UIA 2021 RIO: 27th World Congress of

Research On the Development From To Architectural Heritage ： Take Industrial Architecture Heritage as an Example

Meng Fanlei Hu Yaning Beijing University of Civil and Beijing University of and Architecture Architecture Funded by The National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 51808021) Yu Qiang Lin Ziteng Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture Architecture

Abstract used in the early textile and warehouse As a very representative type of historical buildings. In 19 centuries early, cast iron was architecture, industrial architecture regarded as a structural building components in heritage plays an irreplaceable role in cotton mills in many regions in Britain, such as spreading human civilization and Glasgow, Manchester, which not only makes the displaying scientific and technological internal space obtain a larger span, but also progress. Starting from the first Industrial meets the needs of fire prevention (Mathew Revolution and the spread of cultural Aitchison, 2014). At the same time, the cast iron globalization, this paper divides the structure greatly reduces the self-weight of the development from industrial architecture building structure and forms a new type of to industrial architecture heritage into multi-layer frame structure, which better meets three important historical stages: the requirements of the textile plant for the space “modernization” period, “artisticization” of water conservancy driving equipment. period and “becoming heritage” period, in Although the cast iron components improved the interior space of early industrial buildings, order to explain the industrial the facade of the buildings was still in classical architecture’s value in the communication form. Until the appearance of Crystal Palace in and spread of sciences, arts and technology 1851, new building materials such as cast iron in the course of human civilization. and glass began to be widely used. As an important interruption node in the history “Modernization” period of of technology (Singer, Charles Joseph, industrial architecture Holmyard, Eric John; Hall, 1982), Industrial The “Crystal Palace” is the first building Revolution started a period of rapid dedicated to the exhibit, disseminate and flaunt development in many aspects such as science, industrial revolution technology and its products technology, economy, and urban (Christopher Hobhouse, 1952). Joseph Paxton, a around the world. Especially in the 18th century, British horticulturist, designed the prototype of the technology of cast iron gradually matured, Crystal Palace which based on the formal which had a revolutionary impact on characteristics of plant greenhouse, replacing . Compared to traditional building the original classical architectural scheme. materials, cast iron in addition to good Without any decoration, the Crystal Palace is a resistance to stress outside, but also has architecture which reflecting the principle of outstanding tensile strength, and the engineers Realism. The production and use of new were first used in the construction of the bridge. materials such as cast iron and glass have In1775, the world’s first cast iron arch bridge gradually spread from Europe to the United was built on the Severn River, which the span States and Asia. New construction technologies reaches 30 meters long, since then, a new type have liberated building structural forms, and of cast iron material has been widely used in the large-span buildings have appeared widely. The field of engineering (Jurgen Adam, Katharina principles of practicability and high efficiency Hausmann, Frank Juttner, 2004). On the basis of became the early prototype of modern industrial bridge-building experience, cast iron is widely architecture.

PAPERS: VOLUME I of III 561 UIA 2021 RIO: 27th World Congress of Architects

The World War hit the industrial base in Europe Although engineers and architects created in early 20 centuries, in order to restore modern industrial architecture, the promotion production and life, a large number of modern and extension of their aesthetic values are , industrial districts and industrial cities closely related to artists. From 1930 to 1960, emerged one after another. In this period, the Charles Sheeler, a famous American precision design and construction principles of industrial painter, concentrated on the creation of oil architecture started from the practical point of paintings about American industrial architecture view, with the goal of function first, high and named them "American industrial efficiency and few decorative languages, which landscape", which reflected the factories, plants, break through lots of traditional design facilities and equipment in the booming period constraints. A large number of new materials at that time. Scheeler's work style changes from and new processes, such as the use of early realism to later abstract creation reflects prefabricated and standardized components are that industrial architecture, as a cultural used, leads to the of architectural landscape of universal significance, has become design and construction, makes the function and the object of "recreation" by artists. form self-consistent, and produces a set of "industrial aesthetics" based on practicality, In the 1960s, Bernd and Hilla Becher, famous simplicity, clarity and rationality. German photographers, tracked and photographed a series of industrial buildings and 1900 to 1920, is the birth of modern industrial facilities in Ruhr district, such as factories, architecture. Albert Kahn, a German-American elevators, water towers, blast furnaces and so known as the "father of modern factory on, and then published the world's first industrial design" and "inventor of Automobile building photography monograph: Anonymous Workshop", designed the Ford Assembly Line Sculpture: Anonyme Skulpturen Eine : in 1909, greatly improving the efficiency of Typologie Technischer Bauten. They recorded automobile production. This four story frame the images and characteristics of industrial structure factory building is regarded as the buildings, facilities and equipment, and pioneering work of modern multi-stores factory, classified them according to industrial use, representing the main image of American showing the wide adaptability and industrial architecture. In addition, the Ford reproducibility of industrial buildings. In terms Assembly Line also had an important impact on of shooting methods, they chose to shoot the Walter Gropius, and even became the facade of industrial buildings, facilities and inspiration source for the design of the Fargus equipment, and translate the three-dimensional Plant. At the same time, Peter Berens designed building shape into two-dimensional images, and completed the AEG Turbine workshop in and make the industrial building sprout a hazy Berlin, which also brought the design and memorial (Philip. Jodidio, 2005), thus opening construction level of modern industrial a new branch of Photography-"industrial architecture to a new height in Europe. composition photography". Industrial composition photography arouses people's The first half of the 20th century is the attention to abandoned industrial buildings "modernization" period of industrial buildings. through artistic means, which makes the public The wide application of modern materials such gradually understand that those common and as steel, reinforced concrete and glass has widespread industrial buildings have pragmatic completely changed the construction logic and aesthetic characteristics, and industrial spatial form of industrial buildings: architecture can become "spiritual symbols of standardization, prefabrication, unity of the times". Although Bernd and Hila Becher did function and form have become the important not explain the value of industrial architectural features of modern industrial architecture. remains from the theoretical level, they caused Practicability, high efficiency and meeting the the European countries to pay attention to needs of production have become the main industrial architectural remains objectively. purpose of modern industrial architecture, the Until the late 20 centuries, modern industrial "modernization" of industrial buildings greatly architecture began to be concerned by artists. affects the development of other types of The core function of industrial architecture has architecture and modern cities. gradually changed from productive space to “Artisticization” period of artwork or monuments, which laid a cognitive industrial architecture foundation for the "becoming heritage" period.

562 PAPERS: VOLUME I of III UIA 2021 RIO: 27th World Congress of Architects

entrepreneur, which has caused the chimney to The “Becoming heritage” period of become higher and higher. This historical story industrial architecture about the chimney can be an interesting clue in The period of "archaeology" and "value the value interpretation, and then bridge the identification" are two stages in the process of difference between the public imagination and becoming industrial heritage, which is the the objective image of industrial heritage, so as concept of time with progressive relationship. to create the spirit of place of heritage, and the "Becoming heritage" is not a simple and isolated new place promotes the industrial architecture to process, it cannot be separated from the social, acquire "the second life of heritage", that is, with political, and economic matrix, but also from the the "added value" of cultural capital and involvement of individuals, groups, countries economic capital, it also has the value of cultural and local culture. Industrial architecture, from exchange and display. being built to being used, from abandoned to historical heritage, are not only more likely to Conclusion have disputes on value judgment and For industrial architecture, the three orientation, but also a long-term and complex development periods of modernization, systematic process, along with many issues such artisticization and becoming heritage are not as land and property rights, historical long, but they have played an inestimable role in interpretation and environmental pollution. The promoting social, economic, cultural, technical ontological objectivity of industrial architecture and artistic aspects. Different from the is that they serve production activities. After traditional architecture heritages, such as being translated into "heritage", their objective palaces, temples and churches, which pursue values are replaced by subjective values. The commemoration and eternity, industrial evaluation of their values is completed in a new building is a type of architecture aiming at current context. Therefore, the selection and practicability and production satisfaction, which expression of industrial architectural heritage carries a unique regional cultural context and cannot avoid its subjectivity. It is also reflected economic demands, which is an important sign in the diversity of the process of selecting and of the communication and interaction of science, evaluating their industrial architecture heritage technology and culture in the global scope. in different countries (Stubbs, John H.; Makas, From this point of view, industrial architectural Emily G.; Bouchenaki, Mounir, 2014). For heritage is not only a significance symbol of a example, United Kingdom adopts the "Listed city or a country's memory, but also an Building" evaluation system, Netherlands and important carrier of cultural self-confidence and Belgium adopt the "Rijks Monument" cultural interaction. evaluation system, and United States adopts different levels of "Historical Landmarks" evaluation system, while China adopts different Endnotes levels of "Cultural Protection Units" evaluation 1. Singer C.J, Holmyard E.J, A.R. Hall, Trevor I. Williams. A History of Technology, Cambridge, Oxford system. University Press,1982. 2. Jurgen.A, Hausmann.K, Jutt.F. Industrial Buildings: A It is necessary to address how to "explain" the Design Manual, Birkhauser Verlag AG.2004 value to the public when industrial architectural 3. Aitchison, M. The architecture of : changing paradigms in industrial building and planning, Surrey, heritage has been widely recognized as a type of Routledge.2006 cultural heritage. The two important 4. Hobhouse.C. 1851 and the Crystal Palace; being an characteristics of value interpretation are account of the Great Exhibition and its contents, "drawing historical stories" and "creating place London, Murray.1950. memories", the purpose of which is to "flatten" 5. Bernhard & Becher.H.Anonyme Skulpturen Eine： and "popularize" the value of industrial Typologie technischer Bauten, Düsseldorf, Art- Press.1970 architecture and project it onto the public's 6. Jodidio.P. Architecture: Art, Munich, Prestel.2005. sensory experience. Walter Pickles pointed out 7. John H. Stubbs, Emily G. Makas, Mounir.B. in Our Dirty Legacy that chimneys, as Architectural Conservation in Europe and the architectural symbols of the Industrial Americas, The Journal of Preservation Revolution, were once used by entrepreneurs to Technology.2014 show off their means of production and identity 8. Pickles.W. Our Grimy Heirtage, Fontwell, Centaur Press. 1971 (Walter. Pickles, 1971), people are scrambling to compare the height of the chimney to reflect the economic strength and status of the

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