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Alphabasic USER's MANUAL OWM-00100-01 SOFTWARE MANUAL AlphaBASIC USER'S MANUAL OWM-00100-01 REV. BOO ~alpha ~rnlcro SORWARE MANUAL AlphaBASIC USER'S MANUAL OWM-00100-01 REV.B01 ALPHA BASIC USER'S MANUAL Page ii NOTE: This printing of the manual contains the contents of Change Page Packet #1 for the "AlphaBASIC User's Manual", (DSS-10000-04), which may be ordered separately from Alpha Micro. First Printing: 1977 Second Printing: October 1980 Third Printing: 30 October 1980 'Alpha Micro', 'AMOS', 'AM-100', 'AlphaBASIC', 'AlphaPASCAL', and 'AlphaLISP' are trademarks of ALPHA MICROSYSTEMS Irvine, CA 92714 This book reflects AMOS Versions 4.4 and later ©1980 - ALPHA MICROSYSTEMS , ~:: ,,' ALPHA MICROSYSTEMS" ,,' , ;~ , 17881 Sky Park North ~ Irvine, CA 92714 ALPHA BASIC USER'S MANUAL Page iii Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO ALPHABASIC CHAPTER 2 INTERACTIVE AND COMPILER MODES 2.1 INTERACTIVE MODE ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2-2 2.1.1 Loading, Creating, and Saving BASIC Programs •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2-2 2.1.2 Direct Statements ••••••••••••••••••••• 2-3 2.1.~ Compiling and Running a Program ••••••• 2-4 2.1.3.1 Compiler Options ••••••••••••• 2-5 2.1.4 Debugging Features •••••••••••••••••••• 2-6 2.2 COMPILER MODE •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2-6 2.2.1 Creating a Program •••••••••••••••••••• 2-6 2.2.1.1 Program Form ••••••••••••••••• 2-7 2.2.2 Compiling a Program ••••••••••••••••••• 2-8 2.2.2.1 Compiler Options ••••••••••••• 2-9 2.2.3 Running a Program ••••••••••••••••••••• 2-9 CHAPTER 3 GENERAL INFORMATION 3.1 MULTIPLE STATEMENT LINES ••••••••••••••••••••• 3-1 3.2 CONTINUATION LINES ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3-1 3.3 LINE NUMBERS ••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••• 3-2 3.4 COMMENTS (REM AND "!") ••••••••••••••••••••••• 3-2 3.5 INTERACTIVE MODE DIRECT STATEMENTS ••••••••••• 3-3 3.6 PROGRAM LABELS ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3-3 3.7 MEMORY ALLOCATION •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3-4 ~.8 EXPAND AND NOEXPAND MODES •••••••••••••••••••• 3-4 3.9 LOWER CASE CHARACTERS •••••••••••••••••••••••• 3-4 3.10 LIBRARY SEARCHING •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3-5 CHAPTER 4 ALPHABASIC VARIABLES 4.1 VARIABLE NAMES ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4-1 4.2 NUMERIC VARIABLES •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4-2 4.3 STRING VARIABLES ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4-2 4.4 ARRAY VARIABLES •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4-3 CHAPTER 5 ALPHABASIC EXPRESSIONS 5.1 ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS ••••••••••••••••••••••• 5-1 5.2 OPERATOR PRECEDENCE •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 5-2 5.3 MODE INDEPENDENCE •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 5-2 CHAPTER 6 DATA FORMATS 6.1 FLOATING POINT FORMAT •••••••••••••••••••••••• 6-1 6.2 STRING FORMAT •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 6-2 ALPHA BASIC USER'S MANUAL Page iv 6.3 BINARY FORMAT 6-2 6.4 INTEGER FORMAT 6-3 6.5 UNFORMATTED 6-3 CHAPTER 7 SUBSTRING MODIFIERS 7.1 SUBSTRING MODIFIER FORMATS AND FEATURES •••••• 7-1 CHAPTER 8 MEMORY MAPPING SYSTEM 8.1 ALLOCATING VARIABLE STORAGE 8-1 8.2 MAP STATEMENT FORMAT 8-2 8.2.1 MAP Level ............................. 8-3 8.2.2 Variable Name 8-4 8.2.3 Type Code ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 8-4 8.2.3.1 Unformatted Data ••••••••••••• 8-5 8.2.3.2 String Data •••••••••••••••••• 8-5 8.2.3.~ Floating Point Data •••••••••• 8-5 R.2.~.4 Binary Data •••••••••••••••••• 8-5 8.2.4 Size 8-6 8.2.5 Value 8-6 8.2.6 Origin •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 8-6 8.3 EXAMPLES 8-8 ~.4 USING THE MAP STATEMENTS ••••••••••••••••••••• 8-11 8.5 LOCATING VARIABLES DURING DEBUGGING •••••••••• 8-11 8.5.1 Examples 8-13 CHAPTER 9 INTERACTIVE COMMAND SUMMARY 9.1 BREAK •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 9-2 9.2 BYE 9-2 9.3 COMPILE ...................................... 9-3 9.4 CONT 9-3 9.5 CONTROL-C 9-4 9.6 DELETE 9-4 9.7 LIST 9-5 9.8 LOAD 9-6 9.9 NEW 9-6 9.10 RUN 9-7 9.11 SAVE 9-7 9.12 SINGLE-STEP (LINEFEED) 9-8 CHAPTER 10 PROGRAM STATEMENTS 10.1 ALLOCATE 10-1 10.2 CHAIN 10-1 10.3 CLOSE 10-2 10.4 DIM 10-2 10.5 END 10-3 10.6 FILEBASE 10-3 10.7 FOR, NEXT AND STEP •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 10-4 10.8 GOSUB (OR CALL) AND RETURN •••••••••••••••••• 10-5 10.9 GOTO 10-8 • ALPHA BASIC USER'S MANUAL Page v 10.10 IF, THEN AND ELSE 10-9 10.11 INPUT 10-10 10.12 INPUT LINE 10-12 10.13 KILL 10-13 10.14 LOOKUP ......••..••••..••....•...•••••••••••• 10-13 10.15 LET 10-14 10.16 ON - GOSUB (CALL) 10-14 10.17 ON - GOTO 10-14 10.18 OPEN •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 10-15 10.19 PRINT 10-15 10.20 PRINT USING ••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••• 10-17 10.21 RANDOMIZE ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 10-17 10.22 READ, RESTORE, AND DATA 10-18 10.23 SCALE 10-19 10.24 SIGNIFICANCE 10-1Q 10.25 STOP •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 10-20 10.26 STRSIZ 10-20 10.27 WRITE 10-21 10.28 XCALL 10-21 CHAPTER 11 BASIC FUNCTIONS 11.1 NUMERIC FUNCTIONS 11-1 11.1.1 ABS(X) 11-2 11.1.2 ASC(A) 11-2 11.1.3 EXP(X) 11-2 11.1.4 FACT(X) 11-2 11.1.5 FIX (X) .............................. 11-2 11.1.6 INT(X) 11-2 11.1.7 LOG(X) 11-2 11.1.8 LOG10 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 11-3 11.1.9 RND(X) 11-3 11.1.10 SGN(X) 11-3 11.1.11 SQR(X) 11-3 11.1.12 VAL<A) 11-3 11.2 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS ••••••••••••••••••••• 11-3 11.3 CONTROL FUNCTIONS 11-4 11.3.1 EOF(X) 11-4 11.3.2 ERF(X) 11-4 11.3.3 ERR(X) 11-5 11.3.4 OTHER CONTROL FUNCTIONS ••••••••••••• 11-5 11.4 STRING FUNCTIONS 11-5 11.4.1 ASC(X) .............................. 11-5 11.4.2 CHR$(X) OR CHR(X) ••••••••••••••••••• 11-5 11.4.3 INSTR(X,A$,BS) •••••••••••••••••••••• 11-6 11.4.4 LCS(A$) 11-6 11.4.5 LEFT(A$,X) or LEFT$(A$,X) ••••••••••• 11-6 11.4.6 LEN(AS) 11-6 11.4.7 MID(A$,X,Y) or MID$(A$,X,Y) 11-6 11.4.8 RIGHT(A$,X) or RIGHTS(A$,X) ......... 11-7 11.4.9 SPACE(X) or SPACE$(X) ••••••••••••••• 11-7 11.4.10 STR(X) or STR$(X) ••••••••••••••••••• 11-7 11.4.11 UCS(A$) 11-7 ALPHA BASIC USER'S MANUAL Page vi CHAPTER 12 SYSTEM FUNCTIONS 12.1 BYTE(X) AND WORD(X) 12-1 12.2 DATE •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12-2 12.3 IO<X) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12-2 12.4 MEM (X) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12-2 12.5 TIME •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12-'3 CHAPTER 13 FORMATTING OUTPUT (PRINT USING AND EXTENDED TABS) 13.1 THE USING MODIFIER •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 13-1 13.2 FORMAtTING CHARACTERS ••••••••••••••••••••••• 1'3-2 13.2.1 The \ Symbol (String Fields) •••••••• 13-3 13.2.2 The I Symbol (One-character String Field) •••••••• 13-4 13.2.3 The # Symbol (Numeric Fields) ••••••• 1'3-4 13.2.4 The Period Symbol (Decimal Point) ••• 13-5 13.2.5 The $$ Symbol (Floating Dollar Sign) •••••••••••••• 13-5 13.2.6 The Comma Symbol (Floatinq Commas) •• 13-7 13.2.7 The ** Symbol (Asterisk FiLL) ••••••• 13-7 13.2.8 The Z Symbol (Leading Zeros) •••••••• 13-7 13.2.9 The Minus Symbol (Trailing Minus Sign) ••••••••••••••• 13-8 13.2.10 The AAAA SymboL (ExponentiaL Format) •••••••••••••••• 13-8 13.3 FORMATTING EXAMPLES AND HINTS ••••••••••••••• 13-8 13.4 EXPANDED TAB FUNCTIONS •••••••••••••••••••••• 13-11 CHAPTER 14 SCALED ARITHMETIC 14.1 SCALE ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 14-2 CHAPTER 15 ALPHABASIC FILE I/O SYSTEM 15.1 SEQUENTIAL ASCII FILES 15-2 15.2 RANDOM FILES •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 15-3 15.2.1 LogicaL Records ••••••••••••••••••••• 15-3 15.2.2 BLocking Factor and Record Size ••••• 15-3 15.3 FILE I/O STATEMENTS ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 15-4 15.3.1 OPEN •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 15-6 15.3.2 CLOSE ..•••..•••••••••••••.•••.•••••• 15-7 15.3.3 KILL •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 15-8 15.3.4 LOOKUP ..•..•..•••.•••.•...••.••••••• 15-8 15.3.5 ALLOCATE •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 15-9 15.3.6 FILEBASE •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 15-9 15.3.7 INPUT ..••••.••••••.••••••••.•••••.•• 15-10 15.3.8 INPUT LINE ••••..••••••••••••••••.••. 15-10 15.3.9 PRINT .•••••.••..••...••..••••••.•••• 15-11 15.'3.10 READ •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 15-11 15.3.11 WRITE ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 15-12 15.4 SAMPLE PROGRAM •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 15-12 ALPHA BASIC USER'S MANUAL Page vii CHAPTER 16 CHAINING TO BASIC AND SYSTEM PROGRAMS 16.1 CHAINING TO ANOTHER ALPHABASIC PROGRAM •••••• 16-1 16.2 CHAINING TO SYSTEM FUNCTIONS •••••••••••••••• 16-2 CHAPTER 17 ERROR TRAPPING 17.1 ON ERROR GOTO STATEMENT ••••••••••••••••••••• 17-1 17.2 ERR(X) FUNCTION ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 17-2 17.2.1 Error Codes Returned by ERR ••••••••• 17-2 17.3 RESUME STATEMENT •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 17-~ 17.4 CONTROL-C TRAPPING •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 17-3 17.5 SAMPLE PROGRAMS ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 17-4 CHAPTER 18 CALLING EXTERNAL ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE SUBROUTINES 18.1 REGISTER PARAMETERS ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 18-2 18.2 ARGUMENT LIST FORMAT •••••••••••••••••••••••• 18-3 18.3 FREE MEMORY USAGE ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 18-3 18.4 AUTOMATIC SUBROUTINE LOADING 18-4 CHAPTER 19 USING ISAM FROM WITHIN BASIC 19.1 FILE STRUCTURE •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 19-1 19.2 SYMBOLIC AND RELATIVE KEYS •••••••••••••••••• 19-2 19.3 THE ISAM STATEMENT •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 19-~ 19.3.1 The ISAM Statement Codes •••••••••••• 19-3 19.4 OPENING AN INDEXED FILE ••••••••••••••••••••• 19-5 19.5 READ AND WRITE STATEMENTS ••••••••••••••••••• 19-6 19.6 CLOSING AN INDEXED FILE ••••••••••••••••••••• 19-6 19.7 INDEXED'EXCLUSIVE MODE •••••••••••••••••••••• 19-6 19.8 ERROR PROCESSING •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 19-7 19.8.1 Soft Errors •.•••••••••••••••••••.••• 19-8 19.9 USING INDEXED SEQUENTIAL FILES •••••••••••••• 19-8 19.9.1 Creating an Indexed File •••••••••••• 19-9 19.9.2 Adding Data to an Indexed File •••••• 1q-9 19.9.3 Reading Data Records in Symbolic Key Order •••••••••••••••••• 19-10 19.9.4 Reading Data Records Randomly by Symbolic Key •••••••••••• 19-11 19.9.5 Updating Data Records ••••••••••••••• 19-11 19.9.6 Deleting a Data Record
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