Geopark StyrianEisenwurzen. CzechJournalofTourism, 8(2),143–155.DOI:10.2478/cjot-2019–0009. Gulas, O.,Vorwagner, E.M.,&Pásková,M.(2020).From theOrchard totheFullBottle:OneofGeostoriesNature & 2 1 e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] JEL classification:L83 geopark, geotourism,,protected area, nature park,orchard, Eisenwurzen Keywords ABC interpretive conceptcanaffect allthat inasynergicway. conservation and geoheritage interpretation, and that the application of participatory management and the to both contribute can production local traditional the that shows It attraction. touristic and visibility its raise to as well resourcesas natural and geoheritage local the protect to people local involving is Eisenwurzen Styrian differentNaturepresentsOn the Geopark study style. and how life case local this examples, the as well as fauna and flora local the determinates area the of geology the sure, For culture. their and people local the supporting Oliver Gulas Styrian Eisenwurzen One oftheGeostoriesNature&Geopark From theOrchardtoFullBottle: sses, proce- and phenomena geological the interpreting and presenting of just consists not does mission A geopark Abstract University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic Czech Králové, Hradec Králové, Hradec of University Management, and Informatics of , Faculty and Recreology of Department Gallen, St. Eisenwurzen, Styrian Geopark and Nature but it also includes conservation and sustainable use of the natural resources as well as understanding and 1 /EvaMariaVorwagner 1 /MartinaPásková (143—155)

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Introduction In recent years, tourism has been drawn increasing attention on geoheritage, develop- ing various forms of so-called geotourism (e.g. Farsani et al., 2011; Dowling, 2013; Ren, Simonson, & Pan, 2013 or Pásková & Zelenka, 2018). At the same time, the forms of his discovering, interpretation, valuation, classification and interconnection with other phe- nomena on the Earth’s surface are expanding. The original attention paid to the unique and visually interesting geological phenomena like e.g. deep canyons, high mountains, caves, etc. (e.g. Chen, Lu, & Ng, 2015; Ruban, 2017) is increasingly supplemented by explanation, interpretation (Necheş, 2016) and understanding of other subtler geologi- N O T E S cal phenomena. These phenomena (rock outcrops, faults, layers of sedimentary rocks, etc.) are also evidence of the complex geological development of the Earth. The value of geological phenomena for geotourism is carefully evaluated (e.g. Pereira, Pereira, & Caetano Alves, 2007; Kubalíková, 2013). Consideration is also given to the relationship between the geological subsoil and other phenomena on the Earth’s surface. Since the turn of the millennium, the concept of geotourism has been introduced for various man- ifestations of a more comprehensive form of tourists’ acquaintance with geoheritage. Geoparks include significant entities for creating geotourism activities and for activat- ing local people in creating a relationship to the geoheritage and everything related to it. There are two basic types – not certified geoparks and certified (e.g. Chen, Lu, & Ng, 2015) national geoparks. Geoparks are associated in national (e.g. JGN, 2020; Canadian National Committee, 2018), continental (European – EGN, 2020; Asian Pacific – APGN, 2020; Latin American and Caribbean – GeoLAC Network, 2020; African), and global networks with the aims of cooperation and quality management. In recent years, ge- oparks have become a very dynamic form of accessibility and interpretation (e.g. Ren, Simonson, & Pan, 2013; Dowling, 2013; Necheş, 2016) not only of geoheritage but also of all biotic, cultural and social phenomena associated with it (Figure 1; see concept ABC – Abiotic – Biotic – Cultural, Dowling, 2013 or Pásková & Zelenka, 2018). Geoparks offer wide spectrum of geoproducts (e.g. Farsani et al., 2011), and geotourism activities. Visi- tors to geoparks are particularly interested in viewpoint geosites, which are according to Migoń and Pijet-Migoń (2017) “locations which allow for unobstructed observation of the surrounding landscape“. Geoparks are operated by different forms of management, frequently in connection to the different forms of landscape protection. Among typical combinations belong geopark joint to landscape protected area, national park, or natural park. Financing of geoparks operation and development relies substantially on active fundraising (local, regional, national, and transnational, both private and public resources). Geopark activi- ties are based on co-operation of geopark management with different tourism actors and other local and regional partners. This article describes a case study of participative management in The Nature and Geopark Styrian Eisenwurzen, analyses the way and effects of involvement of local farm- ers and local people. This local participation is framed and intensified by the on-going project “From the orchard to the full bottle.”

144 | CZECH JOURNAL OF TOURISM 02 / 2019 | (143—155) tourism, i.e.tourism focused onactive discovering heritage. oftheEarth courses (Dowling & Newsome, 2006). As result, a geoparks training are offering geo- sustainable high-quality and jobs new enterprises, local innovative creating are geoparks the development, regional this With 2020). (UNESCO, regions the with identification their strengthen to geoparks the in involved getting are people local the addition, In disasters). natural of impactreducing the or change planetclimate dynamic (e.g. the of toheritage gain awareness and of understanding key issues facing society in the context (2020), the authorities use geoheritage in connection with the area’s natural and cultural tourism (Pásková, 2012; Dowling, 2013; Dowling &Newsome, 2006). sustainable for a base as development sustainable and education protection, are goals areas geographical managed, where visitors systematically can find and unique, sites of international geological are significance. Main Geoparks Global UNESCO Geopark asaconceptofsustainableliving Theoretical basis Source: Pásková(2014),inspiredbyDowling(2013) Figure 1 However, geoparka is not only about geology. According to Global Geoparks Network 0MJWFS(VMBT&WB.BSJB7PSXBHOFS.BSUJOB1ÈTLPWÈt ABC concept (143—155) From theOrchard totheFullBottle:OneofGeostories...

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In 2004, 17 European and 8 Chinese Geoparks came together to form the Global Ge- oparks Network. Nowadays this Network has 161 members in 44 countries (Global Ge- oparks Network, 2020). “They have become an increasingly important tool for UNESCO to engage Member States and their communities in the Earth Sciences and geoheritage. During the 38th session of UNESCO’s General Conference in 2015, the 195 Member States of UNESCO ratified the creation of a new label, the UNESCO Global Geoparks” (Global Geoparks Network, 2020).

Austrian concept of a Nature Park N O T E S The core of any Nature Park is always a protected landscape. People usually shaped this landscape over centuries through farming or timber industries. Therefore, this means a Nature Park is not only an area with an intact landscape; it can also include alpine or orchard meadows, for example. In addition, these landscapes can have a high biodiver- sity. The protection and promotion of biological diversity is a particular concern of the Nature Parks in Austria. This means the 48 Austrian Nature Parks protect a variety of landscapes, which are characterized by their natural and cultural heritage and a wide range of possibilities to experience nature. The total area of all Austrian Nature Parks is up to 500,000 ha (6% of Austria total area; VNÖ, 2020). The main objective of Nature Parks is the landscape protection in connection with their sustainable use. This includes four main tasks within the nature parks (VNÖ, 2020)

t &OWJSPONFOUBMQSPUFDUJPO t &EVDBUJPO t 3FHJPOBMEFWFMPQNFOU t 5PVSJTN They play all together an important role to strengthen the Nature Park itself, to in- volve local communities and visitors and to protect unique landscapes for the future generations.

The Nature and Geopark Styrian Eisenwurzen case study The basic characteristics of The Nature and Geopark Styrian Eisenwurzen The Styrian Eisenwurzen UNESCO Global Geopark is located in the northern part of Upper , so to say, in the heart of Austria, where the three federal states of Lower Austria, Upper Austria and Styria form common borders. The Nature and Geopark cov- ers an area of 586 square kilometres and spreads over the municipalities of Altenmarkt, , St. Gallen and (Figure 2).

146 | CZECH JOURNAL OF TOURISM 02 / 2019 | (143—155) Figure 2 Geographical map of The Nature and Geopark Styrian Eisenwurzen 0MJWFS(VMBT&WB.BSJB7PSXBHOFS.BSUJOB1ÈTLPWÈt (143—155) From theOrchard totheFullBottle:OneofGeostories...

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Source: NUP Eisenwurzen, E.C.O. 02 /2019

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The area surrounding the Styrian Erzberg mine is called Eisenwurzen. Originally, the term was limited to the ore deposit. However, in the 18th century, it spread out to all areas processing iron in a larger radius. In addition to the Erzberg mine, smaller de- posits became accessible, such as the Arzberg near Wildalpen, which is also part of the Nature and Geopark. Apart from the iron, charcoal and hydropower provided the basis for numerous hammer mills in the region. So-called “lords in charge of a hammer mill” (Hammerherren), charcoal burners and raftsmen had a huge influence on the region during the golden age of the Eisenwurzen in the 15th and 16th century (Gulas & Koll- man, 2016). The ore mined at the Styrian Erzberg at that time was processed into high-

N O T E S quality precious products. Starting in 1860, this industry came to a standstill because of the increasing industrialization, the extensive deforestation and the resulting enormous price rise of charcoal as an important raw material (Gulas & Kollmann, 2016). This resulted in a massive emigration, which reached its peak in the 1980s, as many of the leading companies of the region moved or closed their production. The founding of the Nature Park in 1996 was a reaction to this development. New guiding principles were based on the following idea: A positive impact on the landscape, the nature and the can only be achieved through a combination of nature protection measures, educational and tourism facilities as well as regional development. An important step in the right direction was the admission of the Nature Park in the European Geoparks Network in 2002, today’s component of the Global Geopark Network.

Landscape, vegetation and agriculture Forested mountains, cultivated landscapes in broad valleys, villages on river terraces and deeply incised rivers surrounded by the Limestone Mountains of the Hochschwab and the Gesäuse are among the basic characteristics of the region. Considering the natural and climatic conditions, grassland agriculture with dairy farming and forest manage- ment are predominant. Meadows with fields and orchards are characteristic of the culti- vated landscape in the valleys. Forests can only be found at locations, which are unsuit- able for agricultural use, such as steep slopes. The forest constitutes a main element of the nature and geopark. Spruce forests, spruce-fir forests and spruce-fir-beech forests are the dominating forest types. The oc- currence of pinewood forests is particularly important to highlight. At the end of the ice age, pinewood was the main forest type of the region. Today this type of forest is known as a so-called “relict habitat”. Mountain pastures are part of a mountain farmer’s cul- tural landscape. They were once very common. Nardus Stricta (Bürstlingsrasen) is a typical form of vegetation for mountain pastures. Nardus Stricta includes veratrum album “Almampfer”, mountain arnica, aconitum napellus and carlina acauli. The of the Nature Park’s alpine zone is especially varied. This zone can be characterised as a variation of crevice vegetation, a vegetation of rubble corridors, alpine meadows, and a vegetation of prostrate shrub and mountain pine. Primula auricula, also called “Petergstamm” in colloquial language, is a typical plant of the limestone alpine region (Figure 3).

148 | CZECH JOURNAL OF TOURISM 02 / 2019 | (143—155) ers share their objectives and gain awareness as we andcultivated landscape. Finally, the inhabitants cannot only preserve the geoheritage; it can also w expensivemanyandmore issues figureto out. Howeve ketis very hard in the Austrian food industry, har levels, and gain awareness about the resources in t Geopark,pres of logos using arecellar the in They enceand taste their products. In addition, this me productsfor commercial sale. They also attract loc onebest practice examples as they have been one of evenrareandlostvarieties.with “Veitlbauer”The Geopark’s cultivatedlandscape. The variety ofappl feeling,contextdifferentof levelsin on farmers etc. This case study describes and explains how Geo suc food local the producethey and land-usetional farm local by formedmanagement,Geopark ofnetwork Eisenwurzen(furt StyrianGeopark andNature the In Co-operation asabasicprinciple Source: H.Kollmann Figure 3 0MJWFS(VMBT&WB.BSJB7PSXBHOFS.BSUJOB1ÈTLPWÈt Typical flora“Petergstamm“intheStyrianEisenwurzen (143—155) From theOrchard totheFullBottle:OneofGeostories... ofthe Geopark and especially the farm- vestas well as fruit tree pruning can be that the orchards are the main part of part main orchardstheare the that he Geopark. The competition and mar- ork together for conservation of nature anslocal value added for the Geopark. ll as attention of visitors. – Cidercellarexperienceand– is farm alpeople andvisitors tocome, experi-

esand pears are very rich inGeopark | | park activities strengthen the orchard CZECH JOURNAL OF TOURISM TOURISM OF JOURNAL CZECH enting it and all region on differentonregion all and itenting the first ones using apple and pears h as beef, cheese, fruit juice, cider juice, fruit cheese,beef, as h hermore “Geopark”) the partner the“Geopark”) hermore r,withthisnetwork, Geoparkthe ers. They participate on tradi- on participateThey ers. 02 /2019

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Why the orchard project? Cultivation fruits in the orchards has a long history in the Styrian Eisenwurzen. ( capital of the district Liezen in upper Styria) hosted the first fruit plantation of the monarchy, more than 100 years ago. Many of the historical types of fruits grown there still found the basis of fruit varieties, cultivated today in the Geopark. Generally, meadow orchards are still significant for the local economy and especially for the tour- ism of the area. As mentioned before these meadows are special landscape features within the Eisenwurzen area. Now over 4800 apple and pear trees have been mapped and over 120 cultivars of these fruits have been determined. Furthermore, they are espe- N O T E S cially valuable as a habitat for native species of plants and animals as traditional orchards represent the real havens for . They offer both food and shelter to thousands of species, some of which have high conservation priority. However, in recent years, the challenges of protecting and using meadow orchards have become increasingly difficulties, since the management of this area means a lot of work and efforts. Therefore, this type of landscape has become an endangered element of the countryside. In order to preserve this valuable resource of the region the Geopark started with a three-year project called “Meadow orchard of the Nature- and Geopark Styrian Eisenwurzen”. The Austrian federal government, Styrian regional government and the European Union support financially this project. By means of various measures, the unique orchards are well maintained for posterity. In cooperation with the associa- tion “Arche Noah”, the orchards and the types of fruits are inventoried within a digital fruit database. Thus, every fruit tree could be given its own information (e.g. variety, location, age, size) in the future. In addition, the cooperating association “Arche Noah” determines classifications of the fruit species. The results show, that in some areas of the Styrian Eisenwurzen very old and rare fruit species can be found. Therefore, the project also tries to conserve ancient and rare species by growing them in a so-called “gene- protection-garden”. This garden is open for the public to learn more about the apple and pear trees. Hence, valuable contributions to the preservation are being made by this project, because planting new trees is just as important as retaining old ones and it will ensure a succession of habitats for a variety of species. Planting young trees ensures continuity over time to help provide a stable habitat. In addition to the professionally guided “gene-protection-garden”, there is also the possibility for residents to purchase fruit trees for their own garden. The Geopark is also trying to support local SME’s to increase local value. An orchard meadow means work for every farmer or everybody all year round. In this case, the founded project focuses as well on three tasks: “Plant – Cultivate – Harvest”. In the Ge- opark, these meadows represent an important landscape feature, which is intended to be conserved for the future. With local farmers and the Austrian Federal Forests, who own a larger land area within the Geopark, the Geopark management facilitates the selling and planting local rare apple and pear trees. The Geopark team created a local outlet for sale of these cultivars. Cultivation is important also for high yields and healthy trees. In both cases, the Geopark is supported by a tree nursery and small local businesses (e.g.

150 | CZECH JOURNAL OF TOURISM 02 / 2019 | (143—155) tions. Especially, the “gene-protection-garden” combines a biodiversity topic with public and history. attracts local inhabitants and tourists to visit the geopark area and understand its nature it that is feature landscape this of benefit point important first The meadows.orchard mountains, wild rivers for rafting and kayak, silent forests and evenhigh alpine nature,farmland and intact offer: to a lot has area the means This “Gesaeuse”. region tourism tourism destination is The larger than the Natureareas. and Geopark and National a rural Park is and also within the nature peaceful for looking are tourists areas, urban in living are people more and more As on. so and juice pear juice, apple cider,jam, tion: produc- local the support to is other the trees, fruit traditional local protect to reason people and visitors perceive the area with this landscape typical for decades. This is one local the area, the within feature landscape important an represent meadows these As In many aspects, the orchard meadows in the Geopark are connected with local tourism. Orchard meadowsandtourism (Figureand biodiversity 4). tional regional productionfruit and of the supports local conservation cultural heritage meadowtraditional orchards for are biodiversity. soimportant tures,providecan each and refugea for wildlife, both endangered not.and whyis That fea- and characteristics of setown its has orchard Each species. of range vasta support to niches environmental create and diversity plant the to add types vegetation These parts. its of sum the than more haven a wildlife create they combined on but own, valuable their are habitats these of Each depend. creatures many which upon habitats, different of a mosaic offer orchards traditional that mean streams, and ponds as such featuresassociated and deadwood standing and fallen as well as scrub, and boundaries wide a floor, hedgerow grassland supporting the trees, fruit of combination unique The wildlife. countryside, of range the in biodiversity for hotspots protects also project toare implement successfullytheproject. important relations Therefore,public museums. partner Geopark the of one in opened been has also trainings and workshops. In the year 2017,offers organization a special exhibition on Geopark orchard meadowsthe visibility, and awareness For visibility. and awareness value, added create to interlink beneficial mutually this establish to trying is Geopark The Austria. in nowexpensive very be would harvesting Otherwise place. taking is ing Geopark team gives asylum seekers useful work, and the farmers appreciate that harvest- A cooperation has been established between farmers, Geopark, and asylum seekers. The Geopark municipalities. the within value local great a create should tasks two these future, the In cutters). tree eody wt ti poet h Goak a al t cet nw ihs n attrac- and sights new create to able was Geopark the project this with Secondly, tradi- in continue to assistance professionalprovides Geopark the project, this With Apart from and conservation awareness, the implementation of the meadow orchards orchards. their harvesting when farmers local the supports Geopark the addition, In 0MJWFS(VMBT&WB.BSJB7PSXBHOFS.BSUJOB1ÈTLPWÈt (143—155) From theOrchard totheFullBottle:OneofGeostories...

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Figure 4 Typical orchard meadow in the Styrian Eisenwurzen N O T E S

Source: Stefan Leitner – Gesaeuse

relations and tourism. More such gardens and attractions are planned. Furthermore, the mentioned special exhibition in the partner museum “Spring Water museum” in the municipality Wildalpen supports the partner to attract more visitors to the museum. The museum is promoting the Styrian Eisenwurzen on the other hand. The third positive effect of the cooperation between Geopark and orchard keepers is support given to local economy, based on traditional land-use. In Austria, the most Nature Parks have a partner network of regional producers. Both sides benefit from this network. The farmers or local producers are using the natural resources within the Styr- ian Eisenwurzen to create outstanding products such as goat cheese, herbal teas, wool or beef. In addition, some partners are especially focused on products from orchard meadows. The “Veitlbauer” – Cider cellar and experience farm is one best practice ex- ample (Figure 5). They are working very closely with the management of Geopark and know the importance of orchard meadows for the landscape, biodiversity and to attract tourists. As they represent an experience farm, people are visiting regularly to see how they produce cider or juice. They offer special tours for children or a cider tasting and so on. They benefit from tourism as well as from the Geopark, on the other hand, they are promoting the Geopark area, and its partners.

152 | CZECH JOURNAL OF TOURISM 02 / 2019 | (143—155) Source: StefanLeitner–Gesaeuse Figure 5 a GeoRafting tour the guides are explaining more about the geodiversity, biodiversity biodiversity geodiversity, the about more explaining are guides the tour a GeoRafting training for rafting guides and the promotion is done by the The Geopark companies. team rafting itself. During local with offer geotourism sustainable a product, GeoRafting example confirms this very well. The last years, the Geopark management was inventing One concept. ABC the use to opportunity the management the gives actually This els. pan- information or trails exhibitions, within presentation and content the concerning expertise its with involved is management Geopark The heritage. cultural preserving are castle Gallenstein the or museum Water Spring the and biodiversity about stories telling is AustrianForestrymuseum the region, the of geodiversity the coveringmainly is Gams GeoVillage so-called The concept. ABC the concerning hotspots touristic are there heritage Earth the of interpretation the In sites. different connect to possibility sometimesgivesthe overlappingis diversity.this content but The cultural and diversity coverthey and geodiversity, territory its touristicbio- in main sites the with closely workingvery is team Geopark The environment. cultural and biotic environment, abiotic sectors: three all combine to trying always is management. organization the study case the Eisenwurzenof Besides Styrian the within concept ABC the along forwarded are the main objectives of both labels. This strengthens the way in which actions and projects combine to possibility the has Eisenwurzen Styrian the Geopark, and a Naturepark As Holistic approach tointerpretation 0MJWFS(VMBT&WB.BSJB7PSXBHOFS.BSUJOB1ÈTLPWÈt From theorchardtofullbottle (143—155) From theOrchard totheFullBottle:OneofGeostories...

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and cultural diversity of the landscape along the river and all the region. This example gives also an insight into participatory management realized in the Nature park and Geopark. As mentioned, the partner network is a very strong and help- ful tool to involve local stakeholders on different topics and projects. This network is a ground source for the Geopark to disseminate its values and objectives. As exchange, Nature park and Geopark offer sustainable regional development projects on a local level. Minimum twice a year, an exchange with partners to present current projects of the Nature park and Geopark is realized. They were also involved in the recent five years strategy and management planning. The involvement is very important as it gives

N O T E S the Geopark management a possibility to involve current challenges along , nature and cultural landscape protection, education or geoheritage protection.

Conclusion The present case study shows clearly benefits of an integrated and holistic approach to the geopark development and management. The smart combination of concepts as participatory management, ABC interpretation and traditional production is bringing synergy for the joint Nature Park and Geopark operation and promotion. Especially, the ABC concept proved to be very useful instrument not only for geotouristic interpreta- tion, but also for implementation project interlinking local geoheritage, soil, landscape and geotourism based on the degustation of the local fruits’ products.

References

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