Innovation in Cultural Systems Contributions from Evolutionary Anthropology

edited by Michael J. O’Brien and Stephen J. Shennan

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Innovation in cultural systems : contributions from evolutionary anthropology / edited by Michael J. O’Brien and Stephen J. Shennan. p. cm.—(Vienna series in theoretical biology) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-262-01333-8 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Physical anthropology. 2. Human evolution. 3. Social evolution. 4. Human beings–Origin. 5. Technological innovations. I. O’Brien, Michael J. II. Shennan, Stephen J. GN60.I56 2010 599.9–dc22 2009009084

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Index

Aboriginal metatraditions, 166–168 American archaeology, innovation in, 5 Academic publishing, fashion versus selection in, American Southwest, spread of Salado ceramic 125–133 tradition across, 251–262 Academic vocabulary Amish frequencies of through time, 126, 129–131 metatraditions of, 164–166 frequency distributions of, 126, 132–133 as “People of Preservation,” 161–162 random copying of, 125–126 Ammerman, A., 179–180 turnover of, 127, 128–129 Anagenesis, 12 Adaptation. See also Cumulative adaptive evolution Analogy, argument by, 22–24 arrival of fi ttest and, 33–34 Anasazi creation of, 260–261 attempt to unite, 257 versus evolution, 59–61 region of, 252 in evolutionary biology, 84 Salado ceramic tradition in, 251 mutations underlying, 91 Anatomical novelty, emergence of, 54–55 origins of, 29 Ancestral Law, Australian Aboriginal, 166–168 patterns of in diverse environments, 100–101 Ancrenaz, 40 Adaptive landscape Animal innovation, 37–38, 48 concept of, 183 case studies of, 42–47 multimodal defi ning, 40–41 cultural transmission in, 11 ecological and evolutionary signifi cance of, 38–40 innovation spread in, 182–188 experimental studies of, 41 Adoption Anthropology, units of culture in, 5–6 in archaeological record, 240 Antibiotics, discovery of, 111 cultural interconnectedness in, 103–107 Antipsychologism, 85 defi nition of, 238–239 Apesteguia, J., 102 of new products, social-infl uence models of, Apprenticeship institution, 112–113 193–213 Archaeological studies, of invention processes, Africa 235–248 early modern humans in, 139 Ariew, A., 24 Upper Paleolithic transition in, 138 Aristotle, 21 Agency-based cultural variation model, 258–259 Arnold, S. J., 11, 183, 243 Aggrandizer model, 247 Arrow-Debreu formalization of competitive Agricultural diffusion, in United States, 211–212 equilibrium, 89 Aitken, H. G. J., 242 Art, fi rst appearance of, 138 Akrich, M., 217 Artifacts Albert, R., 127 change in types and frequencies of, 235–236 Alcheringa, 168 designs of, 183 Algoe, S. B., 112 properties of, 182 Allen, J., 139, 140 typologies of, 240 Altruism, group selection of, 117n.3 unique or rare, 240 Ambrose, S. H., 140 Asch, S. E., 102 270 Index

Asocial learning Biological anthropology, transmission analyses of, in captive birds, 48 145–146 in foraging innovation, 43 Biology-culture relationship, 6–7 Association patterns, in spread of solving, 43–44 Birds Ast, G., 59 asocial-learning performance in, 48 Atran, S., 7 foraging innovations in, 38–39, 43–44 Aunger, R., 7, 73, 175–176 milk-bottle opening, 41 Australia spread of bottle-opening behavior among, 37 aboriginal, metatraditions of, 166–168 Birdsell, J. B., 145, 146 cultural patterns of early modern humans in, 140 Birkhead, T. R., 58 dearth of technological complexity in, 107 Biro, D., 37 early modern humans in, 139 Blackmore, S., 7 foragers in, 109 Blending algorithms, 102 Upper Paleolithic transition in, 138 Bliege Bird, R., 124 Aztec system, 258 Blitz, J. H., 251 Blum, H. F., 7 Bacterial cultures, 110 Boas, F., 168 Bagwell, E. A., 240 Body decorations, 138 Bamforth, D., 21, 23–24, 25, 30–31, 76 Body plans, 91 Bandura, A., 101 genetic regulation of, 63 Banfi eld, E. C., 115 origination of, 86 Bar-Yosef, O., 137–138 Boëda, E., 218 Barabási, A.-L., 127 Boogert, N. J., 43 Barnett, H. G., 3, 176 Bordieu, P., 127 Barnett, S. A., 46 Boschma, R. A., 83 Baron, R. J., 102 Bouchard, J., 39 Basalla, G., 6, 109, 110, 111 Bonded rationality Bass, F. M., 193, 194–195, 210, 213 models, 70 Bass diffusion model, 193, 210–213 theory, 71–72 combined with dual-inheritance model, 204–208 Bow-and-arrow technology, spread of, 10 versus dual-inheritance model, 198–199 Bowl making techniques, 223, 225 Bass model of innovation diffusion, 194–195 Bowles, S., 69–70 Bastian, Adolf, 5 Box, H. O., 40 Bateson, W., 55, 62 Boyd, R., 6, 7, 9–11, 71, 100–102, 108, 113–116, Baum, W. M., 176 137, 140–144, 162, 169, 176, 183, 187, 195, 196 Baumol, W. J., 84, 88–89 Boyer, P., 115 Bauvais, S., 226 Brain Bayus, B. L., 209, 210 decoding functions of, 72 Behavior change evolution of, 69 versus novel behavior, 41 copying behavior in, 169–170 technological change as, 236 Brain codes, 73 Behavioral-drive hypothesis, 39–40 Brannigan, A., 85 Behavioral fl exibility Brass, M., 70 in animals, 37–38 Brette, O., 84–85 ecological and evolutionary implications of, 39 Brighton, H., 175–176 Behavioral norms, cultural evolution of, 116–117 Bril, B., 223–224 Belmont Radio, 244 Brooks, A. S., 138–139 Bentley, R. A., 9, 10–11, 121–124, 126, 127, 132, Brumm, A., 137, 138, 139, 140 134 Buchanan, M., 134 Berndt, R. M., 167 Burke and Wills’s expedition, 109 Bettinger, R. L., 9, 10, 182 Burkhardt, R. W., Jr., 57–58 Biased cultural transmission, 141 Burst of variation, 262 in multimodal adaptive landscapes, 182–188 Byrne, R. W., 37 Biased variation, 86 Bicycle design, development of, 183 Cabeza, R., 72 Billing, J., 100 Cacioppo, J. T., 72 Bin-Sallik, M. A., 168 Calitrichid monkeys, innovation in, 42–43 Index 271

Callebaut, W., 70, 81, 83, 84, 86, 89, 91, 92, 188 inventions and, 223–224 Cambefort, J. P., 38 in selection, 72 Cambell, A., 256 Communication technologies, wireless, 241–242 Campbell, D. T., 6–7, 92, 161, 163, 166 Complex skills, 145 Carrier, J., 83 accumulation of, 143 Carroll, S., 32 cultural transmission of, 143, 146–149 Casanova, C., 37 Complex technological system (CTS) Case study cascade model of development of, 242–243 of innovation spread in multimodal adaptive components functioning in, 245–246 landscapes, 182–188 Component-stimulated invention, 245–246 of migration effect on innovation and invention Conard, N., 138 rates, 177–182 Conformist behaviors, 71, 176 Castle, D., 90 hardwiring for, 76 Castro, L., 168 neuroscientifi c evidence of, 74–76 Causal-mechanistic approach, 91 predisposition to, 69 Cauvin, J., 230 propensity for, 72 Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., 7, 9, 101, 133, 140, 176, 179– Conformist bias, 193, 213 180, 195 Conformist-biased transmission, 196, 197–198 Celebrity effect, 124 Conot, R. E., 110 Ceramics Constant-heterogeneity approach, 208 development of techniques in, 225 Consumers, technology adoption by, 238–239 Salado traditional system of, 251–262 Continental-level innovation, cultural information Chaco-Aztec system, 253 fl ow in, 107 Chacoan system, 258 Convergent evolution, 180 Chalcolithic cultures, 227–228, 229 Cooperation Chance, in cultural evolution, 90 competition in, 121 Chandrasekaran, D., 213 as form of signaling, 113–114 Change kinship relationships and, 170 defi nition of, 235–237 neurological processes in, 74 in evolution, 122 oxytocin in, 75 random versus selected, 122–124 Cooperative dilemma Charka, 110 cultural interconnectedness and, 99–100 Charlesworth, Brian, 27–28 larger scale, 113–114, 117 Charloux, G., 227 natural selection and, 112 Cherry, J., 247 reputational system in solving, 113–114 Cheshier, J., 187 solving, 112–114 Chimpanzees, cultural transmission in, 116 Cooperative strategies, 117n.2 Chromosomal rearrangement, 62 Copying Chrono-cultural periods, 225–226 in brain evolution, 169–170 Churnash, appearance of Tomol canoe of, 243 brain scans during, 77 Cladistic equivalents, 64 in direct-bias transmission, 71 Cladogenesis, 12 kinship relationships and, 170 Claidière, N., 84 neurological processes in, 74 Clans, 163 random, 122–123 Clarke, P. A., 167 selective, 195 Cloak, F. T., Jr., 7 in indirect-bias transmission, 71 Closed societies, invention in, 181 Corbetta, D., 223 Closed systems, 230 Core-reduction techniques, 138 versus open systems, 228–229 Costa-Mattioli, M., 72 transformation into open systems, 229–230 Cotton gin, 110 Coe, K., 163, 169 Coultas, J., 102 Cognitive capacities Courty, M. A., 219, 228 in cultural transmission, 145–146 Cousteau, J. Y., 38 in evolution, 71–72 Cowgill, G. L., 258–259 Cognitive processes Coy, M. W., 113 evolution of, 69 Cozzens, S. E., 85 generating novelty, 73–74 Craft inventions, discontinuous, 223, 224–228 272 Index

Craft skills, transmission of, 141 Cultural transmission, 6–8. See also Horizontal Craftsmanship, levels of, 224 transmission; Vertical transmission Crary, J. S., 254 in animals, 39–40 Creative expression, random versus selected, in archaeological context, 9–10 122–124 incomplete and inaccurate, 142–143 Creative industries, fashion versus reason in, intergenerational, 260–261 121–134 mechanisms of, 176 Cresko, W. A., 61 modes of, 12, 140–141 Creswell, R., 217–220, 225, 226–227 in multimodal adaptive landscape, 11 Cronk, L., 171 random noise during, 143 Crow, J. F., 126 simulation models of, 176–177 Crown, P. L., 240, 251–254, 256–257 tempo of, 11–12 Crows, tool making in, 40 Culture Csibra, G., 72 borrowing of, 179, 181 Culbits, 179, 181 demographics and patterns of, 140–158 Cultural behavior patterns, unchanged, 163 diffusion of, 180 Cultural complexity, evolutionary forces in, 4 microlevel decision making, 101–103 Cultural drift, 71, 141 mutation of, 71 Cultural evolution units of in twentieth-century anthropology, 5–6 cumulative, 40 Culture drift, 122–124 forces of, 71, 141 Culture fi tness peaks, 183–187 genius versus chance in, 90 Culture-gene coevolution, 115–116, 117 metatraditions in, 163 Culturgen, 7 simulation models of, 176–177 Cumulative adaptive evolution, 115–116 Cultural evolutionists, 4–5 conditions necessary for, 144 Cultural fi tness, 182 of cultural skills, 141–142 low, 183–184 in culturally inherited skills, 138 Cultural group selection, solving equilibrium- Henrich and Boyd model of, 142–144 selection dilemma, 114 simulation models of, 145 Cultural imperatives, 243–245 Cumulative adoption, 117 in technology development, 243–245 with combined threshold-heterogeneity and social- Cultural inheritance unit, 7–8 learning models, 202–205 Cultural innovation social learning infl uences on rates of, 196–198 experimental study of, 175–188 technological development order and, 218–219 how to study, 175–177 Custom, sacred, 165 migration effect on rate of, 177–182 Cyberspace, social network in, 121 Cultural interconnectedness, 99 in adopting innovation, 103, 104–107 Dalton, R., 8 cooperative dilemmas and, 99–100 Darwin, Charles in invention, 117 Descent, 54 public-good dilemma and, 112 gradualism in theory of, 12 Cultural learning, 104 natural selection theory of, 27–28, 28–29, 33 impact of, 101–102 versus “use and disuse” theories, 31–32 in social behavior, 100–101 Natural Theology, 21 strategies of, 108 Origin of Species, 53–54 Cultural loss pattern, 141–142 speciation and extinction explanation of, 29–30 Cultural norms, learning in children, 74, 75 Darwinian evolution Cultural skills, demography and variation in arguments of, 57–59 accumulation of, 137–158 legitimacy of in archaeology, 21–22 Cultural tradition preservation in, 172 in Amish, 161–162 Darwin’s paradox, 32 evolutionary advantages of, 161–172 David, B., 140 Cultural traits David, E., 223 invention and spread of, 258–261 David, P. A., 200, 212 recipe concept and, 8–9 Davis, L. L., 102 reconstructing lineages of, 180 Dawkins, Richard, 7, 27, 58, 73, 92 variation in, 140–141 Day, R. H., 102 Index 273

Day, R. L., 42 Dowell, A., 212 de Beer, G. R., 60, 61 Dowling, J. E., 74 De Quervain, D. J. F., 75 Dreaming, in Aboriginal culture, 167, 168 de Vries, H., 55 Drift, 71, 141 De Waal, F. B. M., 256 versus selection, 122–124 Dean, J. S., 252 Dual-inheritance model, 193, 195–196 Decision making versus Bass model, 198–199 cognitive activity controlling, 73–74 combined with Bass model, 204–208 conformist behavior and, 71 Dual-inheritance theory, 9–11, 71, 72 microlevel process of, 101–103 Duboule, D., 58 theoretical framework for, 71–74 Duby, G., 217 Decision-making heuristics, 69–70 Dunbar, R. I. M., 145–146, 176 Deforge, Y., 218, 221 Duncan, R. P., 39 Dehaene, S., 74 Dunford, C., 7 Demic diffusion, 180 Dunnell, R. C., 6–7 Demographics Durham, W. H., 6–7 in accumulating culturally inherited skills, 137–158 Durkheim, E., 165 and cultural patterns, 140–158 Dwellings, technological development of, 237–238 Late Pleistocene, 137, 139 Dennett, D., 122 Earle, T., 107 Descent Earls, M., 121–122 kin identifi cation through, 170–171 Early Bronze Age societies, 227–228 with modifi cation, 163, 170, 260–261 Easton, S. M., 87, 90 Development Eberhardt, F., 90 in archaeological record, 240 Ecology, innovation in, 40 defi nition of, 237–238 Economic inequalities, 213 Developmental distance, 238 in innovation diffusion, 200–204, 206–208 from prototype to technology, 237 Economics DGBs, 63 evolutionary, 84–85 Diamond, J. M., 107, 109, 110, 161 innovation in, 81 Diffusion dynamics, 193–213 neglect of technical change in, 87–88 Direct-bias transmission, 71, 141, 195, 196, 198 neoclassical, 84–85, 87–89 Discontinuities, 57 in prehistoric American Southwest culture, 256 Discontinuous innovations (DI) Edison, Thomas, 110 dynamics of, 224–225 Eerkens, J. W., 7, 9, 10, 12, 162, 182, 259, 260 social factors and, 225–227 Efferson, C., 176 spread of, 227–228 Eisen, J. A., 60 theory of, 213 Ekelund, R. B., Jr., 87 Discovery, context of, 85, 89–90 Eldredge, N., 12 Discovery program, abandonment of, 89–90 Electromagnetic telegraphs, 242–243 Distributed development, 237–238 component-stimulated invention, 245–246 Diversity, 30 Eller, E., 146 DNA homeostasis Elson, M. D., 253, 254, 256 disrupting of, 61 Elster, J., 4 maintaining, 62 Emergent performance problems, 224 DNA sequences Emotion, brain experience of, 72 changes in, 62 Entrepreneurship, 88–89 of metazoans, 60 Environment Dobres, M., 258–259 animal innovation in exploitation of, 39–40 Dobzhansky, T., 56, 57, 84 in evolutionary change, 60–61, 62–63 Doelle, W. H., 251 Environmental shifts, in invention, 108–109 Dog-breed popularity, random copying versus Envy-witchcraft cultural systems, 115 selection in, 124 Epigenetic events, 59 Dollé, P., 58 Equilibrium selection, 114 Dollfus, G., 225 Ericsson, K. A., 224 Dopfer, K., 84–85 Erwin, D. H., 21–22, 24, 31, 34, 81–83, 86–87, 175, Dormant interpretations, 180 188 274 Index

Ethnic learning biases, within-group, 108 Feldman, M. W., 7, 9, 101, 133, 140, 176, 195 Ethnologists, innovation in theories of, 4 Felton, W., 175, 176, 177–182, 188 Evans-Pritchard, E. E., 163 Female competition Everett, D. L., 109 in primates, 256 EvoDevo theory, 33 in spread of Salado ceramic system, 252–253 in cultural innovation studies, 188 Filtering explanation, 31–32 explaining innovation, 81–82, 91–92 Fish innovation triad in, 84 innovation and diffusion in, 44–46 Evolution. See also Cultural evolution; Cumulative jaw evolution in, 63 adaptive evolution; Darwinian evolution; Fish, S. K., 253, 256, 257 EvoDevo theory Fisher, J., 37, 41 versus adaptation, 59–61 Fisher, R. A., 62, 187 animal innovation in, 38–40 Fitness valley, 115–116 benefi ts of metatraditions in, 169–171 Fittest, arrival of, 33–35 cognitive abilities in, 71–72 Fitzhugh, B., 107 in cultural complexity and innovation, 4–5 Fleming, Alexander, 111 favoring cooperative behavior, 75 Flight, evolution of, 110 innovation in, 162–163 Fogelin, R., 23, 25 laws of, 218 Foley, R. A., 138–139, 139 populational explanations of, 29–31 Fontana, W., 91 social factors in, 217–230 Foraging innovation Evolutionary analysis, of academic publications, in birds, 38–39 127–134 motivational state in, 44–45 Evolutionary biology, 84 predictors of, 43–44 genetic and phenotypic variability in, 82–83 in rats, 46–47 innovation in, 85–87 sex differences in, 45–46 Evolutionary change Ford, J. A., 5 environment in, 62–63 Form, rapid changes of, 86 tempo of, 54 Fortes, M., 170 transitional versus sudden, 54–55 Fossil record Evolutionary developmental biology. See EvoDevo gaps in, 57 Evolutionary theory natural selection hypothesis and, 53–54 in archaeology, 23–24 sudden appearance of new organisms in, in cultural transmission, 6–7 54–55 gradualism in, 12 Foster, G. M., 114–115, 115 legitimacy of in archaeology, 21–22 Fox, R., 163 public debate over, 53–56 Fragaszy, D. M., 40 Exchange networks, in information transmission, 238 Frazer, J. G., 168–169 Exogamy, 238 Freeman, C., 84–85, 87, 88 Expanded ethnoarchaeology, 241–248 Frenken, K., 83 Experimental methods, benefi ts of, 177 Frequency-dependent transmission, 71, 195, Expertise, development of, 224 197 Explorative foragers, innovation in, 42–43 biased, 141 External threats, in invention, 108–109 Frey, B. S., 83 Extinction Fryer, R. G., 124 explanations of, 29–30 Functional magnetic resonance imaging, 72 patterns of, 28–29 Extractive foraging, in evolution of intelligence, 43 Gajdon, G. K., 38, 40 Galef, B. G., 37, 40 Fagerberg, J., 3, 4, 81, 87, 92n.1 Galinsky, A. D., 111 Fair-play rules, 75 Gallay, A., 222, 226 Falck-Ytter, T., 72 Gallese, V., 74 Fashion Gandolfi , A. E., 84–85 in creative industries, 121–134 Geary, D. C., 256 versus selection in academic publishing, 125–133 Gelbert, A., 223 Fedulov, V., 72 Gene duplication, 61, 62 Fehr, E., 74–75 Gene-regulatory networks (GRNs), 63–64 Index 275

Genes Haberle, S. G., 140 cultural inheritance and, 9–11 Habits, 179, 181 for traits, 58–59 Hagen, E. H., 256 Genetic evidence, of late Pleistocene human Hager, T., 110 populations, 140 Hahn, M. W., 123, 124, 126 Genetic inheritance, of culture, 140–141 Haidt, J., 112 Genius, in cultural evolution, 90 Haldane, J. B. S., 62 Gergely, G., 72 Hanson, N. R., 89, 90 Gerhart, J., 61 Hargadon, A., 108, 110, 111 Germ theory, discovery of, 110 Harpending, H. C., 140 Geroski, P., 200 Harris, M., 161 Ghoshal, S., 127 Haudricourt, A. G., 219 Gibbs, S. M., 59 Hauert, C., 72, 75 Gibrat, R., 213 Haury, E. W., 251–252 Gibson, J. J., 223 Hayden, B., 247 Gibson, K. R., 40, 43 Heat-shock response, 62 Giere, R. N., 83 Hébert, R. F., 87 Gigerenzer, G., 70 Henrich, J., 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 71, 76–77, 100–102, Gil-White, F., 71, 102, 112, 146, 183 106–109, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117n.3, 124, 137, Gilbert, C. D., 73 141–144, 146, 157, 162, 175–176, 183, 193–199, Gilbert, S., 59, 61 211–213, 228 Gille, B., 217, 218 Henrich, N. S., 101, 102, 117n.3 Gillespie, J. H., 123, 125, 126 Henrich and Boyd model, 142–144 Gini, C., 209, 213n.1 Henshilwood, C., 138 Gini coeffi cient, 209, 213n.1 Heroic geniuses, versus many small contributions, Gintis, H., 69–70, 113 110 Giraldeau, L., 40, 41 Herzog, H. A., 124 Glymour, C., 90 Hess, N. H., 256 God, existence of, 21 Heyes, C. M., 40, 70, 76 Goff, S. A., 60 Hiatt, L. R., 167 Golbeck, A. L., 5 Hierarchical selection theory, 92 Golder, P. N., 194 Hinde, R. A., 37, 41 Goldschmidt, R. B., 55, 56–57 Hodgson, G. M., 84–85, 91 Goldstein, D. G., 70 Hoffman, P. T., 114 Goodall, Jane, 37, 38, 40, 41, 48 Hohokam, 252 Goren, Y., 229 Salado ceramic tradition in, 251 Gorman, M. E., 85 Holl, A., 225 Gosser, D. C., 256 Holland, T. D., 9, 260 Gott, B., 100 Holmberg, A. R., 100 Gould, Stephen Jay, 12, 27–28, 60, 61, 82, 86 Holocene Gradualism, 12 cultural loss in, 141–142 Grasshopper Pueblo, 253 human population in, 140 Gray, R. D., 40 Homo sapiens, expansion of, 138 Great Basin projectile-point cultural transmission, Homology, 86, 91 182 Hoppitt, W., 40 Great Leap Forward, 161 Horizontal transmission, 140–141, 176 Griesemer, J. R., 81 selective environment and, 261 Griffi ths, P. E., 81 Hostetler, J. A., 164–165, 166 Griffi tts, J. L., 246 Howe, C. J., 180 Grilliches, Z., 212 Hox-D13 gene mutations, 63–64 Grinding-pounding stone tools, 138 Hox gene-regulated signaling pathway, 63–64 Gross, M. R., 45 Huber, L., 76 Grzeschik, K. H., 61 Hudjashov, G., 139 Guglielmino, C. R. C., 6, 8, 141, 146, 260–261 Huffman, M. A., 40 Guided variation, 10, 71, 195 Hull, D. L., 121, 125 Guimerà, R., 121–122, 125 Hulsey, C. D., 63 Guppies, innovator and noninnovator, 44 Human decision-making theory, 72 276 Index

Human Revolution, 107, 139 diffusion of, 6–8, 102–103 Hume, D., 24 Bass model of, 194–195 Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, 23 of black-and-white TV, 208–211 Hunt, G. R., 40 combined model of, 204–208 Hunter-gatherer populations, craft skills transmission comparing dual-inheritance and Bass models of, in, 141 198–199 Hunting technology, of Upper Paleolithic transition, dual-inheritance model of, 195–196 138 of hybrid corn in United States, 211–212 Hurt, T. D., 261 by social learning, 41 Huttegger, S., 82 social learning and economic inequality in, Huxley, Thomas, 53, 54–55 193–213 Hybrid corn, diffusion of in United States, 211–212 threshold heterogeneity in, 200–204 Hydraulic presses, development of, 220 through biased cultural transmission, 182–188 dual-inheritance theory of, 9–11 Ideas, randomly copied versus selected, 122–123 economic, 87–89 Imitation, 102 evolutionary role of, 81, 162–163 brain scans during, 77 evolutionary theory explaining, 21–22 in direct-bias transmission, 71 failures of, 109 of high-payoff individuals, 103 fi ltering explanation of, 31–32 in networks, 122 in fi shes, 44–46 neurological processes in, 74 general theory of, 81–92 prestige and, 117n.1 group, 185 Inca, lack of writing among, 109 inference to best explanation of, 24–27 Income inequalities, 213 versus invention, 53, 82–83 in innovation diffusion, 200–204, 206–208 from logical viewpoint, 21–35 Indirect-bias transmission, 10, 71, 141, 183, 195, modes of, 10, 11–12 196, 198 as monolithic, 8 Individual-environment feedback, 82 natural selection in, 27–28 Inductive-argument forms, 22–27 networks and, 121–125 Inductive inference, 22 in non-human animals, 37–38 Inference to best explanation, 24–27 organismal, 53–64 Information overuse of, 86–87 brain coding of, 72–73 peaks of, 184 sharing, 114 phylogenetic reconstruction and, 63–64 lack of institutions for, 114–115 populational explanations of, 29–31 transmission of public-goods dilemma and, 112 in complex technological system, 243 “recipes” of, 8–9 in creative expression, 121 resistance to, lack of knowledge in, 114–115 factors facilitating, 238 as social and cultural process, 116–117 Information-goods theory of prestige, 112 species differences in, 48 Ingram, J., 37 technical dimension of, 4 Innovation. See also Animal innovation; Cultural tempo of, 9–10 innovation; Invention; Population-level three etiologies of, 85–90 innovation; Technological innovation Innovation cascade, 262 age difference in, 42–43 Innovation-enhancing institutions, evolution of, anthropological issues in, 3–13 99–117 argument by analogy for, 22–24 Innovation sensu process, 40–41 in biology, economics, and philosophy, 83–84 Innovation studies in captive monkey populations, 42–43 comparative, 83–84 comparative perspectives on, 37–48, 83–84 experimental, 175–188 as cultural and social process, 103–104 father of, 87 cultural interconnectedness in adopting, 103, Web survey of, 92n.1 104–107 Innovation triad, 84 cultures valuing, 161–162 Innovativeness, population-level differences in, decision-making and, 69–70 99–117 defi nitions of, 3–4, 217 Input-output switches, changes in, 62 individual-level, 41 Insko, C. A., 102, 176 Index 277

Instruction, 7 Kendon, A., 167 Intelligence, evolution of, 43 Kimberly, J., 82–83 Intelligent designer, 24–27 Kimura, M., 126 Internet, innovation in age of, 121–125 Kingstone, A., 72 Intron splicing, changes in, 62 Kinships Invention Amish networks of, 165 archaeological study of, 235–248 cooperation of in traditional societies, 169 in closed societies, 181 identifi cation of, 170 cognitive activity and, 223–224 identifying large sets of, 163–164 component-stimulated, 245–246 Kirschner, M., 61 continuous and discontinuous, 218 Kitcher, P., 85 decision-making and, 69–70 Klein, R. G., 139 defi nition of, 217, 237 Knight, Frank H., 88 explaining, 32 Knowledge fi tness peaks of, 187 lack of, 114–115 versus innovation, 53, 82–83 variation, transmission, and selection in creation of, innovation and, 3–4 122 luck and recombination in, 117 Koch, Robert, 110 migration effect on rate of, 177–182 Kosfeld, M., 74, 75 models of, 241–245 Kothbauer-Hellman, R., 37 natural selection explaining, 24 Krakauer, D. C., 21–22, 24, 31, 34, 81, 82, 83, necessity, mistakes, and recombination in origin of, 86–87, 175, 188 107–111 Krause, R. A., 8 as novel interpretation, 179 Kraybill, D., 165 social learning of, 41 Krim, Norman, 244 Invention-cascades model, 242–243 Kroeber, A. L., 90, 92, 168 Inventiveness, cultural interconnectedness and, 99 Kroll, Y., 102 Inventors, 239 Kuhn, S. L., 138, 139, 140 Irrigation systems Kuhn, T. S., 127 cascade model of development of, 242 Kummer, H., 37, 38, 40, 41, 48 rituals in functioning of, 238 ISI Web of Knowledge, 121 Lachlan, R. F., 41 Lahr, M. M., 138–139, 139 Jacob, F., 6, 60 Lake, M. W., 183, 260 James, H. V. A., 137, 138, 139 Laland, K. N., 37–42, 44–46, 85, 175–176, 188 Janik, V. M., 40 Lamb, D., 87, 90 Jenkin, F., 53–55 LaMotta, V. M., 236, 241 Jepsen, G. L., 56 Lancy, D. F., 100 Jesness, O., 212 Lande, R., 11 Jewkes, J. D., 88 Langley, P., 90 Johnson, A., 107 Language(s) Johnson-Frey, S. H., 74 in evolution, 72 Johnston, L. D., 209 lacks in, 109 Jones, G. T., 238–239, 258 Late Chalcolithic societies, 227 Justifi cation, context of, 85, 89–90 innovations in, 225 Late Stone Age, 138 Kafafi , Z., 225 Laubichler, M. D., 70 Kameda, T., 176 Laudan, L., 89 Kamminga, J., 168 Learning, neurological research on, 72–74 Kandel, E. R., 72, 73, 74 LeBlanc, S. A., 251–252, 252, 253 Kashima, Y., 176 Leca, J. B., 40 Kauffman, S., 187 Lefebvre, L., 37, 38–39, 40, 43 Keen, I., 163, 166–167 Lehman, A. C., 224 Keesing, R., 170 Lekson, S. H., 253, 254, 258 Kelly, R. L., 187 Lemonnier, P., 218, 222 Keltner, D., 112 Lenski, R. E., 60 Kendal, R. L., 41 Leonard, R. D., 238–239, 258, 259–260 278 Index

Levinson, S. C., 109 McNeil, W. H., 107, 111 Levitt, S. D., 124 Meggers, B. J., 5 Levy, H., 102 Mellars, P., 137 Levy, T. E., 225 Meme, 7 Lewontin, R. C., 259–260 complexes of, 73 Life histories, segmented, 236–237, 239 Memory, formulation of, 72 Light bulb, invention of, 110 Mendras, H., 217, 226, 229 Likelihood Principle, 25 Menomotype, 7 Lin, L., 72, 73 Menzel, C. R., 43 Lineages, 163 Menzel, E. W., 43 Lipe, W. D., 253 Merton, R. K., 85 Lipo, C. P., 7, 10, 12, 162, 175–176, 180, 259, 260 Mesoudi, A., 8, 10–11, 76–77, 83, 84, 102, 134, Llama carting, 109 175–176, 177, 182, 183, 184–187, 188 Lodygin, A. N., 110 Metallurgic techniques, development of, 225 Logic Metatraditions, 162–163, 172 of discovery, 90 evolutionary benefi ts of, 169–171 of science, 85 universality of, 168–169 Logical arguments, of innovation and invention, Metazoans 21–34 DNA sequences in, 60 Logical empiricism, 89–90 genes in, 59 Lolle, S. J., 59 Meyers, M. A., 110 Lombard, M., 139 Microevolution, 28–29 Lorenz, Konrad, 172 Microsocieties, 176–177 Love, A. C., 81, 85, 86 Middle Bronze Age II, 227, 230 Low-fi tness valleys, 183–184 Middle Paleolithic, 139 Lowell, J. C., 253, 254, 256, 257 Middleton, J., 170 Lowie, R. H., 5 Migration Luck, in invention, 110–111, 117 cultural innovation/invention rates and, Lumsden, C. J., 7, 140 177–182 Lyman, R. L., 5, 7, 8–9, 12, 24, 27, 28–29, 175–176, to prehistoric American Southwest, 253, 254 180, 219, 259–260 rate of in cultural transmission, 143–144, 146 MacDonald, D., 9 subpopulation densities and, 146–149, 150 Mace, R., 176, 180 in spread of Salado ceramic tradition, 257, Macroevolution, 28–29 261–262 Maddux, W. W., 111 subpopulation density-dependent, 149–152 Maeir, A., 230 Migratory range, 149 Malthusian condition, 29 heterogeneous, 154–155 Mammalian brain, neural networks of, 73 Miller, A., 236 Management, theory of, 88–89 Mills, B. J., 253, 256 Manipulative species, innovation in, 42–43 technological evolution in, 220–221 Mapuche farmers, lack of knowledge of, 114–115 Mimicry Marean, C. W., 138 brain scans during, 77 Maresca, B., 59, 60, 61, 62 in direct-bias transmission, 71 Marginalist Revolution, 87 in evolution, 72 Marketing science, 213 neurological processes in, 74 Martens, B., 83, 89 Miroschedji, P. de, 227 Martinez del Rio, C., 37 Mitteröcker, P., 82 Maschner, H. D. G., 134 Mivart, S. G., 54–55 Material-stimulated invention, 246–247 Mode, 10 Mathematical models, 176 Modeling, 101 Maynard Smith, J., 6 Modern evolutionary synthesis theory, 56–59, 84–85, Mayr, E., 57, 85, 175, 188 91 McBrearty, S., 138–139 hardening of, 85–87 McDonald, J. B., 209 Modernity, markers of, 138 McElreath, R., 6, 71, 100, 108, 109, 175–176 Modifi cation, of network, 122 McKern, W. C., 5 Modularity, 91, 187–188 Index 279

Mogollon Nelson, R. R., 84–85, 91 region of, 252 Neoclassical economics, 84–85 Salado ceramic tradition in, 251 Neophilia, 43 Molecular systematics, 59 Neophobia, 43 Moller, A. P., 58 Networks Monkeys, species differences in innovativeness in, innovation and, 121–125 48 modifi cation of, 122 Monod, J., 60 Neural cliques, 73 Moore, M. W., 137, 138, 139, 140 Neurological imaging, in replication behavior Morgan, T. H., 4, 38, 55–58 experiments, 77 Morphogenetic gradients, diffusion of, 62 Neurological process, visualization of, 72–73 Morphy, H., 168 Neuron-to-neuron connectivity, 72 Motivation Neurosciences, advances in, 72 in foraging innovation, 44–45 New Guinea, bow and arrow use in, 109 for replicative behaviors, 69 New products Mount, T. D., 200, 213n.1 life cycles of, 193 Moving-equilibrium effects, 200 sales growth of, 193–195, 198–199, 204–208 Mulkay, M. J., 85 social-infl uence adoption models of, 193–213 Müller, G., 33, 76, 81–86, 91 Newman, M. E. J., 122, 126 Multicellular organisms Newman, S. A., 76, 81, 82–83, 84, 86 emergence of, 61–63 Niche construction, 82 evolution of, 60 Nickles, Thomas, 85, 89, 90 Mulvaney, J., 168 Nicolakakis, N. D., 40 Muragaki, Y. S., 63–64 Nitecki, M. H., 175 Mutation Noncooperation, costly punishment of, 113–114 defi nition of, 62 Noninnovation, evolutionary advantages of, in evolution, 91 161–172 increasing rate of, 61 Norm violators, predisposition to punish, 75 inheritance of, 62 Novel behavior, social learning of, 41 large-scale, 56, 57 Novelty, 91 random, 55–56 cognitive activity generating, 73–74 MySpace, 121 overuse of, 86–87 Myths persistence versus emergence of, 55 of Aboriginal Australians, 167–168 population resistance to, 103 Amish, 164–165 Nowak, M. A., 76 Nucleotide sequence, 60 NA repair, effi cacy of, 59 Nahapiet, J., 127 Object, evolution of, 218–219 Naive copiers, 140 Oblique transmission, 140–141, 142, Nakanishi, D., 176 143–144 Natural oblique-transmission methods, 138 heterogeneous migratory range and, 155 Natural selection, 172 “natural,” 155–157, 158 arrival of fi ttest and, 33–34 skill accumulation rate in, 146–149 cooperative dilemma, 112 subpopulation density in, 151–152 criticism of, 53–54 in subpopulations, 144, 145–146 explaining innovation and invention, 22, 24, 27–28 O’Brien, M. J., 5, 7, 8–12, 21, 24, 25, 27–31, 76–77, as fi ltering process, 32–33 84, 102, 121–123, 134, 175–176, 180, 182, 183, for replicative behavior, 75 184–187, 188, 219, 256, 259–260 in speciation and extinctions, 29–30 Observational learning, 101 Naturalism, 83 Ochre Neanderthals, coexistence of with Homo sapiens, abstract designs on, 139 138 use of, 138 Necessity, as mother of invention, 107–111, 258 O’Connell, J. F., 139, 140 Needham, Joseph, 111 Odling-Smee, J., 82 Neff, H., 8 Open societies Neiman, F. D., 126 habits in, 181 Nelson, B. A., 251–252 spread of interpretations in, 180 280 Index

Open systems Population-level innovation, 28–31 versus closed systems, 228–229 cultural interconnectedness in, 104–107 transformation of closed systems into, 229–230 theoretical basis of, 100–101 Optimum profi t-making behavior, 102 Population pressure, 108–109 Ordnung, 164–166 Population size Organismal novelty cultural innovation and, 138–139, 141 origin of, 61–63 culture fi tness and, 187 phylogenetic reconstruction and, 63–64 Positive bias, 82–83 Organismic systems approach, 84 Potentiation, long-term, 72 Ormerod, P., 122, 134 Pottery manufacturing Ornamentation innovation rates in decorating, 11–12 introduction of, 138 material-stimulated invention model for, 246 marine-shell, 139 Salado tradition of, 251–262 Orwell, George, 122 techniques of Osgood, C., 5 development of, 218–219, 221–222 Oxygen Isotope Stage 4, end of, 140 evolution of, 225–226 Oxytocin expertise in, 224 testing levels of, 77 Pradhan, G. R., 106–107, 116, 228 in trust and trustworthy behavior, 75 Prehistoric technologies, archaeological study of, 235–248 Paavola, S., 89 Prestige Pacey, A., 243 in cultural learning, 102 Pagel, M., 176 in innovation, 117n.1 Paley, William, 21, 24–25, 25–27, 31 Prestige bias, 176 Palmer, C. T., 163, 164, 165, 169, 170, 260–261 Prestige deference, 112 Pangenesis, 54 apprenticeship institution and, 112–113 Papassotiropoulos, A., 75 Primates Peak-invention, 185–187 female confl ict among, 256 Pearson, H., 59 innovations in, 38–39 Peck, J. R., 141 neocortex ratio and social-group size in, 145–146 Peer-group competition, 247 Problem diffi culty-ambiguity, 102 Peer-polity interaction, 247 Problem solving Pelegrin, J., 223 in fi sh, 44 Penicillin, discovery of, 111 satisfi cing models of, 70 Penn, D. C., 84 Producer groups, 239 Pennock, R. T., 90 Proportionate Effect, Law of, 213 Perry, S., 40 Protein folding, changes in, 62 Personality differences, in innovation in fi sh, Prototype 44–45 developmental distance from technology, 237 Petraglia, M. D., 137, 138, 139 of electromagnetic telegraphs, 242–243 Phenotypic evolution, 92n.2 Provine, W., 188 approaches to, 91 Public-goods dilemma characteristics of, 86 prestige deference and, 112 Phenotypic organization, 86 solving, 112 Phenotypic plasticity, 59, 60–61 Pueblo dwelling, transition from pit-house to, Phillips, P., 5 237–238 Phylogenetic reconstruction, 59, 63–64 Pulliam, H. R., 7 Pingle, M., 102 Punctuated equilibrium, 12 Pinxten, R., 83 Punishment, cooperation and, 113–114 Pleistocene, genetic evidence from, 140 Pyrotechnology, inventions in, 224 Plotkin, H. C., 46, 176 Pocklington, R., 6, 7 Radcliffe-Brown, A. R., 100 Point mutations, source of, 61 Radio Popper, K. R., 85, 90 shirt-pocket portable, 243–244 Population-dynamic events, adaptation to, wireless era of, 241–242 91 Ramachandran, V. S., 74 Population genetics, 57–58, 86 Ramsey, G., 40, 41 Index 281

Ramson, R., 209 Ritual burial, 138 Random-copying errors, 140–141, 162 Rituals Random-copying model, 122–125 among Amish, 164–165 of academic vocabulary, 125–126, 127–129 Salado ceramic tradition in, 254–256 Ranzijn, R., 168 Rivers, W. H. R., 107 Rasskin-Gutman, D., 188 Robb, J., 258–259 Rassoulzadegan, M., 59 Roche, H., 223 Rationalism, 83 Rock art, introduction of, 138 Rats, social transmission of foraging information in, Rodríguez-Teijeiro, J. D., 38, 39 46–47 Rogers, A. R., 149 Ravesloot, J. C., 252, 257 Rogers, E. M., 40, 41, 103, 124, 176 Raytheon, inventions of, 244 Ronshaugen, M., 63 Reader, S. M., 37, 38–39, 40, 41, 42, 44–45, 45–46, Rose, E., 175, 176, 177–182, 188 85 Rotary kinetic energy (RKE), 227, 230 Reason, in creative industries, 121–134 mastery of, 224 Recombinations, in invention, 110–111, 117 in pottery making, 218, 219, 221–222, 223 Redfi eld, R., 115 Roux, V., 217, 219, 222, 223–224, 225, 227, 228 Reed, E. S., 223, 259–260 Roychowdhury, V. P., 122 Regan, M. H., 252, 257 Runciman, W. G., 176 Regency TR-1, 244 Ruth, J., 161 Regulatory signaling pathways, diversifi cation and modifi cation of, 61 Sacred, concept of, 165 Reichenbach, H., 89–90 in Aboriginal culture, 168 Reid, J. J., 256 universality of, 169 Reid, R. G. B., 6 Salado ceramic tradition Religious sodalities, in information transmission, 238 areas of, 252 Religious systems dual nature of, 251–252 female-based, 256–257 warfare in spread of, 253–258 Salado, 256–258 Salado polychrome Salado ceramic tradition and ideology of, 252, examples of, 255 254–256 imagery in, 257 Rendell, L., 115–116 social importance of, 254 Renfrew, C., 247 spread of in American Southwest, 251–262 Replication, 238 Salem, A. B. Z., 200, 213n.1 defi nition of, 238 Salganik, M. J., 122–123 of new technologies, 240 Sampietro, M. L., 179–180 success of, 30–31 Sander, L. M., 127 Replicative behaviors Sanfey, A. G., 75 in frequency-dependent transmission, 71 Sargent, R. C., 45 hardwiring for, 76 Sarich, V., 59 neuroscientifi c evidence of, 74–76 Satisfi cing models, 70 oxytocin in, 75 Savery, Thomas, 111 propensities for, 69 Sawyer, R. K., 6 propensity for, 72 Scale-free networks model, 127 Reputational system, 113–114, 115 Schadenfreude, 75 Research Assessment Exercise, 121 Schiffer, M. B., 6, 8, 162, 218, 236–240, 242, 243, Revenge, predisposition to seek, 75 245, 246, 247, 258, 260 Reznick, D., 45 Schindewolf, O., 55, 56 Richardson, R. C., 81 Schlag, K. H., 70 Richerson, P. J., 7, 9–10, 11, 71, 100, 101, 102, 114, Schumpeter, Joseph, 4, 21, 29–31, 53, 82–83, 84–88, 115–116, 140, 141, 162, 169, 176, 183, 187, 195, 87–88, 176 196 Schwartz, J. H., 55–56, 56, 58–63 Ridley, M., 8 Science Riede, F., 134 innovation in, 81 Rindos, D., 6–7, 259–260 philosophy of, 85 Risk-sensitive decision making models, 108 Scientifi c process, social aspects of, 125 Ritual artifacts, Upper Paleolithic transition, 138 Scramble competition, solving foraging tasks in, 45 282 Index

Seife, C., 109 Social group size, 145–146 Selection. See also Natural selection Social infl uence of academic vocabulary, 125 in discontinuous innovations, 225–227 cascading effect of, 6 discontinuous innovations and, 226–227 identifying, 122–123 as evolutionary forces, 217–230 of novel ideas, 123–124 in innovation diffusion, 193–213 Selection-fashion dichotomy, 134 in transmitting foraging information in rats, 46–47 Selective environment Social learners cultural transmission and, 261 choosing most-skilled members, 142–143 cultural variation and, 259–260 critical number of, 142–143 Self-stabilizing cultural system, 115 Social learning, 40, 41 Selfi sh genes, 58 in acquiring human behaviors, 195–199 Selfi sh strategies, 113–114 in adopting innovation, 104 Seligman, B. B., 87 in cultural transmission, 140 Sellet, F., 225 economic inequality and, 213 Selten, R., 70 evolution of, 115–116 Sex cells, evolutionary potential of, 62 in innovation diffusion, 212 Seymour, D. J., 236, 241 in spread of solving, 43 Shalev, S., 229 strategies of, 110 Shennan, S. J., 6–11, 13, 101, 106–107, 122, 134, Social mobility, 179–182 139, 141, 142, 176, 260–261 Social modeling, of scientifi c evolution, 134 Sherman, P. W., 100 Social mutation, technological jumps and, 219–220 Sherry, D. F., 37 Social networking, in cyberspace, 121 Sherry, S. T., 140 Social relationship webs, traditional behavior and, Shettleworth, S. J., 40 170 Shpak, M., 82 Sociogene, 7 Shrager, J., 90 Sol, D., 38, 39, 40 Signaling pathways, alterations in, 63 Solving behavior, spread of in birds, 43–44 Simkin, M. V., 122 Sorting process, 82 Simon, A. W., 256 South Asia, Upper Paleolithic transition in, 138 Simon, H. A., 70, 72, 85, 89, 90 Southern Levant Simondon, G., 218, 219 craftsmen in, 227–228 Simonton, D. K., 90 pottery making innovations in, 225–227 Simpson, G. G., 11, 12, 57, 183 Spatial skill accumulation, 154 Simulation models Specialized extractive foragers, 43 of cultural transmission and evolution, 176–177 Speciation in early modern humans, 142–144 explanations of, 29–30 in multimodal adaptive landscapes, 187–188 patterns of, 28–29 subpopulations in, 144–149 Sperber, D., 7, 84 Singer, T. B., 74–75, 75 Sperm-competition concept, 58 Sinnott-Armstrong, W., 23, 25 Spielmann, K. A., 256 Skibo, J. M., 8, 236, 237, 238, 247 Squire, L. R., 72 Skill accumulation Stadler, B. M. R., 92n.2 reproductive success and, 157 Stamenov, M., 74 saturation point in, 146 Stanner, W. E. H., 168 Slapstick: Or Lonesome No More!, 171 Stark, M., 222 Slater, P. J. B., 41 Starlings, predictors of foraging innovation in, 43–44 Small-scale societies State space, 82 segmented life histories in, 239 Steadman, L. B., 163, 164, 169, 170 technology development in, 237–238 Steam-engine invention, 111 Smith, E. A., 124 Steele, J., 6, 8, 141, 260–261 Smocovitis, V. B., 86 Stern, C. D., 58 Sneader, W., 110 Stewart, J. H., 4–5 Sober, E., 23, 25, 27, 33 Stimulated variation model, 241–242 Social-atom models, 134 of spread of Salado tradition, 258 Social behavior, cultural learning in, 100–101 Stiner, M. C., 138, 139, 140 Social cognitive neuroscience, 83 Stirling, D. G., 40 Index 283

Stone projectile points, spread of, 9–10 Technology Stone tools, development of, 218 adoption of, 238–239 Stotz, K., 59, 83 cognitive activity and, 223–224 Strathman, R. R., 59 developmental trajectories of, 217–223 Streelman, J. T., 61, 64 replication of, 238 Strehlow, T. G. H., 167 Telephones, threatening Amish tradition, 165–166 Stremersch, S., 194, 200 Television, adoption of in United States, 208–211 Stressors, in environmental change, 62–63 Tellis, G. J., 194, 213 Stutzer, A., 83 Tempo, 9–10 Subpopulations of organismal change, 54 density of Testart, A., 109 heterogeneous, 153–154 Texas Instruments, 244 migration rate and, 146–152 Theological argument, 21 oblique transmission probability and, Thorpe, S. K., 58 151–152 Thorpe, W. H., 38 isolation condition of, 30 Threshold-heterogeneity model, 193, 200–204, migratory activity of, 143–144 210–211 simulation models of cultural transmission in, Tindale, N. B., 146 144–149 Tomol canoe, 243 Subsistence farmers, ethnographic studies of, Tools 114–115 genealogy of, 219 Surowiecki, J., 124 of Upper Paleolithic transition, 138 Survival, kinship relationships in, 170–171 Toro, M. A., 168 Swan, Sir Joseph W., 110 Torrence, R., 217 Swanson, C. P., 7 Tracing descent, via cultural traditions, 163–164 Synthesis theory. See Modern evolutionary synthesis Tracy, J., 112 theory Trade, late prehistoric warfare and, 253 Szathmary, E., 6 Tradition-perpetuating mechanisms, 163 Traditional societies Tasmania, Holocene cultural loss in, 141–142 life in, 168–169 Technical innovations, 87–88 Traditions Technological change in cultural transmission, 6 constituency for, 244–245 diffi culties of preserving, 162 defi nition of, 235–237 evolutionary benefi t of, 169–171 neglect of in economics, 87–89 Trait complexes, 5–6 Technological evolution, 218 Traits. See also Cultural traits discontinuous, 224–230 culturally transmitted, 30–31 gradual versus rapid mode of, 219–223 generational spread of, 28 thresholds in, 220–221 genes “for,” 58–59 trend of, 218–219 nonadaptive, 86 Technological innovations novel Amish tradition and, 165–166 fi ltering of, 31 discontinuous, 224–225 successful, 34–35 social factors and, 225–227 Transistors, replication of, 244 spread of, 227–228 Transmission errors, 260 social factors and, 217–230 Transmission rules, 176 Technological jumps, 219–220, 221–222 Travisano, M., 60 Technological processes, 237–239 Trigger, B. G., 6, 8 archaeological visibility of, 239–241 Trivers, R. L., 45 Technological systems Trusler, K., 107 closed Trustworthy behavior, oxytocin in, 75 expansion of, 230 Tsien, J. Z., 73 versus open, 228–229 Tuggle, H. D., 256 fragile versus robust, 228 Tylor, E. B., 4, 179 transformations of closed into open, 229–230 Umble, D. Z., 165–166 fragile into robust, 229 Umiltà, M. A., 74 284 Index

Unequal crossover process, 82 White, L. A., 4–5 Unobservables, postulating, 25 White, T. D., 138–139 Upper Paleolithic transition, 137–138 Whitehead, H., 115–116 features of, 137–138 Whiten, A., 40, 116, 175–176, 188 Use-disuse theories, 31, 57–58 Whitney, Eli, cotton gin invention of, 110 variation and, 54 Wich, S. A., 40 User groups, in technology adoption, 239 Wilcox, D. R., 253, 256 Wilkinson, J. R., 9 van Andel, T. H., 139 Willey, G. R., 5 van Bergen, Y., 46 Williams, G. C., 58 Van den Bulte, C., 194, 200 Williams, T. I., 110 van der Leeuw, S. E., 217 Williamson, S. H., 209 van Noordwijk, M. A., 40 Wills, W. H., 256 van Shaik, C. P., 40, 106–107, 116, 228 Wilson, A. C., 39–40 Vanhaeren, M., 140 Wilson, E. O., 7, 140 VanPool, C. S., 259, 260–261 Wimsatt, W. C., 81 VanPool, T. L., 162–163, 259, 260–261 Winter, S. G., 84–85, 91 Variable-heterogeneity approach, 208 Witchcraft, 115 Variation Witt, U., 84–85, 91 in accumulating culturally inherited skills, 137–158 Witten, T. A., 127 in evolutionary biology, 84 Women in knowledge creation, 122 in evolutionary change, 256 mutations underlying, 91 in spread of Salado ceramic tradition, 256–258, 262 within populations, 57 Wright, Sewall, 57, 62, 183 use-disuse sources of, 54 Wright brothers, airplane invention of, 110 Vaughn, D., 59 Wyles, J. S., 40 Veblen, T., 91 Venti, J., 183, 260 Yang, A. P., 45 Verspagen, B., 81, 92n.1 Yellin, J., 230 Vertical transmission, 140–141, 143–144, 176 Yolunga, ancestral past of, 168 of naive offspring, 144 Young, H. P., 212 selective environment and, 261 Virtual hunting environments, in cultural Zak, P. J., 75 transmission analysis, 11 Zedeño, M. N., 258 Vitelli, K., 230 Zentall, T. R., 40 Vonnegut, Kurt, 171 Zero, invention of, 109 Vrba, E. S., 82 Zilhão, J., 138, 139 Zimbabwe, women’s movement in, 256 Wagner, G. P., 82, 91 Walker, W., 236 Wallace, H. D., 251 Wallacean Archipelago, crossing of, 139 Wang, Z., 208–209, 213n.1 War in prehistoric American Southwest culture, 256–257 in spread of Salado ceramic system, 253–260 technological change and, 251 Watchmaker, postulating existence of, 25–27 Watt, James, 111 Weak imitator, 116 Weber, R. J., 8 Wetmore, J. M., 164 Wheel, invention of, 109 Wheel-coiling technique, 221–222, 223, 229 emergence of, 225–226 Wheel-throwing technique, 221 Wheeler, M., 176