- ;,- - Newsletter of the Western Australian State Salinity Council 'Salinity affects the This issue of the State Salinity Council Newsletter has been whole · community' published to co-incide with the release of the Salinity Strategy. The newly released Salinity Strategy The Strategy addresses the issue The strategy has been put is a realistic approach to salinity of funding, with direct and indirect together following extensive management over the next three beneficiaries identified in a cost­ consultation, and with the help decades, according to State Salinity sharing model. of Agriculture , Council chairman Alex Campbell. Direct beneficiaries are identified the Departments of Environmental The Strategy, launched on April 2 by as private and public landholders, Protection and Conservation and Premier Richard Court, points out whose potential income and capital Land Management, and the Water that salinity is a problem for all value would be increased by and Rivers Commission. Western Australians, not just successful action on salinity. This issue outlines the progress landowners or rural communities. Indirect beneficiaries are identified made by each agency since the It involves a joint effort on the part of as the general community who West Australian Salinity Action Plan government, industry, farmers and the would enjoy the economic benefits was released in 1996, as well as community over the next 30 years, of better agricultural practices, the other projects underway involving based on new research that shows environmental benefits of improved salinity-related issues. action is needed sooner, and across biodiversity, and the recreational more of the State, than indicated in benefits of land unaffected by salinity. New Council announced the 1996 Salinity Action Plan. The Salinity Strategy proposes Deputy Premier Hendy Cowan has Mr Campbell said the Salinity a combination of government announced a new and expanded funding, corporate funding, Strategy involves a range of State Salinity Council. options and tools to manage salinity public contributions and The Council has the job of providing including better land management landholder contributions. strategic advice to the Cabinet practices, native vegetation Two associated documents - Standing Committee on salinity management and revegetation an actions list and a guide for management; to coordinate decisions and engineering solutions. landholders - were also released on and activities between stakeholder "Community action - including the the same day as the Salinity Strategy. groups; and to monitor and evaluate involvement of conservation groups Deputy Premier Hendy Cowan the success of the Salinity Strategy. - is a major part of the Strategy and also released two reports related Mr Cowan said the review of the one of the most powerful tools to management of the impact of 1996 Salinity Action Plan identified available to fight salinity," he said. salinity prepared by the Native strong community involvement as Mr Campbell emphasised that the Vegetation Working Group and an essential component for future the Deep Drainage Working Party. Salinity Strategy was the result of salinity and natural resource extensive consultation throughout the management in Western Australia. community during the State Salinity Council's review of the 1996 plan . Story continues page 8 Diamond comes up trumps Kim Diamond says he's been He now manages 500 ha of saline "fiddling with salinity for 35 years". land supporting diverse pasture that And last month he was rewarded for includes saltbush, balansa clover, his efforts by winning the national Acacia saligna, and perennial grasses. Individual Landcarer of the Year Award. "I've learnt to live with salinity and Salinity affects about a quarter of his make the most of it," he says. 2000 hectare mixed cropping and Other WA Landcare winners were livestock property at Buntine. Kim Colin and Margaret Tonkin, who worked closely with Clive Malcolm won the Natural Heritage Trust of Agriculture Western Australia and Rivercare Award for their Collie TE others in developing techniques for property which shows the

INITY establishing saltbush and working advantages of managing a riverside zone within a total farm system. Landcare winner Kim Diamond out grazing management. J NC IL Agriculture Western Australia Salinity tackled on multiple fronts Agriculture Western Australia has Communities agricultural region has been undertaken concentrated its efforts on increasing Focus catchment plans have been as part of the National Land and water use in areas of rising watertables; completed for 26 catchments and in Water Resources Audit. developing new technologies for progress for a further 32. Another The planning tools,AgET and assessment and monitoring; and 31 communities are expected to CATCHER, were developed and working with local communities. become involved during 2000 validated for the Blackwood catchment. Increasing water use (see separate st0ry). They are now ready to use interactively Increasing water use in the landscape Agriculture Western Australia has with farmers and groups to evaluate the can delay or help overcome problems assisted CALM with the development impact of catchment plans on of rising watertables and this is being of their recovery plan for Toolibin groundwater conditions and salinity. addressed through development of Lake by providing hydrological studies The FLOWTUBE model has been used perennial pastures such as lucerne, using airborne geophysics, to assess the changes in recharge with funding provided by the Grains and drilling and designing the surface required to effect a significant change Research and Development water management system. in the final extent of salinity. Corporation (GRDC). Rural Towns Program (RTP) A study to determine the extent and Development and demonstrations of Twenty nine towns are now involved causes of salinity on the Coastal Plain sustainable grazing systems are also from Mullewa in the north to Cranbrook was completed and the information being provided with funding from in the south and inland to Merredin. provided input to review of the Meat and Livestock Australia as Salinity Action Plan. Towns in the program have developed part of a national project. a salinity management strategy. Saltwatch has been established to Stricter procedures have been collate and update all historic and Six towns are now undergoing economic established for clearing of remnant current agency groundwater data assessment of the costs and benefits. vegetation with the onus on land unavailable in digital format. A community bores project, involving owners to prove that any land clearing Ongoing development of AgBores hydrological studies and groundwater would not cause land degradation. and ComBores is being addressed. modelling for other towns, fully funded In 1998-99, for example, the by RTP, will begin in the next few The project is also providing Commissioner for Soil and Land months (see later story). community support for groundwater Conservation approved clearing of analysis using ComBores. only 410 ha of agricultural land. Mon itoring and evaluation Drainage Satellite imagery is being used under the Land Monitor program to provide New streamlined assessment maps of saline land and vegetation in procedures for group drainage projects agricultural areas. Blacl

2 Agriculture Western Australia Rural towns begin drilling program Almost 300 bores are to be drilled in 23 rural towns across Western Australia over the next few months to gather information to help tackle rising watertables and salinity. The project is among several studies being undertaken throughout the State by Agriculture Western Australia to arrest the impact of salinity on rural towns. The $800,000 Community Bores Project is expected to get under way in May and finish by the end of this year. A network of bores would be used to assess and monitor the groundwater systems under the townsites. The information produced by the bores would then be used to construct a computer groundwater model for Bore progrom underway ... Agriculture Western Australia's Ben Whitfield (right) helps contractor Max Harris drill a each town. bore at Dumbleyung as part of the Rurol Towns Progrom. The groundwater model will help the or underlain by complex geology; "One of the difficulties we face is that towns decide which treatment will be two factors which contributed to in some sections of the community, the most effective in their circumstances. salinity problems that were difficult people are unaware of the problem The project is part of the Rural Towns and expensive to remedy. which is literally beneath their feet," Program (RTP) which now involves 29 Initial funding arrangements from the Mr Pridham said. towns across the agricultural region of RTP required matching funding from "The idea behind the Community Bores WA, many of which have less than 1500 shires, which limited access of some Project is to raise community awareness permanent residents. small communities to the program. and also give towns a decision making tool Project Manager Mark Pridham from Under new arrangements, salinity which will help them choose the most Agriculture Western Australia said that research and investigation activities - effective salinity management treatments. because towns were small, it did not such as the Community Bores Program - "Many towns are vulnerable to rising mean they had small problems. will be undertaken and funded. groundwater because they sit along Some were situated in large catchments railway lines which were often located low in the landscape," Mr Pridham said. Local communities take the initiative Towns from Mullewa to Cranbrook and inland to Merredin are involved in Twenty six focus catchment plans assets at risk; and level of community the program which aims to provide a have now been completed by group activity. structured approach in tackling the Agriculture Western Australia in the In some cases, significant public assets salinity problem. South-West Agricultural Region, might be at risk, but no community By taking over the essential, but expensive stretching from north of Mullewa to group has formed. east of Esperance. groundwater research and investigation Once the community chooses new role, the RTP enabled local communities Another 32 plans are being serviced Focus Catchment Groups, they to concentrate their efforts and resources and a further 31 due to begin this year. receive priority technical assistance on the subsequent on-ground works. Some catchments were comparatively from AGWEST and the other Several towns have now moved into the large areas but had low populations agencies. works implementation stage. such as Dalyup River near Esperance, They are taken through a strategic Since January, six towns which had already while others in the west of the region planning process to develop a acquired considerable groundwater were much smaller but supported Catchment Plan to achieve sustainable information through their own efforts larger numbers of people and a use of resources and arrest the have been involved in an Economic Impact diversity of industries. decline in degradation. of Salinity study initiated by the RTP. The catchment planning process Anyone interested in finding more These are Brockton, Corrigin, Cranbrook, involves three stages: development, about the Focus Catchment process Katanning, Merredin and Morawa. focus and implementation. should contact the local AGWEST Work in Merredin should be completed Selection of a Focus Catchment Catchment Support Officer. by the end of April, while groundwater depends on three criteria: degree of modelling for Katanning and Cranbrook natural resource degradation; public has commenced. ., Department of Conservation and Land Management Support for land owners is a priority Increased support for landowners, the processing factory. As a result, funds discovery of new flora species, are being raised to build a pilot protection of remnant vegetation in new factory, probably in Narrogin. reserves and implementation of recovery • CALM's Manjimup nursery has been actions in four priority catchments for expanded at a cost of $8 million to biodiversity conservation are the major increase annual production from results achieved from projects begun about 23 million seedlings to 45 under the 1996 Salinity Action Plan by million in 2000 and up to 60 million the Department of Conservation and within a few years. Land Management. Land for Wildlife Biological survey • The program was launched in • The first comprehensive biological February 1997 and IO Land for survey of the South-West agricultural Wildlife officers now provide region began in 1997. The survey support for landowners wanting to includes detailed monitoring of 25 protect the nature conservation selected , the collection of values on their properties. A bright future ... yellow eyebright is almost extinct in baseline information on birds, plants , and . The largest • By February this year, 581 landowners known population grows in Western Australia's Lake and aquatic vertebrates for over 180 had applied to join the program and Muir Recovery Catchment. wetlands and the establishment of 71 000 hectares of remnant native more than I 000 terrestrial and aquatic magnetic/radiometric and geophysics vegetation were being managed monitoring sites.Another 200 sites surveys; establishment and monitoring privately as Land for Wildlife sites. have been set up on farmland with of stream gauging stations; volunteers from the Wildlife Society. • "Western Wildlife", the program's piezometric bore audit; aquatic fauna quarterly magazine, has a mailing list • To date, the survey has discovered surveys; vegetation and flora studies of 700 and a range of other two previously unknown flora species and hydrological assessment. publications has been produced. and re-discovered one presumed Management of Crown remnants extinct aquatic plant. Natural Diversity • Remnant vegetation is vital for Recovery Catchments • The survey also shows the region's biodiversity conservation, and biodiversity is much higher than • The priority in these catchments is particularly valuable for salinity control previously estimated. Preliminary protecting key wetlands and natural where individual remnants are large findings for the areas surveyed have diversity from salinity. enough to reduce recharge at a recorded 3000 plant species and • Four Natural Diversity Recovery catchment or sub-catchment scale, or about 600 species of spider, compared Catchments are being managed where smaller remnants occur on high with previous estimates of less than currently:, Lake Muir­ recharge zones or discharge zones. 200 species for the whole region. Unicup, Lake Warden and Lake Bryde­ • Areas of remnant vegetation totalling • Databases are being compiled from East Lake Bryde. 23 I 5 hectares have been protected the survey to aid selection of further • Cleared land totaling 253 hectares in through purchase for addition to the natural diversity recovery catchments the Toolibin Lake and Muir-Unicup conservation reserve system. and guide other actions. catchments has been purchased and Agreement has been reached with Farm forestry will now be revegetated with local landowners for the purchase of native species to combat rising another I 170 hectares. • More than 7000 hectares of water tables. maritime pine have been planted on • Activities since 1996 include previously cleared farmland since • Activities in the recovery catchments revegetation of degraded areas; 1996, together with 500 hectares include: consultation with landholders; botanical surveys; weed eradication; of mixed native species. catchment tours for farmers; farm rubbish clean-up; fauna surveys; rabbit surveys; native seedling production and pig control; dieback mapping; road • Nearly 2500 hectares of oil mallees and collection; plantings; fencing; and track closures; direct seeding of have been planted by farmers. establishment of deep-rooted local native species; seed collection; • A commercial feasibility study has vegetation, perennial pasture and deep ripping and seed spreading; shown that whole-plant oil mallee saltland revegetation trials; monitoring of weeds, feral herbivores feedstock could successfully produce preparation of recovery catchment and germination rates; and liaison with eucalyptus oil, activated carbon and management plans; dissemination of farmers and catchment groups. electricity in an integrated tree information and publications; airborne

4 Department of Conservation and Land Management Mallee growers get the good oil The development of commercially attractive landcare tree crops for the Wheatbelt was a major objective of the 1996 State Salinity Action Plan, giving extra impetus to the oil mallee project initiated by CALM in 1993. The oil mallee project is now controlled by the growers through the Oil Mallee Association and the Oil Mallee Company. These groups, in association with Melbourne engineering consultants, Enecon, and CALM, have recently completed a commercial feasibility study with financial support from the Rural Industries R&D Corporation and Western Power. This study showed that whole-plant oil mallee feedstocks could produce eucalyptus oil (from the leaf), activated carbon (from a select wood fraction) and electricity (from the residue) in an integrated tree processing factory that would be commercially viable. The good oil . . . eucalyptus oil from the mo/lee leaf is being tested as on industrial solvent. The study was based on paying the grower of whole mallee feedstock a On the strength of this result, Western price that was competitive with the Power Corporation has pledged $2.5 other land use options available. million for a pilot factory and has been working to raise the additional funds . This is a breakthrough of seminal Most of the $5 million required has now importance to salinity control. been committed and the factory is It demonstrates that a non salt-inducing expected to be built in Narrogin. use of Wheatbelt farmland could be The factory will initially require about commercially attractive to farmers. 2000 hectares of mallee, rising to Since all the products coming from IO 000 hectares when the factory this process have large volume reaches full scale. Belts of oil mo/lees planted under the project. markets, mallee factories could be built in large numbers. Working with the community• Working with landowners is a key Altogether, 600 maps have been There have been I 50 copies of the element of CALM's Natural Diversity produced (three maps for each manual printed and distributed. Recovery Catchments program. property, including an A3 colour map), In addition: depicting information on existing Public meetings and catchment tours • 265 000 native seedlings have been landcare works, proposed landcare have been organised and farm surveys produced for native revegetation; have been conducted to provide works, internal fencelines, areas of • 260 kilograms of local native seed information to landowners and to raise salinity and waterlogging, and soil have been collected for direct awareness about the recovery landscapes. The maps provide the seeding; and catchments and collate information. information base for "Recovery Farm Kits" for the Lake Warden catchment. • eight permanent vegetation survey In the Lake Warden Recovery sites and IO saltland revegetation Catchment, for example, about A Recovery Farm Kit manual has been trial plots have been established. 120 farmers were surveyed on a prepared by CALM to help farmers use one-to-one basis and more than their farm maps for planning on farm 200 property locations across the nature conservation works and high catchment were mapped. water use farming systems.

5 Water and Rivers Commission Students learn on the land Students at Glencoe Primary School and Rivers Commission at Peel to have formed a partnership with the establish a nursery to grow trees South Pumphrey Catchment Group for salt-affected land at Cuballing. and are learning about land The Glencoe Landcare Project degradation, landcare, farming and started in 1994. Each year, students endangered animals. The students are and teachers visit the old planting sites also working with Agriculture Western to monitor progress of their trees and Australia in Narrogin and the Water check salinity in adjoining creeks.

Above: One of the Glencoe students monitors salinity near Cuba/ling.

Right: An outdoor lesson underway. Salt risl< picture given for Mobrup

A joint Water and Rivers Commission Commission hydrogeologist Natti Hundi discharges to occur in the Tertiary and community project has helped said that the salinity risk assessment sediments which is relatively fresh.The deliver the most detailed picture yet of methodology provided a good insight discharge would be at its optimum in salinity in the Warren water resource into the catchment's hydrogeology. about 30 years. recovery catchment. The complex interplay of geological Mr Hundi said the computer model The Commission has developed a salinity faults, dykes and surface landscape was estimated that more than 2 million cubic risk assessment technique in the Mobrup described, providing farmers with an metres of deep groundwater was sub-catchment, which included desk-top explanation of salinity and groundwater discharging each year, so an understanding study, air-photo interpretation, bore movement patterns which had baffled how and where water moves was essential drilling, airborne geophysics, hydro­ them for years. for salinity management. geological evaluation and computer "We have presented the results of the ''The information from the study is being modeling. study to the Mobrup LCDC and the provided at farm level, but its real value The drilling results provided information response from the group was is in showing how the system works at on geology, depth to water and bed rock overwhelming," Mr Hundi said. catchment level," he said. and also water quality variations across "Nearly 19 per cent of the 12 000 ha 'This understanding is critical, if farmers the catchment. catchment is prone to flooding and are to work together to tackle salinity." Airborne geophysical survey data were groundwater is within two metres of the The information from the study was useful in mapping the structures and surface in nearly 30 per cent of the being used to develop the Mobrup dykes and the images obtained catchment. This is a major concern." catchment management plan and confirmed severe salinity observed in Computer Modeling (M.A.G.I.C.) techniques tested would be transferred some parts of the catchment. indicated potential deep groundwater to other parts of the Warren catchment.

6 Water and Rivers Commission Collaboration is the key to progress The Water and Rivers Commission - • completion of airborne geomagnetic Research and Development working with the community and other and radiometric surveys of the Water R&D continues by assessing long agencies - has made substantial progress Resource Recovery Catchments; and established experimental catchments in delivering outcomes from the State • detailed assessment of salinity risk for that show the impact of clearing natural Salinity Action Plan. the Mobrup catchment vegetation for agriculture and bauxite The Commission's key roles under the mining on salinity. Water quality monitoring plan centre on management to protect Rural drainage public water resources from salinity, Monitoring continues to indicate the and providing advice and information impact of salinity on rivers, wetlands and Rural drainage for salinity management is to others managing the effects of public water supplies. This is reported in a contentious issue which has entailed salinity on land, biodiversity, towns the "State of Water Resources". the Commission's involvement in the following ways: and other infrastructure. Other areas • assessing the potential impact of Water Resource The Commission is also making a drainage on receiving environments, Recovery Catchments significant contribution to management and on flooding; Progress has included: of salinity in other areas: • monitoring the effect of drains on • Biodiversity Recovery Catchments, • Recovery Teams and strategic water quality in the Tone River; Action Plans developed for the especially at Lake Toolibin (with CALM); • preparation of guidelines for Kent/Denmark, Warren and • Focus Catchments in agricultural area, assessment of drainage proposals; Collie Recovery Catchments; especially at West Dale and the West • preparation of information and • Support Teams set up in the Midlands {with AGWEST); decision-support brochures; and Albany and Bunbury offices • rural towns at risk from salinity of the Commission; through the Rural Town Program • coordination of actions for drainage identified in the State Salinity Action • demonstration sites in each management committee; and Plan. Recovery Catchment set up to • potential salinity impact of the Yarra show preferred management; Yarra Lakes on the Moore River. • water management planning under way in four sub-catchments; Protecting the Kent River foreshores • catchment water balance models More than 20 km of the upper reaches Kent Recovery Team chairman and developed for assessment of the of the Kent River and its major local farmer Rob Webb said the impact on stream salinity of proposed tributaries have been fenced and 24 ha program had been well received changes in land management; of foreshore planted to local species in by the local community. • remnant vegetation mapped. a Salinity Action Plan project. Ten farmers participated in the project, Priority areas are being fenced The fencing project is one of several preparing the fence lines for the Green (3380 ha to date) and managed initiated by the Kent Recovery Team in Corps team by installing strainers and according to Agreements; partnership with the Water and Rivers ramming wooden posts. • lucerne established on 375 ha to Commission as part of the Kent Several other farmers erected the reduce groundwater recharge; and Recovery Catchment Program. fences themselves ." • management surveys of the Kent and The project follows a survey of the Water and Rivers Commission Perup rivers. Fencing of the Kent condition of the upper Kent River done program manager Brett Ward said that River is almost complete and 24 ha by Green Skills for the Kent River Land once the remaining IO km of river was of foreshore has been revegetated. Care District Committee (LCDC) and fenced this year, the entire river Salinity Risk Assessment the Water and Rivers Commission that channel of the Upper Kent from identified the state of the river and its This has been a major initiative with the Tenterden to where it enters the forest fringing vegetation. Commission. Achievements include: just south of Muir Highway would be The Green Skills' survey protected from grazing. • completion of hydrogeological mapping recommended fencing and for the Mount Barker - Albany, Mr Ward said agreement had been revegetation to protect and rehabilitate Esperance - Mondrain Island, reached with 19 farmers to fence a the river and riparian vegetation. Ravensthorpe, Newdegate, Bremer Bay, further 23 areas of remnant bush. Collie, Dumbleyung and Pemberton - The Kent Recovery Team provided There are about 218 areas of remnant Irwin Inlet areas and for the whole of fencing materials to the value of $1000 vegetation in the Upper Kent greater Blackwood River catchment; per kilometre and the 24 500 seedlings than IO hectares in size. required for the revegetation. • assessment of airborne geophysical Of the larger and higher value information for the Broomehill, The Water and Rivers Commission remnants, more than 80 per cent had Chapman Valley and Lake Toolibin arranged for a Green Corps team to been fenced already, or were on trial areas; erect the fence and plant the seedlings. properties planted to bluegums.

7 N ew Council announced ( cont from page I) Drainage trial shows "A key element of this is strong representation on the State Salinity significant drop in salinity Council," Mr Cowan said. "The State Salinity Council is fulfilling this important role in leading and supporting Initial investigations by an Agriculture the community in addressing salinity. Western Australia researcher in the South West Irrigation Area have shown "I am very pleased to announce the re­ some startling reductions in salinity appointment of council chairman Alex and waterlogging after installing Campbell and take this opportunity to sub-surface drains. thank him and council members for the tremendous work done in overseeing the Bunbury-based hydrologist Don Bennett development and delivery of the Salinity began a trial on Todd and Joanne Norton's Strategy. dairy property at Benger (in combination with South West Irrigation) in 1998. "We have recognised the importance of including a broad range of interests in Previous trials involving surface delivering the new-look strategy and so drainage, deeper tail drains and trees have expanded on the original council had been generally unsuccessful across structure." the irrigation area. The Council consists of representatives The trial involved installing a combination from the following organisations: of collector pipes and mole drains one metre below the surface, and 40 metres Avon Working Group apart across the irrigation bays. Business in Western Australia, represented by Alcoa World Alumina Australia Half of the 16 ha paddock was drained Conservation Council of Western Australia and half left undrained. Environmental Protection Authority Don said that measurements taken last Environmental Community Group winter showed the effect on soil salinity Greening Australia WA was dramatic, with 11 tonnes per Indigenous representative hectare of salt being removed through Irrigation representative (initially from the the drain over the first winter. South West} The system drained more than 5000 Lands and Forest Commission cubic metres of water per hectare Big reductions in salinity and waterlogging ... National Parks and Nature Conservation (500 mm from 990 mm rainfall). Agriculture Western Australia hydrologist Don Authority Bennet samples runoff at the sub-surface Surface water movement from the drainage trial at Benger. Northern Agriculture Integrated Management drained area was negligible, compared Strategy Group with 388 mm off the undrained section. Oil Mallee Association This showed that the drainage allowed This year, these pastures continued to Pastoralists and Graziers Association rainfall to percolate through the soil, flourish on the drained area. Rural Adjustment and Finance Corporation removing accumulated soil salts along The Nortons have recorded nearly twice Saltland Pastures Association the way. as many grazing days for their 160 milkers Soil and Land Conservation Council The drained area was also much drier on the drained area as the undrained area South Coast Regional Initiative PlanningTeam during winter, and waterlogging during over the irrigation season. South West Catchment Council the summer irrigation cycles was They also commented that pasture on Swan Catchment Council eliminated without any adverse the drained area doesn't seem to show Water and Rivers Commission Board impact on water application. signs of moisture stress as quickly on Western Australian No Tillage Farmers' Improvement in pasture production has the undrained, suggesting that the roots Association been equally impressive, particularly are growing deeper into the soil profile. Western Australian Farmers' Federation during the first summer. Pasture quality has also been Western Australian Municipal Association Normally, soil salinity levels build and consistently higher with both energy Agriculture Western Australia cause severe decline of salt-sensitive and protein content being comparatively Department of Environmental Protection white clover and ryegrass pastures 5 per cent higher at the last sampling. Department of Conservation and Land by late December. Management Water and Rivers Commission

Salinity Council Newsletter - Contributing to W'/l:.s Salinity Action Plan This Salinity Council Newsletter is produced with the support of Alcoa of Australia Limited ~ ALCOA For more information please contact: Don Crawford Executive Officer, State Salinity Council Department of Conservation and PO Box 6740 Hay Street East Perth WA 6892 Department of WAT ER AND RI VERS Land Management Telephone: (08) 9278 0300 Facsimile: (08) 9278 0587 Environmental Protection a>., 1r.11 ss 10N