Disturbance Objectives

• 1. Describe the major types of ecological disturbances and how they influence site potential, , and sustainability. • 2. Describe the role of in structure and function. • 3. Discuss disturbance theories and concepts. • 4. Describe disturbance regimes that influence Utah and Great Basin .

What is Disturbance?

• Definition

• Types

• Spatial and temporal considerations

• Ecosystem wide effects Disturbance regimes

• • Avalanches • Slash and burn agriculture • Timber harvest • Ranching and Agriculture • Development • results - crisis

Factor Example

Type of Disturbance: Physical factor Drought impact on distribution of birds in Biological factor Interaction of physical Rain and bird distribution affect of fish population

Anthropogenic disturbance Regime of Disturbance:

Spatial dimension Spatial

Frequency Annual vs. irregular

Time of occurrence Food during spawning period of fish Concepts Equilibrium vs. Non-equilibrium forces influencing structure Equilibrium: stability, - - - Other interactions Non-equilibrium: communities constantly changing - Disturbances -

The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis (IDH) states that local is maximized when ecological disturbance is neither too rare nor too frequent. • Disturbance and land management

• Consequences of altered disturbance regimes

• Ecological restoration Forest Disturbance Characteristics of Disturbance Regimes

• Type • Frequency • Magnitude • Predictability • Extent • Timing • Synergism • Severity

What is ?  Typically refers to … (but fauna changes in response to succession)  A process of more-or-less predictable and orderly changes in composition or structure of an ecological community

Time Secondary Succession

 Secondary succession takes place following a major disturbance (e.g. fire, flood, , agriculture) Succession after fire

Herbs Shrubs Young Developing Mature Forest Forest Forest

Why wouldn’t this lead to a climax community? (where plant community is stable and unchanging)

Is constant change natural? Pattern on landscape

• • Beetle outbreaks • Timber harvest • Avalanche

Management Issues

Fire Behavior in Bark Beetle- Affected Fuels PURPLE 1902

PURPLE LAKE 2002

Change Detection on Mountain meadows -- Oregon

Adapted from: http://www.fsl.orst.edu/lemma/export/pubs/zald_2009_plant_ecology.pdf Forest Loss within European Russia

Fig. 5. Example of Landsat composites, forest cover mapping and change detection results (Arkhangelskaya Obl, 63°40′N, 42°30′E). A—Circa 2000 Landsat composite (band 5-4-3 combination); B—Circa 2005 Landsat composite; C—Classification results: forest cover for year 2000 (green), gross forest cover loss (red), non forest areas (yellow).

Peter Potapov,Svetlana Turubanova,Matthew C. Hansen, 2011, Regional-scale boreal forest cover and change mapping using Landsat data composites for European Russia, Remote Sensing of Environment MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE LIFE CYCLE attacking adult egg larva larva pupa brood adult

summer fall over winter spring summer

Green Green Yellow Red Infested FIRE SUPPRESSION CONSIDERATIONS IN BARK BEETLE- AFFECTED FUELS (CONT.)

• Increased fireline construction time • mitigation • Downed wood fuel • Increased burnout times increase threat to firelines • Increased retardant for adequate coverage • Increased time for mop up