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Structural Analysis of Ernst Tinaja Canyon Focusing on Strike-Slip Faulting and Folding, Big Bend National Park, Texas

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Stephen F. Austin State University SFA ScholarWorks Electronic Theses and Dissertations Spring 5-11-2017 Structural Analysis of Ernst Tinaja Canyon Focusing on Strike-Slip Faulting and Folding, Big Bend National Park, Texas Ryan Robert Silberstorf Stephen F Austin State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/etds Tell us how this article helped you. Repository Citation Silberstorf, Ryan Robert, "Structural Analysis of Ernst Tinaja Canyon Focusing on Strike-Slip Faulting and Folding, Big Bend National Park, Texas" (2017). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 89. https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/etds/89 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Structural Analysis of Ernst Tinaja Canyon Focusing on Strike-Slip Faulting and Folding, Big Bend National Park, Texas Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. This thesis is available at SFA ScholarWorks: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/etds/89 Structural Analysis of Ernst Tinaja Canyon Focusing on Strike-Slip Faulting and Folding, Big Bend National Park, Texas By Ryan Robert Silberstorf, Bachelor of Science Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Stephen F. Austin State University In partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements For the Degree of Masters of Science Stephen F. Austin State University II Structural Analysis of Ernst Tinaja Canyon focusing on Strike-Slip Faulting and Folding, Big Bend National Park , Texas By Ryan Robert Silberstorf, Bachelor of Science Approved: Dr. Chris Barker, Thesis Director Dr. R. LaRell Nielson, Committee Member Dr. Kevin Stafford, Committee Member Dr. Joseph Satterfield, Committee Member Dr. Joseph Musser, Committee Member Richard Berry, D.M.A Dean of the Graduate School III Abstract Basement and cover rocks in the Sierra Del Carmen Mountains in eastern Big Bend National Park were affected by multiple tectonic events. The Big Bend/Trans-Pecos area experienced shearing during Precambrian formation of the Texas Lineament, compression during the Paleozoic Ouachita-Marathon Orogeny and the Cretaceous-early Tertiary Laramide Orogeny, Tertiary volcanism, and Basin and Range extension. The study area is in Big Bend National Park on the western slopes of the Sierra Del Carmen range at Ernst Tinaja, an erosional pothole in the Cretaceous Buda Limestone. The pothole is in a narrow slot canyon that also features intense folds in thin, flaggy strata of the overlying Boquillas Formation. The complex geology of the Sierra Del Carmen region has been regionally mapped but is lacking in published detailed geologic maps, making this an interesting location for geologic reinvestigation focused on the structural geology of the area. This study presents field data for numerous structures in the study area including folds, normal and thrust faults and a previously unmapped, large dextral strike-slip fault, with associated negative flower structure. Theories for the mechanisms and kinematics of deformation are discussed and a model is presented for the overall tectonic history of the area based on field evidence. Orientations of faults, folds, slickenlines, chatter marks, and fault-juxtapositions of formations were measured. Normal fault mean trends were found to be N16°W, 63°SW and NE, thrust faults mean trends were found to have a mean trend of N19°W, 45°SW. Strike-slip faults mean trends in the study area are N9°W, 70°SW and NE. i Fold axial planes in the study area have a mean strike and dip of N13°W, 71°NE and SW, and bedding in the study area is consistent and trends N25°W, 24°SW. Prominent horizontal slickenlines support the interpretation of strike-slip fault in the N-S trending portion of Ernst Canyon. Three interpretations of the structural evolution of the study area were developed. The first interpretation is that right-lateral movement indicators in the N-S trending canyon were created by dextral strike-slip movement associated with the Basin and Range. This movement reactivated Laramide sinistral strike-slip fault. The second interpretation states the N-S canyon is part of a relay ramp, connecting two en-echelon Basin and Range normal faults. The third interpretation is a combination of the first and second interpretations, and theories that a sinistral strike-slip fault was created during the Laramide Orogeny, Basin and Range normal faults and relay ramps developed next and a late pulse of strike-slip movement during the Basin and Range reactivated the Laramide sinistral strike-slip fault, but with a dextral shear sense. ii Acknowledgements Dr. Chris A. Barker supervised and reviewed this thesis project (2017) at Stephen F. Austin State University and helped with field support for this work and provided many useful discussions concerning this study. Robert Schoen, Cole Hendrickson, Jensen Angelloz are also greatly appreciated for their help and field assistance during the field work portion of this study. This study was supported in part by two departmental scholarships from the Stephen F. Austin State University geology department, and by the Shreveport Geological Society A.W. and Tweatie Scarborough Baird Scholarship. I would like to thank the National Parks Service and Big Bend National Parks Services for allowing me with their kind permission to conduct this research in Big Bend with research permit #BIBE-2015-SCI-0055. I am grateful to Richard Allmendinger from Cornell University for his Stereonet 9 and Trishear deformation programs. I am also grateful for the comradery and friendships that I have gained while at SFA with Robert Schoen, Jensen Angelloz, Cole Hendrickson, Jonathan Woodard and Garrett Williamson. We have all helped motivate and encourage one another during our time at SFA. Great appreciation is given to my family, especially my parents Bruce and Cheri Silberstorf for their motivation and support during this study. iii Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgments ................................................................................................ iii Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 Chapter 2 Objectives ............................................................................................... 6 Chapter 3 Methods ................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 4 Stratigraphy ........................................................................................... 11 Paleozoic Stratigraphy ................................................................... 11 Mesozoic ....................................................................................... 13 Glen Rose Formation ........................................... 13 Maxon and Telephone Canyon Formation .......... 14 Del Carmen Formation ........................................ 14 Sue Peaks Formation ........................................... 16 Santa Elena Formation ......................................... 16 Del Rio Clay ....................................................... 18 Buda Formation ................................................. 22 Boquillas Formation ........................................... 23 Pen-Aguja-Javelina Formation ........................... 27 Cenozoic .................................................................................... 28 Tertiary Volcanism .................................................................... 29 Chapter 5 Regional Geology/Geologic history ........................................................ 31 Precambrian History ...................................................................... 31 Ouachita-Marathon orogeny .......................................................... 37 Mesozoic rifting ............................................................................. 42 Laramide Orogeny ......................................................................... 44 Tertiary Volcanism ........................................................................ 49 Basin and Range ........................................................................... 51 Chapter 6 Results ..................................................................................................... 56 iv Deformation of the Boquillas Formation ..................................... 59 Deformation of the Buda Formation ............................................ 72 Deformation/Alteration of the Del Rio Clay ................................ 76 Deformation of the Santa Elena Formation ................................. 78 Strike-slip faulting ........................................................................ 82 Large Scale Deformation .............................................................. 82 Normal Faults ................................................................................ 83 Strike-slip faults ............................................................................. 85 Thrust Faults ................................................................................... 92 Chapter 7 Discussions ............................................................................................
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