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Brouma, Anthi Dionysia (2013) Watering down divisions in Cyprus: bi‐communal policy networks and water governance in Nicosia. PhD Thesis. SOAS, University of London http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/18059 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. WATERING DOWN DIVISIONS IN CYPRUS: BI-COMMUNAL POLICY NETWORKS & WATER GOVERNANCE IN NICOSIA By Anthi Dionysia Brouma A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) University of London 2013 Declaration I have read and understood regulation 17.9 of the Regulations for students of the School of Oriental and African Studies concerning plagiarism. I undertake that all the material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part by any other person. I also undertake that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of another person has been duly acknowledged in the work which I present for examination. Anthi Dionysia Brouma 2 ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to identify the types of bi-communal water cooperation in Cyprus. The island faces conditions of moderate to severe water scarcity that influences every aspect of daily life; it is impossible to take water out of politics or politics out of the management of water resources. To add to this complexity, the politico-military events of 1974, with the resulting de facto division of the island, have separated the available water resources between two divergent, yet interdependent, entities. Based on evidence of existing and well-functioning bi-communal engagement in the wastewater sector despite the post-1974 political disparities and military hostilities, the thesis identifies and analyses this type of engagement with the threefold objective of: a) Conducting an integrated presentation of conventional water resources management based on information from both sides of the island; b) Examining selected discursive water themes, through which to highlight the value of viewing them through the theoretical lens of policy analysis; and c) Evaluating the applicability of the policy network analytical framework in the case of Cyprus, thus contributing through empirical work to the better understanding and potential further development of the framework. Methodologically, the thesis is based on 55 semi-structured interviews of key stakeholders as the primary source of information, complemented by secondary documentation. The analysis covers the entire island of Cyprus during the post-1974 era up to the summer of 2008, when a new round of official direct bi-communal discussions placed Cyprus into a new political paradigm. The study shows that informal bilateral communication clusters i) emerged in the post- 1974 era in the water sector in the city of Nicosia (shared wastewater treatment and drinking water supply systems), ii) have evolved over time into water policy networks and iii) have spilled-over into the rehabilitation of the old sections of the capital. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT........................................................................................................3 TABLE OF CONTENTS.........................................................................................................4 LIST OF FIGURES...........................................................................................................11 LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................12 LIST OF BOXES..............................................................................................................12 LIST OF PHOTOS............................................................................................................13 GLOSSARY.......................................................................................................14 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................15 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION: SETTING THE STAGE FOR WATER POLICY ANALYSIS IN CYPRUS ..................................................................................................... 16 1. PROLOGUE ............................................................................................. 16 2. RESEARCH QUESTION & OBJECTIVES OF THE THESIS .................... 17 3. SIGNIFICANCE AND ORIGINALITY OF THE THESIS ........................... 19 4. METHODS USED AND SOME CLARIFICATIONS ON TERMINOLOGY 21 5. WHY CYPRUS FOR WATER POLICY ANALYSIS .................................. 22 6. A TALE OF DIVISION: CYPRUS, WATER AND THE FIVE WATER MANAGEMENT PARADIGMS ...................................................................... 23 THE FIVE WATER MANAGEMENT PARADIGMS ................................ 24 THE FIRST WATER MANAGEMENT PARADIGM ............................... 24 CYPRUS & THE FIRST PARADIGM .................................................... 25 THE SECOND WATER MANAGEMENT PARADIGM .......................... 26 CYPRUS & INDUSTRIAL MODERNITY ............................................... 27 REFLEXIVE MODERNITY: 3RD, 4TH & 5TH WATER PARADIGMS ........ 28 CYPRUS IN REFLEXIVE MODERNITY ................................................. 30 WATER PARADIGMS RECONSIDERED ............................................. 32 7. NICOSIA: THE LAST DIVIDED CAPITAL ................................................ 34 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW UP TO INDEPENDENCE ............................ 34 NICOSIA IN THE POST-INDEPENDENCE PERIOD ............................. 39 8. THESIS STRUCTURE ............................................................................. 44 4 CHAPTER II ON THEORETICAL NARRATIVES ................................................................. 46 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 46 2. ON POLICY ANALYSIS ............................................................................. 49 THE RIDDLE OF POLICY ...................................................................... 50 ANALYSIS OF AND ANALYSIS FOR POLICY ...................................... 52 POLICY AND PUBLIC POLICY ............................................................. 54 THE TWO DIMENSIONS OF POLICY ................................................... 56 POLICY COLLECTIVITIES & POLICY SUB-SYSTEMS ........................ 58 STRUCTURE-AGENT DUALITY & STRUCTURATION ......................... 59 POLICY AS (COLLECTIVE) ACTION .................................................... 61 SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONISM (OF POLICY) ....................................... 63 3. CHAPTER EPILOGUE .............................................................................. 65 CHAPTER III ON ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORKS ................................................................ 70 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 70 2. ON POLICY NETWORKS.......................................................................... 71 HOW HAVE POLICY NETWORKS EMERGED ..................................... 71 WHAT IS A POLICY NETWORK? ......................................................... 73 FROM ISSUE NETWORKS TO POLICY COMMUNITIES ..................... 76 ADVOCACY COALITIONS: WHY NOT A MODEL FOR CYPRUS ........ 77 POLICY NETWORKS’ RATIONALE: TWO SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT . 78 TOOL, MODEL OR THEORY? QUALITIES AND SHORTCOMINGS .... 80 SECTION SUMMARY ............................................................................ 84 3. ON (WATER) GOVERNANCE .................................................................. 85 WHAT IS GOVERNANCE? .................................................................... 86 GOVERNANCE AS SELF-ORGANISING NETWORKS ........................ 88 THE EMERGENCE OF WATER GOVERNANCE .................................. 89 DECIPHERING WATER GOVERNANCE .............................................. 92 SUMMARY: AND (WATER) GOVERNANCE IS? .................................. 96 4. ON KNOWLEDGE AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT .......................... 97 UNRAVELLING KNOWLEDGE .............................................................. 98 KNOWLEDGE, KNOWING & THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION ON MEANING ........................................................ 100 FRAMING KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT .......................................... 101 COMMUNITIES OF PRACTICE ........................................................... 104 5 CoP FOR CYPRUS .............................................................................. 106 SECTION SUMMARY .......................................................................... 107 5. CHAPTER EPILOGUE ........................................................................... 108 CHAPTER IV ON METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS ............................................. 111 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................

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