Initial Environmental Examination

November 2011

IND: Bihar State Highways II Project – Additional Financing

(SH-87: Runnisaidpur - Bhiswa Subproject)

Prepared by Bihar State Road Development Corporation Limited for the Asian Development Bank.

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 30 November 2011) Currency unit – Indian rupee (Rs) INR1.00 = $0.0192104505 $1.00 = INR52.055000

ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank BSHPII- – Bihar State Highways Project II- Additional Financing AF BSRDC – Bihar State Road Development Corporation Ltd. BSPCB – Bihar State Pollution Control Board CGM – Chief General Manager CPCB – Central Pollution Control Board CRRI – Central Road Research Institute DoE – Department of Environment DFO – District Forest Officer DGM – Deputy General Manager DPR – Detailed Project Report EA – Executing Agency EFRC – Environment Friendly Road Construction EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment EMP – Environmental Management Plan EMoP – Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan EO – Environmental Officer GDP – Gross Domestic Product GoI – Government of India GoB – Government of Bihar GRC – Grievance Redressal Mechanism IEE – Initial Environmental Examination IMD – Indian Meteorological Department INR – Indian Rupees IPP – Indigenous Peoples Plan IRC – Indian Road Congress MDRs – Major District Roads MoEF – Ministry of Environment and Forests MoSRTH – Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways MSL – Mean Sea Level NGO – Non Government Organization NH – National Highway NOx – Oxides of Nitrogen NSDP – Net State Domestic Product PCU – Passenger Car Unit PIU – Project Implementation Unit PPEs – Personal Protective Equipments PWD – Public Works Department R and R – Resettlement and Rehabilitation ROB – Road Over Bridge ROW – Right of Way RCD – Road Construction Department

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Rs. – Indian Rupees RSPM – Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter RP – Resettlement Plan SC – Supervision Consultant SH – State Highway SO2 – Sulphur Dioxide SPM – Suspended Particulate Matter SPS – ADB‟s Safeguard Policy Statement SOI – Survey of India SPCB – State Pollution Control Board TA – Technical Assistance TCS – Typical Cross Section TOR – Terms of Reference UNDP – United Nation Development Program

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Km – kilometer M – meter

NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Executive summary ...... I

1. Introduction ...... 1 1.1. Project Background/Rationale ...... 1 1.2. Executing Agency ...... 1 1.3. Technical Assistance for Environmental Safeguard ...... 1 1.4. Purpose of the Study ...... 2 1.5. Extent of IEE ...... 2 1.6. IEE Content ...... 2 1.7. Methodology ...... 2 1.7.1. Information/ data Sources ...... 3 1.7.2. Public Consultation ...... 4

2. Policy, Legal, and Administartive Framework ...... 5 2.1. Country’s Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements for the Project...... 5 2.2. Environmental Clearance Process ...... 6

3. Description of the Subproject ...... 8 3.1. Project Location ...... 8 3.2. Category of the Project ...... 8 3.3. Need for the Subproject ...... 8 3.4. Existing and Projected Traffic ...... 8 3.5. Characteristics of the Existing Road ...... 9 3.6. Key Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Activities ...... 11 3.7. Subproject Implementation Schedule and Cost ...... 15

4. Description of the Environment ...... 16 4.1. Physical Environment ...... 16 4.1.1. Meteorology and Climate ...... 16 4.1.2. Natural Hazards ...... 16 4.1.3. Air and Noise Quality ...... 19 4.1.3.1 Air Quality ...... 19 4.1.3.2 Noise Level ...... 20 4.1.4. Landforms/Physiography and Topography ...... 20 4.1.5. Geology ...... 20 4.1.6. Soil ...... 20 4.1.7. Land use ...... 21 4.1.8. Groundwater ...... 21 4.1.8.1 Occurrence and Yield ...... 21 4.1.8.2 Groundwater Quality ...... 22 4.1.9. Surface water Resources ...... 22 4.1.9.1 River System/Hydrology and Water bodies along the Road ...... 22 4.1.9.2 Surface Water Quality ...... 23 4.2. Ecological Resources ...... 24 4.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology ...... 24

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4.2.1.1 Forests ...... 24 4.2.1.2 Wild Life and Protected Areas ...... 24 4.2.1.3 Road Side Plantations ...... 25 4.2.2. Aquatic Ecology ...... 26 4.3. Economic Development ...... 26 4.3.1. Industries ...... 26 4.3.2. Infrastructure Facilities ...... 27 4.3.2.1 Water Supply ...... 27 4.3.2.2 Transportation ...... 27 4.3.2.3 Power Sources and Availability ...... 27 4.3.2.4 Agriculture ...... 27 4.3.2.5 Mineral Resources ...... 28 4.3.2.6 Tourism ...... 28 4.4. Social and Cultural Resources ...... 28 4.4.1. Population and Communities ...... 28 4.4.2. Health Facilities ...... 29 Source: Bihar through Figures, 2007 ...... 29 4.4.3. Literacy ...... 29 Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics ...... 30 4.4.4. Occupational Status and Migration ...... 30 4.4.5. Current use of lands and resources for traditional purposes by Indigenous Peoples 31 4.4.6. Structures or sites of historical, archaeological, paleontological, or architectural significance ...... 31 4.4.6.1 Areas of Eco-Sensitivity/Protected Area/Restricted Area legislative and others 31

5. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and its Mitigation Measures ...... 32 5.1. Impact on Physical Environment ...... 32 5.1.1. Climate ...... 32 5.1.2. Natural Hazard ...... 33 5.1.3. Air Quality ...... 33 5.1.4. Noise...... 35 5.1.5. Impact on Land and Soil ...... 37 5.1.5.1 Loss of Productive Soil and Change in Land use ...... 37 5.1.5.2 Soil Erosion ...... 37 5.1.5.3 Borrow Areas and Quarries ...... 38 5.1.5.4 Compaction and Contamination of Soil ...... 39 5.1.6. Groundwater ...... 40 5.1.7. Impact on Surface Water Bodies ...... 41 5.1.8. Siltation and Surface Water Quality of rivers and other water bodies ...... 41 5.1.9. Hydrology and Drainage ...... 42 5.2. Impact on Biological Environment ...... 44 5.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology ...... 44 5.2.2. Aquatic Ecology ...... 46 5.3. Management of Construction Debris/Waste ...... 46 5.4. Socioeconomic Impact ...... 47 5.4.1. Positive Impacts ...... 47 5.4.2. Anticipated Negative Impacts ...... 47 5.4.2.1 Impacts due to Construction Camp and Immigration of Workers ...... 48

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5.4.2.2 Safety of Construction Workers and Accident Risk to Local Community 49 5.4.3. Obstruction and Disruption of Traffic ...... 51 5.4.4. Transports and Storage of Materials ...... 51 5.4.4.1 Impact on Land and Private Properties ...... 51 5.4.4.2 Impact on Common Property Resources ...... 52

6. Public Consultation and Information Disclosure ...... 53 6.1. Consultation Method and Information Disclosed ...... 53 6.2. Compliance with Relevant Regulatory Requirements ...... 53 6.2.1. Consultation with Executing Agency ...... 53 6.2.2. Consultation with other Government Departments ...... 53 6.2.3. Beneficiaries‟ Comments...... 55 6.2.4. Consultation with NGOs and Key Informants ...... 57 6.3. Integration of Comments into the IEE ...... 57 6.4. Public Disclosure...... 58

7. EnvironmEntal Management plan and grievance addressal mechanism ...... 60 7.1. Environmental Management Plan ...... 60 7.1.1. Other Mitigation Plans ...... 60 7.1.1.1 Indigenous Peoples Plan (IPP): ...... 60 7.1.1.2 Resettlement Plan ...... 60 7.1.1.3 Emergency Response Plan ...... 60 7.2. Environmental Monitoring Program (EMoP) ...... 60 7.2.1. Performance Indicators and monitoring schedule ...... 61 7.2.2. Reporting Mechanism for Environmental Monitoring Program ...... 61 7.3. Institutional Setting and Proposed Implementation Arrangement ...... 61 7.3.2. Institutional Capacity Building ...... 63 7.4. Grievance Redressal Mechanism ...... 65

8. Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 66 8.1. Conclusions ...... 66 8.2. Recommendations ...... 67

List of Tables Table 1.1 : Road Sections under BSHIIP-AF ...... 1 Table 1.2 : Primary and Secondary Information Sources ...... 3 Table 2.1 : Permissions/Clearances Required for the Subproject ...... 5 Table 3.1 : Present Traffic Volume at Selected Locations ...... 9 Table 3.2 : Total Projected Traffic at Baligarah Chawk (Km 2.600) ...... 9 Table 3.3 : Total Projected Traffic at Pariharpur (Km 56.900) ...... 9 Table 3.4 : Existing pavement condition and carriage way width ...... 10 Table 3.5 : Summary of Geometric Improvements ...... 12 Table 3.6 : Details of Bypasses/Realignments ...... 13 Table 3.7 : Some of the Identified Borrow Areas ...... 15 Table 4.1 : Average Annual Rainfall (mm) in the Project Districts ...... 16 Table 4.2 : Ambient Air Quality along the Project Corridor ...... 19 Table 4.3 : Noise Level in dB (A) Along the Project Corridor ...... 20 Table 4.4 : Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Soil in the Project Area ...... 21

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Table 4.5 : Land use (in %) within 100m of the Sub- Project Corridor ...... 21 Table 4.6 : Groundwater Quality Along the Project Road ...... 22 Table 4.7 : List of Rivers/Water Bodies along the Alignment ...... 23 Table 4.8 : Surface Water Quality in the Project Area ...... 24 Table 4.9 : List of Trees within proposed Corridor ...... 25 Table 4.10 : Demographic Profile of the State and the Project Districts ...... 29 Table 4.11 : Healthcare Facilities in the State and Project Districts ...... 29 Table 4.12 : Literacy Rate in the State and the Project Districts ...... 29 Table 4.13 : Main Workers and its Distribution under Various Category ...... 30 Table 4.14 : Type of Workers among Various Categories ...... 30 Table 5.1 : Some Noise- Sensitive Receptors along the Alignment ...... 35 Table 5.2 : List of religious structures very close/within corridor ...... 52 Table 6.1 : Summary of Consultation Held with Government Departments...... 54 Table 6.2 : Consultations with Local Community ...... 55 Table 7.1 : Roles and Duties of Implementing Agency/Organisations ...... 62 Table 7.2 : Training and Awareness Programmes ...... 63

List of Figures Figure 2.1 : Environmental Clearance procedure ...... 7 Figure 3.1 : Typical cross section of standard 2-lane ...... 11 Figure 4.1 : Flood-prone areas of Bihar ...... 18 Figure 4.2 : Multi Hazard Zone Map of Bihar ...... 19 Figure 7.1 : Proposed Structure for EMP/EMOP Implementation ...... 63

List of Appendix Appendix 3.1 : Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist ...... i Appendix 5.1 : Guidelines for Borrow Areas Management ...... vii Appendix 7.1 : Environmental Management Plan (SH-87: Runnisaidpur – Bhiswa) ...... xi Appendix 7.2 : Monitoring Plan for the Performance Indicators ...... 30 Appendix 7.3 Sample Site Environmental Compliance Inspection and Monitoring Form 33 Appendix 7.4 Outline of Project Environmental Progress and Monitoring Report ...... 37 Appendix 7.5 Guidelines for Services of a Contractor/NGO for Tree Plantating - Terms of Reference ...... xxxix

List of Maps Map 1: Road Sections under BSHP I, II and BSHIIP-AF ...... g Map 2: Location Map of SH-87 Sub- Project ...... h

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Map 1: Road Sections under BSHP I, II and BSHIIP-AF

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Map 2: Location Map of SH-87 Subproject

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. Description of the Project. Poor quality of the road infrastructure is one of the major factors constraining the socioeconomic development of Bihar. Rapid development and strengthening of the road network will sustain the accelerating economic development of the state, enabling it to move from being dependent on subsistence farming to focusing on market-oriented agriculture and tourism. Since Bihar is the third most populous and poorest state in fast-growing India, development of the state is equally important for the country‟s goal of regionally balanced growth. 2. Comprehending the above fact, Government of Bihar (GOB) has decided to improve the deteriorated key state highways with soft loan assistance from Asian Development Bank (ADB). Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing will be third loan assistance to GOB for improving four road sections aggregating approximately 254 km after already negotiated BSHIP (820 km) and BSHIIP (354 km) which are under implementation. 3. Description of the Subproject. The subproject road section (SH-87) is located in Sitamarhi district of Bihar state. It starts from Runnisaidpur at its junction with NH-77 and terminates at Bhiswa. The total length of the subproject road is 67.775 km Design length is 67.400 km The subproject road connects two national highways; NH-77 and NH-104. It is lifeline for a large number of rural population providing connectivity two major towns of Sitamarhi and Muzzafarpur. Presently, the road is predominantly in very poor condition and remains submerged frequently during monsoon season causing several problems in accessibility to social and physical infrastructure. The improved road condition will serve as an all weather, economical, and hassle free connectivity to a significant population resuscitating the rural economy 4. The subproject will upgrade the existing single/intermediate lane road into 2-lane with 1.5 m paved and 1.0 m earthen shoulders with improved road geometry, proper and adequate embankment, rehabilitated and new bridges, adequate cross drainage structures and side drains, improved junctions/intersections, safety installations, and other way side amenities. 5. The project road passes through highly congested areas like Pupri, Sursand, Parihar, Bishanpur and Khairwa. Bypass/realignment has been proposed at these locations to avoid resettlement impacts. Bypasses/realignments are proposed at (i) km 23.950 to km 26.300, (ii) km 45.900 – km 48.920, (iii) km 56275 – km 58.700, (iv) km 63325- km 64.850 and (v) km 65500 – km 67. There is one level crossing at km 25.500. Rail over bridge has been provided at this location. 6. The subproject is classified as Category-B in compliance to the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009). Screening of likely impacts and subproject location which does not pass through or located near any national park, wildlife sanctuary, reserved forests, or any other ecologically-sensitive areas, reinforces the conclusion that no adverse impacts will result. Further, no archaeological/protected monument is located in the project vicinity. Under the EIA Notification, 2006 promulgated under Environment (Protection) Act 1986, the

I subproject is categorized as category A.1 Environmental clearance has already been accorded to the subproject. 7. The IEE has been prepared by BSRDCL in compliance with the ADB‟s Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009. The core zone of impact is taken as 100 meters either side of the alignment. However, the study area impact zone is considered up to 7 km on both sides of road alignment to allow for a larger analysis of land use and other environmental features. 8. Description of the Environment. The Sub-Himalayan zone (project area lies in this zone) in the northern part of the state receives high incidence of rainfall over 1400 mm, bulk of which is found to occur during the monsoon season from June to September. The mean maximum temperature is 43°C and the mean minimum temperature is 4°C. The area observes hot westerly winds which start in March and last till May, but in April and May light easterly winds blow. Maximum rainfall is received during the months of July and August. The study area receives annual rainfall between 1250 mm-1350 mm. 9. Bihar is considered as the most flood-prone state in India where 28 of the 36 districts are susceptible to flooding which accounts for 73% of the total Bihar State territory or nearly 17% of the total flood affected area in the country affecting 22% of the country‟s total population. Project area is vulnerable to flooding. Overtopping was also reported in some sections. In absence of any industrial activity, project area is largely free from air pollution. Traffic is prime source of noise. All measured parameters for air quality and noise level confirms at all monitored locatons for all land use categories. 10. The proposed subproject road lies to the north of river Ganga in an alluvial landscape shaped by the Himalayan and Sub-Himalayan Rivers. The subproject road is located at the north-eastern part of Sitamarhi district at an elevation of about 75 meters above MSL and characterized by flat terrain with gentle slope towards south. 11. Land use/land cover of the project area varies significantly during monsoon and non monsoon season. Most of the project area during monsoon is flood affected during monsoon period. Land use of the area can be well analyzed through multi temporal satellite imageries. Land use/landcover of the subproject corridor was assessed during field observation. Predominant land use is agricultural (nearly 60%). Built-up area constitutes the next major land use category (25%) Rest is shared by plantation, water bodies, and miscellaneous use Project corridor is predominantly agricultural. 12. Due to favourable geological setup, abundant groundwater is available in the project area. Long-term water level data indicates no significant decline in water level. The tube well within 120 m depth yields in the range of 208-215 m3/hr. The depth to water level in this region varies from 5-15 m below ground level but potable water is available at around 25-30. Subproject road does intersect any

1 All state highway projects are classified as category B. In this case, general conditions shall apply (due to its proximity to international Boundary) which stipulates that any project or activity specified in Category „B‟ will be treated as Category A, if located in whole or in part within 10 km from the boundary of: (i) Protected Areas notified under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, (ii) Critically Polluted areas as notified by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time, (iii) Notified Eco-sensitive areas, (iv) inter-State boundaries and international boundaries.

II perennial waterway. However, there are many stagnant water bodies/ponds/ditches along the roadside. 13. The subproject area is devoid of any type of forests. There are altogether 11 wildlife-sanctuaries and 1 national park in the state but none is located in the project area. No other similar eco-sensitive areas is either crossed or located nearby the project alignment. About 1,455 trees will be removed along the proposed ROW. No loss of any rare, threatened or endangered species is envisaged. 14. The economy of Bihar is agricultural and service oriented. Bihar has the lowest GDP per capita in India between 1999 and 2008; GDP grew by 5.1% annually, which was below the Indian average of 7.3%. More recently, Bihar's state GDP recorded a growth of 18% in 2006-2007, and stood at 942,510 crores rupees (US $21 billion) which makes Bihar one of the fastest growing major states. About 85% of state's population is dependent on agriculture and allied activities. The major crops of Bihar are: paddy, wheat, lentils. Bihar is also the leading producer of cash crops like tobacco, chillies, turmeric, oilseeds, sugar, and jute. It produces some of the finest varieties of mangoes, litchis, guavas, sapotas, citrus, pineapples and bananas. Bihar is the largest honey producer of India. The state is distinguished as the "Rice Bowl" of East India accounting for 6%, 6%, 11%, and 9% share of rice, wheat, maize, and jute produced in India, respectively. The major industries located in the state are mainly sugar factories, thermal power station, wagon factory, and pharmaceutical. Small scale industries include sawmill, rice mill, suji (sweets) factory, beverages, cold storage, and plywood. There are no major industries in the subproject area. 15. Bihar ranks among the top states in accessibility and availability of safe drinking water supply with nearly 90% of the total population have access to safe drinking water. The State is serviced by 2,318 km of national highways, 4,192 km of state highways, 12,579 km of district roads and over 69,000 km of other roads. Only 50% of the other roads is surfaced. The total road length per 100 sq km is 77 km and the road density is only 901 km per million populations. About half of villages lack all-weather road connectivity. Bihar has a fairly developed railway network with the railway route density (route kilometers per 1,000 sq km) in the state being 30.15, compared to 19.09 for All-India. About 41% of its villages electrified, power is being viewed as a focus area with new projects. Bihar is a land of monasteries and several antique ruins of Mugal Empire and other dynasties. Several Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, Muslim and Sikh shrines abound in this ancient land. 16. The total population of Bihar is 82.8 million, third most populous state in the country. The project district contributes nearly 3 % of the state population. Health facility in the state as well asin the project district is weak. The overall literacy rate of Bihar is 47.53%, which is significantly low compared to country‟s literacy rate of 65.38%. There is also a disparity among male and female literacy with 60.32% and 33.57% respectively. Project district has very low literacy rate of 38.5%. Of the total population of 82.8 million people, roughly 28 million people (34% of the population) comprise the workforce in the State. Migration is crucial survival strategy for the rural poor in Bihar. Based on census and National Sample Survey reports, Bihar has the highest rate of gross interstate migration in India. Tribal population in the project area is insignificant. There are no structures or sites of historical, archaeological, paleontological, or architectural significance.

III 17. Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures. All pre-construction, construction, and operation activities that were likely to cause environmental impacts were identified, and evaluated to assess their magnitude, duration, and potential receptors in consultation with the stakeholders. Consultations were made with the government representatives (District Forest Office, State Pollution Control Board, Agriculture Department, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, and the District Rural Development Authority), local communities (Mannapur, Rajkhand, Behera, Sursand Bishanpur, Navadi, Ramnagar, Balha, Birak and Bhiswa). 18. The significant impact during design stage is risk associated with recurring flood. Indian Road Congress (IRC) guidelines will be followed to avoid/minimise impact associated with construction and protection of embankment in flood affected areas. Main preconstruction impact is clearing of trees/vegetation and shifting of utilities. An estimated 1455 trees will be removed along the road to allow for road expansion. Compensatory afforestation will be done on of 1:3 basis. Besides, avenue plantation shall be carried to check erosion of river banks and enhance the microclimate and aesthetics. 19. An estimated 1,455 trees in forestland and 183 trees in privateland will be removed along the road to allow for road expansion. Compensatory afforestation will be done on of 1:3 basis in compliance to the Bihar Forest Department‟s requirements. As a strategy to minimize GHG emissions from increase in traffic due to road upgrading, BSRDC will cause the implementation of a 1:7 additional plantation on all trees removed whether these are public or privately owned on top of the 1:3 regulatory compensatory afforestation required by the Forest Department. BSRDC will consult with the Forest Department, among others, on the implementation of the compensatory plantation specifying location, species, tree layout, and appurtenances (e.g. irrigation and rest area). Priority will be given, but not limited, to areas along state highways with available land in establishing the plantations. Other areas may include degraded forestlands, eroded riverbanks, and community forest. Guided by the Tirhut2 Social Forest Model, the BSRDC will implement additional plantation with strong community participation and ensure at least 80% survival of trees after 3 years. The BSRDC will ensure the involvement of project affected women and vulnerable people in tree planting and maintenance activities. Annual reports pertaining to the accomplishment, survival, and community participation (e.g. number of women and vulnerable people) will form part of the annual environmental monitoring report to be submitted to the ADB. BSRDC will coordinate with the Bihar State Pollution Control Board and Transport Department in launching the road side vehicular emission monitoring program to assess the impacts on air quality and GHG emission from the expected increase in traffic. All contractors are encouraged to install solar panels to support all facility lighting demand of the campsites. 20. As part of climate proofing, BSRDC will ensure that: i) upgraded road surfaces will be constructed at least 1 meter higher than the high flood level with 50-year return period, ii) stratified and multi-storey road side plantation where timber wood and similar erosion resistant variety are planted on the ROW periphery to break flood flow velocity to protect road embankment, iii) construction of new

2 MOEF (2005). Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guaranteed Program.

IV and installation of larger cross-drainage, iv) construction of new side drains, and stone pitching and, iv) bio-engineering along strategic areas where breaches and inundation have previously occurred. 21. It is anticipated that short-term deterioration impacts on air quality due to increase in fugitive dust emissions and noise level from earthmoving, ground shaping, unpaved transport, and emissions from heavy equipment and other mobile sources. Water suppression to control dust, use of clean fuels, changing the location and timing of construction activities and equipment will minimize these impacts. Land use conversion particularly of residential areas and relocation of structures within the ROW will be implemented following a meaningful consultation and acceptable compensation and relocation agreements. All borrow areas will comply with national laws and regulations. Impacts from the establishment and operation of the construction camps like generation and disposal of solid wastes, sewage, potable water requirements, health/hygiene, and safety is part of the contractor‟s responsibility highlighting the need for compliance with applicable laws. Waste and material use minimization will be promoted to decrease the volume of wastes that will be generated. Traffic safety to workers and pedestrian, particularly to children is considered through the preparation and strict implementation of a Traffic Control Plan to be prepared by the contractor prior to construction activities and in consultation with the affected communities. 22. During operation stage, the main impacts are increase in mobile emissions, road safety to motorist, pedestrian and animals. Road safety measures will be implemented as per IRC guidelines and recommendations of road safety audits during detailed design and technical assistance fielded by ADB for BSHIIP-AF. Information and education campaign through the use of signs and posters distributed along the roadside encouraging motorist to properly maintain their vehicles, and proper driving habits to reduce emissions, reduce fuel consumption, and promote safety will be made. Finally, traffic control measures will be implemented to ensure safety to pedestrian. Adequate cross drains and side drains and their proper maintenance will be implemented to avoid localized water logging due to drainage congestion. 23. Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation. In general, the subproject received immense support from local people with some concerns and apprehensions related to compensation for land and structures. The local people appreciated that besides providing an all weather efficient connectivity to large rural population it will bear out several other positive economic and social benefits which outweigh the negative environmental impacts. 24. Conclusion. This initial environmental examination (IEE) ascertains that the subproject is unlikely to cause any significant environmental impacts. Few impacts were identified attributable to the proposed subproject, all of which are localized and temporary in nature and can be easily mitigated with minor to negligible residual impacts. No additional studies or need of undertaking detailed EIA is envisaged at this stage.

V 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Project Background/Rationale 25. Bihar is one of the economically backward states of India. Judged by the per capita state income of Rs9,765 in the FY2007, Bihar ranks far below the all India average of Rs33,299. The road network in Bihar is very poor in terms of coverage and conditions while demand for road transport is increasing. The road density in Bihar is only 861 km per million population, compared with the national average of 2,828 km. About half of villages lack all-weather road connectivity. Insufficient funding for road maintenance in the past has increased the number of roads beyond maintainable condition. 26. Poor quality of the road infrastructure is one of the major factors constraining the socioeconomic development of Bihar. Rapid development and strengthening of the road network will provide momentum in accelerating economic development of the state, enabling Bihar to move from being dependent on subsistence farming to focusing on market-oriented agriculture and tourism. Since Bihar is the third most populous and poorest state in fast growing India, development of the State is equally important for the country‟s goal of regionally balanced growth. 27. Comprehending the above fact, Government of Bihar (GOB) decided to improve the deteriorated key state highways with soft loan assistance from Asian Development Bank (ADB). Bihar State Highways II Project - Additional Financing will be third loan assistance to GOB after already negotiated BSHIP (820 Km) and BSHIIP (354 Km) which are under implementation. The road sections details under BSHIIP-AF are given in Table 1.1. Project location map for all the three phases of BSHP and Subproject are given as Map 1: and Map 2:, respectively.

Table 1.1 : Road Sections under BSHIIP-AF SH Length S. No. Project Road Districts No. (Km) 1 83 Baghi - Barbigha 37.30 Nawada, Sheikhpura 2 86 Saraiya - Motipur 28.33 Muzaffarpur 3 87 Runnisaidpur - Bhiswa 67.75 Sitamarhi 4 88 Barunapul - Rasiyari 124.20 Samastipur, Darbhanga 1.2. Executing Agency 28. Executing agency (EA) for the project is Bihar State Road Development Corporation Limited (BSRDCL). Road Construction Department is the parent organisation responsible for construction and maintenance of roads on behalf of GOB. GOB has recently setup the Bihar State Highway Development Corporation Limited (BSRDCL) to streamline decision-making and provide more autonomy for project execution and delivery. All powers, functions, and accountability of road agencies in the state have been redefined. 1.3. Technical Assistance for Environmental Safeguard 29. ADB approved TA7773-IND to assist BSRDCL in project preparation for possible financing of BSHIIP-AF. As part of this TA and safeguard requirement of ADB, environmental assessment has been carried out in accordance with relevant country‟s applicable laws, regulations, and consistent to ADB‟s Environmental Assessment Guidelines, 2003 and Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009.

1 30. The present report pertains to Runnisaidpur-Bhiswa (SH-87) subproject. It has been categorized as Category ‘B’ and hence an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) has been conducted. 1.4. Purpose of the Study 31. The purpose of the study is to identify the environmental issues to be considered at project planning and design stage, assess environmental consequences due to project intervention, and suggests mitigation measures to minimize the adverse environmental impacts, if any, associated with construction and operation. 32. Initial Environmental Examination has four basic objectives: (i) determine the magnitude of potential environmental concerns and to ensure that environmental considerations are given adequate weight when carrying out the proposed road constructions/improvements, (ii) identify the environmental issues that should be taken into account when new links are constructed and/or existing links are improved - such to include both adverse and beneficial impacts, (iii) identify need for further environmental studies or Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), and (iv) suggest enhancement measures, if any. 1.5. Extent of IEE 33. IEE was conducted based on Detailed Design Report (DPR). Certain changes may occur in the subproject structural components but these changes are unlikely to cause significant environmental impacts. The IEE covers all activities proposed under the project. The core zone of impact is taken as 100 meters either side of the alignment. However, the study area is considered up to 7 km on either side of road alignment for larger analysis of land use and other environmental features. Assessment is carried out for all components of environment covering terrestrial and aquatic ecology, soil, water, noise, and socioeconomic aspects. 1.6. IEE Content 34. The IEE has been largely structured as per SPS, 2009 and ADB‟s Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003). This includes following eight Chapters including this introduction chapter. Chapter 1- Introduction Chapter 2- Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework Chapter 3- Description of Project Chapter 4- Description of Environment Chapter 5- Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures Chapter 6- Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation Chapter 7- Environment Management Plan and Grievance Redress Mechanism Chapter 8- Conclusion and Recommendation. 1.7. Methodology 35. Suitable methodology was adopted to accomplish the study. As the first step, scoping exercise was undertaken to identify the parameters needed to be considered for the study and to outline the activities for collecting data on each

2 parameter. Data pertaining to all facets of environment viz. physical, ecological, and socioeconomic environment both through primary and secondary sources were collected. The stepwise activities includes: Review of legal requirements Review of feasibility study Reconnaissance survey for identification of key issues data requirement and preliminary consultation. Primary and secondary data collection Consultation with stakeholders Identification of impacts and mitigative measures Institutional review and finalization of EMP in consultation with EA. 1.7.1. Information/ data Sources Key relevant information sources has been summarized in Table 1.2.

Table 1.2 : Primary and Secondary Information Sources

Environmental Parameters Information Sources Project objectives, technical Bihar State Road Development Corporation, Ltd. information on existing road (BSRDCL), Design Consultant and ADB PPTA features and proposed Technical Review for BSHIIP rehabilitation work Inventory of road features, water Ground Physical surveys odies, community structures, environmentally sensitive locations areas, congested locations etc. Climatic condition State of Environment report on Bihar by (state Pollution Control Board) SPCB, Envis Website,3 NIC, Wikipedia, Feasibility report, primary data collection Geology, Seismicity, Soil and State of Environment report published by SPCB, Topography websites, and feasibility report, primary data collection Land Use/ Land Cover Survey of India (SoI) Toposheet, Observation during survey, GIS Based land use analysis Drainage Pattern Survey of India Toposheet and field observation Status of forest areas. Compensatory afforestation Divisional Forest Office, Sitamarhi norms etc. Status of fishing activity District Fisheries offices Air quality Noise, Soil and Water Onsite monitoring and Analysis of Field samples Borrow areas, quarries and other Road Construction Department (RCD), design construction material source consultant, SPCB, and public consultation during field visit River geo-morphology, hydrology, Irrigation and Flood Control Department,

3 http:// www.gov.bih.nic.in/, http://bsrdcl.bih.nic.in, http:// www.sitamarhi.bih.nic.in/, http:// www.sitamarhi.bih.nic.in/, http:// www.disastermgmt.bih.nic.in/, http:// www.fmis.bih.nic.in/, http://www.envfor.nic.in/, ,

3 Environmental Parameters Information Sources drainage, flood patterns, feasibility report, field observations Socioeconomic environment Different Govt. agencies/civic bodies, official websites maintained by state govt., census of India 2001, and public Consultation during the Field survey 1.7.2. Public Consultation 36. Extensive consultations were held with all stakeholders‟ viz. local and beneficiary population, government departments/agencies, fishermen, road users, and NGOs. This was done with intent to collect baseline information, for better understanding of the potential impacts and appreciate the perspectives/concerns of the stakeholders. Information gathered was used for integration in subproject design and formulating mitigation measures, and environmental management plan.

4 2. POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTARTIVE FRAMEWORK 2.1. Country’s Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements for the Project. 37. The legal framework of the country consists of several acts, notifications, rules, and regulations to protect environment and wildlife. Review of Indian legal system has been critically carried out to identify its applicability to the project. A list of all required clearances/ permissions related to environment has been summarized in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 : Permissions/Clearances Required for the Subproject

Acts/Rules/Notifications/ S. No. Clearances Concerned Agency Responsibility Guidelines

A. Pre-construction Stage 1 Environmental New EIA Notification, 2006 State Environmental Clearance amended 2009 promulgated Impact Assessment (The project was under Environment Authority (SEIAA), If appraised by Expert (Protection) Act 1986 not constituted then Appraisal Committee MoEF BSRDCL of MoEF on 13-15th July 2011 and recommended for Environmental Clearance). 2 Permission for felling Forest Conservation Act District Level of trees (1980) Committee (No protected forest Procedural Guidelines constituted by the hence forest developed by the Department State Govt. clearance is not of Environment, GOB under BSRDCL Applicable) the orders of the Hon‟ble High Court; Tree removal will be guided as per state government rules. B. Implementation Stage

3 Permission for Mines and Minerals (Regulation River Board Sand Mining from and Development) Act, 1957 as Authorities/ river bed amended in 1972 Department of Contractor Mining Govt. of Bihar 4 Consent to Air (Prevention and Control of Bihar Pollution Contractor operate hot mix Pollution) Act 1981 Control Board plant, crushers, batching plant 5 Authorization for Hazardous Waste (Management Bihar Pollution Contractor Disposal of and Handling) Rules 1989 Control Board Hazardous Waste 6 Consent for Water (Prevention and Control of Bihar Pollution Contractor disposal of Pollution) Control Board sewage from Act 1974 labour camps.

7 Use of Fly ash Fly Ash Notification, 1999 as MoEF Contractor within 100 km amended up to 17th August 2003: (there is one around thermal thermal power

5 Acts/Rules/Notifications/ S. No. Clearances Concerned Agency Responsibility Guidelines power plants. plant located within 100 km but fly ash not proposed due to its likely unavailability) 8 Pollution Under Central Motor and Vehicle Act Department of Control 1988 Transport, Govt. of Contractor Certificate Bihar authorized testing centres 9 Employing The Building and Other District Labour Contractor Labour/workers Construction Workers (Regulation Commissioner of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996, 2.2. Environmental Clearance Process 38. The procedure for obtaining environmental clearance has been depicted at Figure 2.1. This subproject will follow the route applicable to Category A projects and shown on right hand side of this figure since a part is within 10 km from the international boundary.

6

Figure 2.1 : Environmental Clearance procedure

7 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBPROJECT 3.1. Project Location 39. The subproject road section (SH-87) is located in Sitamarhi District of Bihar State. It starts from Runnisaidpur at its junction with NH-77 and terminates at Bhiswa. The total length of the subproject road is 64.75 Km Design length is 67.400 km The location map of Bihar State Highways Projects and subproject Location is given as Map 1: and Map 2: respectively. 3.2. Category of the Project 25. The subproject has been evaluated using environmental screening checklist (Appendix 3.1) devised for the categorization of Roads and Highways by ADB. The subproject section neither passes through nor is located nearby any wildlife sanctuary, national park, reserved forest, mangrove, estuarine, protected area buffer zone, or any other similar environmental sensitive or protected areas. It traverses predominantly through agricultural land and some congested semi-urban areas. The environmental impact envisaged is minimal and majority are co-terminus with the construction phase. Therefore, the project has been classified as Category “B” in accordance with ADB‟s Safeguard Policy Statement 2009. 3.3. Need for the Subproject 26. Bihar State Highways Projects (I, II and III) aims to improve transport efficiency of the state road network, which will contribute to expansion of economic opportunities and poverty reduction. This will be realized by (i) improving the state highway network, (ii) facilitating safe and appropriate road usage, (iii) increasing efficiency of transport services, and (iv) enhancing GOB capacity for road asset development and management. Improved roads will improve accessibility to social services and markets, and enhance the efficiency of road transport usage. 27. The subproject road connects two national highways; NH-77 and NH-104. It is lifeline for a large number of rural population providing connectivity two major towns of Sitamarhi and Muzzafarpur. Presently, the road is predominantly in very poor condition and remains submerged frequently during monsoon season causing several problems in accessibility to social and physical infrastructure. The improved road condition will serve as an all weather, economical, and hassle free connectivity to a significant population resuscitating the rural economy. 3.4. Existing and Projected Traffic 28. Traffic Scenario: Traffic surveys were carried out at two locations on the project road at km 3.00 and at km 27.00. About 60% of total traffic at km 3 on the subproject road are slow moving vehicles while this is 65% at km 27. Similarly 25% of total traffic on project road is two wheelers. This can be attributed that majority of the trips on the project road are for short distance. The peak and seasonal correction factors were worked out and applied on the Average Daily Traffic to obtain the annual average daily traffic (AADT) on the subproject road as reported below in Table 3.1.

8 Table 3.1 : Present Traffic Volume at Selected Locations

S.No Location Chainage AADT in PCU 1 Baligarah Chawk 2.600 2809 2 Pariharpur 56.900 4751

Source: Final Feasibility Report 29. The origin-destination (OD) survey was conducted at the above two locations. From the OD matrix it can be seen that over 80% of vehicles are local traffic from Sitamarhi district and no major diversion of traffic is expected. 30. Total junction peak hour flow of 7 junctions where intersection turning movement survey was conducted varies from 182 to 1251 PCU. Based on the traffic, no signalized / grade separated junction is needed in the project road. 31. Projected Traffic: Traffic forecast was carried out considering socioeconomic variables such as population, vehicle registrations, and net state domestic product. An optimistic, most likely and a pessimistic scenarios of growth have been estimated for the indicators and the traffic growth rates were established. Table 3.2 and Table 3.3 present the projected traffic for both the locations.

Table 3.2 : Total Projected Traffic at Baligarah Chawk (Km 2.600) Realistic Optimistic Pessimistic Year Scenario Scenario Scenario Veh PCUs Veh PCUs Veh PCUs 2010 2815 2968 2834 2984 2795 2951 2015 3913 4046 4099 4198 3738 3900 2020 5611 5641 6163 6077 5116 5240 2025 8163 7945 9441 8918 7092 7099 2030 12068 11344 14775 13330 9955 9712 Source: Detailed Project Report

Table 3.3 : Total Projected Traffic at Pariharpur (Km 56.900) Optimistic Most Probable Pessimistic Year Scenario Scenario Scenario Veh PCUs Veh PCUs Veh PCUs 2010 7294 4994 7335 5018 7253 4970 2015 9726 6563 10120 6788 9360 6351 2020 13438 8874 14625 9543 12384 8273 2025 18987 12239 21791 13795 16683 10940 2030 27480 17274 33518 20577 22880 14707 Source: Detailed Project Report 3.5. Characteristics of the Existing Road 32. Right-of-Way: Available right of way varies significantly in the whole stretch. On the average, existing right of way is 16.0 m. 33. Carriageway and Pavement Conditions: Existing road is of single lane to intermediate lane road and its condition is predominantly very poor. The

9 pavement condition and carriage way width of the existing road has been summarized at Table 3.4.

Table 3.4 : Existing pavement condition and carriage way width S.No Chainage Pavement Condition Carriageway Width 1 Km 0 to km Mostly fair 3.0 to 3.5m 1.8600 2 Km 1.860 to Recently improved up to intermediate 5.4 to 5.5 Km 26.500 lane only. 3 (Km 26.500 to Very poor 2.8 m to 3.0 Km 56.775) - 4 (Km 56.775 to Newly constructed under PMGSY and 3.75m Km 67.280) pavement is in very good condition.

34. Horizontal and Vertical Alignment: The horizontal alignment of the existing road has several sub-standard and sharp curves including reverse S-curves. Also, there is no proper transition length for most of the horizontal curves including the reverse ones to provide for required super elevation reversal for riding safety and comfort. These deficiencies have been corrected in fixing the horizontal alignment for the entire subproject road to conform to MOSRTH standards. The vertical alignment of the road is at a flat grade with the height of embankment generally varying from 0.50 to 3.00 m, except for the approaches to major bridges. 35. Cross Drainage (CD) Structures: There are 18 minor bridges and 91 culverts (slab-39, HP-51 and Box-1) along the subproject road. Most of the CD structures are in poor conditions. 36. Roadside Drainage: The existing lined and unlined drains in the congested localities of the stretch are inadequate causing distress to the pavement at those locations. In the rural stretches, the drainage of road surface follows the surrounding topography and hence there is no drainage problem. 37. Terrain and Land use: The overall terrain is wholly in plain terrain with gradual rise in ground elevations from south to north. Road elevations vary from ground level to typically 1.25 meters (average) above ground. Land use on the subproject corridor is mostly agricultural and rural with commercial establishments in built up areas. Community settlements along the project road are Torma, Mahasol, Gourichatti, Sarifpur, Koyali, Nanpur, Chainpura, Balaha Muksudhan, Basudevpur, Rasalpur, Birak, Sursand, Barahi Market, Sisodia, Parihar Market, Sonapatti, Chaintola, Sishua, Musharnia, Bhisnupur, Khairwa and Bhiswa aggregating 38.363 km which about 56.6% of the project road length. 38. Road Intersections: There are altogether 7 important intersections/ junctions and large number of village road intersections. 39. Level Crossing: Only one level crossing is along the subproject road on Darbhanga-Sitamarhi Rail line near Pupri at Ch. Km 25.500.

10 3.6. Key Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Activities 40. Key activities for subproject road improvement involves: (i) widening/strengthening of the road up to 2-lane carriageway configuration with 1.5 paved and 1 m unpaved shoulders on either side, (ii) improving road geometry, (iii) laying of embankment, (iv) rehabilitation and construction of new bridges and other cross drainage structures, (v) construction of side drains, (vi) Junctions/intersections improvement, and (vii) provision of underpasses, way side amenities. The brief of all improvement components are described below. 41. Proposed Right of Way: Varying ROW is adopted considering the proposed embankment height and other requirements. In general, proposed ROW in open areas has been kept as 20-25m whereas it is 19 m in constricted sections/built- up areas. In high banks, deep cuts and at intersections, wider land width is required and the same shall be taken into account

Figure 3.1 : Typical cross section of standard 2-lane 42. Road Configuration: It is proposed to convert the present single lane state highway with 2-lane consisting of 7m wide carriageway and 1.5 m wide paved shoulders on both sides. For the Structures, new 2-lane standard configuration with or without footpaths have been proposed. Typical cross- section for standard-2lane road is given as Figure 3.1. 43. Geometric Design, Ruling and Design Speed: Geometric design standards shall be based on the IRC 73-1980 for „plain/rolling‟ terrain as applicable to State Highways. The following other parameters have been used. Ruling design speed 80 km/h was used against 100km/h as per IRC. Maximum design speed 80 km/h & 50 km/h desirable minimum on restricted RoW/Urban areas. 44. Based on DPR, the minimum design speed is limited to 50 km/h in few locations. The DPR study adopted a reduced ruling and minimum design speed considering the adverse social impact and the economical benefits of utilizing existing road assets to its maximum. Considering the safety of the pedestrians

11 and slow moving vehicles and also due to the presence of many intersections, the reviewer‟s concur with DPR recommendation to adopt a lower design speed. 45. Geometric Improvements (Horizontal and Vertical Alignment): The DPR study proposed 36 curves with design below 80 km/h, 21 curves with 65 km/h design speed, and 13 curves with 50 km/h design speed considering the safety of pedestrian, and minimize land acquisition and corresponding R and R issues. However, it is recommended to improve the road safety by providing proper traffic control measures at these locations. Summary of geometric improvements for SH 87 is given at Table 3.5.

Table 3.5 : Summary of Geometric Improvements

HIP / START Transition DESIGN EXTRA CURVE CHAINAGE LENGTH Length RADIUS SE SPEED WIDENING S No NO. (Km) (M) (M) (M) (%) (KM/HR) (M) 1 2 871.986 63.075 80 150 7 65 0.6 2 3 1217.079 39.556 80 150 7 65 0.6 3 4 1524.265 83.493 40 300 6.3 65 --NR-- 4 5 1793.308 23.824 70 170 6.5 50 0.6 5 6 1944.601 234.472 600 NC 50 --NR-- 6 7 2307.315 57.826 74 90 7 50 0.9 7 8 2556.418 29.245 60 200 7 65 0.6 8 9 2971.43 105.377 1200 NC 65 --NR-- 9 51 17111.498 41.53 60 200 7 65 0.6 10 58 19516.154 75.917 80 150 7 65 0.6 11 63 21216.22 45.041 50 250 7 65 0.6 12 64 21466.395 30.693 74 90 7 50 0.9 13 65 21683.353 35.378 60 200 7 65 0.6 14 66 21869.771 33.922 35 350 5.4 65 --NR-- 15 67 22263.672 140.47 80 150 7 65 0.6 16 122 43041.47 40.619 25 500 3.8 65 --NR-- 17 123 43208.79 143.066 40 170 6.5 50 0.6 18 124 43489.414 44.025 55 125 7 50 0.6 19 125 43750.594 35.362 1200 NC 65 --NR-- 20 137 49925.418 159.638 60 200 7 65 0.6 21 138 50253.579 29.126 45 150 7 50 0.6 22 139 50398.287 72.17 1200 NC 65 --NR-- 23 140 50710.299 15.29 70 100 7 50 0.6 24 141 50884.776 20.865 35 200 5.6 50 0.6 25 142 51039.023 60.829 45 150 7 50 0.6 26 143 51292.189 20.868 45 150 7 50 0.6 27 144 51514.829 95.377 80 150 7 65 0.6 28 147 52569.367 88.836 80 150 7 65 0.6 29 148 52929.563 53.037 70 100 7 50 0.6 30 149 53222.224 32.692 30 250 4.4 50 0.6 31 150 53410.035 86.028 70 170 7 65 0.6 32 151 53698.473 23.237 70 170 7 65 0.6 33 162 56763.45 12.161 40 300 6.3 65 --NR-- 34 163 56948.717 17.979 80 150 7 65 0.6

12

46. The vertical profile for the entire length of the alignment is found flat and the proposed gradient is below the IRC stipulated maximum gradient. The vertical alignment will be provided with a smooth longitudinal profile consistent with the terrain. Gradients up to the “ruling gradient” will be used as far as possible in the design. Grade steeper than the “ruling gradient” will be used for a length “as short as possible”. Vertical curve length and K value at the bridge approaches of the bridges at Km 27+212, Km 30+188 and 38+020 will be suitably increased to confirm the IRC design standards. 47. Realignment/Bypasses: Due to large number of residential and commercial structures likely to be affected and corresponding R and R issues, several bypasses have been proposed (Table 3.6) Realignment has been proposed to improve geometrics at all existing curve locations.

Table 3.6 : Details of Bypasses/Realignments Chainage Side from Length existing S. No from to (m) Village road Yaddapatti 1 23950 26300 2350 ,Ragbagpur,Pupri right 2 45900 48620 2720 Sursand left Koira pipra,Parihar 3 56275 58700 2425 Market & Sonapatti right 4 63325 64850 1525 Vishampur right 5 65500 67150 1650 Khairwa left Source: Design Consultant 48. Embankment: The subproject road is in embankment throughout the entire length with average height of embankment varying from 0.50 m to 1.25 m, except for the high embankment of 3.50 m in approaches to the bridge at chainage 39.985 Km and for other bridges embankment height varies from 1.80m to 2.0m. In an around the semi-urban and built-up areas, the embankment height is as low as 0.000 m to 0.600 m with drainage problems causing damage to the road pavement. Significant part of the road is in flood prone area and overtopping was reported in major sections during monsoon. Hence, current road level needs to be raised by 1-1.5m. Reuse of salvaged pavement material is recommended to the extent feasible. 49. Soft soil deposits are encountered of varying depths along the subproject road. Suitable ground improvement measures (e.g. excavate & replace with good soil, if feasible) need be considered in order to avoid impact of long-term consolidation settlement behaviour of such deposits on the road embankment, either in terms of widened embankment or new alignments proposed. Theses will have long-term impact on riding quality of the highway. 50. Bridges and other Cross Drainage Structures: All existing minor bridges and most of the culverts need to be replaced. Number of culverts has been increased in view of increased obstruction caused by new revised formation levels and the need in existing overtopping sections and proposed bypasses where the culverts

13 are not present. After retaining few CD structures the proposed road will have a total of 208 culverts and 14 minor bridges. 51. Roadside Drainage: No proper drainage exists in the entire stretch of the subproject road either in inhabited area or in rural area. Hence, suitable drainage provision shall be designed based on detailed hydrological design from contours, characteristics of catchment, location of outfall points, rain fall intensity and need to furnish the open drainage design and schedule. Provision of 3,150 m length of drain has been made on both sides. In rural stretches, provisions of longitudinal side drains intercepted by mitre drain are proposed to be constructed to serve as outlet channel. 52. ROBs/RUBs/Flyovers: one ROB is proposed at railway level crossing near Parihar (25.500) to remove traffic bottleneck. 53. Junctions/intersections Improvement: Project road improvement consist improvement of all existing important junctions and construction of new junctions especially in bypass stretches where it is intersecting major roads. All junction design shall be as per the guide guidelines of IRC-SP-41, IRC-62 and MOSRT&H standard drawings for intersections. Signs and line markings shall be designed as per IRC 67 and IRC 35. The required taper and parallel lane (acceleration and deceleration) dimensions should conform to the IRC standards. 54. Service Roads and Underpasses: Presently, no provision of service roads has been made. To accommodate the slow moving traffic in the built-up areas and to improve overall safety and level of service in the main carriageway, pedestrian walkways/cycle paths are recommended with following components: Construction of pedestrian walkway/cycle path (1.0+ 2.0 m wide) on built up sections on both side of the road Concrete kerb with CC M20 to separate fast and slow moving traffic to channelize the traffic Pavement for pedestrian walkways/cycle paths shall be 250mm Granular gravel base course with PCC 55. Utility Shifting: There are a number of amenities and utility services along the project corridor including high tension (HT) and low tension (LT) electrical lines, water lines, telephone lines, and optical fibre cables. All such utilities shall be safely shifted/relocated in coordination with the concerned departments. 56. Way Side amenities: Adequate way side amenities will be provided at required locations as envisaged in detailed project report. 57. Plantation/Landscaping: The subproject highway will have plantation of trees along the highway on either side as per IRC: SP: 21. Plantation scheme will be reviewed so that it does not affect the road safety including visibility. A range of 10-15 m c/c is recommended for spacing of trees (parallel to the road). Setback distance of trees in different situations shall be as per IRC: SP: 21 and IRC: 66. The distance between the kerb, if any, and the nearest edge of tree trunk shall be at least 2 m. 58. Road Safety Provisions: Adequate road safety features viz. crash barriers, road studs, markings, signages, pedestrian guardrails, etc. will be provided as per IRC codal Provisions (IRC: SP: 32-1988, IRC: SP: 44-1999, IRC: 103-1988, IRC: 35

14 and IRC: 67:2001). Executing agency has developed a road safety unit to institutionalize road safety audits, to ensure that safety elements of India Roads Congress standards are incorporated in design and during construction. 59. ADB has also fielded a separate Technical Assistance-TA: 7333-IND for road safety aspects to ensure that all safety elements are incorporated in design for road sections under BSHIIP-AF. 60. Material Sourcing: There are 10 soil borrow areas (identified in the DPR, all are within maximum lead distance of less than 5km from the project road alignment. The soil from the borrow areas are in compliance to MoSRTH /IRC specifications except that of BP-09 and BP-10 which needs suitable binding. Identified borrow areas are given in Table 3.7. Table 3.7 : Some of the Identified Borrow Areas Sl No Borrow Area Location BP-01 Terma Adjacent to road on both sides at Km 5.460. BP-02 Salampur Adjacent to road on both sides at Km 9.600. BP-03 Behra Adjacent to road on both sides at Km 21.750 BP-04 Kosali Adjacent to road on both sides at Km 27.365 BP-05 Hariharpur Adjacent to road on both sides at Km 31.500 BP-06 Koyri Adjacent to road on both sides at Km 39.900 BP-07 Birak Adjacent to road on both sides at Km 43.050 BP-08 Sishoua Adjacent to road on both sides at Km 52.500 BP-09 Chaintola Adjacent to road on both sides at Km 59.310 BP-10 Parsa Adjacent to road on both sides at Km 63.000 61. The coarse aggregates for the construction work are to be brought from Pakur quarry by rail which is located at a distance of 417 Km up to Narayanpur Station and stone material can obtained from Sheikhpura area which is located at a distance of 178 Km by road. Coarse materials can also obtained from Jamalpur area by rail from a distance of 236 Km upto Narayanpur station.The Narayanpur Station is about 10 km from Darbahnga 0 mile, which in turn is 31 km from the subproject road. Sources of coarse and fine sand recommended are from the local rivers subject to its availability. Otherwise sand can be sourced from Koilwar (Sone River) which is about 156 Km from subproject road. 3.7. Subproject Implementation Schedule and Cost 62. The subproject is in the detailed design stage. The subproject will be implemented over 3 years, inclusive of procurement, preconstruction activities in 2011-2012.

15 4. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 63. Baseline environmental conditions about all facet of environment viz. physical, biological, and socioeconomic have been established using primary and secondary sources. Efforts have been made to collect the latest information at regional as well as local level especially along the subproject corridor. This will help to predict likely changes in the environment due to the project and will serve as performance indicators for various components. 4.1. Physical Environment 4.1.1. Meteorology and Climate 64. The state has a tropical monsoon climate with three distinct seasons; winters, summer, and rainy. Broadly the State can be divided into three climate zones as per its physiographic set-up (a) The Sub-Himalayan zone, (b) The Ganga plains zone, and (c) The parts of Chotanagpur plateau zones of South Bihar. 65. The Sub-Himalayan zone (project area lies in this zone) in the northern part of the state receives high incidence of rainfall over 1400 mm, bulk of which is found to occur during the monsoon season from June to September. The mean maximum temperature is 43°C and the mean minimum temperature is 4°C. The area observes hot westerly winds which start in March and last till May, but in April and May light easterly winds blow. 66. Maximum rainfall is received during the months of July and August. The study area receives annual rainfall between 1250 mm-1350 mm. The annual rain falls of subproject districts for last 6 years have been depicted in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1 : Average Annual Rainfall (mm) in the Project Districts

Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Average District

Sitamarhi 1503.1 1053.4 1627.6 1342.7 978.5 956.5 1243.6

Source: Bihar through Figures 2007, Directorate of Economics and Statistics 4.1.2. Natural Hazards 67. Flood: Out of 36 districts in Bihar, 28 districts are susceptible to flood. This constitutes nearly 17% of the total flood affected area in the country affecting 22% of the country‟s total population. The north Bihar plains are drained by a number of rivers viz. Kosi, Gandak, Burhi Gandak, Bagmati, Kamla Balan, Mahananda and Adhwara Group. They originate in Nepal, carry high discharge and very high sediment load and drop it down in the plains of Bihar. About 65% of catchments area of these rivers falls in Nepal/Tibet. The plains of north Bihar have recorded the highest number of floods during the last 30years. In the years 1978, 1987, 1998, 2004 and 2007 Bihar witnessed high magnitudes of flood. Among all, 2004 flood was most severe when the flood level surpassed all time high flood level. At many places, the embankments of north Bihar were breached, resulting in flood inundation in a vast area of North Bihar. 68. In the year 2008, there was an unprecedented flood due to breach of Eastern Kosi Afflux Embankment that took a shape of a catastrophe leading to miseries

16 to lakhs of people in Sunsari and Saptari districts of Nepal and Supaul, Madhepura, Araria, Saharsa, Katihar and purnea districts of Bihar. River Kosi entirely changed its course from earlier one which was again tamed to its original course by Water Resources. 69. The sub-project area is unaffected by flood but road embankment overtopping has been reported by local people near Milky Chowk during 2009. This is due to local drainage congestion.

70. Flood: Bihar has always been a worst victim of flood, particularly the areas north of Ganga (Figure 4.1). Out of 36 districts, 28 districts including project district are susceptible to flood. Nearly 73% of the total geographical area of the state is flood affected. This constitutes nearly 17% of the total flood-affected areas in the country affecting 22% of the country‟s total population. Main source of the flood is rain in the upper catchment of rivers originating at higher altitude in Nepal and sloping southern and south-eastern side up to Ganga River. Breach in the embankment of Bagmati and Adhwara group of rivers are also major cause of flood one like in the year 2004. 71. Locations vulnerable to flood along the subproject road are Gangwara ( Km 2.750), Mehsaul (Km 6.7), Koeli (Km 20- Km 21), Behera (Km 22.00), Chanpur (Km 28.800), Narayanpur (Km 32.650), Rasulpur (Km 39.050), Bakhri (km 41.400), Barhi Chawk (Km 51.00), Barhi-Parihar (Km 57.00) and Kharwa (Km 62.00).

17 Source: Map Prepared by UNDP Figure 4.1 : Flood-prone areas of Bihar 72. Drought: In Bihar, the districts usually affected under this disaster are Kaimur, Rohtas, Aurangabad, Jehanabad, Gaya, Nawada, Jamui and Banka. The northern part of Bihar including the subproject district is not subjected to drought. However, due to erratic rainfall, project districts sometimes evidence drought one like this year when most of the districts of the state was declared drought hit. 73. Seismicity: Bihar being close to seismically active Himalayas is prone to seismic hazards. According to Seismic Zonal Map of India prepared by Bureau of Indian Standard, Bihar lies partially in Zone V and Zone IV. Major part of the project area is under Zone IV except some northern most part which is in Zone V Zone IV denotes higher damage risk and Zone V denotes very high risk zone. A multi- hazard zone map prepared by United Nation Development Program (UNDP indicates that both the project districts fall under very high, high and low risk zone with respect to earthquake, wind and cyclone, and flooding respectively (Figure 4.2).

18

Figure 4.2 : Multi Hazard Zone Map of Bihar 4.1.3. Air and Noise Quality 4.1.3.1 Air Quality 74. Air quality monitoring was undertaken in the study area using Respirable Dust and PM2.5 sampler to collect ambient air samples of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOX and CO. To assess the air quality of the road corridor ambient air quality were measured at four locations for five parameters viz: Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Carbon Monoxide (CO). The 24-hourly average of the analytical results of air quality monitoring in the above mentioned locations are compared against the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). The details of the sampling locations and their results are given in Table 4.2. All measured parameters confirm the National Ambient Air Quality Standards.

Table 4.2 : Ambient Air Quality along the Project Corridor Parameter PM10 PM2.5 SO NOx CO Location 2 NH-77 79 56.2 28 38 980 Pupri 63 42 21 35 450 Ramnagar 70 48 19 40 650 Sursand 66 44 24 32 560 CPCB Standard for industrial, residential 100 60 80 80 2000 and other areas Source: Onsite Monitoring. All units are in µg/m3.

19 4.1.3.2 Noise Level 75. The ambient noise levels (Table 4.3) conform to the limits prescribed under Gazette Notification 643 of Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India for all land use categories during day and night time. Table 4.3 : Noise Level in dB (A) Along the Project Corridor Locations Category Leq (Day) Leq (Night) At Junction with NH-77 Commercial 58.9 50.2

Pupri Residential 50.2 41.3

Ramnagar Residential 48.4 40.5

Sursand Commercial 63.1 53.9 Residential 55.0 45.0 Industrial 75.0 70.0 Standards Commercial 65.0 55.0 Sensitive 50.0 40.0 Source: onsite monitoring 4.1.4. Landforms/Physiography and Topography 76. Based on broad geomorphic parameters, Bihar may be divided into three geomorphic domains. They are: (i) uplifted block of hilly southern highlands, (ii) Ganga foredeep of the North Bihar Plains bounded by the rising Himalaya in the north and the Ganga R. in the South, and (ii) the transition zone between the southern highlands the Great Ganga Plains, constituting the central Bihar Plains. The subproject area lies in Central Bihar Plains. This geomorphic/physiographic unit has been further categorized into three land systems, e.g.: (i) alluvial upland, (ii) older flood plain, and (iii) present flood plains. 77. The proposed subproject road lies to the north of river Ganga in an alluvial landscape shaped by the Himalayan and Sub-Himalayan Rivers. The subproject road is located at the north-eastern part of Sitamarhi district at an elevation of about 75 meters above MSL and characterized by flat terrain with gentle slope towards south.

4.1.5. Geology 78. Geologically, Bihar represents the extreme northern front of Indian sub-continent. These include: (i) belt of Himalayan foothills in the northern fringe, (ii) vast Ganga Plains, (iii) Vindhyan (Kaimur) Plateau, (iv) sporadic and small Gondwana basin outliers in Banka district, (v) Satpura Range extending into large part of the area north of Chotanagpur Plateau, (vi) parts of Bihar Mica belt in Nawada, Jamui and Banka districts, and (vii) the Granite Gneissic complex of Chotanagpur plateau. Nearly two-thirds of Bihar, including the subproject district is under cover of Ganga basin. The subproject road runs through alluvial terrain underlain by unlithified soft quaternary formations.

4.1.6. Soil

20 79. Soils of North Bihar are continuously under alluviation along flood plains through annual flooding and deposition. The top soil characteristics perpetually changes and descriptions have to be viewed through temporal change. The entire road section lies on alluvial plain underlying by unconsolidated formation of Quaternary period. The area occupies an intermediary position between the Bhanger plain and Khader plain. Bhanger is older alluvium containing heavier soil with high clay proportion, while Khaddar is the newer alluvial deposit by river floods. Along the border of Nepal tarai soils are found characterized by heavy texture and have neutral to moderately acidic reactions. Results of physico- chemical analysis of samples have been given at Table 4.4. Table 4.4 : Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Soil in the Project Area S. No Parameters Parihar Pupri 1 Bulk Density; g/cm3 1.8 1.21 2 Color Brown Brown 3 Organic matter; % 0.45 0.45 4 Water Holding Capacity, % 30 34 5 pH (20% slurry) 7.33 7.34 6 Texture Sandy Loam clay Loam 7 Moisture % 0.28 0.27 8 Chloride % 0.0213 0.02315 9 Carbonates, % NT NT 10 Bicarbonates, % 0.06 0.048 11 Conductivity 410 430 12 Potassium, % 0.3 0.26 13 Phosphorus, % 0.024 0.022 14 Nitrogen, % 1.42 1.23 4.1.7. Land use 80. Land use/land cover of the project area varies significantly during monsoon and non monsoon season. Most of the project area during monsoon is flood affected during monsoon period. Land use of the area can be well analyzed through multi- temporal satellite imageries. 81. Land use/landcover of the subproject corridor was assessed during field observation. Predominant land use is agricultural (nearly 60%). Built-up area constitutes the next major land use category (25%) Rest is shared by plantation, water bodies, and miscellaneous use (Table 4.5). Table 4.5 : Land use (in %) within 100m of the Sub- Project Corridor

Approx 60% Agriculture Approx 25% Built-up Approx 7% Roadside Plantation, Pvt. Orchards , scrub & grasses Approx 8% Water bodies 4.1.8. Groundwater 4.1.8.1 Occurrence and Yield

21 82. The area is occupied by the thick pile of unconsolidated sediments Sub- Himalayan rivers. Fairly thick regionally extensive confined/unconfined aquifers as well as moderately thick but discontinuous confined and unconfined aquifers present in this region. The thickness of sediment increases from south to north. These unconsolidated sediments are made up of alternations of sand clay with individual sand and clay layers showing interfingering relationship. The tube well within 120 m depth yields in the range of 208-215 m3/hr. The depth to water level in this region varies from 10-15 m below ground level but potable water is available at around 25-30m. 4.1.8.2 Groundwater Quality 83. The groundwater quality largely meets the drinking water standards (IS 10500:1991). All the analysed parameters are within desirable limit dissolved solid except at one location which marginally exceeds the desirable limit but well within permissible limit. Result of the groundwater quality of the samples collected during field survey in the study area has been summarized at Table 4.6.

Table 4.6 : Groundwater Quality Along the Project Road S. No Parameters Pupri Parihar

1 pH 7.76 7.74 2 Conductivity, mhos/cm 304 483 3 Turbidity (NTU) 2.1 2.3 4 Dissolved solids 208 322 5 Alkalinity 160 180 6 Suspended solids 4 5 7 Total Hardness 90 190 8 Chlorides as Cl 42.6 42.6

9 Sulphates as SO4 11.2 12.6

10 Nitrates as NO3 5.8 8.9

11 Phosphates as PO4 0.031 0.038 12 Fluoride as F 0.72 0.68 13 Total Iron as Fe 0.032 0.48 14 Lead as Pb NT NT 15 Copper as Cu NT NT 16 Nickel as Ni NT NT 17 Zinc as Zn 0.45 0.54 18 Chromium (Total Cr) NT NT 19 Manganese as Mn NT NT 20 Oil and Grease NT NT 21 Calcium as Ca 32 40 22 Magnesium as Mg 2.44 21.96 All units are in mg/l otherwise mentioned specifically 4.1.9. Surface water Resources 4.1.9.1 River System/Hydrology and Water bodies along the Road

22 84. The project area is part of Bagmati-Adhwara group sub-basin. The area is drained by three rivers Lakhandei, Sanghi, Adhwara and Hardi River. Most of the streams of the district are tributaries of Adwhara river which joins Bagmati at far south-east of Runnisaidpur before finally joining River Ganga. These rivers originate from Nepal and flows through the natural slope in south-eastern direction causing recurring flood in the area. Subproject road is bisected by Adhwara River near Ramnagar and Sanghi River near Rasalpur. Besides a stream also crosses near Parihar. There are several other drains/nallah/canals and ponds/ditch being either crossed or located along the road. A list of water bodies observed during site visit has been presented in Table 4.7.

Table 4.7 : List of Rivers/Water Bodies along the Alignment S. No Type of Water Bodies Chainage Side 1 Lakhanadei River 0.900 RHS 2 Pond/ditch 4.6 LHS 3 Pond/ditch 5.10 4 Pond/ditch 7.0 5 Pond/ditch 7.5 6 Pond/ditch 10.6 LHS 10 Water Body 16.7 RHS 11 Pond/ditch 20.8 RHS 12 Water body 21.2 RHS 13 Adhwara river 27.700 Crossing

14 Pond/ditch 28.6 LHS 15 Pond/ditch 30.8 RHS 16 Pond/ditch 33.2 RHS 17 Pond/ditch 34.4 RHS 18 Pond/ditch 34.5 LHS 19 Pond/ditch 35.6 RHS 20 River Sanghi 38.100 Crossing 21 Pond/ditch 37.9 RHS 22 Water body 39.9 LHs 23 Pond/ditch 49.8 LHS 24 Pond/ditch 50.2 RHS 25 Pond/ditch 50.5 Both Sides 26 Barbey Stream 56.900 Crossing 27 Pond/ditch 59.8 LHS 28 Pond/ditch 65.1 LHS 29 Pond/ditch 66.3 LHS

4.1.9.2 Surface Water Quality 85. Surface water in the project area is not used for drinking and domestic purpose. It is only used for irrigation. Fishery activity is limited to few large ponds. Hence, surface water samples tested and analyzed have been compared with the

23 standards prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for propagation of wild life and fisheries and outdoor bathing. The results of the samples conforms its suitability for both these purposes. Results of surface water quality have been given at Table 4.8. Table 4.8 : Surface Water Quality in the Project Area Adhwara Class D& E Lakhandei Parameter Units River Limits River pH - 6-8.5 7.73 7.25 Conductivity uS/cm 2100 472 619 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l > 4 4.8 4.9 Boron, as B mg/l 2 BDL BDL NH3 mg/l 1.2 BDL BDL Source: Analysis of field Samples 4.2. Ecological Resources 4.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology 4.2.1.1 Forests 86. Forest Areas in the State: The state of Bihar has only 6.9% of forest cover to its total geographic area. Legally this area has been classified into "Reserved Forest, Protected Forest and Unclassified Forest" & their areas are 693 sq km (0.75%), 5,779 sq km (6.14%), and 1 sq km (0%), respectively. Per capita forest area in the state is 0.01 ha against the national average of 0.07 ha. The latest estimates of Forest Survey of India (FSI), published in the State of Forest Report (SFR) 2003, suggest that the total forest cover of Bihar is 5,558 sq km, which is 5.9% of the land area. 87. Forest in Project Area: The project district as whole is almost devoid of forest. Only 0.24% of the total geographical area of the project district is under forest. No forest is in the vicinity of the subproject road. Roadside plantation is not designated as protected forest and hence only permission for tree felling is required from forest department. 4.2.1.2 Wild Life and Protected Areas 88. There are altogether 11 wildlife sanctuaries and 1 national park in the state. None of them is located in the project area. No other similar eco-sensitive areas is either crossed or located nearby the project alignment.

24 4.2.1.3 Road Side Plantations 89. Table 4.9 summarizes the no. of affected trees along the subproject road. Table 4.9 : List of Trees within proposed Corridor Total Girth of Trees in cm Tree Species 30 - 100 100 - 150 150 - 200 > 200 cm Amaltas 1 0 0 0 1 Arjun 16 52 33 11 112 Ashok 31 19 6 1 57 Babul 44 37 2 0 83 BAir 1 0 0 0 1 bakain 15 0 0 0 15 barhar 9 1 0 0 10 Bargad 1 2 3 8 14 Bell 5 0 0 0 5 Bhisim 2 0 0 0 2 Chukundi 12 21 5 2 40 Eucylyptus 15 8 0 0 23 Ghamar 53 4 4 0 61 Gulmohar 47 13 5 0 65 Gullar 22 4 0 0 26 Imli 1 0 0 1 2 Jalebi 19 6 1 0 26 jamun 8 4 2 9 23 Janglia 21 0 0 0 21 Kadam 17 10 4 0 31 kathal 9 6 0 0 15 Karwaini 5 2 2 0 9 Lasphasia 4 2 0 0 6 lichi 0 3 0 0 3 Mahua 0 8 0 0 8 Mango 72 83 94 72 321 Nariyal 2 2 0 0 4 Neem 31 14 2 0 47 Pakri 16 18 14 34 82 Pipal 7 11 9 29 56 pirar 2 1 0 0 3 Sapheda 4 &Sagwan 2 2 0 0 Shimar 33 10 0 0 43 Siris 1 2 0 0 3 Sisam 110 37 5 0 152 Supari 0 0 0 0 0 Taar 50 31 0 0 81 Total 684 413 191 167 1455 Source: Tree cutting proposal submitted by Design Consultant

25 4.2.2. Aquatic Ecology 90. Fishery activity was observed in Lakhandei River4 and large pond/stagnant water bodies in the project area. Fishing was prominent Lakhandei River in the past but has reduced in the recent times due to industrial discharges. Pond Fishing was pronounced in stretches between (Behra-Birak). Altogether 25 fish species were found in the water bodies5 where sampling was conducted along the subproject road. Predominant weed and minor species are Botia dario (20), Botia lohachata (13), Danio rerio (14), Gudusia chapra (11), Puntius guganio (10), Raiamas bola (10). Major carp species found are Labeo rohita (16), catla catla (10), Xenentodon cancila (9), Pila globosa (12). 91. Consultations held with fisheries department and local fisher community shared following facts about the fishery in the subproject area. Weed and minor species are found in majority of water bodies. They also breed in these water bodies. Major carp species are limited to rivers and those ponds where fingerlings of these are placed by fishery department /fisherman Major carps do not breed in the ponds. No migratory fish is reported in the recent past in the rivers being crossed by the subproject. 4.3. Economic Development 92. The economy of Bihar is largely service oriented, but it also has a significant agricultural base. There is also a small industrial sector. As of 2008, agriculture accounts for 35%, industry 9%, and service 55% of the economy of the state. Bihar has the lowest GDP per capita in India, although there are pockets of higher than the average per capita income. Between 1999 and 2008, GDP grew by 5.1% a year, which was below the Indian average of 7.3%. More recently, Bihar's state GDP recorded a growth of 18% in 2006-2007, and stood at 942,510 Crores Rupees ($21 billion nominal GDP). This makes Bihar the fastest growing major state. In actual terms, Bihar State GDP is ranked 14th out of 28 states in India. Various facets of socioeconomic environment of the state and the project district have been described in following paragraphs. 4.3.1. Industries 93. Contribution of industrial sector to the state‟s economy is insignificant. This is mainly due to poor investment climate. Key industries in the state include food processing/beverages fibres/textile, jute, leather, mines & minerals, tobacco, dairy, tea, petroleum products, and cement.. Unregistered units dominate the overall industrial sector, accounting for more than half of its total income. There are 259 large and medium industries. Food, beverages, tobacco and petroleum products account for more than 85% of the total industrial income. Total value of output of agro-based industries is less than 1% of the national output, despite the fact that Bihar produces about 10% of India‟s total output of common fruits and vegetables.

4 This river comes closer to the project road (approx 100m) near Km 0.900 and turns right after traversing 150m parallel to the to the road. 5 Sampling was done at 20 locations including all rivers being crossed and large ponds along the road. The figures in bracket indicate no. of water bodies in which the particular species was found.

26 94. The project district is mainly characterized by agro-based small scale cottage industries; light engineering, food, and food processing are the major industrial activities. Major industries located in the area are mainly sugar factories, thermal power station, wagon factory, and pharmaceutical. Small scale industries include sawmill, rice mill, suji factory, beverages, cold storage, plywood etc. Project area is largely devoid of any major industries 4.3.2. Infrastructure Facilities 4.3.2.1 Water Supply 95. Bihar ranks among top states in accessibility and availability of safe drinking water supply. Nearly 90% of the total population gets safe drinking water. Projects districts are also richly endowed by groundwater and surface water resources. Groundwater is principally used for drinking and domestic purposes in the project influence area. 4.3.2.2 Transportation 96. Roads: The State is serviced by 2,318 km of national highways, 4,192 km of state highways, 12,579 km of district roads, and over 69,000 km of other roads. Only 50% of the other roads are paved. The total road length per 100 sq km is 77 km and the road density in is only 901 km per million populations. About half of villages lack all-weather road connectivity. 97. Railways: Bihar‟s railway network is fairly well developed, with the railway route density (route kilometers per 1000 sq km) in the state being 30.15, compared to 19.09 for All-India. Total rail length in the state is 5,400 km. 98. Waterways: Bihar is traversed by several rivers. Some of the major rivers are the Ganges, Ghaghra, Gandak, Kosi, Damodar, Sone and Swarnarekha. Total length of rivers in Bihar is 4,414 km navigable length of rivers is 1,325 km Farakka to Buxar in the river Ganges has been declared as National Water Ways No.1. It is presently operative from Haldia to Patna providing access to Calcutta Seaport (417km) and Haldia (517km). 99. Civil Aviation: Patna, Gaya, Muzaffarpur, Raxoul and Jogbani have domestic airports Patna International Airport is directly connected with Kathmandu (Nepal), and important destinations of the country. There are 39 district Headquarters have air strips/aerodromes. The state government has plans to set up an Air Cargo Complex in Patna that will be promoted by Bihar Industrial Area Development Authority and Airport Authority of India. 4.3.2.3 Power Sources and Availability 100. After bifurcation of Bihar with a newly carved state Jharkhand, 70% of the generation capacity has gone to the jurisdiction Jharkhand, but 70% of the load is left with present Bihar. Bihar‟s power generating capacities stand at 540 MW of capacity in thermal plants in Barauni (320 MW) and Muzaffarpur (220MW) with a limited amount of power (25 MW) available from the hydel power sources. With 41% of its villages electrified, power is being viewed as a focus area with new projects in the pipeline involving a total estimated cost of US$ 4.4 billion with a targeted capacity of 4,820 MW. 4.3.2.4 Agriculture

27 101. About 85% of state's population is dependent on agriculture and allied. The major crops of Bihar are: paddy, wheat, lentils. Bihar is also the leading producer of cash crops like tobacco, chillies, turmeric, oilseeds, sugar, and jute. It produces some of the finest varieties of mangoes, litchis, guavas, sapotas, citrus, pineapples and bananas. Bihar is the largest Honey producer of India. The state is distinguished as the "Rice Bowl" of East India. It has 6%, 6%, 11%, and 9% share of rice, wheat, maize, and jute respectively, produced in India. Bihar is one of the largest vegetable producers. 102. Project districts produces all types of major crops (rice, wheat, maize, Barley, lentils). 4.3.2.5 Mineral Resources 103. Unbifurcated Bihar had vast mineral reserves. About 90% of the important minerals are now left with Jharkhand after separation. Still some more important minerals are located in the state contributing in states revenue though insignificant. Minerals found in the states are Limestone, Pyrite, Magnetite, Steatite, Mica, Chinaclay, Soapstone, Slate, Felspar, Galena, Sandstone, Saltpetre, etc. None of the mineral deposits are located in the project districts. 4.3.2.6 Tourism 104. Bihar is a land of monasteries and several antique ruins of Mugal Empire and other dynasties. Several Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, Muslim and Sikh shrines abound in this ancient land. Important places of tourist interest are Rajgir (pilgrim place for the Buddhists), Bodh Gaya (most sacred place for Buddhists), Gaya, (centre of pilgrimage for Hindus), Nalanda (ruins of the world's earliest Buddhist university), and Vaishali (the seat of the first republic of the world in the sixth century BC). Other places of tourist interest in Bihar include Hazaribagh, a wildlife reserve, famous for its national park; Bhimbandh, famous for hot springs; Maner, a sacred Muslim shrine of Sufi Saint Hazrat Makhdoom Shah; Vikramshila, the ruins of a Buddhist university; Deoghar, famous for a Hindu shrine and Sasaram, the site of the tomb of Afghan emperor Sher Shah Suri. 105. Project district is famous for its ancient places. A prime attraction among the various places of tourism located here is the birthplace of Sita, the Punaura Janaki Temple. Among the other places of tourism are the Panth-Pakar, the Bodhayan-Sar, Sabhagachhi Sasaul, Pupri etc 4.4. Social and Cultural Resources 4.4.1. Population and Communities 106. The total population of Bihar is 82.8 million, third most populous state in the country. The project district contributes nearly 3.24 % of the state population. The decennial growth rate of population of Bihar during 1991-01 was 28.43%. The sex ratio in the State i.e. number of females per 1,000 males marginally increased from 971 in 1991 to 972 in 2001 as compared to the all India average, which increased from 927 to 933 during the same period. The density of population, which was 685persons per sq km in 1991, increased to 880 per sq km in 2001. The urban population of 13.38% in 1991 increased to 14.47 % in 2001. According to the census 2001, the state of Bihar and the project district have following facts on Population (Table 4.10).

28 Table 4.10 : Demographic Profile of the State and the Project Districts

State & Project District Bihar Sitamarhi Indicators

Total Population (in millions) 82.8 2.68

Urban Population (% of total population) 10.47 5.70

Rural Population (% of total population) 89.53 94.30

ST Population (% of total population) 0.9 0.08

SC Population (% of total population) 15.7 12.0

Density (Sq km) 880 1214 Sex Ratio (Per 1000 males) 919 892

Decadal Growth (%) 28.3 33.22

Literacy Rate (%) 47.0 38.5 Source: Bihar through Figures, 2007, directorate of Economics and Statistics 4.4.2. Health Facilities 107. Health facility in the state is not satisfactory. More than 30% of the hospitals/dispensaries of the state is located alone in the state capital Patna. Besides, there are several private clinics/hospitals in the city. Table 4.11 provides the distribution of government health care centres in the State and the project district as of 2006.

Table 4.11 : Healthcare Facilities in the State and Project Districts

Name of the Hospitals and Medical Sl. No. Beds District dispensary Practioners

1 Bihar 1747 22290 2413 2 Sitamarhi 53 474 70 Source: Bihar through Figures, 2007 4.4.3. Literacy 108. The overall literacy rate of Bihar is 47.53% which is significantly low compared to country‟s literacy rate (65.38%). There is also a disparity among male and female literacy with 60.32% and 33.57% respectively. In Bihar, only 23% students below 10 years of age attend elementary schools. The literacy rate among all categories viz. total literacy, male literacy, and female literacy of the project districts is quite lower than state. Sex-wise break-up of literacy rate for the state and the project districts has been tabulated in Table 4.12.

Table 4.12 : Literacy Rate in the State and the Project Districts State & Project Literacy Rate (%) Districts Males Females Total Bihar 60.32 33.57 47.53

29 State & Project Literacy Rate (%) Districts Males Females Total Sitamarhi 51.02 26.25 38.5

Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics 4.4.4. Occupational Status and Migration 109. Of the total population of 82.88 million people, roughly 28 million people (34% of the population) comprise the workforce in the state. Though Bihar is the third largest populated state in India, it accounts for only about 7% of the total organized sector employment in the public sector. In the private sector, the share of Bihar is still lower at about 3%. There has been a large increase of subsidiary status workers in the state, pointing to the presence of a high degree of disguised unemployment as well as temporary/casual labour. Maximum percentage of the workers is in the agriculture sector as a cultivator or agricultural labourers. More than 80% of the rural population is engaged in the agriculture sector. The NSSO data shows that wage employment in the agricultural labour accounted for nearly 40% of the rural work force in Bihar in 1999-00. Agriculture labour and cultivation together account for around 80%of occupations in 1999-00. In urban areas, more than 40% households are self-employed. Around 30% have regular employment in 1999-00. Percentage of main workers to total population and distribution of working populations under various categories of the state and the project districts has been summarized in Table 4.13 and further types of workers have been given at Table 4.14.

Table 4.13 : Main Workers and its Distribution under Various Category

Project Total Main Workers Marginal Non Workers District Workers Workers

No. % No. % No. % No. %

182756 Sitamarhi 855156 32.0 714136 26.6 141023 5.3 68.1 4 Source:-Primary Census Abstract -1991, and 2001(Bihar)

Table 4.14 : Type of Workers among Various Categories

Project Agri. Household Cultivators Other Workers District Labourers Industry

No. % No. % No. % No. % 47319 2898 Sitamarhi 205758 24.0 55.0 4.0 147218 17.0 3 7 Source:-Primary Census Abstract -1991, and 2001(Bihar) 110. Migration is crucial survival strategy for the rural poor in Bihar. As per census and NSS reports, Bihar has the highest rate of gross interstate migration in the India. Most of the migrants are male (95%) and that of poor section. A large no. of people of project districts migrates to different parts of the state and other parts of the country in search of livelihood mainly during flood.

30 4.4.5. Current use of lands and resources for traditional purposes by Indigenous Peoples 111. Tribal population in the project area is insignificant. Those living, are in the mainstream of the society and do not depend on forest and its resources for any purpose. Moreover there is no forest resource in the project district. 4.4.6. Structures or sites of historical, archaeological, paleontological, or architectural significance 112. There is no such site of significance either impacted or in the close vicinity of the project area 4.4.6.1 Areas of Eco-Sensitivity/Protected Area/Restricted Area legislative and others 113. No such eco-sensitive, protected, restricted areas, legislative, and others were found in the subproject area.

31 5. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND ITS MITIGATION MEASURES 114. Environmental impacts have been assessed considering present environmental setting of the project area, nature, and extent of the proposed activities. Suitable approach and methodology was adopted to ascertain likely impacts both during design and construction and operation stage. Valued environmental components were identified during initial site visit followed by its detailed investigation during later stage of the study. 5.1. Impact on Physical Environment 5.1.1. Climate Design and Construction Phase 115. Cutting of approximately 1,455 trees will have minor to negligible impact on microclimate of the region. 116. There are no studies yet available about the effect of climate change on rainfall or flood pattern of the area. Hence, it may be difficult to predict direct or indirect impact of climate change on the project. Mitigation Measures 117. All efforts shall be made to minimize cutting of the trees up to final stage of project implementation. The project envisaged plantation of approximately 4,365trees as a compensatory plantation as in compliance to prevailing guidelines of State‟s Forest Department on 1:3 basis. The contractor will be responsible to coordinate with the authorities that include meetings, actions and discussions with concerned authorities. Besides, additional plantation is recommended near sensitive locations, riverbanks area identified by forest department. 118. As a strategy to minimize GHG emissions from increase in traffic due to road upgrading, BSRDC will cause the implementation of a 1:7 additional plantation on all trees removed whether these are public or privately owned on top of the 1:3 regulatory compensatory afforestation required by the Forest Department. This will involve 10,185 additional trees to be planted along the ROW and other priority areas as identified in Appendix 8. BSRDC will consult with the Forest Department, among others, on the implementation of the compensatory plantation specifying location, species, tree layout, and appurtenances (e.g. irrigation and rest area). Priority will be given, but not limited, to areas along state highways with available land in establishing the plantations. Other areas may include degraded forestlands, eroded riverbanks, and community forest. Guided by the Tirhut Social Forest Model, the BSRDC will implement additional plantation with strong community participation and ensure at least 80% survival of trees after 3 years. The BSRDC will ensure the involvement of project affected women and vulnerable people in tree planting and maintenance activities. Annual reports pertaining to the accomplishment, survival, and community participation (e.g. number of women and vulnerable people) will form part of the annual environmental monitoring report to be submitted to the ADB.

Operation Stage

32 119. The subproject road is located in vast open agricultural land which will provide adequate dispersion of gaseous emission from vehicle. Further, extensive plantation will ameliorate/enhance the micro climate. No adverse climatic changes/impacts are anticipated during operation stage other than CO2 emission from vehicles. 5.1.2. Natural Hazard 120. The project area is located mostly in seismic zone IV with some minor part in Zone V which is high to very damage risk zone. This may cause failure of civil structures in the event of earthquake if design consideration related to seismicity is not taken into consideration. 121. Significant part of the project alignment lies in flood prone areas requiring raised formation level of the proposed road. This may aggravate the flood situation if adequate engineering solutions are not included in the design.

Mitigation Measures 122. Earthquakes may cause failure of civil structures in the event of earthquake if design aspect related to seismicity is not taken into consideration. Relevant IS codes shall be adopted while designing the civil structures to sustain the earthquake of highest magnitude in Seismic zone IV and V. 123. Following IRC guidelines have been followed in the design for construction and protection of embankment in the flood affected stretches. IRC: 34-1970: Recommendations for road construction in waterlogged areas IRC: 75-1979: Guidelines for Design of High Embankments IRC: 56-1974: Recommended Practice for Treatment of Embankment Slopes for Erosion control 124. Key provisions are Provisions of adequate cross drainage structures, like culverts/balancing culverts/causeways and roadside. The height of embankment adequately raised above highest flood level. The design discharge has been evaluated for flood of 50-year return period for calculation of waterway and design of foundations. Retaining walls, Toe walls near water bodies for protection of embankment. Turfing with sods along slope of embankment to prevent erosion of embankment material. Floor aprons on upstream and downstream of culverts and minor bridges. 5.1.3. Air Quality Design and Construction Phase 125. The potential sources of air emission during the construction phase of the project are: (i) dust from earth works (during site preparation); (ii) emissions from the

33 operation of construction equipment and machines; (iii) fugitive emissions from vehicles plying on the road; (iv) fugitive emissions during the transport of construction materials; (v) air emissions other than dust arise from combustion of hydrocarbons particularly from the hot mix plants; and (vi) localized increased traffic congestion in construction areas. Most of the emissions will be in the form of coarse particulate matter and will settle down in close vicinity of construction site. Installation of crusher unit will also lead to air pollution. Hot mix plant will generate carbon monoxide (CO), un-burnt hydrocarbon, sulphur di-oxide, particulate matters, and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. This may affect the air quality of nearby areas especially due to emission discharge from low height stack. However, this will be a temporary phase and hence, no significant impact is envisaged. 126. The stone aggregate will be sourced from licensed quarries. No new quarries shall be open for the subproject. The pollution related aspects to these quarries are independently complied by the quarry owner. The aggregate will be transported in the covered quarries through existing national and state highways. Hence, no direct significant impact is anticipated on ambient air quality due to sourcing of aggregate. Mitigation Measures Vehicles delivering loose and fine materials like sand and fine aggregates shall be covered. Loading and unloading of construction materials in covered area or provisions of water fogging around these areas. Storage areas should be located downwind of the habitation area. Water shall be sprayed on earthworks periodically. Regular maintenance of machinery and equipment. Vehicular pollution check shall be made mandatory. Mixing plants and asphalt (hot mix) plants shall be located at least 1 km downwind of the human settlements. The asphalt plants, crushers and the batching plants shall be sited at least 500m in the downwind direction from the nearest settlement and that too only after receiving a No-Objection Certificate from the SPCB. Hot mix plant shall be fitted with stack of adequate height as may be prescribed by SPCB to ensure enough dispersion of exit gases. Bitumen emulsion and bitumen heaters should be used to extent feasible. Only crushers licensed by PCB shall be used. LPG should be used as fuel source in construction camps instead of wood. Water sprinkling of unpaved haulage roads. Mask and other PPE shall be provided to the construction workers Diesel Generating (DG) sets shall be fitted with adequate height as per regulations (Height of stack = height of the building + 0.2 KVA. Low sulphur diesel shall be used in DG sets as well as machineries.

34 Air quality monitoring should be carried out during construction phase. If monitored parameters are above the prescribed limit, suitable control measures must be taken. Operation Phase 127. Vehicular emission will be the principle source of pollution during operation stage. The subproject road is mostly located in vast open agricultural land which will provide adequate dispersion dynamics of gaseous pollutants. Moreover, majority of the traffic on the subproject will be diverted traffic from the existing highways. Mitigation Measures 128. Plantation is one of the preferred solutions to check air pollution. Plants serve as a sink for pollutants, reduce the flow of dust. Tree plantation along roadsides and other places shall include pollution absorbent species. 129. Free flow of vehicles and improved road conditions will restrict the air pollution in settlement areas. 130. Road signs shall be provided reminding the motorist to properly maintain their vehicles to economize on fuel consumption and protect the environment. 5.1.4. Noise Design and Construction Phase 131. Ambient noise level may increase temporarily in the close vicinity of various construction activities, maintenance workshops and vehicles and earthmoving equipment. These construction activities are expected to produce noise levels in the range of 80–95 dB(A) ( at a distance of about 5 m from the source). Although this level of noise is higher the permissible limit for ambient noise level for residential/commercial levels but will occur only intermittently and temporary. This noise level will attenuate fast with increase in distance from noise source. Impact due to noise during construction activities will be minimal to inhabitants since most of the built-up areas are either bypassed or located at safer distance from the road. However, there are few noise sensitive locations especially schools close to the alignment (Table 5.1).

Table 5.1 : Some Noise- Sensitive Receptors along the Alignment S. No. Type of Structure Design Distance Side Chainage in m from (km) centre line of the road 1 Middle School, Morsen 0.700 10.150 LHS 2 Prathamik, Vidyalaya, 6.700 14.7 LHS Mehsoul 3 Middle School, Mehsoul 8.700 10.900 RHS 4 ISlamia,Madarsa 14.500 7.0 LHS 5 Middle School, Koyli 17.500 14.0 LHS 6 School, Behra 21.900 14.5 RHS 7 Middle School, Hariharpur 31.900 4.138 8 School, Narayanpur 32.100 12.7 LHS 9 Middle, School, BAlha 34.550 9.0 RHS

35 10 C.G.S School, Munhorba 34.900 10.0 LHS 11 Middle School, Rasalpur 36.900 8.5 LHS 12 Binabadani School, Bakhari 41.700 10.7 RHS 13 Primary School, Birak 44 14.0 LHS 14 Middle School, Sisoutia 52.800 12.5 LHS 15 Koria Pipra Middle,School 54.100 12.5 LHS 16 Parihar High, School 57.300 10.5 LHS 17 Sishua Madrasa, School 59.800 3.161 LHS 18 Mushrniya Middle School 61.100 4.0 LHS 19 Middle School Vishanpur 65.300 14.7 LHS Mitigation Measures All equipment shall be timely serviced and properly maintained to minimize its operational noise. Stationary noise making equipments shall be placed along uninhabited stretches. On areas near schools, several approaches to reduce noise will be employed by the Contractor to ensure compliance with noise standards. These approaches include the timing of noisy construction activities during night time and weekends when there are no activities by the sensitive receptor, concurrent noisy operations may be separated to reduce the total noise generated, and if possible re-route traffic during construction to avoid the accumulation of noise beyond standards. If the above mentioned schemes prove to be inadequate, the provision of temporary noise barrier shall be made near identified sensitive locations during construction. If temporary noise barriers are not feasible then timing for construction activities shall be regulated. Protection devices (ear plugs or ear muffs) shall be provided to the workers operating in the vicinity of high noise generating machines. Construction equipment and machinery shall be fitted with silencers and maintained properly. Noise measurements should be carried out to ensure the effectiveness of mitigation measures. Multilayered plantation shall be initiated at those sensitive receptors where adequate horizontal distance is available and desired attenuation can be achieved. This will serve as mitigation option for operation stage. Operation Phase 132. During the operational phase, movement of traffic will be the prime source of noise. Traffic congestion and pedestrian interferences increase the use of horns. This may result in increase noise levels at at nearby schools and religious place. Mitigation Measures Effective traffic management and good riding conditions shall be maintained to reduce the noise level throughout the stretch.

36 Speed limitation and honking restrictions may be enforced near sensitive locations. The effectiveness of the multilayered plantation should be monitored and if need be, solid noise barrier shall be placed. Create awareness amongst the residents about likely noise levels from road operation at different distances, the safe ambient noise limits and easy to implement noise reduction measures while constructing a building close to the road.

5.1.5. Impact on Land and Soil 5.1.5.1 Loss of Productive Soil and Change in Land use Design and Construction Phase 133. The project will require approximately 198 ha of land as per initial assessment done by DPR team. Nearly 80% of the land likely to be acquired is agricultural. No sensitive acquisition viz. forest or any other sensitive land is involved due to the project. Acquisition of agricultural land will affect the agricultural yield of the area. However, the benefits to the individual farmers accrued against reduced yield may get compensated through enhanced accessibility to the commercial market as presently farmers sell the agricultural produce at farm gate prices. 134. In additional to above, land may be required for access road and construction camp for the duration of construction period. This will also result in loss of soil productivity. Mitigation Measures 135. The top soil from the productive land shall be preserved and reused for plantation purposes. It shall also be used for embankment slope for growing vegetation to protect soil erosion. 136. To offset the loss of agricultural land, efforts shall be made to provide institutional support to farmers in terms of enhancing the productivity of their land, improving the cropping pattern; and use of high productive seeds. 137. It shall be ensured that the land taken on lease for access road and construction camp is restored back to its original land use before handing it over back to landowner. Operation Phase 138. The better access can lead to conversion of agriculture land for residential and commercial purposes close to roads and especially in rural and urban area. This may result in loss of productive land and agricultural produce. Mitigation Measures 139. The EA may explore the feasibility of restricting about 50-100 m area either side of the road as no development zone on the line restriction are imposed for National Highways in India. 5.1.5.2 Soil Erosion 140. Soil erosion near river banks/water bodies and wherever vegetation is cleared may have cumulative effect viz. siltation, embankment damage, drainage

37 problem etc. Loss of soil due to run off from earth stock-piles may also lead to siltation. The intensity of soil erosion at different locations will be influenced by the lithology, topography, soil type and climatic condition (mainly rainfall) and drainage pattern.

Mitigation Measures Bank protection measures shall be taken at erosion prone areas. The protection measures may include use of geo-textiles matting. Provision of side drain to guide the water to natural outfalls. Stone pitching wherever necessary. When soil is spread on slopes for permanent disposal, it shall be buttressed at the toe by retaining walls. Side slopes of the embankment shall not be steeper than 2H:1V. Turfing of embankment slopes shall be done along the stretch. Though terrain is flat all through the stretch. However, all steep cuts shall be flattened and benched. Retaining wall on both sides shall be provided. Shrubs shall be planted in loose soil area. In rural stretches, longitudinal side drains shall be intercepted by „mitre‟ drains serving as outlet channels to reduce the erosion. IRC: 56-1974 recommended practice for treatment of embankment slopes for erosion control shall be taken into consideration. Soil erosion shall be visually checked on slopes and high embankment areas. In case soil erosion is found, suitable measures shall be taken to control the soil erosion further including bio-turfing. Operation Phase 141. Soil of steep slopes of embankment and near bridge approaches may erode the embankment formation due to unexpected rainfall. Soil erosion condition may arise if borrow area are not stabilized/restored properly. Regular monitoring for effectiveness of soil erosion measures viz. turfing, and stone pitching shall be carried. Suitable strengthening measures shall be taken to prevent reoccurrence of soil erosion at existing erosion prone locations and prevent erosion at newer locations. 5.1.5.3 Borrow Areas and Quarries 142. The project area is in general a flat terrain. Ten borrow areas have been identified close to the subproject road. It is recommended that borrowing from agricultural land shall be minimized to the extent possible. Further, no earth shall be borrowed from already low lying areas. 143. The dredging and use of dredged material if involved may have its impact in terms of localized sedimentation level increase and dispersion of pollutants present in the dredged material in the river water.

38 144. Borrow areas if left un-rehabilitated may pose risk to people, particularly children, and animals of accidentally falling into it as well as become potential breeding ground for mosquitoes and vector-borne disease. 145. Illegal quarrying may lead to unstable soil condition; destroy the landscape of the terrain, air and noise pollution. Opening of new quarries is not envisaged due to the proposed project. Quarry material will be sourced from existing nearby quarries. Mitigation Measures Borrow pits shall be selected from barren land/wasteland to the extent possible. Borrow areas should not be located on cultivable lands except in the situations where land owners desires to level the land. The top soil shall be preserved and depth shall be restricted to the desired level. Borrow areas should be excavated as per the intended end use by the owner. The Indian Road Congress (IRC):10-1961 guideline should be used for selection of borrow pits and amount that can be borrowed. The dredged material from the river bank shall be tested for presence of heavy metals and other pollutants before its reuse. The depths in borrow pits to be regulated so that the sides shall not be steeper than 25%.To the extent borrow areas shall be sited away from habitated areas. Borrow areas shall be levelled with salvaged material or other filling materials which do not pose contamination of soil. Else, it shall be converted into fishpond especially in the areas of deeper water level in consultation with fishery department and land owner/community. Monitoring of rehabilitation plan of borrow areas in tune with proposed rehabilitation plan has been appended as Appendix 5.1. 5.1.5.4 Compaction and Contamination of Soil 146. Soil in the adjoining productive lands beyond the ROW, haulage roads, and construction camp area may be compacted due to movement of construction vehicles, machineries and equipments, and due to sitting of construction camps and workshops. Approach road either paved or unpaved is available for most the bridge approaches. However, for some bridges approach road has to be constructed. 147. Soil may get contaminated due to inappropriate disposal of liquid waste, (lubricating oil and fuel spills, waste oil and lubricant and vehicle/equipment washing effluent) and solid waste (fuel filters, oily rags) likely to be generated from repair and maintenance of transport vehicles, construction equipment, and machinery. Soil may get contaminated due to inappropriate disposal of domestic solid waste and sewage from construction camps. Mitigation Measures Fuel and lubricants shall be stored at the predefined storage location. The storage area shall be paved with gentle slope to a

39 corner and connected with a chamber to collect any spills of the oils. All efforts shall be made to minimize the waste generation. Unavoidable waste shall be stored at the designated place prior to disposal. To avoid soil contamination at the wash-down and re- fuelling areas, “oil interceptors” shall be provided. Oil and grease spill and oil soaked materials are to be collected and stored in labelled containers (Labelled: WASTE OIL; and hazardous sign be displayed) and sold off to SPCB/ MoEF authorized re-refiners. To prevent soil compaction in the adjoining productive lands beyond the ROW, the movement of construction vehicles, machinery and equipment shall be restricted to the designated haulage route. Approach roads shall be designed along the barren and hard soil area to reduce the compaction induced impact on soil. The productive land shall be reclaimed after construction activity. Septic tank or mobile toilets fitted with anaerobic treatment facility shall be provided at construction camp. Domestic solid waste at construction camp shall be segregated into biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste. The non- biodegradable and recyclable waste shall be sold off. Efforts shall be made that bio-degradable waste shall be composted in the mechanized and movable composter6 by the contractor. Non biodegradable and non saleable waste shall be disposed off to authorized land fill site. If land fill site not available then burial of the waste in a secured manner shall be ensured. Operation Stage 148. No impact on soil is anticipated during operation phase of the project except near low-lying areas and near bridge approaches where unexpected rainfall may erode the embankment formation and deterioration of borrow areas, if not rehabilitated properly. Mitigation measures 149. Monitoring of borrow areas rehabilitation plan in tune with the proposed rehabilitation plan appended as Appendix 5.1. 150. Regular monitoring of side drains and cross drainage structures to check blockade situation. 5.1.6. Groundwater Design and Construction Stage 151. Water will be mainly required for compaction of formation and for domestic purpose in the workers camp. Water for construction purpose and domestic water requirement for workers camp will be mainly sourced from groundwater. Groundwater resources are not scarce in the project area. But, the depth to water table in some part is depleting annually. Hence, uncontrolled abstraction can

6 The low costs and small capacity and size composter are available in India which can be used to disposed of biodegradable waste effectively.

40 further deteoriate the situation. Contamination of groundwater is not envisaged since all construction camps will have septic tanks or mobile toilets depending on the number of workers in each camp. Mitigation Measures 152. Requisite permission shall be obtained for abstraction of groundwater. 153. The contractor shall make arrangements for water required for construction in such a way that the water availability and supply to nearby communities remain unaffected. 154. Water intensive activities shall not be undertaken during summer period to the extent feasible. Operation Stage 155. No impact is anticipated on groundwater due to the project during operation phase of the project hence no specific mitigation is proposed. 5.1.7. Impact on Surface Water Bodies Design and Construction Stage 156. Few rivers and other water bodies are being crossed by the project road. Partial loss to some of the small ponds/ water bodies is envisaged due to the project especially in section between km 31.00 to km 37.00. Surface water bodies are used mainly for cattle bathing and washing. Fishing activity was also observed in large ponds. Mitigation Measure 157. Partial loss to some ponds shall be compensated by rehabilitating borrow areas into fish ponds in the areas of deeper water level. Fisheries activity can be encouraged in such ponds through institutional support from concerned department. 5.1.8. Siltation and Surface Water Quality of rivers and other water bodies Design and Construction Stage 158. There is no major bridge proposed in the subproject. Further, all minor bridges proposed are of open type and hence siltation due to bridge work will be minimal. Soil erosion has direct bearing on siltation. siltation and consequent soil erosion has already been addressed above in soil erosion section. Temporary pollution of water bodies from spillage of chemicals and oil at construction sites and waste from construction camps may occur. 159. Accidental oil and chemicals spills can contaminate the water. Mitigation Measure Required mitigation as suggested in soil erosion section shall be taken into consideration. Bridge construction activity is recommended during lean season. All chemicals and oil shall be stored away from water and concreted platform with catchment pit for spills collection. All equipment operators, drivers, and warehouse personnel will be trained in immediate response for spill containment and eventual

41 cleanup. Readily available, simple to understand and preferably written in the local language emergency response procedure, including reporting, will be provided by the contractors. Silt fencing and/or brush barrier shall be installed for collecting sediments before letting them into the water body. Silt/sediment should be collected and stockpiled for possible reuse as surfacing of slopes where they have to be re-vegetated. All wastes arising from the construction should be disposed in an environmentally accepted manner so as not to block the flow of water in the channels. The wastes should be collected, stored and transported to the approved disposal sites. No vehicles or equipment should be parked or refuelled near water-bodies, so as to avoid contamination from fuel and lubricants The slopes of embankments leading to water bodies should be modified and rechannelized to prevent entry of contaminants. Chute drains shall be provided to drain surface runoff and prevent erosion from slopes. Substructure construction should be limited to the dry season and cofferdams may be constructed and utilized to lift the spoil directly out of it and carried to the river bank for land disposal. Large construction camps shall be avoided along the alignment and located away from habitation and water bodies. Construction labourers shall be preferable from local population. Sewage from labour camps will be treated through septic tanks. No untreated sanitary wastewater shall be discharged into surface water bodies. Operation Stage 160. No impact is anticipated during the operation phase on the surface water bodies due to the subproject implementation activities. However, since the project area is flood prone siltation may occur. Regular checks shall be done along the alignment to ensure that flow of water is maintained through cross drains and other channels to avoid their blockade/ choking. Regular visual checks shall be made to observe any incidence of blockade of drains. Regular checks shall be made for soil erosion and turfing conditions of river training structures for its effective maintenance. 5.1.9. Hydrology and Drainage Design and Construction Stage 161. Significant part of the subproject road passes through areas liable to submergence. The situation of flood may get aggravated due to raising of road formation level which may act as impediment to flow of flood water to its outfall in absence of adequate cross drainage/side drain structures and other engineering measures. Water logging along the road will also have ill effect on the stability of embankment especially in the area of shallow water table. 162. Diversion of water channels during construction of cross drainage structures or otherwise is not envisaged. Mitigation Measures

42 Adequate cross drainage structures shall be provided to allow natural flow of water. Additional balancing culverts shall be provided in flood prone areas. The embankment height shall be designed consistent with the existing topography of the region. Elaborate drainage system shall be provided to drain the storm water from the roadway and embankment and to ensure minimum disturbance to natural drainage of surface and sub-surface water of the area. The design of drainage system such as surface and sub-surface drainage shall be carried out as per IRC: SP: 42 and IRC: SP: 50. Surface runoff from the main highway, embankment slopes and the service roads shall be discharged through longitudinal drains, designed for adequate cross section, bed slopes, invert levels and the outfalls. If necessary, the walls of the drains shall be designed to retain the adjoining earth. The design discharge shall be evaluated for flood of 50-year return period for calculation of waterway and design of foundations. Proposed water way shall not be reduced from existing one. Linear waterways of the most of the major rivers are bank to bank. Therefore, proposed bridge length shall be bank to bank. IRC: 34-1970: Recommendations for road construction in waterlogged area and IRC: 75 and MOSRTH guidelines for Design of High Embankments shall be referred. The height of the embankment based on the final road levels. The following principles shall be followed for fixing the road level: (i) top of sub-grade is at least 1.0m above the high flood level/high water table/pond level and in exceptional circumstances a minimum difference of 0.6 m between the top of sub-grade and HFL/high water table/pond level. (ii) road level of the new two-lane carriageway not lower than the existing carriageway unless it improves vertical profile and also satisfies all other requirements set out in the Manual. (iii) fulfill the minimum free board requirement and provide smooth vertical profile for portions forming approaches to structures. (iv) raise the level of stretches of the existing road from drainage considerations. The structural features and design of embankment considerations are: (i) embankment designed to ensure the stability of the roadway incorporating only those materials, which are suitable for embankment construction as per Section 5 of the Manual. ii) Side slopes not be steeper than 2H:1V unless duly designed slope protection measures are provided. iii) where the embankment is supported on a weak stratum necessary special design of the embankment done and also adopts appropriate remedial / ground improvement measures. iv) high embankments (height 6 m or above) in all soils designed from stability considerations as per IRC: 75 and MOSRTH – Guidelines for Design of High Embankments. v) The side slopes protected against erosion by providing turfing/vegetative cover, stone/Cement Concrete block pitching, geo-synthetics, gabion walls or any other measures depending on the height of the embankment, type of soil involved and

43 susceptibility of soil to erosion as pr IRC: 56. Pitching works on slopes shall be as per MOST Specifications. Operation Stage 163. Regular removal/cleaning of deposited silt shall be done from drainage channels and outlet points before the monsoon season. Rejuvenation of the drainage system by removing encroachments/ congestions will be regularly conducted. 5.2. Impact on Biological Environment 5.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology 164. There are no national parks, wild life sanctuaries or any other similar eco- sensitive areas in the project area. However, some trees are likely to be affected. The impact and mitigation due to tree cutting has been discussed in following paragraphs. Design and Construction Stage 165. One month before the construction starts, clearing and grubbing will be performed by the contractor. All trees within the ROW with 300mm diameter at 1m above the ground will be cut, including the removal of stumps. All stumps and roots of trees of girth more than 33 mm at above 1 m from the ground level will be culled. 166. There are altogether 1455 trees likely to be affected due to the project. The cutting of trees will have minor to negligible impact on local environment. Moreover, this will be temporary since large number of trees have been planned to be planted on both sides of the road. This will improve the local climatic conditions in long term. Mitigation Measures 167. Requisite permission from forest department shall be obtained for cutting of roadside trees. 168. The subproject envisages plantation of approximately 4,000 trees along both sides of road as per IRC SP: 21 specifications. This will include the compensatory plantation as per prevailing guidelines of State‟s forest department on 1:3 basis. Besides, additional plantation (1:7) shall be done on river banks, etc. near bridge sites to enhance the aesthetics and check soil erosion and flooding impact. All tree plantations will be carried out in close consultation with forest department. 169. A range of 10-15 m center-to-center is recommended for spacing of trees (parallel to the road). Setback distance of trees in different situations shall be based on IRC: SP: 21 and IRC: 66. The distance between the kerb, if any, and the nearest edge of tree trunk shall be at least 2 m. 170. For safe traffic operation, vertical clearance between the crown of the carriageway and lowest part of overhang of the tree available across the roadway shall conform to the standards laid down in IRC: SP: 21. The pit size, fencing, watering and manuring requirements shall also conform to the above standard. Excess use of pesticides shall be restricted. Planting shall be such that it does not obstruct the visibility of traffic from any side and shall be pleasing in appearance.

44 Operation Stage 171. Positive impacts on terrestrial ecology are expected during the subproject operation due to the increase in vegetation and landscaping along the state highway. The subproject will coordinate with the local communities to maintain and enhance the trees planted along the state road.” No adverse impact is anticipated during operation stage except accidental damages or absence of proper tree management. 172. No direct impact is anticipated during operation stage except accidental damages or absence of proper tree management. Mitigation Measures 173. Arrangement shall be made to ensure survivability of the tree plantation. The Social Forest Department or Divisional Forest Offices shall be consulted or involved in this programme. The tree survivability audit shall also be conducted at least once in a year to assess the effectiveness of the programme.

45 5.2.2. Aquatic Ecology Design and Construction Stage 174. Fishing was observed in the water bodies of the subproject area. But there is no breeding or spawning ground of major carp species near river crossing by the subproject. Further, no impact is envisaged near bridge locations since all minor bridges proposed are of open type and piling is not involved. However, sedimentation followed by increased turbidity level and water quality deterioration is expected from the subproject during the construction stage. Improvement of existing embankments particularly along the waterways will increase silt while accidental spill of materials, chemicals, and fuels will deteriorate water quality. Mitigation Measures Construction of bridge is recommended during non-breeding season i.e. 2nd week of August-May. Even fishing is banned in the rivers and large ponds during this period by fishery department. Best construction practices shall be adopted to prevent increase in siltation level of the water. Siltation shall be avoided by measures suggested above in siltation and soil erosion sections. Operation Stage 175. No impact is envisaged during operation phase of the project and hence no mitigation proposed. However, periodic surveillance shall be conducted to check erosion and siltation in major water bodies. 5.3. Management of Construction Debris/Waste 176. Debris can be generated by dismantling of pavement, though involved only for few kilometres as realignment is envisaged for major sections. Quarry dust and unused iron bars or damaged support structures constitutes significant wastes. Mitigation for solid waste from construction camp has been given in construction camp section. Mitigation measures The existing bitumen surface can be utilized for paving of cross roads, access roads, and paving works in construction sites and camps, temporary traffic diversions, haulage routes, etc. All excavated materials from roadway, shoulders, verges, drains, cross drainage and the like will be the property of the BRCDL and will be used for backfilling embankments, filling pits, and landscaping. Unusable debris material should be suitably disposed off at pre- designated disposal locations, with approval of the concerned authority. The bituminous wastes shall be disposed in secure landfill sites only in environmentally accepted manner. For removal of debris, wastes and its disposal MOSRTH guidelines should be followed. Unusable and surplus materials, as determined by the Project Engineer, will be removed and disposed offsite.

46 177. The locations of dumping sites should be selected with following considerations: Unproductive/wastelands shall be selected for dumping sites; Away from residential areas and located at least 1,000 m downwind side of these locations; Dumping sites do not contaminate any water sources, and rivers; Dumping sites have adequate capacity equal to the amount of debris generated; Public perception and consent from the village Panchayats about the location of debris disposal site has to be obtained before finalizing the location; and Form works will be re-used to the extent possible, more than 20 times as dictated by good practice. All stripped formworks will be examined for any damage and rectified in the workshop for re-use. Rectification includes plugging holes, and straightening bent steel props. 5.4. Socioeconomic Impact 178. Assessment of project impact on socioeconomic conditions point to the conclusions that positive benefits are many fold compared to its adverse impact. 5.4.1. Positive Impacts 179. Roadside economic activities will increase due to increased number of vehicle using the road. Economic activities supporting transport like gasoline stations, automotive repair shops, lodging, and restaurants are expected to increase. Increase agro-industrial activities are also expected to take advantage of improved access to urban centres where there are higher demands and better prices for agricultural products. The subproject road will provide lifeline for temporary relocation and relief operation during flood season. Other generic benefits of such projects are (i) Reduction in travel time, (ii) better mode and frequency of transport, (iii) access to quality heath care facilities, educational and other infrastructural facilities, (iv) enhanced tourism activities in the area and state which in many terms will boost the local economy, and (v) better investment climate for industries creating more employment opportunities to local people. 5.4.2. Anticipated Negative Impacts 180. The only irreversible impact is loss of agricultural land. Other losses like loss of common property resources, problem in accessibility and community linkage, health and safety during and after construction, and temporary change in demographic configuration are mitigable with minor to negligible residual impacts.

47 5.4.2.1 Impacts due to Construction Camp and Immigration of Workers 181. Poor sitting and improper management of construction camp may lead to several adverse impacts on environment, viz.: (i) loss of vegetation due to use of wood as fuel source for cooking, (ii) deterioration in nearby surface water bodies‟ quality, (iii) compaction and contamination of soil due to uncontrolled disposal of solid waste, and (iv) poor sanitation may result to transmission of communicable diseases among the workers and the host communities. This include the possible spread of sexually transmitted disease, diseases from improper handling and supply of foodstuff, poor water supply, insect-borne diseases, alcoholic drinks, and drugs. Mitigation measures 182. Construction camp shall be sited at such locations so as to utilize the existing infrastructure. No productive land should be utilized for construction camp. All sites must be graded, ditched and rendered free from depressions to avoid water stagnation. Accommodation and ancillary facilities including recreational facility for workers shall be erected and maintained to standards and scales approved by the resident engineer. All camps should maintain minimum distance of 500 m from habitation and water bodies. 183. All construction camps shall be provided sanitary latrines and urinals with provision of septic tanks attached with soak pits. Storm water drains shall be provided for the flow of used water outside the camp. Drains and ditches shall be treated with bleaching powder on a regular basis. Garbage bins must be provided in the camp and regularly emptied and disposed off in a hygienic manner. LPG cylinders shall be provided as fuel source for cooking to avoid any tree cutting. 184. At every workplace, the Contactor will ensure, in collaboration with local health authorities that a readily available first-aid unit including an adequate supply of sterilized dressing materials and appliances shall be provided. Workplaces remote and far away from regular hospitals shall have indoor health units with one bed for every 250 workers. Suitable transport shall be provided to approach the nearest hospital. At every workplace an ambulance containing the prescribed equipment and nursing staff shall be provided. 185. The Contractor will ensure the good health and hygiene of all workers to prevent sickness and epidemics. These include the HIV/AIDS prevention program to reduce the risk and transfer of HIV virus between and among the workers and community, promote early diagnosis, and assist affected individuals. Activities under the program include monthly information, education, and consultation communication campaigns to workers, drivers, delivery crew, and communities on the risk, dangers, and impacts of STD and HIV/AIDS. 186. The Contractor will ensure that sufficient supply of suitable and hygienically prepared food at reasonable price and safe water supply for the use of the workers. 187. The Contractor will ensure that all precautions to protect the workers from insect and pest to reduce the risk to health. This includes the use of insecticides which should comply with local regulations.

48 188. No alcoholic liquor or prohibited drugs will be imported to, sell, give, and barter to the workers of host community. 189. Migrant workers may be the potential carriers of various diseases. Local community may get exposed to the diseases carried by migrant workers. Regular health check-up and immunization camps shall also be organized for the workers and nearby population. 5.4.2.2 Safety of Construction Workers and Accident Risk to Local Community Design and Construction Stage 190. The following safety aspects, viz. (i) safety of construction workers, (ii) safety of road users including pedestrians and cyclists, (iii) safety to cattle, (iv) safety of local community, (v) unsafe/ hazardous traffic conditions due to construction vehicle movement need to be considered during design and construction stage, and (vi) conduct of safety audit. Mitigation measures During the construction phase, contractors shall be required to adopt and maintain safe working practices. Internationally accepted and widely used safety procedures should be followed during (i) road works, (ii) handling of large construction equipment and machineries, (iii) handling of chemicals and hazardous materials and inflammable substances, (iv) welding, and (v) electrical works, etc. A set of mitigation measures for construction workers have been provided in EMP matrix table. Contractor shall arrange all PPEs for workers, first aid and fire fighting equipments at construction sites. An emergency plan shall be prepared duly approved by engineer in charge to respond to any instance of safety hazard. The contractor will be required to appoint an Accident Prevention Officer (APO) who will conduct regular safety inspections at construction sites. The APO will have the authority to issue instructions and take protective measures to prevent accidents. The partial control on access for the project road shall be achieved through measures like service road with physical separation for local traffic, intersections, acceleration/deceleration lanes, vehicular and pedestrian underpasses. The partial control on access for the project road shall be achieved through measures like service road with physical separation for local traffic, intersections, acceleration/deceleration lanes, vehicular and pedestrian underpasses. Grade separated intersections/junctions shall be provided at all major intersections in consistent to IRC: 92. Pedestrian/cyclist and cattle passageways shall be provided near identified locations. These facilities shall be planned in accordance with the relevant provisions contained in IRC-11, IRC- 17 and IRC-103. The crossing facilities can be designed either in conjunction with grade intersections or through underpasses. The road embankment will be high in most of its reaches hence, the cross drainage structures can be designed such that it can be

49 utilized as underpass by pedestrians/cattles/animal-driven vehicles/tractors, etc. To avoid disruption of the existing traffic due to construction activities, comprehensive traffic management plan shall be drawn up by the concessionaire. Traffic in construction zones shall be managed as per the provisions of IRC SP 55. After construction is completed in a particular zone, it shall be opened for normal operation. All diversions/access roads should l be closed before start of normal operation. Use of retro-reflectorized traffic signs, and cantilever/gantry types overhead signs, thermoplastic road marking paints, delineators, traffic cones, empty bitumen drums, barricades, and flagmen will be used to ensure traffic management and safety. Conduct of regular safety audit on safety measures adopted during construction. The audit will cover manpower and their safty, machinery, temporary works, equipment and vehicles, materials storage and handling, construction procedures, environment, site safety guidelines, and miscellaneous services. Operation phase 191. Road safety is the main concern during operation phase of the project. ADB has already fielded a separate TA for road safety aspects for roads under BSHIIP-AF. All recommendations of this study must be incorporated in the road design to avoid/minimize road accidents and tackle emergency situations due to accidents. Further, relevant IRC guidelines shall also be adopted. 192. It is proposed to explore the feasibility of providing the following facilities: . Highway patrol unit(s) for round the clock patrolling to provide assistance to the users in case of any need, monitor the travel conditions to provide information to the control section and to undertake immediate measures for managing the traffic flow in case of any incident. . Phone booths for accidental reporting and ambulance services with minimum response time for rescue of any accident victims. . Tow-away facility for the break down vehicles. 193. BSRDCL may also explore the possibility of coordination with operating agency of intersecting National Highways to have common facilities and share the costs as appropriate.

50 5.4.3. Obstruction and Disruption of Traffic Construction Phase 194. Disruption of access to infrastructure or social resource due to construction activity will cause nuisance and to a certain extent additional cost to the public in terms of longer travel period due to diversion or heavier traffic. It will also pose risk of accident to motorists at night if these blockages and disruptions are not clearly demarcated. Mitigation Measures 195. The contractor will submit a traffic plan to the Project Engineer at least two weeks before the construction starts that will result to obstruction. The plan will include a drawing of temporary diversions and details of arrangement. A section of the Traffic Plan will be a Control Plan that details how the safety of the pedestrians and workers and delineation of the roadway at night. This Plan will recommend for approval the safe and convenient temporary diversion of traffic during construction, design of barricades, delineators, signs, markings, lights, and flagmen, among others. 196. For widening of existing carriageway and part of it will be used for passage of traffic, paved shoulder will be provided on one side of the existing road by the contractor with the following minimum requirements: At least one 3.5 m lane to remain to traffic at all times The surface used by the through traffic will be firm bituminous compacted surface free of defect The maximum continuous length over which construction under traffic may take place is limited to 750 meters. Construction activity will be restricted to only one side of the existing road On stretches where it is not possible to pass the traffic on the part width of existing carriageway, temporary paved diversions will be constructed. These paved diversions will comply with standards on junctions and temporary cross drainage. 197. Transportation of quarry material to the construction sites through heavy vehicles shall be done through existing major roads to the extent possible. This will restrict wear and tear to the village/minor roads. Small vehicles/unmotorized vehicle can also be used for its further transportation to the construction sites from temporary storage areas. 5.4.4. Transports and Storage of Materials 198. The construction material primarily will consist of aggregate, sand, cement, bitumen, lubricating oil and fuel for vehicle, and construction equipments. These will be primarily stored temporarily at construction camps. The oils, fuels and chemicals will be stored on concreted platform with spills collection pits. The cement will be stored under cover. All these temporary storage areas will be located at least 150 m away from the habitat. The likely impacts due to transportation and storage including fugitive emission have already been covered under different section above. 5.4.4.1 Impact on Land and Private Properties

51 199. The assessment made by the resettlement expert shall be referred for exact loss of private properties and measures to compensate such losses. Environmental screening of resettlement sites, if required for the subproject, shall be carried out. Besides monetary compensation for any loss of private trees, compensatory afforestation and extensive plantation has been incorporated in the EMP to have long-term environmental benefits. 200. Income restoration measures/livelihood options for vulnerable group/resource poor sections and other affected persons as recommended by social development/resettlement expert shall be implemented. 5.4.4.2 Impact on Common Property Resources 201. There are various types of community structures/facilities/utilities along the proposed alignment. Geometric adjustments have been made to minimize the loss to any such facilities. Any such structures even falling within ROW but out of required formation width shall be saved. Alternate access has to be provided to these structures during construction stage. All community structures likely to be dismantled shall be suitably relocated. The list of school and ponds has already been mentioned earlier in this report. Besides, there is large no. of hand pumps also likely to be affected. The impact on religious properties has been provided at Table 5.2. For exact extent of impact on these structures and mode of compensation, resettlement/land acquisition plan shall be referred.

Table 5.2 : List of religious structures very close/within corridor S. No Type of Structures and Design Distance from Side Village Chainage the Centre Line 1 Temple Belagarh 3.3 4.3 LHS 2 Mosque Belagarh 4.5 3.5 RHS 3 Temple Mehsoul 7.0 3.8 LHs 4 Temple Mehsoul 7.1 3.0 LHS 5 Temple Mehasoul 9.2 7.7 LHS 6 Temple, Mohani Gachhi 12.9 5.719 LHS 7 Temple, Gouri Chatti 13.9 3.769 LHS 8 Mosque, Gouri Chatti 15.9 7.047 LHS 9 Graveyard, Koyli 17.5 6.12 LHS 10 Temple Koyli 18.0 8.556 RHS 11 Graveyard Mahabir 18.2 8.981 LHS 12 Temple Behera 21.9 5.715 LHS 13 Temple Madhubani 29.6 5.432 LHS 14 Temple Hariharpur 31.8 5.405 LHS 15 Temple Balha 35.5 4.92 LHS 16 Graveyard Balha 36.0 6.67 RHS 17 Temple, Bakhri 41.575 5.037 RHS 18 Shib Mandir Bakhri 41.612 5.512 RHS 19 Temple, Birak 43587 2.971 RHS 20 Mosque, Sishua 60.312 3.735 RHS 21 Mosque Sishua 60512 2.547 LHS 22 . Idgaha , Vishampur 65575 4.27 LHS 23 Graveyard, Khairwa 65.7 3.657 RHS

52 6. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE 6.1. Consultation Method and Information Disclosed 202. Consultations were held with all stakeholders‟ viz. beneficiaries, local and affected people, government bodies, and non-governmental organizations with intent to understand their concerns, apprehensions, and overall opinion. Informal meetings, interviews were organized covering the entire project stretch. The informal consultation generally started with explaining the subprojects, followed by an explanation to potential impacts. Participants‟ views were gathered with regard to loss of agricultural land, borrow areas, air and noise quality of the area due to traffic, water availability, and accident risk. The discussions were primarily focused on to receiving maximum inputs from the participants regarding their acceptability and environmental concerns arising out of the project. They were given the brief outline of the project to which their opinion was sought. Suggestions were also sought for mitigating any potential adverse impact. 6.2. Compliance with Relevant Regulatory Requirements 203. In India, public consultation is mandatory in case of Category A and B1 category projects7 in select conditions. Public hearing was required for the proposed project which was conducted by Bihar State Pollution Control Board in project district as per procedures prescribed in new EIA notification of 2006. 204. Public consultation was undertaken as per the ADB requirements. All the five principles of information dissemination, information solicitation, integration, coordination and engagement into dialogue were incorporated during the task. A framework of different environmental impacts likely from the project was strengthened and modified based on opinions of all those consulted, especially in the micro level by setting up dialogues with the village people from whom information on site facts and prevailing conditions were collected. 6.2.1. Consultation with Executing Agency 205. Officials of executing agency provided technical information‟s about the project. All issues related to effective implementation of EMP, grievance redressal mechanism, various clearances/consent and permission required prior to and during implementation were discussed. Mr. G. C, Mishra, Deputy General Manager, expressed that the BSRDCL, is committed to implement the project in environmentally sustainable way in consistent to country‟s applicable laws/regulations/guidelines and safeguard requirements of ADB. Mr. Mukesh Kumar, Manager Tech from Project Implementation Unit stressed on training and capacity building of officers responsible for implementing the EMP, country‟s legal framework and ADB‟s environmental safeguard requirements.

6.2.2. Consultation with other Government Departments 206. All relevant government departments/agencies, which include forest, pollution control board, water resources, and fisheries were consulted for collection of available information their views/ comments and suggestions about the project.

7 As per schedule I of EIA notification number S.O. 1533, dated 14th September 2006. This notification also defines when a public consultation is mandatory.

53 207. Forest officials informed that there is no forest in the project area nor any endangered floral and fauna species. The roadside plantation is under protected status and therefore, permission for felling of roadside trees must be taken prior to civil works. Compensatory afforestation shall be done on 1:3 basis. Official expressed their willingness to extend all cooperation in compensatory afforestation work. 208. Pollution control board officials informed that the project area is largely devoid of industries. Hence, baseline information of the area are not available. They mentioned about need for obtaining necessary clearances from concerned authorities and NOC from pollution control board and emphasized that all conditions of such clearances shall be implemented strictly both during construction and operation phase of the project. 209. Directorate of Economics an statistics was consulted for obtaining latest facts and figures especially on socioeconomic aspects of the state and project districts. The list of government officials contacted, along with purpose/objective has been summarized in Table 6.1.

Table 6.1 : Summary of Consultation Held with Government Departments. S. Location and Date Stakeholders Objective and outcome of the No consultation 1 Sitamarhi Mr. Mithlesh Kumar Information obtained about April, 2010 Yadav, Forest Range protected status of the roadside Officer, Sitamarhi plantation, compensatory afforestation norms, Estimated cost per km for plantation along roadside. Status of forest along the project road. Presence of any endangered or rare floral and faunal species along the project corridor, etc. 2. District Fisheries Subodh Kumar, District Information about fishery activity Office, Sitamarhi Fishery Officer, (major and minor species, their April, 2010 Sitamarhi, breeding and spawning ground, Mr. Nam Kumar Nayak, breeding season etc.) in the area Fisheries Extention and its dependence of local Officer, District Fishery community was obtained. Office Supaul. They also suggested some mitigation option to avoid adverse impact on aquatic life of the water bodies being crossed by the subproject road. 3 State Pollution Dinesh Kumar, Report on “State of the Environment Control Board, Patna Assistant Environmental of Bihar” was collected. Information June, Sept and Officer about existing baseline conditions December, 2009 Dr. Naveen Kumar, of the project area if any was Scientist collected. Capacity assessment Mr. Virendra Kumar, was done for the likely involvement Public Relation Officer in the project for monitoring and other environmental management required for the project. 4. Directorate of Dr. Jitedra Kumar Latest report on “Bihar through Economics & Sinha, Figures,2007” was collected. statistics, Bihar Joint Director, Environmental issues were December,2009 Dr. Shiv Shanker , discussed with head of the Deputy Director Environmental cell. The newly Dr. Nirbhay Kumar, constituted cell presently has not

54 S. Location and Date Stakeholders Objective and outcome of the No consultation Deputy Director much of the information related to environment.

6.2.3. Beneficiaries’ Comments 210. The project has immense acceptability among the local people. They perceive that in addition to providing all-weather connectivity, the subproject road will bring positive socioeconomic changes in the area. Local people mainly discussed on the issues related to flooding, rehabilitation and resettlement and road safety issues. The list of participants, their views and outcome of the consultations have been summarized in Table 6.2.

Table 6.2 : Consultations with Local Community S. Place & time Name of Participants Views/suggestions/Demand of Local No People 1 Mannapur Pappu Sahni (Fisherman), Most of the participants were from Sugaut Sahni (Fisherman), fisherman community. River Lakhandei is Dinesh Sahni (Fisherman), located nearby the road (100m). They Naresh Sahni (Fisherman), informed that fish productivity in the river Bachu Sahni (Fisherman), has been reduced due to industrial Pappu Sahni (Wage earner) discharges. 2 Near Sanjay Kumar (Shopkeeper), Flood related information was shared by Rajkhand Dharmender Singh (Farmer), the local people. They informed that Bindeswar Singh (Farmer), Bagmati and Lakhandai river is main Ramkishore Singh (Farmer), source of flood during monsoon. These Sunil Kumar (Businessman), rivers originate in Nepal. Some stretches Ramdayal Singh, (Farmer), Bilar of Bagmati are embanked. Unembanked Singh Mahato, (Farmer), Sanjay areas witness flood. Unusual event of flood Singh (Farmer), Ram Hriday also occurs due to any breach in the Paswan (Farmer), Ram Iqbal embankment one like in year 2004. They Singh (Employee of Gramin demanded adequate drainage facility in Vikash Bank) built-up sections of the road with suitable outfall. 3. Bishanpur Mr. Maheshwar Prasad (farmer), Road in this stretch passes through Mr. Kishori Mahto (Wage- congested areas. They apprehended that earner), Mr. Puran Mahto accident rate will increased after road (Farmer), Mr. Siddharth Kumar widening due to likely increase in traffic. (Farmer), Mr. Bhagwan Lal They suggested speed limitation and other Shah (Petty Business), Mr. safety measures in the village. Palukshetia Mahto (farmer), Mr. Shyam Prasad Gupta (shopkeeper), Mr. Jeetender Shah 4. Navadi Mr. Raman Kumar (Farmer), Mr. Area is flood prone. Main source of income Ram Sarath Rai (Farmer), Mr. is tobacco farming. Availability and Shiv Chander Rai (Priest), Mr. accessibility to basic infrastructure facilities Laxmi Rai- (Priest), Mr. Pappu is a problem. Patel (Farmer), Mr. Ramesh Kumar,(Farmer), Mr. Gopal Kumar, (Farmer), Mr. Naval Patel( Farmer), Mr. Raja Patel (Farmer), Mr. Raghu Patel, (Farmer), Mr. Manoj Kumar (Farmer)

55 S. Place & time Name of Participants Views/suggestions/Demand of Local No People 5. Ramnagar Mr. Ram Sevak Yadav Flooding is major concern for local people. (businessman), Mr. Sushil Main source of flood is overflow of kumar Mr. Jadubanshi Adhwara group of rivers. Flood frequency (Businessman), Mr. Saidal Khan is 15 in 20 years. The bridge over River (Businessman), Mr. Narayan Adhwara is damaged since last 9 years. Kumar (Student), Mr. Subodh Construction of new bridge is their primary Kumar (Farmer), Mr. Ashu need. Drainage congestion in market area Narayan Yadav (Politician), Mr. was also reported due to chocking. They Santosh Kumar, Mr. Yada demanded for covered drain with provision (Pharmacist), (Shatrughan of regular cleaning. Prevalent diseases in Kumar Thakur ( Businessman), the area during flood are Diarrhea, Kalazar Mr. Uma Shankar Patel and Malaria. Chicken pox. Is also prevalent (Teacher) in the area. 6. Balha Mr. Gopal Chaudhary (Teacher), Most of the participants were from Mr. Narayan Sahni (Fisherman), fisherman community. Fishery is the prime Mr. Ramesh Chand source of their income. They opined that (Fisherman), Mr. Sambhu Sahni all measures shall be taken to avoid loss of (Fisherman), Mr. Kuldeep Sahni water bodies and negative impact on fishes (Fisherman), Mr. Ram Rattan during construction phase of the project. Sahni (Fisherman), Mr. They also suggested to rehabilitate all Dukhram Sahni Mr. borrow pits into fish ponds. (Fishemrnan), Mr. Jogesh Sahni (Fisherman), Mr. Anil Shah (Fisherman), Mr. Sugarat Shah (Fisherman), Mr. Sanjay Yadav (Teacher), 7. Birak Birender Paswan (Teacher), Participants informed that the major Laxmi Panjiyar (Labor), population is economically backward since Becharam (Labor), Harichander average land holding is very less. Further, Mahto (Labor), Guddu Mahto recurring flood also damage their crops. (Farmer), Chandalal Mahto Project acceptability is enormous among (Labor), Shakal Paswan, Iswar the local people. There are very assured Mandal Farmer, Ram Sharit about likely positive economic changes due (Farmer), Md. Shoaib (Farmer), to the project. Md. Chattar (Farmer), Bhagu Mandal (Labor), Laxmi Kumar- Few suggestions from the local people are student, Raghav Mandal (i) increased formation level of road with (Farmer), Mohan Mandal, Md. adequate cross drainage structures (ii) Zakir (Farmer), Pati Ram Thakur provision of cattle underpasses and road (Political leader), Md. Nanhi- safety measures for all type of road users. Farmer 8 Bhiswa Ramesh Singh – Labor Participants emphasized the need of Mansood Ansari – Teacher improving the damaged bridges prior to Lau Paswan- labor road improvement it obstructs their Rakesh Paswan- Farmer movement during rainy season. The area Kapleswar Chaudhary- lacks social infrastructural facility and they Businessman have to visit a long distance through Ram Kumar – Farmer existing poor road. They suggested that Bittu Paswan- student local people shall be consulted about Ram Preet Paswan – Student relocation of common property resources. Praveen Kumar – Farmer

56 S. Place & time Name of Participants Views/suggestions/Demand of Local No People 9 Sursand Munaf (Richsaw puller), Everyone welcomed the decision of Gajendra Mandal (Richsaw improvement. They informed that right of puller), Charitra Paswan way is available near Sursand at most of (Wage earner), the locations hence existing alignment shall be followed to the extent feasible. In case Chandeshwar Rawat unavoidable, the length of bypass shall be (Richsaw puller), Munna reduced to minimise land acquisition. Rout (Tea Stall), Kundan Paswan (Wage earner), Demanded side drain, adequate road Sushil Das (Teacher), Mohd safety provisions and construction of a Jallaludin (Shopkeeper) quality road which can be used for longer span. 10 Behera Kapildev Singh (Farmer), Participants shared the problems being Kripanath Prasad(Farmer), faced due to lack of all weather road Chandeshwar Mahto connectivity which is the primary need of (Farmer), Rohit Kumar the area. Subproject road provides vital link to NH-77 and NH-104 but is in very (Student), Rajiv Kumar ( Student), Hari Prasad Mehta, Dashrath Mahto, Birendra Kumar, Tejnarayan, Dharkan Mishra poor conditions and remain submerged during monsoon at some places. They emphasized that executing agency must ensure construction of a good quality of road. 6.2.4. Consultation with NGOs and Key Informants 211. Although there are several NGOs in the project districts, most of them are working mainly for social issues. Environmental activities are limited to organizing some workshops, plantation work and extending awareness through centrally aided schemes like Environmental Awarness Campaign. Some prominent NGOs, like KSHITIZ, Gaon Vikash Manch, Sitamarhi Lok Sewa Sansthan were consulted to know there views/comments and suggestions about the project. 212. Most of them are of the common view that recurring flood is the main environmental issue in the District and the subproject area as well. They informed that rivers draining through the district originate from higher altitude at Nepal and the slope is mainly towards south causing flood in the project district and other parts of the Bihar. Further, discharge of extra water from barrages/dams in the upper reaches aggravates the flood problem. They recognized the need of road improvement in these areas since it will serve as life line during flood rehabilitation work. They suggested that the extensive bamboo plantations along the river banks especially near habitation and road will enable to protect the devastation of flood to both road and people living along the road. 213. They desired active participation in the project in activities like compensatory afforestation; flood protection measures, resettlement and rehabilitation of affected population, rehabilitation of borrow areas etc. 6.3. Integration of Comments into the IEE 214. During discussions, notes were taken for all issues raised and suggestions made. References have been taken from public opinion where no official data were available for understanding of the study area characteristics. Each of the issues were then analysed for practical and scientific basis. The opinions were used for identifying impacts and developing management and monitoring plan, depending on their importance and practicality. For any significant concern,

57 preventive or mitigative measures have been suggested drawing points from all the suggested measures. 6.4. Public Disclosure 215. Disclosure of IEE/SIEE document will be done in line with ADB‟s Public Communications Policy and Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009.

Photographs of Public Consultations

Plate 1: Consultation at Ramnagar Plate2: Consultation at Navadi Village

Plate 3: Consultation near Rajkhand Plate 4: Consultation near Mannapur

58

Plate 5: Consultation near Balha Plate 6: Consultation Near Birak

Plate 7: Consultation at Bishanpur Plate 8: Consultation Before Bhiswa

Plate 8: Consultation Near Behera Plate 8: Consultation at Sursand

59 7. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND GRIEVANCE ADDRESSAL MECHANISM 7.1. Environmental Management Plan 216. The project specific Environment Management plan has been formulated with an aim to avoid, reduce, mitigate, or compensate for adverse environmental impacts/risks and propose enhancement measures. This includes: (i) mitigation of potentially adverse impacts; (ii) monitoring of impacts and mitigation measures during project implementation and operation; (iii) institutional capacity building and training; (iv) compliance to statutory requirements; and (v) integration of EMP with project planning, design, construction and operation 217. The environmental management plan highlighting potential impacts, mitigation measures, legislative requirements, time frame and institutional responsibility are given in Appendix 7.1.

7.1.1. Other Mitigation Plans 7.1.1.1 Indigenous Peoples Plan (IPP): 218. Social impact assessment study has been undertaken for the subproject separately. Anticipated social risks and its mitigations have been addressed as based on the SIA. The correlated issues (other than specific social issues) have been dealt in the environmental assessment and mitigation plan has been proposed in EMP accordingly. Since there is insignificant indigenous population likely to be affected in the subproject area, IPP is not envisaged. This has to be confirmed based on the social assessment. 7.1.1.2 Resettlement Plan 219. Similarly, resettlement plan is being prepared to address issues related to involuntary resettlement. The interlinked concern which has direct bearing on environment has also been captured in environmental assessment and mitigation plan. 7.1.1.3 Emergency Response Plan 220. Assessment of nature, type and extent of project activities establishes that accidents on paved roads and consequent spillage can be the more frequent emergency. Other emergent situation includes breach in the embankment due to heavy flood, vehicular accidents and spillage. It is suggested to develop a communication and response system to minimize the response time. The subproject authorities shall be prepared to counteract against such emergency either by developing in-house capabilities or by associating with any competent agency. 7.2. Environmental Monitoring Program (EMoP) 221. The environmental monitoring programme is devised with the objectives to: (i) evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures and the protection of the ambient environment as per prescribed standards; (ii) suggest improvements in the management plans, if required; (iii) verify the statutory compliance and community obligations; and (iv) use as tool to compare the monitored data against the baseline condition collected during the study period and assess the changes in environmental quality in the project area. This will be

60 used as performance indicators for the project. This shall not only help in assessing the change due to the project activities, but also the potential impacts due to project activities.

7.2.1. Performance Indicators and monitoring schedule 222. Physical, biological and environmental management components identified as of particular significance have been suggested as indicators. A comprehensive monitoring plan for all performance indicators has been prepared for all stages of subproject and provided as Appendix 7.2. This includes parameters to be measured, methods to be used, sampling locations, frequency of measurements, detection limits, cost and responsibility for implementation and supervision.

7.2.2. Reporting Mechanism for Environmental Monitoring Program 223. Reporting system provides the necessary feedback for subproject management to ensure quality and timely implementation of the works. It is essential to prepare the reporting system such that flow of information from field to the BSRDCL head quarter and to the funding agency is at regular intervals. The rationale for a reporting system is based on accountability to ensure that the measures proposed as part of the Environmental Management Plan are implemented in the project. 224. Before the civil works starts, the environmental engineer of supervision consultant shall devise format for reporting the status and progress of environmental monitoring. Format shall be designed keeping in mind the compliance conditions of environmental clearance and consent to establish also. The duly filled up reporting form shall be submitted by the contractor on monthly basis to supervision consultant except for setting up of temporary facilities which shall be submitted once before start of the road construction works. The report on pollution monitoring for air, noise, soil, and water shall be submitted quarterly as envisaged in the monitoring plan. The accident report is desirable only in case of its occurrence. The supervision consultant after verifying its compliance will send his report to CGM at HQ with a copy to PIU. The Manager (Technical) for Social and Environment will monitor the effectiveness of EMP implementation. 225. The quarterly reports of the management measures will form an integral part of Quarterly Progress Reports that may be submitted to the funding agency. Additional compliance reports to MoEF regional office and SPCB required as a part of environmental clearance process and consent to establish shall also be prepared and submitted based on these monitoring and reporting formats. 7.3. Institutional Setting and Proposed Implementation Arrangement 226. GOB has recently setup the Bihar State Highway Development Corporation (BSRDCL) to streamline decision-making and provide more autonomy for project execution and delivery. This will act as Project Management Unit fully dedicated for the Bihar State Highways Project. The technical wing of BSRDCL is headed by Chief General Manager (CGM) supported by a technical advisor at Head Office. General Managers (Projects) will have overall responsibility for implementation of projects. For implementation of EMP/ RP, an environment, social development and resettlement cell (ESDRC) has been set up in BSRDCL. The cell is headed by a Deputy General Manager (DGM) and will consist of two managers supported by secretarial staff. DGM (Environment and Social) is

61 responsible for coordinating the environmental related work of the corporation and coordinate with ADB to monitor all environmental requirement of this project. 227. For subproject planning and implementation, Project Implementation Unit/s (PIUs) has been established. This is headed by Project Director (PD)/ Deputy General Manager (Tech) at the subproject level. He is supported by Manager (Technical) (social and environment). PIU will supervise contractors engaged for execution of civil works under their jurisdiction. The manager Technical at PIU is responsible for managing environmental concerns of the project and implementing the EMP. The monitoring of EMP implementation in field will be carried out by the field officers of BSRDCL and supervision consultants (SC). Pollution Monitoring shall be conducted by contractor through approved monitoring agency after consent from DGM (Environment and Social) from HQ. Operation stage monitoring will be conducted by PMU through Pollution Control Board or any approved monitoring agency. 228. The EMP (mitigation plan) will be included in the construction contract and the contractor will be responsible for its implementation. BSRDCL will monitor the implementation of these mitigation measures by the contractors through environmental officer of its SC and Engineer in charge at site. These site engineers are responsible for the field level monitoring of projects. 229. The roles and duties of various agencies responsible for Monitoring have been outlined in Table 7.1. The flow diagram depicting the institutional arrangement for implementation EMP and EMoP has been given as Figure 7.1. Table 7.1 : Roles and Duties of Implementing Agency/Organisations

HQ BSRDCL Contractor PIU Supervision Consultant

Obtain statutory clearances Obtain permits required Joint verification to be carried Assist and advise the required during pre-construction during construction stage out by HQ PIU, SC Contractor PIU in matters relating stage Environment Manager. to environment and Joint Verification Exercise social matters. overall project coordination and including, PMU CMU, SC for Overall Supervision of management through PIU review of EMP implementation of EMP Part of Joint Verification supported by SC Exercise to be carried Environmental monitoring Interaction with ESDRC, PIU out by HQ, PIU and Interaction and Reporting to through approved laboratory. and SC Contractor for review of ADB EMP for modification in Contractor‟s Environment Consent for opening of borrow enhancement measures Effective implementation of EMP Officer will be primarily areas, quarry areas, and (if required) and Monitoring of EMP responsible for implementation labour camps and supervising its monitoring. Compilation of data relating to EMP Supervise implementation of EMP. Keeping records of all implementation of EMP Filling of Reporting Format and consents obtained by by contractor submitting to SC Advising and suggesting contractor. corrective measures to adhere Develop good practices Monitoring through approved to time schedule for Compilation of data relating to construction guidelines agency. implementation of EMP. implementation of EMP. to assist contractor in implementation of EMP Carry out verification/supervision Preparation of various plans Filling of Summary Sheets and for effective implementation of exercises for implementation of reporting to HQ. Conduct Consultations EMP as detailed out in EMP EMP with respect to modification programs with the and submitting it for approval Approval of plans prepared by (if required) for enhancement stakeholders on regular to SC contractor measures. basis to get first hand Identification of sites for labour Addressing grievances of local information on the camps, hot mix plant, batch community and information inconvenience caused mix plant, debris disposal etc dissemination through to contractor‟s activities NGOs/CBOs. such as noise, debris disposal etc.

maintain environmental reporting system

62

HQ BSRDCL Asian CGM (Technical Wing) Developmen Supported by technical Advisor t Bank General Manager (Projects)

Social and Environment Division (DGM. Env and Social) Supported by Manager Env and Social Each

PIU Supervision Consultant Contractor DGM (Tech) supported Project Manager for each contract Package

Field Level Officer - Manager (Tech) (Social and Environment)

Need Based Support from Approved Monitoring Agency and Independent Subject Experts and Institutions Figure 7.1 : Proposed Structure for EMP/EMOP Implementation

7.3.2. Institutional Capacity Building 230. Training and Awareness : To enhance the capacity of officials for effective implementation of proposed mitigation measures and monitoring the resultant effect, as well as create awareness amongst workers and public the trainings and awareness programmes is planned and is given as Table 7.2. The institutions/agencies like regional office of MoEF, SPCB/CPCB, Indian Institute of Technologies can be consulted for such trainings. Independent subject‟s experts/consultants (e.g., for the environmental awareness program, impact assessment specialist will be the resource person) can also be the resource persons to impart trainings. These experts /agencies shall be appointed based on specific need for the training. Table 7.2 : Training and Awareness Programmes S. No. Target group Subject(s) Method Time Frame

1 All staff of Environmental Overview: Lectures Before BSRDCL Environmental Regulations, subproject cum beginning of the including PIU related provisions of various Acts/ interaction implementation project staff Guidelines, EIA notification, process and of the involved in methodology for IEE, EMPs and their use subproject implementation of the project and Select NGOs.

63 S. No. Target group Subject(s) Method Time Frame

2 Managers Implementation of EMPs: Workshops Before the (Env) at PIU, Basic features of an EMP, Planning, and construction Supervision designing and execution of environmental Seminars begins Consultant‟s mitigation and enhancement measures, Environmental monitoring and evaluation of Specialists and environmental conditions – during Select NGOs construction and operation 3 Environmental Environmentally Sound Construction Workshops Before the officer, design Practices: and Site construction team, Clean construction technology, visits Supervision alternatives materials and techniques for Consultant construction, Waste Management and Construction minimization in construction, pollution Contractors‟ control devices and methods for staff construction sites and equipment, Environmental clauses in contract documents and their implications, protection of flora and fauna Environmental monitoring during construction 4 PIU and Monitoring Environmental Performance Lectures, During initial Supervision during Construction: Workshop phases of Consultant, Air, Water, Soil and Noise, tree survival and site construction NGOs and Monitoring requirement and techniques, visits community Evaluation and Review of results, representatives Performance indicators and their applicability, possible corrective actions, reporting requirements and mechanisms 5 -do- Long-term Environmental Issues in Workshops During Project Management: and implementation Designing and implementing seminars of the environmental surveys for ambient air, Subproject noise, biological and water quality surveys, data storage, retrieval and analysis, contract documents and environmental clauses, risk assessment and management, contingency planning and management and value addition 6 Public Awareness programmes on Workshops During /contractors environmental protection and measures construction workers being implemented by BSRDCL and their and initial phase role in sustaining the measures taken say 3 years of including for noise pollution, air operation pollution, safety, soil conservation, and agricultural productivity enhancement 7 BSRDCL Staff, Restoration of sites viz borrow areas, Lecture/Pre before Supervision construction Camps, Crushing units, HMP sentations Contractor Consultant, etc. Demobilization Engineering And Staff of Reporting Formats/procedure Contractor.

64 231. Procurement of Monitoring Equipment: A necessary budgetary provision for monitoring equipments has already been made under BSHP II which can be utilized by EA .for effective implementation of EMoP for BSHIIP-AF and further projects. 232. Management System: It is proposed to develop standard environmental guidelines for impact assessment, management plan, and monitoring. It is recommended to develop an Environmental Management and Reporting Systems following international standards like ISO 14001. 7.4. Grievance Redressal Mechanism 233. The concern/grievances from local/affected people may come up related to inappropriate implementation of various components of EMP. These issues can be easily addressed through acknowledgement, evaluation and corrective action and response approach. To resolve grievance from public or stakeholders concerning the project will be directed to the concerned PIU. Firstly, it will be assessed if the grievances are genuine or suggestion is acceptable. Accordingly, response will be given within 15-30 days by the concerned PIU in consultation with field officer. In case the PIU is unable to resolve the issue, the matter will be forwarded to the Social and Environmental Cell BSRDCL Head Quarter. The corrective action will be started as per the response or action plan indicated to the stakeholder. The outcome shall also form part of quarterly report to ADB.

65 8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 8.1. Conclusions 234. Environmental Assessment of the subproject ascertains that the project is unlikely to cause any significant environmental impacts and hence categorized as category B. Most of the impacts are localized and temporary in nature and can be mitigated with minor to negligible residual impacts land acquisition. The project received immense support from local people with some concern and apprehension related to compensation for land and structures. The local people appreciated that besides providing an all-weather efficient connectivity to large populations (majority of them are rural and in flood affected areas) and improving the traffic scenario in the region, it will bear out several other positive benefits. 235. The alignment does not pass through or located nearby any national park, wildlife sanctuary, reserved forest or any other ecologically sensitive or protected areas. No archaeological/protected monument is located in the project vicinity. The land use pattern around the alignment is predominantly agricultural. 236. An estimated 2,122 trees will be removed along the road to allow for road expansion. Compensatory afforestation will be done on of 1:3 basis in compliance to the Bihar Forest Department‟s requirements. As a strategy to minimize GHG emissions from increase in traffic due to road upgrading, BSRDC will cause the implementation of a 1:7 additional plantation on all trees removed whether these are public or privately owned on top of the 1:3 regulatory compensatory afforestation required by the Forest Department. BSRDC will consult with the Forest Department, among others, on the implementation of the compensatory plantation specifying location, species, tree layout, and appurtenances (e.g. irrigation and rest area). Priority will be given, but not limited, to areas along state highways with available land in establishing the plantations. Other areas may include degraded forestlands, eroded riverbanks, and community forest. Guided by the Tirhut8 Social Forest Model, the BSRDC will implement additional plantation with strong community participation and ensure at least 80% survival of trees after 3 years. The BSRDC will ensure the involvement of project affected women and vulnerable people in tree planting and maintenance activities. Annual reports pertaining to the accomplishment, survival, and community participation (e.g. number of women and vulnerable people) will form part of the annual environmental monitoring report to be submitted to the ADB. BSRDC will coordinate with the Bihar State Pollution Control Board and Transport Department in launching the road side vehicular emission monitoring program to assess the impacts on air quality and GHG emission from the expected increase in traffic. All contractors are encouraged to install solar panels to support all facility lighting demand of the campsites. 237. As part of climate proofing, BSRDC will ensure that: i) upgraded road surfaces will be constructed at least 1 meter higher than the high flood level with 50-year return period, ii) stratified and multi-storey road side plantation where timber wood and similar erosion resistant variety are planted on the ROW periphery to break flood flow velocity to protect road embankment, iii) construction of new and installation of larger cross-drainage, iv) construction of new side drains, and

8 MOEF (2005). Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guaranteed Program.

66 stone pitching and, iv) bio-engineering along strategic areas where breaches and inundation have previously occurred. 238. It is anticipated that short-term deterioration impacts on air quality due to increase in fugitive dust emissions and noise level from earthmoving, ground shaping, unpaved transport, and emissions from heavy equipment and other mobile sources. Water suppression to control dust, use of clean fuels, changing the location and timing of construction activities and equipment will minimize these impacts. Land use conversion particularly of residential areas and relocation of structures within the ROW will be implemented with following a meaningful consultation and acceptable compensation and relocation agreements. All borrow areas will comply with national laws and regulations. Impacts from the establishment and operation of the construction camps like generation and disposal of solid wastes, sewage, potable water requirements, health/hygiene, and safety is part of the contractor‟s responsibility highlighting the need for compliance with applicable laws. Waste and material use minimization will be promoted to decrease the volume of wastes that will be generated. Traffic safety to workers and pedestrian, particularly to children is considered through the preparation and strict implementation of a Traffic Control Plan to be prepared by the contractor prior to construction activities and in consultation with the affected communities. 239. The effective implementation of environmental management plan will facilitate in minimizing the environmental impact to acceptable level. No additional studies or need of undertaking detailed EIA is envisaged at this stage. However, the executing agency in coordination with other departments shall make all efforts to encounter the impact due to recurring flood in the region and keep vigil on any adverse impact on environment due to construction of the subproject highway. 8.2. Recommendations 240. The following are some important initial recommendations designed to make the project environmentally sound and sustainable: All requisite clearances/permits shall be timely obtained applicable for different stages of project; Dedicated competent staff shall be appointed for environment and safety by the contractors for efficient implementation of EMP/EMOP; Since the project road is prone to flooding/overtopping, relevant IRC guidelines shall be followed to avoid impact associated with floods; Dismantled/excess material should be reused to the extent. Discarded materials that cannot be used in construction and fill should be disposed off in environmentally acceptable manner; Prior consent shall be obtained by the Engineer-in-Charge before locating project offices, sheds and construction plants; Camps, equipments, vehicles and machines shall be operated in compliance to EMP and consent conditions by SPCB. amps should be operated within a self-sufficient infrastructure and no trees should be cut for wood fuel; Project implementation unit should ensure that pollution control equipment is installed on all equipment and operating properly by the contractors;

67 Borrow areas shall be located and operated as per IRC guidelines and as per EMP. Aggregates shall be obtained from existing licensed quarries. Transport, unloading and storage of construction material shall be done as per EMP; Contractors should be required to maintain construction sites, keep them clean and provide appropriate facilities for the storage of all waste until it is disposed suitably; work forces should be provided with adequate water supply, septic tanks with soak pits, health care facilities, and LPG to reduce their dependence on wood fuels; Contractors should ensure that the safety of workers and other site users are not compromised during construction; Nearby trees, vegetation, and private property should be protected during bitumen spraying work; Bitumen drums should be stored in designated locations and not scattered along the road; At construction sites within 500 metres of settlements, noisy operations should be stopped between 22:00 to 06:00 hrs; Cut and fill methods of construction should be employed to the extent possible, and using excavators; Loss of trees should be compensated by planting trees on available space in consultation with forest department; In case of loss of land and structures, compensation should be paid in accordance with the government norms and affected people should be rehabilitated as per Resettlement Plan; Periodic monitoring and reporting shall be done as envisaged in IEE; Supervision consultant may update the EMP and monitoring program with intimation to ADB as per local site conditions; and Recommendations of road safety study (being conducted under separate TA for BSHIIP-AF and resettlement plan shall be adopted by all parties involved in project implementation.

68 APPENDIX 3.1 : Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist

Country/Project Title: IND: Bihar State Highway Project II – Additional Financing. SH-87 Roonisaidpur-Bhiswa

Sector : SARD-SATC

Screening questions Remarks Yes No A. Project Siting

Is the project area adjacent to or within any of the following environmentally sensitive areas? . Cultural heritage site No cultural heritage site in located within the road X ROW. . Protected area No protected area is located within the road ROW X

No designated wetland in the project area however . Wetland X significant part of the project area is prone to flooding . Mangrove X No mangrove area is located in the project site . Estuarine X Not applicable . Buffer zone of protected area X . Special area for protecting biodiversity X No special biodiversity area is located within the ROW B. Potential environmental impacts

Will the project cause… . Encroachment on historical/cultural areas; The topography of project road is mainly plain. Minor disfiguration of landscape by road impacts of landscape by road embankments, cuts and embankments, cuts, fills, and quarries? fills are anticipated. No encroachment of historical places. However, some temples / shrines / exist along the project road which may get impacted. X

Opening of New Quarries is not envisaged since area is underlain by thick alluvium. Quarry material will be sourced from existing quarries. Earth material to the extent will be taken from the side of the road within the ROW with provision of adequate drainage system. Any new borrow areas will be suitably rehabilitated. . Encroachment on precious ecology (e.g. There is no National Parks, Wild Life Sanctuaries or sensitive or protected areas)? X any other similar eco-sensitive areas in the project area. . Alteration of surface water hydrology of The proposed alignment is crossing 2 rivers (km waterways crossed by roads, resulting in 27.700 and Km 38.100) and one stream (Km 56.100). increased sediment in streams affected by Besides, there are several ponds/ditches very close to increased soil erosion at construction site? the road.

All drainage courses will be maintained to avoid alteration in surface water hydrology so that X watercourses are not affected. The temporary soil stockpiles will be designed so that runoff will not induce sedimentation of waterways.

Adequate measures have been suggested to avoid/reduce siltation in the water bodies/rivers being crossed or located nearby the sub-project road.

i Screening questions Remarks Yes No . Deterioration of surface water quality due to silt Adequate sanitary facilities and drainage in the runoff and sanitary wastes from worker-based workers camps will help to avoid this possibility. As camps and chemicals used in construction? X the construction activity in this project will not contain any harmful ingredients, no impact on surface water quality is anticipated. . Increased local air pollution due to rock Local air pollution level is likely to be increased for crushing, cutting and filling works, and short duration during construction period. Appropriate chemicals from asphalt processing? X distance from settlement area and wind direction may be taken into account to locate air polluting facility like stone crushing unit etc. . Noise and vibration due to blasting and other No blasting will be required in the project. civil works? Noise level is expected to exceed standards along the active construction fronts and camp site rock crushing and hot mix plant operations.

X Along active construction fronts impact will be minimized through timing of activities and installation of barriers near sensitive sites. Inside the construction camps all workers deployed in high noise level areas will be required to wear protective gears

. Dislocation or involuntary resettlement of X No off-site (beyond ROW) dislocation will take place people . Dislocation and compulsory resettlement of X Minor, since expansion is mostly within existing ROW people living in right-of-way? and major resettlement areas where ROW is grossly inadequate will be by-passed. (Resettlement Plan is currently being finalized). . Disproportionate impacts on the poor, women X None. The proposed road will assure equal pay to and children, Indigenous Peoples or other women. Women, poor, and dislocated people will be vulnerable groups? given priority in establishing and maintaining

additional plantation and road safety awareness program. No children/minors will be employed by the Project. There are no IPs in the sub-project area. . Other social concerns relating to Deterioration in ambient air quality will be localized inconveniences in living conditions in the and temporarily during construction activity. The project areas that may trigger cases of upper project area is largely located in open areas. X respiratory problems and stress? Plantation along the highway and improved road conditions will improve the air quality of the area.

. Hazardous driving conditions where To minimized the impact suitable traffic management construction interferes with pre-existing roads? X plan will be designed and implement by the contractor

. Poor sanitation and solid waste disposal in Proper provisions for sanitation, health care and solid construction camps and work sites, and waste disposal facilities will be available in the X possible transmission of communicable contract documents to avoid such possibility.

diseases from workers to local populations? Workers will be made aware about communicable diseases . Creation of temporary breeding habitats for No such condition is anticipated, All borrow pit areas diseases such as those transmitted by will comply with national standards. Borrow areas, will X mosquitoes and rodents? be promoted for fish culture and will naturally control mosquitoes. Incidence of malaria will be monitored. . Accident risks associated with increased Road safety measures will minimize the likelihood of vehicular traffic, leading to accidental spills of such events. Coordination with local state pollution X toxic materials? control board, police and medical facilities to leverage corrective actions.

ii Screening questions Remarks Yes No Increased noise and air pollution resulting from Increase in noise and air pollution is expected during traffic volume? construction phase. Adequate mitigation measures will be adopted to minimize them which include timing of heavy equipment operation, and installation of temporary noise barriers along heavily inhabited areas.

X During operation phase, vehicular traffic will be the main source of air and noise pollution. Improved road conditions, extensive plantation including multilayered plantation near sensitive locations will reduce the noise and air impact. Moreover, the alignment mostly passes through open agricultural land which will provide adequate dispersion of gaseous emission. . Increased risk of water pollution from oil, Cross drains and side drains will be inspected before grease and fuel spills, and other materials from X the onset of monsoon to collect and dispose properly vehicles using the road? of oil contaminated silt. . Social conflicts if workers from other regions or Laborers will be sourced primarily from local X countries are hired? communities to reduce conflict. . Large population influx during project The size of the constructions camp, similar to the construction and operation that causes previous BSHPs, will not be expansive as labor and increased burden on social infrastructure and X materials will be primarily sources locally. All water services (such as water supply and sanitation extraction will be covered by necessary permits to systems)? avoid negative impacts to the host communities. . Risks to community health and safety due to 3rd party supplier and transporters of bitumen and the transport, storage, and use and/or disposal fuel will be required to demonstrate capability to of materials such as explosives, fuel and other contain accidental spills especially during transport. chemicals during construction and operation? X Within the construction camp, all loading and unloading of these materials will be supervised by the safety officer and only in designated areas. . Risks to community health and safety due to X 3rd party supplier and transporters of bitumen and the transport, storage, and use and/or fuel will be required to demonstrate capability to disposal of materials such as explosives, fuel contain accidental spills especially during transport. and other chemicals during construction and operation? Within the construction camp, all loading and unloading of these materials will be supervised by the safety officer and only in designated areas.

iii Screening questions Remarks Yes No . Community safety risks due to both X Natural causes of structural failures will involve accidental and natural causes, especially extreme flooding and earthquake. where the structural elements or components of the project are accessible to members of Main source of the flood is rain in the upper the affected community or where their failure catchment of rivers originating at higher altitude in could result in injury to the community Nepal and sloping southern and south-eastern side throughout project construction, operation up to Ganga River. Breach in the embankment of and decommissioning. Bagmati and Adhwara group of rivers are also major cause of flood one like in the year 2004. Locations vulnerable to flood along the sub-project road are Gangwara ( Km. 2.750), Mehsaul (Km. 6.7), Koeli (Km. 20- Km 21), Behera (km. 22.00), Chanpur (km 28.800), Narayanpur (km 32.650), Rasulpur (km 39.050), Bakhri (km 41.400), Barhi Chawk (Km. 51.00), Barhi-Parihar (km. 57.00) and Kharwa (km.62.00).

Bihar being close to seismically active Himalayas is prone to seismic hazards. Major part of the project area is under Zone IV except some northern most part which is in Zone V. Zone IV denotes higher damage risk and Zone V denotes very high risk zone.

The road design has incorporated at least 1 meter higher than the high flood level and appropriate ground acceleration corresponding to Zone IV.

Climate Change and Disaster Risk Questions Yes No REMARKS The following questions are not for environmental categorization. They are included in this checklist to help identify potential climate and disaster risks.

Is the Project area subject to hazards such as X Project area is located in high damage risk zone w.r.t seismicity earthquakes, floods, landslides, tropical (Zone IV and V) All civil structures have been designed as per cyclone winds, storm surges, tsunami or relevant IS Codes corresponding to seismic zones. volcanic eruptions and climate changes (see Appendix I) Some part of the project area is subject to floods during monsoon due to high rainfall in the upper catchments of river originating from Nepal and sloping south passing through project area. Accumulation of flood water is limited to monsoon period (3-4 months) and the water recedes once the water level of the

Though not so frequently, invasion of tropical cyclones originating in the Bay of Bengal is encountered during retreating monsoon (September-November).

High flood level data and ground acceleration parameters corresponding to the seismicity zone were incorporated in the engineering design. . Could changes in temperature, precipitation, X All provisions as per IRC codes have been made in the road or extreme events patterns over the Project design to avoid erosion and damage to subgrade. lifespan affect technical or financial

iv sustainability (eg. increased erosion or landslides could increase maintenance costs, permafrost melting or increased soil moisture content could affect sub-grade).

. Are there any demographic or socio- X Although now considered as one of the fastest growing state, economic aspects of the Project area that are Bihar has the lowest per capita income, 14th lowest gross already vulnerable (eg. high incidence of domestic product, low literary rate, highest gross interstate marginalized populations, rural-urban migration, and weak health service. migrants, illegal settlements, ethnic minorities, women or children)? . Could the Project potentially increase the X The project will improve existing road. This will enhance climate or disaster vulnerability of the resiliency of the villagers to climate change risk, particularly to surrounding area (e.g., by encouraging flooding as higher and reinforced embankments and properly settlement in areas that will be more affected sized side/cross drains will be constructed on sections that has by floods in the future, or encouraging experience flooding. settlement in earthquake zones)?

v

vi APPENDIX 5.1 : Guidelines for Borrow Areas Management

1. SELECTION OF BORROW AREAS Location of borrow areas shall be finalized as per IRC: 10-1961 guidelines. The finalization of locations in case of borrow areas identified in private land shall depend upon the formal agreement between landowners and contractor. If agreement is not reached between the contractor and landowners for the identified borrow areas sites, arrangement for locating the source of supply of material for embankment and subgrade as well as compliance to environment requirements in respect of excavation and borrow areas as stipulated from time to time by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, and local bodies, as applicable shall be the sole responsibility of the contractor. The contractor in addition to the established practices, rules and regulation will also consider following criteria before finalizing the locations. (1) The borrow areas should not be located in agriculture field unless unavoidable i.e. barren land is not available. (2) The borrow pits preferably should not be located along the roads. (3) The loss of productive and agriculture soil should be minimum. (4) The loss of vegetation is almost nil or minimum. (5) The Contractor will ensure that suitable earth is available.

2. CONTRACTOR’S RESPONSIBILTY The Contractor shall obtain representative samples from each of the identified borrow areas and have these tested at the site laboratory following a testing programme approved by the Engineer. It shall be ensured that the subgrade material when compacted to the density requirements shall yield the design CBR value of the subgrade. Contractor shall begin operations keeping in mind following: (1) Haulage of material to embankments or other areas of fill shall proceed only when sufficient spreading and compaction plants is operating at the place of deposition. (2) No excavated acceptable material other than surplus to requirements of the Contract shall be removed from the site. Contractor should be permitted to remove acceptable material from the site to suit his operational procedure, then shall make consequent deficit of material arising there from. (3) Where the excavation reveals a combination of acceptable and unacceptable materials, the Contractor shall, unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer, carry out the excavation in such a manner that the acceptable materials are excavated separately for use in the permanent works without contamination by the unacceptable materials. The acceptable material shall be stockpiled separately. (4) The Contractor shall ensure that he does not adversely affect the stability of excavation or fills by the methods of stockpiling materials, use of plants are siting of temporary buildings or structures.

vii

3. BORROWING FROM DIFFERENT LAND-FORMS

A. Borrow Areas located in Agricultural Lands

(i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile. (ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal). (iii) Borrowing of earth will be carried out up to a depth of 1.5m from the existing ground level. (iv) Borrowing of earth will not be done continuously through out the stretch. (v) Ridges of not less than 8m widths will be left at intervals not exceeding 300 m. (vi) Small drains will be cut through the ridges, if necessary, to facilitate drainage. (vii) The slope of the edges will be maintained not steeper than 1:4 (vertical: Horizontal). (viii) The depth of borrow pits will not be more than 30 cm after stripping the 15 cm topsoil aside.

B. Borrow Areas located in Elevated Lands

(i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile. (ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal). (iii) At location where private owners desire their fields to be levelled, the borrowing shall be done to a depth of not more than 1.5m or up to the level of surrounding fields.

C. Borrow Areas near River side

(i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile. (ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal). (iii) Borrow area near to any surface water body will be at least at a distance of 15m from the toe of the bank or high flood level, whichever is maximum.

D. Borrow Areas near Settlements

(i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile.

viii (ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal). (iii) Borrow pit location will be located at least 0.75 km from villages and settlements. If un-avoidable, the pit will not be dug for more than 30 cm and drains will be cut to facilitate drainage. (iv) Borrow pits located in such location will be re-developed immediately after borrowing is completed. If spoils are dumped, that will be covered with a layers of stockpiled topsoil in accordance with compliance requirements with respect MOEF/PPCB guidelines.

E. Borrow Pits along the Road

Borrow pits along the road shall be discouraged, and if deemed necessary and permitted by the Engineer, the following precautions are recommended: (i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile; (ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal); (iii) Ridges of not less than 8m widths should be left at intervals not exceeding 300m; (iv) Small drains shall be cut through the ridges of facilitate drainage; (v) The depth of the pits shall be so regulated that there bottom does not cut an imaginary line having a slope of 1 vertical to 4 horizontal projected from the edge of the final section of bank, the maximum depth of any case being limited to 1.5 m; and (vi) Also, no pit shall be dug within the offset width from the toe of the embankment required as per the consideration of stability with a minimum width of 10m.

4. REHABILITATION OF BORROW AREAS The objective of the rehabilitation programme is to return the borrow pit sites to a safe and secure area, which the general public should be able to safely enter and enjoy. Securing borrow pits in a stable condition is fundamental requirement of the rehabilitation process. This could be achieved by filling the borrow pit floor to approximately the access road level.

Re-development plan shall be prepared by the Contractor before the start of work inline with the owners will require and to the satisfaction of owner. The Borrow Areas shall be rehabilitated as per following; Borrow pits shall be backfilled with rejected construction wastes and will be given a vegetative cover. If this is not possible, then excavation sloped will be smoothed and depression will be filled in such a way that it looks more or less like the original round surface.

ix Borrow areas might be used for aquaculture in case landowner wants such development. In that case, such borrow area will be photographed after their post use restoration and Environment Expert of Supervision Consultant will certify the post use redevelopment. The Contractor will keep record of photographs of various stages i.e., before using materials from the location (pre-project), for the period borrowing activities (construction phase) and after rehabilitation (post development), to ascertain the pre and post borrowing status of the area.

x APPENDIX 7.1 : Environmental Management Plan (SH-87: Runnisaidpur – Bhiswa)

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on A. Design and Construction Stage 1. Alignment  Constricted Avoidance to heavily congested areas, Design Bypasses at During the Project Design PIU,BSRDCL/ Sections along sensitive locations requirement Km 22.250- Km design stage preparation Consultant SC the proposed Compliance with highway alignments 28.150 cost alignment standards for curvature and grading Km 45.35 – Km Inadequate land width/ROW. 49.550. Minimize tree cutting 2. Natural Hazards  Flooding/Water Provision of adequate cross drainage IRC:34 Throughout the stretch Design Project Design PIU,BSRDCL/ logging structures. Recommendatio especially near water Stage and preparation Consultant SC Additional Balancing culverts in flood ns for road crossings Construction Cost prone areas construction in Stage Embankment height: 1m free board waterlogged area from HFL and IRC: 75 and Included in Improve drainage to restrict the flooding MOSRTH Engineering due to poor drainage. guidelines for cost  Protection of Embankment height to be raised Design of High All through the stretch Design Project Design PIU,BSRDCL/ road embankment sufficiently to avoid impact due to Embankments Stage and preparation Consultant SC in Flood prone capillary action and other engineering Construction Cost Areas solutions to protect embankment. Stage Included in Adequate balancing culverts. Engineering Retaining walls, Toe walls near water cost bodies for protection of embankment. Turfing with sods along slope of embankment to prevent erosion of embankment material. Floor aprons on upstream and downstream of culverts and minor bridges.  Earthquake All civil structures to be to be designed BIS codes and Throughout the project Design and Included in Design PIU/BSRDCL/ to sustain the Earthquake magnitude of design corridor Construction Engineering Consultant SC seismic zone IV and V as per BIS requirement Stage Cost and Contractor codes.

xi Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on 3. Climate and Air Quality  Local Climatic Geometric adjustment to reduce tree Kyoto Protocol, Design and part of Design PIU/BSRDCL/ conditions cutting. Environmental Construction regulatory Consultant SC Compensatory Plantation (1:3) Protection Act, stage clearances/per and Contractor Additional Plantation (1:7) on river 1986; The Air During the missions/NOC banks, borrow areas and sensitive (Prevention and Construction locations will also enhance the local Control of stage climatic conditions Pollution) Act,  Poor air quality Road design and Pavement roughness 1981 Project Design PIU/BSRDCL/ due to as per IRC specifications. + Throughout project preparation Consultant SC compromise in Provision of paved shoulders. IRC and corridor, level cost and Contractor design. congestion free movement of traffic with MoSRTH crossings, haulage provision of junctions at major Specifications for roads, earthwork, intersections and ROB Road and Bridge Construction sites, works Plantation of pollutant absorbing trees. Loading areas, storage Air  Dust Generation areas, Transport route, Included in Design PIU,BSRDCL/ Transport, loading and unloading of (P and CP) due to loose and fine materials through project cost consultant SC Act 1974 and construction covered vehicles. Central Motor activities and Paved approach roads. and Vehicle transport, storage Storage areas to be located downwind Act 1988 and handling of of the habitation area. construction Water spraying on earthworks, unpaved materials haulage roads and other dust prone areas. Provision of PPEs to workers.  Emission from Regular maintenance of machinery and Asphalt mixing plants, During the Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ vehicle, equipment. crushers, DG sets Construction project cost SC equipment and Batching, asphalt mixing plants and locations stage machinery. crushers at downwind (1km) direction from the nearest settlement. Only crushers licensed by the PCB shall be used DG sets with stacks of adequate height Included in and use of low sulphur diesel as fuel. monitoring cost ambient air quality monitoring

xii Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on 4. Noise  Noise from All equipment to be timely serviced and Legal Throughout project During the Cost for Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ construction properly maintained. requirement section especially at Construction Plantation SC vehicle, Bottlenecks to be removed. Noise Pollution construction sites, stage already equipment and Construction equipment and machinery (Regulation and residential areas and indicated machinery. to be fitted with silencers and Control) Rules, identified sensitive above. maintained properly. 2000 and locations Timing of noisy construction activities amendments shall be done during night time and thereof weekends when there are no activities + by the sensitive receptor, concurrent Clause No noisy operations may be separated to 501.8.6. reduce the total noise generated, and if MoSRTH possible re-route traffic during Specifications for Monitoring construction to avoid the accumulation Road and Bridge Cost as of noise beyond standards. Else works indicated In provision of temporary noise barrier at EMoP. sensitive locations or near sources Time regulation near residential areas and other noise sensitive areas. Initiation of multi layered plantation, to serve as mitigation option for operation phase Honking restrictions near sensitive areas PPEs to workers Noise monitoring as per EMoP. 5. Land and Soil  Land use Agricultural land to be acquired for road Project Through out the During Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ Change and Loss construction hence, non-agricultural requirement project section and design and engineering SC of productive/top land to be used as borrows areas to the borrow areas construction cost soil extent feasible. Stage Top soil to be preserved and laid over either on the embankment slope for growing vegetation to protect soil erosion.

xiii Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on Efforts shall be made to provide institutional support to farmers in terms of enhancing the productivity of their land, improving the cropping pattern and use of high productive seeds.  Slope protection Construction schedule for bridges IRC: 56 -1974 Throughout the stretch Design and Project Design PIU,BSRDCL/ and Soil erosion during non-monsoon season. recommended especially at all construction preparation consultant and SC due to Bio-turfing of embankments to protect practice for bridges stage cost and Contractor, construction slopes. treatment of construction activities, Slope protection by providing frames, embankment cost earthwork, and dry stone pitching, masonry retaining slopes for cut and fill etc. walls, planting of grass and trees. erosion control The side slopes of all cut and fill areas Clause No. 306 will be graded and covered with stone and 305.2.2 pitching, grass and shrub as per design MoSRTH specifications. Specifications for  Soil erosion at The earth stockpiles to be provided with Road and Bridge At earth stockpiles Design and Project Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ earth stockpiles gentle slopes to prevent soil erosion. works construction preparation SC Guidelines IX for stage cost and Soil erosion construction cost  Borrow areas Non-productive, barren lands, upland IRC Guidelines Borrow sites and During Engineering Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ shall be used for borrowing earth with on borrow areas quarries (if required) Design and cost SC the necessary permissions/consents. and for quarries location. construction Depths of borrow pits to be regulated. (Environmental Stage Topsoil to be stockpiled and protected Protection Act for use at the rehabilitation stage. and Rules, 1986; Transportation of earth materials Water Act, Air through covered vehicles. Act) IRC recommended practice for borrow + pits (IRC 10: 1961). Clause No. Borrow areas not to be dug 305.2.2 MoSRTH continuously. Specifications for

xiv Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on To the extent borrow areas shall be Road and Bridge sited away from habitated areas. works Borrow areas shall be leveled with Guidelines V for salvaged material or other filling Borrow Areas materials which do not pose Management contamination of soil. Else, it shall be converted into fishpond especially in the areas where depth to water table is more in consultation with fishery department and land owner/community. Rehabilitation of the borrow areas as per Guidelines for redevelopment of Borrow Areas. If dredging is required, prior permission shall be taken and dredged material shall be checked.  Quarry Aggregates will be sourced from Clause No. 111.3 Operations existing licensed quarries. MoSRTH Copies of consent/ approval / Specifications for rehabilitation plan for a new quarry or Road and Bridge use of existing source will be submitted works to EO, BSRDCL. Guidelines VI for The contractor will develop a Quarry Quarry Areas Redevelopment plan, as per the Mining Management Rules of the state and submit a copy of the approval to EA. The quarry operations will be undertaken within the rules and regulations in force in the state.  Compaction of Construction vehicles, machinery, and Design Parking areas, Just before Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ soil and impact on equipment to be stationed in the requirement Haulage roads and commencem Engineering SC quarry haul roads designated ROW to avoid compaction. construction yards. ent of cost due to movement Approach roads/haulage roads shall be construction of vehicles and designed along the barren and hard soil equipments area to reduce the compaction. Transportation of quarry material to the dumping sites through heavy vehicles

xv Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on shall be done through existing major roads to the extent possible to restrict wear and tear to the village/minor roads. Land taken for construction camp and other temporary facility shall be restored to its original conditions.  Contamination Construction vehicles and equipment Design Fuelling station, Just before Monitoring Contractor; PIU,BSRDCL/ of soil due to will be maintained and refueled in such requirement construction sites, and commencem Cost Included SC leakage/spillage a fashion that oil/diesel spillage does construction camps ent of in EMoP of oil, bituminous not contaminate the soil. and disposal location. construction and non Fuel storage and refueling sites to be bituminous debris kept away from drainage channels. generated from Unusable debris shall be dumped in demolition and ditches and low lying areas. road construction Waste oil and oil soaked cotton/ cloth shall be stored in containers labeled „Waste Oil‟ and „Hazardous‟ sold off to MoEF/SPCB authorized vendors Non-bituminous wastes to be dumped in borrow pits with the concurrence of landowner and covered with a layer of topsoil conserved from opening the pit. Bituminous wastes will be disposed off in an identified dumping site approved by the State Pollution Control Board Soil quality monitoring 6. Water Resources  Construction Contractor will arrange adequate supply Clause No. 1010 Throughout the Project During Included in Contractor, PIU,BSRDCL/ water and storage of water for the whole EP section Construction engineering Groundwater SC construction period at his own costs and Act 1986 stage cost authority and submit a list of source/s to EA. MoSRTH irrigation The contractor will source the Specifications for department requirement of water preferentially from Road and Bridge groundwater but with prior permission works from the concerned authority. The contractor will take all precaution to minimize the wastage of water in the

xvi Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on construction process/ operation. Water intensive activities not to be undertaken during summer period (April, May June)  Alteration in Existing drainage system to be Design Near all drainage During Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ surface water maintained and further enhanced. requirement, channels, river Construction engineering SC hydrology due to Provision of adequate size and number Clause No crossings etc. stage cost embankment of cross drainage structures. 501.8.6. Sections of the corridor to be raised MoSRTH suitably along flood prone areas with Specifications for the cross drainage structures and Road and Bridge adequate side drains to be built.  Siltation in water Bridge construction on non-perennial Design Near all river water During Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ bodies due to streams to be limited to the dry season. requirement , bodies, embankment Construction Engineering SC construction Embankment slopes to be modified Clause No slopes. stage Cost activities/ suitably to restrict the soil debris 501.8.6. earthwork entering water bodies. MoSRTH Provision of Silt fencing shall be made Specifications for at water bodies. Road and Bridge Silt/sediment should be collected and works stockpiled for possible reuse as (CP and CP) surfacing of slopes where they have to and worldwide be re-vegetated. best practices Earthworks and stone works to be prevented from impeding natural flow of rivers, streams and water canals or existing drainage system.  Deterioration in No vehicles or equipment should be The Water Water bodies, refueling During Engineering Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ Surface water parked or refuelled near water-bodies, (Prevention and stations, construction Construction cost SC quality due to so as to avoid contamination from fuel Control of camps. Stage leakage from and lubricants. Pollution) Act, Monitoring cost vehicles and Oil and grease traps and fuelling 1974 and as indicated in equipments. platforms to be provided at re-fuelling amendments EMoP locations. thereof. All chemicals and oil shall be stored away from water and concreted platform with catchment pit for spills collection.

xvii Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on All equipment operators, drivers, and warehouse personnel will be trained in immediate response for spill containment and eventual cleanup. Readily available, simple to understand and preferably written in the local language emergency response procedure, including reporting, will be provided by the contractors Construction camp to be sited away from water bodies. Wastes must be collected, stored and taken to approve disposal site only. Water quality shall be monitored periodically. 7. Flora and Fauna  Vegetation loss Suitable modifications in design to Forest Throughout project During the Indicated BSRDCL PIU,BSRDCL/ due to site minimize tree cutting. Conservation Act corridor design and above through DFO SC preparation and Roadside trees to be removed with prior 1980 Construction construction approval of DFO. + stage activities and Compensatory plantation at 1:3 basis IRC SP: 21 and Plantation Strategy Provision of LPG in construction camp IRC SP:66 as fuel source to avoid tree cutting. Plantation of trees on both sides of the road. Integrate vegetation management (IVM) with the carriage way completely clear of vegetation. From the edge of the road to the boundary of ROW, vegetation structured with smaller plants near the line and larger trees further away to avoid costly clearing when the carriage way is expanded from 2L to 4L and provide habitats for a wide variety of plants and animals. Additional plantation near river banks to check erosion and reduce flooding In the event of design changes during

xviii Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on the construction stages additional assessments including the possibility to save trees shall be made by the EA. Road side Plantation Strategy as per IRC specifications including manuring. Control use of pesticides/manure  Impact on fishing Adequate waterways to be maintained State Govt. Near all water Bodies During Part of Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ activity Siltation and water contamination shall Fisheries and Ponds especially Construction Engineering SC (production, be preventing to reduce turbidity. Department in river Punpun which Stage Work spawning and Restricting construction activity during guidelines and is only perennial river. breeding the breeding period. Best practices grounds) Plantation in the riparian area of the rivers, to reduce erosion. 8. Construction Camps

 Impact associated All camps should maintain minimum Design All construction camps During Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ with location distance from following: Requirement Construction Engineering andEO SC # 500 m from habitation stage Cost # 1000m from forest areas # 500 m from water bodies # 500 m from through traffic route  worker‟s Health in The location, layout and basic facility The Building and All construction camps During Included in Contractor. PIU,BSRDCL/ construction provision of each labor camp will be Other construction Engineering SC camp submitted PIU prior to their construction. Construction stage Cost The construction shall commence only workers after approval of PIU. (Regulation of The contractor will maintain necessary Employment and living accommodation and ancillary Conditions of facilities in functional and hygienic Service) Act manner as approved by the EA. 1996 and Cess Preventive medical care to be provided Act of 1996 and to workers. The Water Disposal of solid waste on regular basis (Prevention and at identified locations. Control of The Contractor will take all precautions Pollution) Act, to protect the workers from insect and 1974 and pest to reduce the risk to health. This amendments thereof

xix Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on includes the use of insecticides which should comply with local regulations. No alcoholic liquor or prohibited drugs will be imported to, sell, give, barter to the workers of host community. Provision of day crèche for children Recreation and sporting facilities for the staff and workers. Immunization to immigrant workers/local community against communicable and sexually transmitted diseases. 8. Management of Construction Waste/Dismantled Debris  Selection of Unproductive/wastelands shall be Design At all Dumping Sites Construction Part of the Contractor. PIU,BSRDCL/ Dumping Sites selected for dumping sites. Requirement contract SC Away from residential areas and water and MoSRTH bodies guidelines Dumping sites have adequate capacity equal to the amount of debris generated. Public perception and consent from the village Panchayats has to be obtained before finalizing the location.  Reuse and The existing bitumen surface shall be disposal of utilized for paving of cross roads, construction and access roads, and paving works in dismantled waste construction sites and camps, temporary traffic diversions, and haulage routes. All excavated materials from roadway, shoulders, verges, drains, cross drainage will be used for backfilling embankments, filling pits, and landscaping. Unusable debris material should be suitably disposed off at pre-designated disposal locations, with approval of the concerned authority. The bituminous

xx Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on wastes shall be disposed in secure landfill sites only in environmentally accepted manner. For removal of debris, wastes and its disposal MOSRT and H guidelines should be followed. Unusable and surplus materials, as determined by the Project Engineer, will be removed and disposed off-site.  Use of solar Promote the use of solar energy to All construction camps Construction Part of Contractors CSC energy for lighting supply the construction camp‟s lighting construction needs cost

8. Accessibility, Traffic Management, Accident and Safety Risks  Design Provision of junctions at all major Throughout the project During Project Contractor. PIU,BSRDCL/ requirement and intersections. Design corridor especially at construction preparation SC Traffic Planning Temporary traffic diversion shall be requirement and intersections. stage and During planned by the contractor and approved IRC SP:55 construction Construction by the „Engineer‟. cost Stage The traffic control plans shall contain details of diversions; traffic safety arrangements during construction; safety measures for nighttime traffic and precautions for transportation of hazardous materials. Traffic control plans shall be prepared in line with requirements of IRC‟s SP 55 document‟. The Contractor will ensure that the diversion/detour is always maintained in running condition, particularly during the monsoon to avoid disruption to traffic flow. On stretches where it is not possible to pass the traffic on the part width of existing carriageway, temporary paved diversions will be constructed. The contractor shall inform local community of changes to traffic routes, and pedestrian access arrangements

xxi Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on with assistance from “Engineer”. Use of adequate signages to ensure traffic management and safety. Conduct of regular safety audit on safety measures.  Pedestrians, All measures for the safety of traffic Design Near habitation on Included in Contractor in PIU,BSRDCL/ animal and during construction viz. signs, markings, requirement and both sides level Engineering/ consultation SC Vehicular flags, lights and flagmen as proposed in IRC: SP: 27 crossings, schools and Construction with Forest movement, the Traffic Control Plan/Drawings shall -1984 hospitals, graveyards, cost. department be taken. Report construction sites, and BSRDCL Temporary access and diversion, with Containing haulage roads, proper drainage facilities. Recommend diversion sites. Access facility to the schools located ations of IRC adjacent to the highway. Regional Provision of pedestrian walkways/cycle Workshops paths fencing wherever cattle movement on Highway is expected. To avoid the need for cattle Safety underpasses, some of the proposed IRC:SP: 32 - culverts `near habitations may be 1988 Road widened to facilitate cattle movement. Safety for  Accident risk from Contractors to adopt and maintain safe Children (5- Construction sites Construction Included in Obligation of PIU,BSRDCL/ construction working practices. 12 Years period project cost Contractor SC activities Usage of fluorescent signage, in local Old) language at the construction sites IRC:SP: 44 - Training to workers on safety 1994 procedures and precautions. Highway Mandatory appoint of safety officer. Safety Code All regulations regarding safe IRC: SP: 55 scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, -2001 gangway, stairwells, excavations, Guidelines trenches and safe means of entry and for Safety in egress shall be complied with. Construction Provision of PPEs to workers. Zones Provision of a readily available first aid The Building unit including an adequate supply of and other dressing materials, ambulance, nursing Construction staff, and doctor to be provided. workers Act 1996 and

xxii Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on The contractor will not employ any Cess Act of person below the age of 14 years for 1996 any work and no woman will be Factories employed on the work of painting with Act 1948 products containing lead in any form.  Electrical Hazard No material will be so stacked or placed The Building and Construction Site and Construction Included in Obligation of PIU,BSRDCL/ Storage Areas period project cost Contractor SC as to cause danger or inconvenience to Other any person or the public. All necessary fencing and lights will be Construction provided to protect the public in workers construction zones. (Regulation of All machines to be used in the Employment and construction will conform to the relevant Conditions of Indian Standards (IS) codes, will be free Service) Act from patent defect, will be kept in good working order, will be regularly 1996 and Cess inspected and properly maintained as Act of 1996 per IS provision and to the satisfaction Factories Act of the „ Engineer‟. 1948 9. Common Property Resources and other Utilities  Avoidance of Realignment near all CPRs wherever Project Near all CPRs Design Project Design BSRDCL CPRs it is technically feasible. requirement Phase Preparation Consultant cost  Shifting of Geometric adjustment while finalizing Project Throughout the Before Cost of Loss of BSRDCL, PIU,BSRDCL/ community the alignment to minimize the loss to requirement corridor Construction structures as NGO and SC properties any such facilities else relocation at per RandR RandR Unit safe place Cost. Relocation of. wells, hand pumps at suitable locations.  Utilities All telephone and electrical poles/wires Project Throughout the Before Included in BSRDCL, PIU,BSRDCL/ and underground cables should be requirement corridor Construction engineering / NGO and SC shifted to avoid any such hazard RandR cost. RandR Unit 10. Enhancement Measures

xxiii Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on  Environmental Enhancement/rehabilitation of borrow Environmental Borrow pits and Design and Borrow areas NGO/expert PIU,BSRDCL/ enhancement areas as fish pond Enhancement as additional plantation Construction enhancement agency to be Forest Dept. along the corridor Additional plantation@1:7 on Tirhut part of project sites Stage is part of hired by and project area model to improve micro-climate of the requirement engineering BSRDC region Cost for additional plantation:8.8 Million 11. Contractor Demobilization  Clean-up Contractor will prepare site restoration Project Throughout the Immediately ---- Contractor PIU/BSRDCL Operations, plans, which will be approved by the requirement Corridor after Restoration and „Engineer‟. The clean-up and Construction Rehabilitation restoration operations are to be implemented by the contractor prior to demobilization. All construction zones including river- beds, culverts, roadside areas, camps, hot mix plant sites, crushers, batching plant sites and any other area used/affected by the project will be left clean and tidy, at the contractor's expense, to the entire satisfaction to the Environment officer .All the opened borrow areas will be rehabilitated .and „Engineer‟ will certify in this regard. B. Operation Stage 1. Climate and Air quality

 Air pollution due Roadside tree plantations shall be Environmental Throughout the Through out Indicated In BSRDCL to due to maintained. Protection Act, Corridor operation EMoP vehicular Bottlenecks should be avoided for 1986; The Air period movement smooth flow of traffic. Provision of (Prevention and ROB at level crossings Control of Regular maintenance of the road will be Pollution) Act, done to ensure good surface condition 1981 .Ambient air quality monitoring. If monitored parameters are above the prescribed limit, suitable control

xxiv Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on measures must be taken. Technological and behavioral changes Road signs shall be provided reminding the motorist to properly maintain their vehicles to economize on fuel consumption and protect the environment.

2. Noise Environment  Noise due to Effective traffic management and good Noise Pollution Noise sensitive areas Through out Included in BSRDCL movement of riding conditions shall be maintained to (Regulation and operation additional traffic reduce the noise level throughout the Control) Rules, period plantation cost. stretch and speed limitation and 2000 and honking restrictions may be enforced amendments near sensitive locations. thereof The effectiveness of the multilayered plantation should be monitored and if need be, solid noise barrier shall be placed. Create awareness amongst the residents about likely noise levels from road operation at different distances, the safe ambient noise limits and easy to implement noise reduction measures while constructing a building close to the road. 3. Land and Soil  Encroachment of Roadside Market places shall be Throughout the stretch Operation ---- BSRDCL in coordination with prime agricultural developed at non-agricultural land in especially near Phase local planning/development land planned manner to restrict settlement authority encroachment of ROW. areas/market areas

xxv Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on Explore the possibility of restricting new construction within 50 -100 m of the ROW.  Soil erosion at Periodic checking to be carried to Project At bridge locations and Through out Included in BSRDCL embankment assess the effectiveness of the requirement embankment slopes operation Operation/ during heavy rain stabilization measures viz. turfing, and other probable soil period Maintenance fall. stone pitching, river training structures erosion areas. cost etc.  Soil erosion at Visual monitoring and inspection of soil Project At bridge locations and Through out Included in BSRDCL borrow areas erosion at borrow areas, quarries (if requirement embankment slopes operation Operation/ closed and rehabilitated), and other probable soil period Maintenance embankments and other places erosion areas. cost expected to be affected, will be carried out once in every three months as suggested in monitoring plan. 4. Water Resources

 Contamination of Collection tray to be installed under the Near surface Water surface water canal bridge to prevent canal/water bodies Indicated in quality due to bodies water contamination. EMoP leakage of oil Monitoring of surface water bodies  Siltation Regular visual checks shall be made to observe any incidence of blockade of drains. Regular checks shall be made for soil erosion and turfing conditions of river training structures for its effective maintenance. . .  Water logging Regular checks shall be done along Throughout the due to blockade the alignment to ensure that flow of corridor of streams water is maintained through cross drains and other channels/streams. Monitoring of water borne diseases due to stagnant water bodies  Protection of Immediate removal of deposited silt Project Identified Flood prone During Operation and BSRDCL Embankment in from drainage channels and out-let requirement areas whole Maintenance Flood prone points. Rejuvenation of the drainage operation Cost Areas system by removing encroachments/ stage

xxvi Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on congestions. This shall be done in close coordination with concerned department. Long term strategy to be worked out with water resources, fisheries, agriculture, soil and other department. 5. Flora and Fauna  Vegetation Planted trees, shrubs, and grasses to Forest Throughout project During Indicated in BSRDCL be properly maintained. Conservation Act section whole Monitoring cost The tree survivalist audit to be 1980 operation in EMoP conducted at least once in a year to period assess the effectiveness 6. Flooding/ inundation  Road inundation BSRDCL will ensure that all drains Project Throughout the stretch During Overall BSRDCL due to choking of (side drains, and all cross drainages) operation particularly near flood whole Operation cost drainage are periodically cleared especially Requirement prone major crossings operation channels before monsoon season to facilitate viz. Bridge No. 305 period the quick passage of rainwater and avoid flooding. 7. Right-of-Way Maintenance  Accident Risk due The construction site shall be kept Project Throughout the Project During Included in BSRDCL to uncontrolled completely clear of vegetation. requirement route whole operation/ growth of Regular maintenance of plantation operation Maintenance vegetation Invasive plant not to be planted near period. cost the road. Controlled use of herbicide/pesticide The designated ROW shall be maintained free of any encroachment. 8. Accidents and Safety  Accident risks Traffic control measures, including IRC:SP:55 Throughout the Project During Included in BSRDCL associated with speed limits, will be enforced strictly. route whole operation/ traffic movement. Further encroachment and squatting operation Maintenance within the ROW will be prevented. period. cost No school or hospital will be allowed to be established within 100m of the

xxvii Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on highway without permission from the planning authorities. Monitor/ensure that all safety provisions included in design and construction phase are properly maintained Highway patrol unit(s) for round the clock patrolling. Phone booths for accidental reporting and ambulance services with minimum response time for rescue of any accident victims. Tow-away facility for the break down vehicles. Coordination with operating agency of intersecting National Highways to have common facilities and share the costs as appropriate.  Transport of Preparation of spill prevention and Throughout the Included in BSRDCL Dangerous control and emergency preparedness project stretch operation/ Goods and responsive plans based on an Maintenance analysis of hazards, implementation of cost. presentation and control measures. 9. Monitoring Operation Performance  Monitoring The BSRDCL will monitor the Throughout the Included in BSRDCL Operation operational performance of the various corridor EMoP Performance mitigation/ enhancement measures carried out as a part of the project The indicators selected for monitoring include the survival rate of trees; utility of enhancement provision, status of rehabilitation of borrow areas, Air quality, water quality, noise levels, soil quality, drainage pattern, etc. Note: It is assumed that Items related to good engineering practices like Dust Suppression, Management of construction Camp, and provision of silt- fencing, oil traps and fuelling platforms, temporary noise barriers etc. are part of engineering cost and deemed to be included in contractor quotes. Cost towards regulatory clearances has not been included here. BSRDCL is advised to consider this cost for administrative approvals from GOB.

Environmental Mitigation/enhancement Cost (Excluding items covered under Project Preparation/Engineering Cost/Operation/Maintenance/regulatory

xxviii Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on clearance) = Rs 8.8 Million Total EMoP Cost: INR 0.77 million

Grand Total for Environmental Safeguard for the Subproject: 8.8+0.77 Million = INR 9.57 Million EA: Executing Agency, BSRDCL: Road Construction Department, SC: Supervision Consultant, PIU: Project Implementation Unit, EO: Environmental Officer, IRC: Indian Road Congress

xxix APPENDIX 7.2 : Monitoring Plan for the Performance Indicators

Environme Project Parameters Method/Guidelines Location Frequency Standards Approximate Implementation Supervision nt Stage and Duration cost (Rs) Indicators Air Quality Construction SPM, High volume sampler Hot mix plants, stone crushers 24 hr Air quality 4x7000x3x3 Contractor PIU /SC stage RSPM, SO2, to be located 50 m and construction/ earthwork continuous, standard =Rs252,0 00 through approved NOX, CO, from the plant in the sites and as suggested by SC 3/year for 3 by CPCB monitoring HC downwind direction. (Total 4 Locations) years agency Use method specified by CPCB for analysis Operation High volume sampler Major Road Intersections and 24 hr Air quality 4X7000x3X1 PIU through PIU, stage to be located 50 m Residential area continuous, standard =Rs 84,000 approved BSRDCL from the selected (4 Locations) 3/year for 1 by CPCB monitoring locations in the year agency downwind direction. Use method specified by CPCB for analysis Water Construction Groundwater Grab sample collected Groundwater at Construction 3/year for 3 Water 4x 5000x3X3 Contractor PIU /SC Quality stage : (IS: 10500: from source and Camps/site and Surface water years quality =Rs 180, 000 through approved 1991) and standard monitoring analyze as per at and Down Stream of by CPCB agency Surface Standard Methods for Adhwara and Sanghi river and water for Class D and Examination of Water any large pond located close Class E and Wastewater to the alignment being used by (Propagation local community. of Fishes) as Operation 3/year for 1 Water 4X3x5000 PIU through PIU, Prescribed Groundwater at 2 locations and stage year quality =Rs 60, 000 approved BSRDCL by CPCB Surface water sample of river standard monitoring and for Sanghi and Adhwara river by CPCB agency vector borne (downstream of bridge diseases Location) and stagnant water bodies developed due to Borrows areas Siltation in Construction Visual Checks for presence of All rivers/streams/drainage Once during Guidelines Routine work Contractor PIU /SC Water construction debris/waste and channels and major water rainy seasons from water of Engineering Bodies bodies along the stretch of the resources Team blockade of drainage channels construction department period.

30 Environme Project Parameters Method/Guidelines Location Frequency Standards Approximate Implementation Supervision nt Stage and Duration cost (Rs) Indicators Operation Once during Guidelines Routine work PIU, with support PIU, operation of from water of Engineering of Water BSRDCL 1st year resources Team Resource department Department Noise Construction Equivalent Free field at 1 m from Construction sites, major road 24 hr As per 6x2000x3x3 Contractor PIU/SC levels stage Noise levels the equipment whose intersections and 1each at continuous, National =Rs.108,000 through approved on dB (A) noise levels are being residential, commercial and 3*/year for 3 Ambient monitoring scale for day determined. sensitive locations along the years Noise agency and night alignment. Standard (6 Locations) specified in Operation Equivalent Noise Near residential, commercial 3 / year for 1 Environme 6x2000x3X1 PIU through PIU, stage levels using an and silence zone. year ntal =Rs 36, 000 approved BSRDCL integrated noise level (6 Locations) Protection monitoring meter kept at a Act, 1986 agency distance of 15 m from amended edge of Pavement 2002 Soil Construction NPK (ICAR As specified by the agricultural land and HMP Once during CPCB 30,000 Contractor PIU/SC Quality Stage standard ) site engineer sites whole standard through approved and heavy BSRDCL / construction and NPK monitoring metals for supervision stage as per agency dredging consultant ICAR sites standard Operation Oil and At oil spillage locations and Once for the CPCB 15,000 PIU through PIU, stage grease other probable soil first year of standard approved agency BSRDCL contamination location operation Soil Construction Visual check Through the Project Corridor After first rain Visual Part of routine Contractor BSRDCL Erosion Stage for Soil especially at River banks, Checks action of erosion and bridge locations structures engineering siltation team Operation Once during Visual Part of routine Engineering Team of BSRDCL Stage operation of Checks action of 1st year engineering team Drainage Construction Visual Checks Throughout the Project Once in a Part of routine Contractor‟s PIU/SC Congestio stage Corridor especially Probable year before None action of Engineering Team n drainage congestion areas as rainy season Specific engineering described in IEE team

31 Environme Project Parameters Method/Guidelines Location Frequency Standards Approximate Implementation Supervision nt Stage and Duration cost (Rs) Indicators Operation Once in a Part of routine BSRDCL Engineering Team Stage year before None action of rainy season Specific engineering for 3 yrs team Borrow Construction Visual Identification of Borrow areas to be operated Once in a IRC Part of the Contractor with PIU/SC Areas Stage Checks borrow areas as per month guidelines Contract approval from PIU, IEE and Best BSRDCL Practices for Borrow area operation Operation Visual Rehabilitation as Closed Borrow Areas Quarterly for 1 Borrow BSRDCL Stage Checks recommended in IEE year Area rehabilitatio n Plan Constructi Construction Storage Rapid audit as per Construction Sites and Camp Quarterly Part of the Contractor with PIU/SC on stage Area, reporting format during regular approval from PIU, IRC Sites and Construction construction monitoring BSRDCL guidelines Labor Sites for period and to the Camp Hygiene, satisfaction drainage of EO, Medical BSRDCL Facilities Etc. Construction Surveillance monitoring of trees Throughout the Project During site Included in PIU/Local Forest Departments Tree Stage felling Section clearance in overall Plantation construction plantation Cost As phase suggested Operation Audit for survival rate of trees Throughout the Project Once in a The Engineer will be responsible by Forest stage plantation Section year for years for monitoring upto the Defect Dept. Liability Period in any particular stretch. After this period the PIU will be responsible for monitoring Monitoring Costs: INR 0.765 Million say 0.77 Million BSRDCL – Bihar State Road Development Corporation Limited, EO: Environmental Officer, SC-Supervision Consultant; IS - India Standard; NOx - Nitrogen Oxide; Pb - Plumbum, (lead); PIU - Project Implementation Unit; RPM - Respirable Particulate Matter; SO2 - Sulphur Dioxide; SPM - Suspended Particulate Matter, RPM - Respirable Particulate Matter

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APPENDIX 7.3 Sample Site Environmental Compliance Inspection and Monitoring Form

Below is a sample compliance inspection form to be prepared monthly by the contractor and validated by the supervision consultant.

Project : Implementing Agency :

Subproject : Monitoring Agency :

Location : Enforcement Agency :

Date : Contractor(s) :

Reporting Period : Implementation Phase: Preconstruction / Construction / Operation

1. Contractor(s)

Contractor(s) Environmental Awareness Yes / No Actions Required Contractor Response / Comment

Contractor(s) aware of mitigation requirements?

Contractor(s) have a copy of EMP?

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2. Mitigation Compliance Inspection Impact / Mitigation Mitigations Endorsed by: Mitigations Action Required Measure Effective? Impact Observed / Implemented Contractor Response Location (From EMP) (Yes, No) (1 to 5)* / Comment Implementing Monitoring Agency Agency

* Mitigation Effectiveness Rating Criteria (Indicative examples) 1. Very Good (all required mitigations implemented) 2. Good ( the majority of required mitigations implemented) 3. Fair (some mitigations implemented) 4. Poor (few mitigations implemented) 5. Very Poor (very few mitigations implemented)

3. Emission Discharge Monitoring (if relevant)

Parameter Endorsed by: Date / Monitoring Contractor Measured % Location Equipment Result Standard Action Required Responses / by Exceedence Implementing Monitoring Comments Agency Agency

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4. Ambient Monitoring (if relevant) Parameter Date / Monitoring Contractor Endorsed by: Measured % Location Equipment Result Standard Action Required Responses / by Exceedence Implementing Monitoring Comments Agency Agency

5. Environmental Incidents During Reporting Period (if relevant) Endorsed by: Environmental Incidents Date / Reported Description / Action Taken Further Action Required (accidents, spills, complaint) Location by Location Implementing Monitoring Agency Agency

6. Summary of Actions Required and Follow-up (if relevant) Action Required Timeframe Follow-up Responsible Parties (e.g. within one week) (to be completed if inspection/monitoring indicates actions are required) Required Action Taken:

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Effectiveness:

Further Action Required?:

Prepared by:

Date:

Inspection Completed by:______Date:______

Signature:

Notes:

Attachments: (e.g. laboratory reports, photographs)

36 APPENDIX 7.4 Outline of Project Environmental Progress and Monitoring Report

1. As required by ADB for Category B projects, BSRDC will prepare annual monitoring reports describing the progress of EMP implementation and corrective actions taken. Ths format is linked with the inspection and monitoring reporting system provided in Annex ___.

1. Introduction 1.1. Report Purpose 1.2. Project Implementation Progress

2. Incorporation of Environmental Requirements into Project Contractual Arrangements Manner by which EMP requirements are incorporated into contractual arrangements, such as with contractors or other parties.

3. Summary of Environmental Mitigations and Compensation Measures Implemented Based on EMP; may include measures related to air quality, water quality, noise quality, pollution prevention, biodiversity and natural resources, health and safety, physical cultural resources, capacity building, and others.

4. Summary of Environmental Monitoring 4.1. Compliance Inspections (if relevant) 4.1.1. Summary of Inspection Activities 4.1.2. Mitigation Compliance9 4.1.3. Mitigation Effectiveness10

4.2. Emission Discharge (Source) Monitoring Program (if relevant) 4.2.1. Summary of Monitoring 4.2.2. Results 4.2.3. Assessment11

9 Overall compliance with mitigation implementation requirements could be described in qualitative terms or be evaluated based on a ranking system, such as the following: 1. Very Good (all required mitigations implemented) 2. Good (the majority of required mitigations implemented) 3. Fair (some mitigations implemented) 4. Poor (few mitigations implemented) 5. Very Poor (very few or no mitigations implemented) Additional explanatory comments should be provided as necessary.

10 Effectiveness of mitigation implementation could be described in qualitative terms or be evaluated based on a ranking system, such as the following: 1. Very Good (mitigations are fully effective) 2. Good (mitigations are generally effective) 3. Fair (mitigations are partially effective) 4. Poor (mitigations are generally ineffective) 5. Very Poor (mitigations are completely ineffective) Additional explanatory comments should be provided as necessary.

11 Discharge levels should be compared to the relevant discharge standards and/or performance indicators noted in the EMP. Any exceedences should be highlighted for attention and follow-up. In addition, discharge levels could be compared to baseline conditions (if baseline data is available) and described in qualitative terms or be evaluated based on a ranking system, such as the following: 1. Very Good (overall conditions are generally improved) 2. Good (conditions are maintained or slightly improved) 3. Fair (conditions are unchanged) 4. Poor (conditions are moderately degraded) 5. Very Poor (conditions are significantly degraded)

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4.3. Ambient Monitoring Program (if relevant) 4.3.1. Summary of Monitoring 4.3.2. Results 4.3.3. Assessment12

5. Key Environmental Issues 5.1.1. Key Issues Identified 5.1.2. Action Taken 5.1.3. Additional Action Required

6. Conclusion 6.1. Overall Progress of Implementation of Environmental Management Measures13 6.2. Problems Identified and Actions Recommended

Appendices 1. Site Inspection / Monitoring Reports 2. Ambient Monitoring Results 3. Photographs 4. Others

Additional explanatory comments should be provided as necessary.

12 Ambient environmental conditions should be compared to the relevant ambient standards and/or performance indicators noted in the EMP. Any exceedences should be highlighted for attention and follow-up. In addition, ambient environmental conditions could be compared to the baseline conditions (if baseline data is available) and described in qualitative terms or be evaluated based on a ranking system, such as the following: 1. Very Good (overall conditions are generally improved) 2. Good (conditions are maintained or slightly improved) 3. Fair (conditions are unchanged) 4. Poor (conditions are moderately degraded) 5. Very Poor (conditions are significantly degraded) Additional explanatory comments should be provided as necessary.

13 Overall sector environmental management progress could be described in qualitative terms or be evaluated based on a ranking system, such as the following: 1. Very Good 2. Good 3. Fair 4. Poor 5. Very Poor Additional explanatory comments should be provided as necessary.

38 APPENDIX 7.5 GUIDELINES FOR SERVICES OF A CONTRACTOR/NGO FOR TREE PLANTATING - TERMS OF REFERENCE

1. Project Background:

The Bihar State Road Development Corporation Ltd. (BSRDC) of Bihar has been entrusted to implement the development of various State Highways for augmenting their capacity adequately for safe and efficient movement of traffic. During upgradation/widening of these state highways some trees standing in proposed right of way have been removed. Now the BSRDC requires Contractors/NGOs services for carrying out plantation along the road, on community land, barren private land, bank of river/canal/stream or on any other land provided/suggested by BSRDC. BSRDC now invites the services of eligible Contractors/NGOs under quality based unit rate contracts. BSRDC is the Employer and the executing agency of the project.

2. Objective: 1. Community participation in plantation and upkeep with emphasis on involving Project Affected Persons (PAPs), Below Poverty Line (BPL) families and vulnerable section of society like SC/ST, widows, handicapped, old age persons etc. living in the project corridor. 2. To combat Climate Change by planting large number of trees this will improve the local climatic conditions in long term. 3. To increase Forest/Green Cover by additional Plantation (apart from Compensatory Afforestation under Forest Conservation, Act 1980) as the Bihar State has less percentage of Forest cover than the National Standard of 33%. 4. For Water / Soil Conservation. 5. To rehabilitate the degraded Forest Land( subject to availability from Forest department) 6. As part of commitment of Bihar State Road Development Corporation towards Environment protection/ enhancement 7. 3. Tasks of the Contractor/NGO:

The assignment shall be carried out under the following task heads Identification of the plantation stretches along with BSRDC Preparation of nurseries Planting of sapling and Plantation & maintenance scheme is for five years

8. 4. Guidelines for Plantation:

a) The plantation area should avoid the stretches within the settlement area and the Ecological Sensitive area b) Adequate consultation with the village Panchayet / Local Forest Department should be made in identifying the stretches for plantation and species. The Contractor/NGO would require producing sufficient evidence of consultation to BSRDC. Plantation in the identified stretches shall be carried out only after prior approval of BSRDC.

xxxix c) The stretches identified should be free from encumbrances and should not lead to litigation. No fresh land acquisition shall be made under the project for the purpose of plantation. d) Identification of existing nursery or preparation of nurseries should be carried out within 2 months of award of the contract/mobilization to the site. Local Forest Department may be consulted for supply of saplings. e) Indigenous species should be used as far as practicable, strictly avoiding any exotic species like Eucalyptus that can have for-reaching adverse effect on the ecology and water regime of the area. f) Preparation of Plantation site including the pits should follow the specification laid down in IRC: SP:21-2009 for road side plantation and for other areas should follow the specification laid down by the horticulture / forest department/. Existing trees shall not be cleared for plantation. g) Plantation scheme has to be formulated for five years. h) The contractor/NGO shall arrange at his own expense all tools, required for maintenance of complete horticulture feature. No work should be suffered without tool etc. i) Contractor /NGO will have to make his own arrangements for protecting the plants. j) Maintenance of the planted saplings up to three years is also to be carried out by the Contractor/NGO. Maintenance works would include watering, wedding, replacing tree protection etc.

5. Location/ Site for Plantation

The location/site for plantation shall be identified by Contractor/ NGOs, before the execution of project, in consultation with village Panchayet / Local Forest Department /BSRDC. Plantation in the identified stretches shall be carried out only after prior approval of BSRDC. Locations identified shall include but not limited to following 1. Large vacant areas of Block Level Offices/ Government residential premises can be used for plantation. 2. On barren land of small or marginal farmers 3. Almost all the sub-project road is passing near to the establishments of Irrigation Department, their vacant colonies/Offices land can be used for Plantation. 4. Along River/ Canal/ Stream which are near to the project road. 5. Along state highways or rural road adjacent to project road. After approval of site by BSRDC, contractor/NGO shall prepare and submit to BSRDC the detailed proposal for identified land which will include area of land, ownership, khata/Khasra no., Panchayat /block/ district name, plantation scheme, number/ species of trees proposed for plantation etc. including information about the community/PAPs involved in plantation and maintenance.

6. Time frame for services

The Contractor/NGO will be contracted for a period of Five years form the date of commencement. The plantation along the road shall follow the construction schedule.

9. Maintenance

xl The saplings of trees planted shall be watered and maintained by the Contractor/NGO till issue of final taking over certificate. Maintenance shall also include watering, weeding out of undesirable plants and replacement of dead plant, manuring and trimming of the hedges.

10. Measurement for Payment Planting of trees including maintenance shall be measured in numbers. 9 Rates The contract unit rate for planting of trees shall include the cost of all labour and material involved in all the operations described above including cost of saplings and maintenance as mentioned above, the cost of supplying and stacking the requisite quantity of manure and other incidentals.

10. Payment Schedule

Sl. Percentage of the Payment Schedule No. Contract Value 12. Mobilization advance along with signing 11. 1. 5 % of contract After preparation of nurseries and approval of 13. 2. 10 % plantation stretches 3. After Plantation 20 % 4. At the end of first year maintenance 20 % 5. At the end of second year maintenance 15 % 6. At the end of third year maintenance 10 % 7. At the end of fourth year maintenance 10% 8. At the end of fifth year maintenance 10% After plantation percentage payment shall be made on the basis of actual trees survived. For example suppose “A” no. of trees survived after first year and rate of one tree plantation is “B” rupees then payable amount at the end of first year shall be “20% of A xB 11. Team for the assignment The Contractor/NGO is free to recommend a team commensurate with the requirement of the project.

12. Reporting Format for Plantation to be made by Contractor /NGO a) Name of the village / stretch: Date of Consultation with local communities / Forest Department / BSRDC; Suggestions made-by the local communities / Forest Department / BSRDC; Objections made by the local communities; Stretches identified for plantation; Species to be planted.

14. b) Declaration

I hereby declare that the identified stretches for plantation will not affect any private or community asset resulting to litigation.

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Representative of Contractor/NGO.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF WORK 1.0 General PLANT MATERIAL & PLANTING SPECIFICATIONS

1.1 WORK INCLUDES: 15. i) The contractor/NGO shall provide all labor, materials, tools and equipment‟s necessary to complete and maintain the work as specified herein. ii) The contractor/NGO shall be liable for any damages to property caused by planting and transplanting operations and all areas and disturbed construction shall be restored to their original condition to the satisfaction of the client. iii) Work shall be performed and supervised at all times by qualified personnel.

1.2 PLANT MATERIAL INSPECTION i) Furnish plant materials inspected by Horticulturist/Engineer in charge at the nursery and tagged after approval for delivery ii) Inspection at growing site does not preclude right of rejection at the site of plantation. TOP SOIL INSPECTION: i) After contract award, furnish source of top soil to BSRDC for purpose of soil inspection. ii) Take representative soil samples from area under consideration. iii) Test soil samples for pH, alkalinity, total soluble salts, porosity, sodium content and organic matter. 1.3 DELIVERY STORAGE AND HANDLING OF PLANT MATERIAL

A. DELIVERY : 16. i) Do not deliver more plant materials than can be planted in one day ii) Deliver plants with legible identification labels. iii) Protect during delivery to prevent damage to root ball or desiccation of leaves. iv) Notify Horticulturist/Engineer in charge of delivery schedule in advance, so that plant material may be inspected upon for approval at job site. v) Remove unacceptable plant material immediately from job site.

B. STORAGE i) Store plants in shade and protect from weather. ii) Maintain and protect surplus plant material suitably.

C. HANDLING: i) All earth balls shall be firm and intact and contained in Hessian. Do not drop balled and bur lapped stock at any time.

xlii ii) All balled and Hessian covered plants and container grown plants shall at all times be handled by the ball or by the container and not by the plant stem.

1.4 PLANT MATERIALS:

i) All plants to be sized as shown on schedules or as specified herein. ii) All plants shall be healthy, free from pests and diseases and be representative of their normal species or variety. All plants shall be well shaped, have vigorous root system and free from disease, wind burn, injuries, abrasion or disfigurement. iii) All plants shall be true to name and one plant of each bundle or lot shall be tagged with the name and size of the plants. In all cases, botanical names shall take precedence over common names, iv) All plants shall be nursery grown unless otherwise stated; they shall have been grown under the same climatic conditions as the location of this project.

1.5 TOP SOIL (GOOD EARTH) : Top soil or good earth shall be friable soil of loamy texture, typical of cultivated top soils of the locality containing at least 3% of organic decayed matter. It shall be taken from a well-drained arable site. It shall be free from subsoil, kankar, mooram, shingle, stones, brick or other objectionable matter. It shall have pH value ranging between 6 to 7.5.If the soil tests indicate pH value not as per the above specification namely between „6.5 to 7.5‟, following measures need to be taken. 17. If pH exceeds 7.5, aluminium sulphate or equivalent fertilizer should be added at the rate of 1 kg per cubic metre to lower the pH by one full point. 18. If pH is below 6.5, add ground limestone or equivalent fertilizer at the rate of 1 kg per cubic metre to raise pH by one full point.

1.6 FERTILIZER : Chemical type : Commercial fertilizer uniform in composition, dry and free flowing shall be delivered in original unopened containers and shall be mixed as specified by the manufacturer. Organic type :- Composts from cow dung, municipal solid wastes and distillery waste may be used. It shall be free from extraneous matter, harmful bacteria, insects or chemicals.

1.7 PLANTING SOIL MIX : Planting soil mix (Mixing of good Earth and Manure). The stacked earth shall, before mixing, be broken down to particles of sizes not exceeding 6 mm in any direction, good earth shall be thoroughly mixed with manure in the 2:1 proportions.

1.8 INSPECTION Prior to all planting work, carefully inspect the installed work and verify that all earth work is complete to the point where planting may properly commence.

1.9 PREPARATION : i. Stake out locations for plants and outlines of planting beds on ground. ii. Do not begin excavation until stake out of plant location and plant locations and plant beds are acceptable to Horticulturist/ Engineer-In-charge.

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1.10 EXCAVATION FOR PLANTING : Digging of Pits i. The bottom of the pit shall be forked to loosen the soil. In case the soil is clay, a layer of broken bricks and stones shall be sprayed on the bottom of the hole and this layer shall be covered with dried leaves or straw. ii. In case the site is infested whit white ants, the sides of the pits shall be brushed with a mixture of B.H.C. (10% concentration) or Chlorpyriphose 20 EC.

1.11 PLANTING : i. Planting shall be performed in accordance with recognized best horticulture practice. ii Tree sapling shall be positioned in the location and numbers shown on plan and placed to achieve even spacing and proper matching of shapes related in a random fashion at approximately equal centers to obtain a natural dense cover. The pits for trees shall be 60 cm in diameter and 60 cm deep at exact positions as marked on the drawing. iii. Plants shall be set plumb and at such a level or elevation that after settlement they will bear same relation to level of surrounding ground as they bore to ground from which they were dug. All plants shall be planted on and in soil mix. All ropes, stones etc. shall be removed from the pit before back filling. Soil for back filling shall be loose and friable. iv. Earth balled and hessian covered plants or container plants shall be handled so that the ball will not be loosened. All plastic and other imperishable containers should be removed before planting. v. Plants with exposed roots shall be placed in the proper position in the center of pit after the soil in the bottom of the pit has been firmed. Roots shall be arranged in their natural position and loose friable, topsoil worked in among them, firms at intervals and thoroughly settled with water. Care shall be taken to avoid bruising or breaking the roots when tamping the soil; all large and fleshy roots which are bruised or broken shall be pruned with a clean cut before planting.

1.12 FINISHING SURFACE AFTER BACK FILLING :- i. The contractor/NGO shall cultivate and rake over finished plant areas and shall leave them in an orderly condition. A shallow basin, larger than the diameter of a planting pit as directed by the horticulturist should be prepared. On steep slopes the soil on the lower side of the plant shall be graded in such a manner that it will catch and hold water, as directed by the horticulturist. ii. No deduction shall be made for the value of topsoil displaced by balls. This displaced top soil shall be used in its entirety to build the above described watering basins on level ground or slight slopes and shall be used for grading around trees on steep slopes. iii. All work done in preparing shallow basin, or grading of tree pits on steep slopes, and re-grading and re-seeding of the tree saucers shall be deemed and included in the unit price per tree. iv. STAKING : All staking shall be done immediately after planting. Plant shall stand plumb after staking. Drive stake perpendicularly, 60 cm- 90 cm as require to resist forces of the wind in to ground at edge of root ball. Single stake shall be located on the windward side of the tree. For balled root should be used to probe through the root system, to make a pilot hole, in to which the stake can be driven with minimum disturbance. iv PRUNING : Broken or badly bruised branches shall be removed with a clean cut. Each plant shall be pruned to preserve its natural character and in a manner appropriate to its particular requirements. The amount of pruning shall be limited to the minimum necessary. All pruning shall be done with sharp tools. Pruning cuts shall be painted with recommended paints.

xliv v WATERING : During and after planting, the plants shall be watered in to eliminate air voids around the roots and watered regularly as required for planting to become established.

1.13 PLANTATION PATTERN:

1. Where only one row can be planted preference will be given to fruit bearing trees. The between two plants/trees shall be kept 6 meter. 2. Where two rows can be planted there first row will be of small to medium sized ornamental trees and second row will be of fruit bearing trees.

3. If land is available for three rows planation than first row will be of evergreen ornamental trees, second row of fruit bearing trees and last row will be of timber trees having long life. 19. 4. In urban and semi urban areas, if land is not available for multiple rows and only one row is possible, ornamental species should be planted instead of shade/fruit bearing species.

Distance Between Plant and Rows: i) Ornamental plants except last row

Distance from embankment toe= 1 m

Spacing between plants=3m

Spacing between rows=3m

Size of the pits=60x60x60 cms

In waterlogged areas mounds should be prepared. Height of mound will very depending on water level

Height of the plant may vary from 1.5m to 2m

ii) Fruit bearing plants( 2nd row):

Distance from the preceding row=3m

Spacing between plant to plant=6m

Size of pit=60x60x60 cms

Height of the plants=2m.

iii) Shade/Timber plants( Last row):

Distance from the preceding row=3m

Spacing between plant to plant=12m

xlv Size of pit=60x60x60 cms

Height of the plants=2m.

1.14 TIMING FOR PLANTATION Generally Monsoon season is the best season for plantation throughout the state therefore plantation shall be carried out from 1st July to 15th August. However, this period may vary depending on arrival of monsoon. In North Bihar or other places where there is waterlogging due to excessive rains or flooding plantation work shall be done in spring season ( Basant season).

1.15 PENALTY FOR NONCOMPLIANCE

If the agency fails to arrange the sufficient quantities of material/ manure /pesticides/manpower/equipment (in good working condition) required to maintain the work in good condition within 4 days of its notification, then Owner / Employer reserve the right to get it arranged at their risk and cost and will charge extra 20% on the actual expenditure incurred in house or outsource (material, manpower, machinery In exceptional cases, BSRDC may consider to extend the time limit mentioned above. The decision of BSRDC shall be final and binding on the contractor/NGO in respect of extension of time for rectification of defects.

1.14 DESCRIPTION OF ITEMS IN BOQ

S.No. DESCRIPTION OF ITEMS Unit Qty. Rate Amount (Numbers) (Rs.) Supplying and Planting of saplings of specified species including cost of saplings, preparation of surface, digging of pits. 60 cm wide and 60 cm deep, refilling the excavated earth mixed with farmyard manure, casualty replacement including maintenance for five years.

xlvi