPHEEO recommendations with appropriate modifications based on experience
143 Annexure 8.4
FREQUENCY OF SAMPLING FOR BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS IN WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Sr. Population Maximum Interval Minimum number of No. between success- samples to be taken ive sampling from distribution system
1. Up to 20,000 One month one sample per 5000 population per month
2. 20,001-50,000 Two weeks One sample per 5000 population per month
3. 50,001-1,00,000 Four days One sample per 5000 population per month
4. More than 1,00,000 One day One sample per 10,000 population per month
Source : Manual on Water Supply and Treatment, CPHEEO, MUD, Govt. of India, 1991
144 SOURCES OF INFORHATION
1. Feasibility Report on Veeranam Source Yield - Addendum Note, MMWSSB (September, 1994)
2. Project Affected Families of the New Veeranam Scheme - A Study, Economic Perspectives, Madras (June, 1994)
3. Project Affected Families of the New Veeranam Scheme - Categorised by Nature of Loss, Economic Perspectives, Madras (August, 1994)
4. Report on Geotechnical Studies - New Veeranam, MMWSSB (May, 1994)
5. Feasibility Report on Water Transmission, Pumping and Treatment- New Veeranam, MMWSSB, Vol.I and II (February, 1994)
6. Feasibility Report on Veeranam Source Yield- New Veeranam, MMWSSB, Vol.I and II (February, 1994)
7. Environmental Assessment of Second Madras Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project- Final Report (May, 1991) and Supplementary Information (February, 1992)
8. New Veeranam Project Report, TWAD Board, June, 1993
9. Project Report on Augmenting Madras Metropolitan City Water Supply from Veeranam Lake, South Arcot District PWD- Govt. of Tamil Nadu
10. Madras Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Master Plan for Water Supply (Vol.I and II) and Wastewater Management (Vol.1 and II), MMWSSB, (September, 1991)
11. New Veeranam Project Report : Alternative III with Treatment Works at Mangalam TWAD Board, June, 1993
145 12. Madras City Water Supply Scheme, Veeranam Project Report, PWD, Govt. of Tamil Nadu (1969)
13. World Bank. (October, 1991). "Operational Directive 4.01, Environmental Assessment", and pertinent Operational Directives, Operational Policy Notes, and Guidelines cited in Annex A to F thereto
14. World Bank, (1990); Operational Directive 4.30 Involuntary Resettlement
15. Environmental Assessment of Investment Projects and Programmes, Scope and Processes, The Economic Development Institute of the World Bank (Dec. 1989)
16. Environmental Guidelines for Infrastructural Projects, Asian Development Bank (1988)
17. EIA Guidelines for Water Resources Development, ESCAP- Environment and Development Series, Bangkok, Thailand (August, 1988)
18. World Bank Technical Paper No.139, 1991, Environmental Assessment Sourcebook', Vol I., Policies, Procedures, and Cross-Sectoral Issues, Environment Department
19. World Bank Technical Paper No.140, 1991, Environmental Assessment Sourcebook', Vol II., Sectoral Guidelines, Environment Department
20. World Bank Technical Paper No.154, 1991, Environmental Assessment Sourcebook', Vol III., Guidelines for Environmental Assessment of Energy and Industry Projects, Environment Department
21. Conditions of Contract for Works of Civil Engineering Construction Part I- General Conditions with forms of tender and agreement, FIDIC 4th Ed., 1987, Reprinted 1988 with editorial amendments
146 22. Dams and the Environment, Considerations in World Bank Projects- World Bank Technical Paper No.110.
23. Policy Imperatives- An Agenda for Action, Madras- 2011, Vol. I to VI MMDA (October, 1991)
24. Report on Sedimentation Studies in Veeranam Lake, First Capacity Survey, Institute of Hydraulics and Hydrology, Poondi, PWD (August, 1993)
25. Census of India (1991)
26. Madras Journal of Fisheries, 1(1), July 1962; II, July, 1966, III, January, 1967; IV, July, 1967; V, 1969; III, August 1979; VI, March, 1971; VII, August, 1979
27. Madras Fisheries Bulletin No. XXVIII, 1962
28. Puri, G.S. (ed.), Indian Forest Ecology, Vol I, Oxford Book and Stationary Co., New Delhi (1960)
29. Raghunathan, M.B. and Srinivasan M. Zooplankton Dynamics and Hydrographic Features of Ennore Estuary, Madras, Records of Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper No. 40.
30. Sivaswamy, S.N, Plankton in relation to Coastal Pollution at Ennore, Madras Coast, Indian Journal of Marine Science 19(2) : pp. 115-119 (1990)
31. Saldania, Thiru A. Working Plan for Chingleput Forest Division from 1976-77 to 1985-86 published by Chief Conservator of Forests (Development), Madras
32. Structure Plan for Madras Metropolitan Area, Vol. I and II, MMDA (June, 1980)
33. Madras Unaccounted Water Project, Draft Final Report on Study of Reduction in Unaccounted for Water, Vol. I (November, 1990)
147 34. Krishna Water Supply Project, Madras Transmission and Distribution System, Project Report, MMWSSB (Oct. 1989)
35. U.N. Department of Technical Co-operation for Development, Hydrological and Artificial Recharge Studies, Madras - Technical Report, UNDP (1987)
36. Master Plan for Water and Sewerage, Part D- Engineering Reports, Engineering Science, U.S.A. (February, 1978)
37. The Environment (Protection) Act 1986, No.29 of 1986, Ministry of Environment and Forest, New Delhi (1986).
38. Ministry of Environment and Forest, Notification, New Delhi, (January 27, 1994).
39. G.O.I. Forest : Report of the Government of Tamil Nadu Forest Department (1990)
40. Madras Metropolitan Area Ground Water (Regulation) Act No. 27 of 1987 and State Regulations on Environmental Review and Impact Assessment
41. MMWSSB - Quality Control Department, Resume 1991, 1992 and 1993
42. Distribution Systems- Actions and Innovations, Americal Water Works Association, 1980
148 INSTITUTIONS
* Madras Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (MMWSSB)
* Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB)
* Public Works Department (PWD), Govt. of Tamil Nadu
* Madras Institute of Development Studies (MIDS)
* Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage (TWAD) Board
* Times Research Foundation (TRF)
* Madras Metropolitan Development Authority (MMDA)
* Municipal Corporation of Madras (MCM)
* Directorate of Fisheries, Madras
* Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), Madras
* Slum Clearance Board (SCB), Madras
* State Finance Commission (SFC), Madras
* Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), Madras
* Madras University
* Department of Environment and Forests
149