The Living Conditions of Zeliangrong Tribe Residing in Tamenglong District
A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of the degree of
Master of Philosophy in Social Work
by Dalsie Gangmei (Reg. No. 1234703)
Under the guidance of K. Hemalatha Associate Professor Department of Social Work
Department of Social Work
CHRIST UNIVERSITY
BANGALORE, INDIA
April, 2014
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it.
Approval of Dissertation
Dissertation entitled “The Living Conditions of Zeliangrong Tribe Residing in Tamenglong District” by Dalsie Gangmei, Reg. No. 1234703 is approved for the award of the degree of Master of Philosophy in Social Work.
Examiners:
1. ______
2. ______
Supervisor(s):
______
Chairman:
______
Date: ______(Seal)
Place: ______
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it.
Declaration
I, Dalsie Gangmei hereby declare that the dissertation, titled “The Living Conditions of Zeliangrong Tribe Residing in Tamenglong District” is a record of original research work undertaken by me for the award of the degree of Master of Philosophy in Social Work. I have completed this study under the supervision of Dr. K. Hemalatha, Associate Professor, Department of Social Work.
I also declare that this dissertation has not been submitted for the award of any degree, diploma, associate ship, fellowship or other title. It has not been sent for any publication or presentation purpose. I hereby confirm the originality of the work and that there is no plagiarism in any part of the dissertation.
Place: Bangalore
Date:
Dalsie Gangmei Reg. No. 1234703 Department of Social Work Christ University, Bangalore
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation submitted by Dalsie Gangmei, Reg. No. 1234703, titled ‘The Living Conditions of Zeliangrong Tribe Residing in Tamenglong District’ is a record of research work done by her during the academic year 2012-2014 under my supervision in partial fulfilment for the award of Master of Philosophy in Social Work.
This dissertation has not been submitted for the award of any degree, diploma, associate ship, fellowship or other title. It has not been sent for any publication or presentation purpose. I hereby confirm the originality of the work and that there is no plagiarism in any part of the dissertation.
Place: Bangalore
Date:
Dr. K. Hemalatha (Research Guide) Department of Social Work
Christ University, Bangalore Head of Department Department of Social Work Christ University, Bangalore
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it.
Approval of Dissertation
Dissertation entitled “The Living Conditions of Zeliangrong Tribe Residing in Tamenglong District” by Dalsie Gangmei, Reg. No. 1234703 is approved for the award of the degree of Master of Philosophy in Social Work.
Examiners:
3. ______
4. ______
Supervisor(s):
______
Chairman:
______
Date: ______(Seal)
Place: ______
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it.
Declaration
I, Dalsie Gangmei hereby declare that the dissertation, titled “The Living Conditions of Zeliangrong Tribe Residing in Tamenglong District” is a record of original research work undertaken by me for the award of the degree of Master of Philosophy in Social Work. I have completed this study under the supervision of Dr. K. Hemalatha, Associate Professor, Department of Social Work.
I also declare that this dissertation has not been submitted for the award of any degree, diploma, associate ship, fellowship or other title. It has not been sent for any publication or presentation purpose. I hereby confirm the originality of the work and that there is no plagiarism in any part of the dissertation.
Place: Bangalore
Date:
Dalsie Gangmei Reg. No. 1234703 Department of Social Work Christ University, Bangalore
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation submitted by Dalsie Gangmei, Reg. No. 1234703, titled ‘The Living Conditions of Zeliangrong Tribe Residing in Tamenglong District’ is a record of research work done by her during the academic year 2012-2014 under my supervision in partial fulfilment for the award of Master of Philosophy in Social Work.
This dissertation has not been submitted for the award of any degree, diploma, associate ship, fellowship or other title. It has not been sent for any publication or presentation purpose. I hereby confirm the originality of the work and that there is no plagiarism in any part of the dissertation.
Place: Bangalore
Date:
Dr. K. Hemalatha (Research Guide) Department of Social Work
Christ University, Bangalore Head of Department Department of Social Work Christ University, Bangalore
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. Acknowledgement
I owe a debt of gratitude to Almighty God whose help has made this endeavor possible to complete. This study would not have been achievable without the kind support and help of many individuals. I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to all of them. A special thanks to my Guide Dr. K. Hemalatha whose invigorating supervision, stimulating suggestions and encouragement has kept my progress in track. I would like to acknowledge the role of the faculty members of Department of Social Work, whose comments and suggestions have led my work to a better direction.
I would like to convey my appreciation to Dr. Janardhan, Dr. Sheeja, and Mr. CP Mathew for taking their time out in content validating my Tools for data collection. I would also like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to Mr Lungkubon, Mr. Gaikhuanlung Gangmei, Mr, Jimmy Pamei, and Mr. K Acham, who all have willingly helped me in translating the tools for data collection. Special thanks to Dr. Lungthuiyang Riamei for his input and suggestion in the development of tools. I am vastly grateful to Dr. Thennarasu and Ms. Tharangini whose kind and generous help has made my data analyses comprehensible.
I am highly indebted to my Parents not just for their kind co-operation and constant encouragement but their scarification of their time to accompany me in all the villages in process of data collection. I would like to state my gratitude to the Chairman and Authority members of Tousem Village, Tamei Village and Tamenglong Village for giving me such attention and time. A special credit goes to, Mr. Wilubou Newmei, Mr. Rialung, Mr. Secretary of Tousem, Mr. Namkang, whose co-operation and relentless help made it possible to complete the data collection within the time frame. I would like to extend my thanks to Mr. Armstrong Pame for providing necessary information and arranging my stay in Tousem Village for the data collection.
I would like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of Apou Arim Kamei, Achoibung Dikhiatlak Panmei, Apou Poujuak Pame, Achoibung Ningthung Panmei, Apou Guitiang Pamei, Achoilu Shanti Panmei who have enthusiastically given their full effort and helped me out with their abilities. Special recognition and appreciation goes to my friends Jaojianliu Dangmei, Viriekhonuo Keretsii, Lindsay Murray Sangma, Gamre Chima R Marak, Diptty Joseph, K. Pushpalatha who are always there for me through thick and thin, whose presence and support made this journey a fun house.
I am copiously thankful to all the sample households whose willing participation in the study had made it a blissful learning and experience. I regret and apologies profusely to those whose names I unintentionally forgot to mention here and to whose help I am deeply appreciated.
All my love Dalsie Gangmei
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it.
CONTENT Chapter Page
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Zeliangrong Tribe 5
1.2 Tamenglong District 7
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE
2.1 Tribes in India 13
2.2 Tribes in Manipur 22
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Rationale 30
3.2 Aim 31
3.3 Objectives 32
3.4 Operational Definitions 32
3.5 Variables of the Study 32
3.6 Hypothesis 33
3.7 Research Design 33
3.8 Sampling Design 33
3.9 Type of Sampling 33
3.10 Sampling Criteria 34
3.10.1 Inclusion Criteria 34
3.10.2 Exclusion Criteria 35
3.11 Tools of Data Collection 35
3.11.1 Demographic Profile 36
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. 3.11.2 Sexana’s Quality of Life Index 36
3.11.3 Subjective Living Conditions Index 37
3.12 Method of Data Collection 37
3.13 Data Analysis 37
3.14 Ethical Issues 37
CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Demographic Profile 40
4.2 Objective Living Conditions and its association in relation to Sub Tribes 43
4.3 Subjective Living Conditions and its association in relation to Sub Tribes 59
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY
5.1 Summary 79
5.2 Suggestions 90
5.3 Implications 91
5.4 Limitations 93
5.5 Conclusion 93
REFERENCES 95
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it.
LIST OF TABLE
Table No. Title of Tables Page No.
1.1 Manfred Max-Neef’s Model on Human Scale 4 Development 4.0 Demographic Table 40 4.1 Housing Types (Objective) 43 4.2 Housing Type in relation to Sub-tribes 43 4.3 Road and Transportations (Objective) 44 4.4 Road and Transportation Facilities in relation to Sub- 44 tribes 4.5 Sources of Water (Objective) 45 4.6 Sources of Water in relation to Sub-tribes 45 4.7 Medical facilities (Objective) 46 4.8 Medical Facilities in relation to Sub-tribes 46 4.9 Literacy Status (Objective) 47 4.10 Literacy status in relation to Sub-tribes 47 4.11 Food Intake (Objective) 48 4.12 Food Intake in relation to Sub-tribes 48 4.13 Vehicle possessed (Objective) 49 4.14 Vehicle possessed in relation to Sub-tribes 49 4.15 Income (Objective) 50 4.16 Income in relation to Sub-tribes 50 4.17 Fuel and Energy (Objective) 51 4.18 Fuel and Energy in relation to Sub-tribes 51 4.19 Assets Possessed (Objective) 53 4.20 Assets Possessed in relation to Sub-tribes 53 4.21 Health Status (Objective) 54
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. 4.22 Health status in relation to Sub-tribes 54 4.23 Sanitation Facilities (Objective) 55 4.24 Sanitation Facilities in relation to Sub-tribes 55 4.25 Recreational Facilities (Objective) 56 4.26 Recreational Facilities in relation to Sub-tribes 56 4.27 Housing (Subjective) 59 4.28 Housing in relation to Sub Tribes 59 4.29 Road and Transportations (Subjective) 61 4.30 Road and Transportation in relation to Sub Tribes 61 4.31 Water (Subjective) 63 4.32 Water in relation to Sub Tribes 63 4.33 Health status (Subjective) 64 4.34 Health Status in relation to Sub Tribes 64 4.35 Medical facilities (Subjective) 66 4.36 Medical Facilities in relation to Sub Tribes 66 4.37 Education (Subjective) 68 4.38 Education in relation to Sub Tribes 68 4.39 Fuel and Energy (Subjective) 70 4.40 Fuel and Energy in relation to Sub Tribes 70 4.41 Food Intake (Subjective) 71 4.42 Food Intake in relation to Sub Tribes 71 4.43 Assets and Vehicles Possessed (Subjective) 72 4.44 Assets and Vehicle possessed in relation to Sub Tribes 72 4.45 Sanitation facilities (Subjective) 74 4.46 Sanitation Facilities in relation to Sub Tribes 74 4.47 Income (Subjective) 75 4.48 Income in relation to Sub Tribes 75 4.49 Recreational facilities (Subjective) 76
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it.
LIST OF FIGURE
Fig. No. Title of Figure Page No.
1.1 Tamenglong District Map 12
3.0 Sampling Frame 34
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it.
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix No. TITLE
A Informed Consent Form
B Demographic Profile Sheet
C Saxena’s Quality of Life Index(Objective Living Condition )
D Subjective Living Condition Index
E Demographic Profile Sheet translated in Rong mei
F Saxena’s Quality of Life Index(Objective Living Condition ) translated in
Rongmei
G Subjective Living Condition Index translated in Rongmei
Abstract
Having awareness and knowledge on the basis of population is imperative and a crucial step in effective planning programme, implementing and delivering services for all areas. The attempt with this research is to shed more light on the conditions that these ethnic groups live in. Negligence and backwardness of the study population are stretched to the extent that even literatures are scarce. The aim of the present study is describe the living conditions of Zeme, Liangmai, and Rongmei of Zeliangrong tribe residing in Tamenglong District in relation to socio economic dimension with an objective to document the demography, objective and subjective living conditions to find association with the living condition in relation to Sub-Tribes. A total of
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. 132 sample households were participated. Descriptive research design is adopted and purposive sampling was selected. Results confirmed that Road and transportation, Health care and Sanitation facilities, Quality education, Supply of electricity and water, Income and Recreation facilities are found to be an utmost necessary intervention among this community. Even a simple analysis of the tribal people and the district clearly shows that they are in great need of attention. It is found that even within same ethnic community, there is a variance in the needs of the people which is reflected in the living condition. Geographical location itself offered a major contributor variable to accessibility. It depicted the lopsided paradigm of development. In a nation which is built on the ideals of the democracy, leaving behind any tribe or community or people is unacceptable in more ways than one. It is only logical to suggest that who brings development should also make development accessible to the people the development is intended for. Accessibility is not a magic wand that could instantly make the problems disappear into thin air. Accessibility to quality services could only make development meaning and would serve its purpose. A decent standard of living adequate nutrition, healthcare, quality education, work and protection are not just developmental goals, they are also human rights. Human rights are essential for full human development (UNDP, Human Development Report, 2000). The present study is an appeal for an action on behalf of this community who has contributed in small or big way for the development of our country to obtain their rightful share of human rights.
Key Words: Living Conditions, Tribal, Zeliangrong Tribe
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. Chapter I
Introduction
It is a well known fact that tribal communities are at the lowest rung in the map of the development. The tribal people are promised to justice and equal opportunities that provided a ray of hope. The developmental plans and projects came into being to further fortify this hope. However, the tribal plight continues even after decades of planned development and investing a huge amount in the tribal areas. The struggles of the scheduled tribes in India against deprivation, marginalization, for empowerment through our Constitutional framework have not offered adequate result. Poverty, negligence from the mainstream, seclusion continues to characterize this segment of our society. They remain the victim of social, economic, health and educational deprivation and suffer from inappropriate judicial and administration. There is still a wide disparity between the tribal and the rest of the country in relation to living conditions (Shankar & Kavitha, 2010)(Shariff, Ghosh, & Sharma, 2005) (Shukla, 2006)(Shah, 2004)(Reddy & Himachalam, 2007)(Panda, 2009) (Beck & Mishra, 2010) (Hooja, Kant, & Ram, 2004). The extent of disparity is evident in the Human Development Index, at all India level for STs it is estimated to be 0.270, which is significantly less than Human Development Index for non- Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe 0.393 (Thorat, Mahamallik, & Venkatesan, 2007). The literacy status of the tribal is another disappointment, when the national literacy rate is at 73 in 2011; scheduled tribe is spotted at 59. And they continue to make headlines in high rate of drop outs in school and poor female
literacy. The statistics of School Education 2010-11 reported that the Drop-out Rate for the Scheduled Tribes boys from Class 1 to 10 is 70.6 percent as against 50.4 for the general populations. And for Scheduled Tribe girls the Drop-Out Rate is 71.3 as against 47.9 for the general girls. In comparison with other groups, tribal has the highest malnutrition and infant mortality rate. According to NFHS 2005-2006 the infant mortality rate for Scheduled Tribes is at
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. 62.1 as against the national infant mortality at 57. According to the Planning Commission 2004- 05 the Scheduled Tribes population living below poverty line is 47.3 in rural and 33.3 in urban as against the general population which is 16.1 in rural and 16 in urban. Health status of the tribal poses a serious threat in the country. Waterborne diseases, TB, malnutrition, Scabies etc are prevalent among the tribal (Mathur, 2004). Another serious concern is the major chunk of Tribal population living below poverty line. Lack of accessibility to infrastructure in the tribal areas have secluded them from the rest and weakened the vision for progress and development.
More than 80 percent of the population in the north-east states belongs to tribal community and they are spread out mostly in the forests and hilly tracks. North east states are comprised of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland, and Tripura. Most of the regions are hill areas and huge concentration of tribal population. It is a chronically flood affected area(National Committee on the Development of Backward Areas, 1981). Geographically aloof from the rest of the country along with complex political factor and poor transportation facilities are held responsible for the alienation of the region. Industrially the region is one of the most backward regions in India (Singh N. B., 2006). According to the Report of the Twelfth Finance Commission, all Northeast states is at the lowest level in the infrastructure index which comprises the availability of physical, social and institutional infrastructure. This part of the region is considered as one of the most neglected in the country and needs a great deal of attention. The road development in the north east region is far from satisfactory. According to the National Committee on the Development of Backward Areas the length of motor-able roads per 100 sq. Km is below the national average. Lack of infrastructure barred communication facilities in this region which in turn deterred the economic growth as it failed to tap resources which are available. Many developmental plans have introduced and projects such a hydro-electricity is in the process with a vision to make this region a power house of the country. However, such project again questions the threat it could pose to the indigenous culture and identity and displacement of the inhabitants of the region. The insurgencies which are compounded by the poor governance, socio economic inequalities, and social problems such as gun culture, crime and violence put at risk the peaceful existence of the people and hindered the process of development. Such complicated situation makes it all the more complex to even raise the concern of development and its implementation in this region. Such a scenario needs
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. relooking and understanding of the living condition of the people and necessitates a crucial assessment for the promotion of sustainable development and quality of life.
The magnitude of deprivation of the tribal people is even more complicated and profound in the interior regions or areas. Each community is at various phases of development, be it social, economic, political, health or education. It is essential to understand the heterogeneous nature of the tribal societies and recognize the variability in their system, tradition, economic, socio cultural needs of each community, of each tribe and of each region. To interpret the living conditions or development of a community, it is important to find out what living condition really means and what is to achieve. It is often associated with the materialistic concept or modernization or the economic development. Wealth alone which is said to reflect the availability of resources doesn’t display the provision of free health and education services, equitable distribution of the resources to all, clean environment. Hence, quality of living condition differs even with the similar average incomes. Development covers the need and the means to provide for the human development which includes not just economic development but also providing for clean environment, nutrition, health and education. Need is the mother of all ventures. Need arises out of deprivation. Human needs theory will shed some light in understanding the needs of this community. The human needs theory proposes that humans need certain fundamentals for their well being often termed as basic human needs. This theory focuses on human well being on the basis of whether needs are fulfilled. The human needs theorist such as Maslow, Burton, Rosenberg and Max Neef opined that deprivation heaves when certain needs are unmet that in turn leads to violence which itself is an endeavor to fulfill such needs(KÖK, 2007). All the theorists considered the list of needs as random except for Maslow who ranked them by the importance. The Human Scale Development according to this theory is given below.
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. Table no. 1.1 Manfred Max-Neef’s Model on Human Scale Development Fundamental Being (qualities) Being (qualities) Doing (actions) Interacting Human Needs (settings) Subsistence Physical and food, shelter feed, clothe, living mental health work rest, work environment, social setting Protection care, social security, co-operate, social adaptability health systems, plan, take care environment, autonomy work of, help dwelling
Affection respect, sense of friendships, share, take care privacy, intimate humor, family, of, make love, spaces of generosity, relationships express togetherness sensuality with nature emotions Understanding critical capacity, literature, analyze, study, schools, families curiosity, teachers, policies meditate universities, intuition educational investigate, communities, Participation receptiveness, responsibilities, cooperate, associations, dedication, duties, work, dissent, express parties, sense of humor rights opinions churches, neighborhoods Leisure imagination, games, parties, day-dream, landscapes, tranquility peace of mind remember, intimate spaces, spontaneity relax, have fun places to be alone Creation imagination, abilities, skills, invent, build, spaces for boldness, work, techniques design, work, expression, inventiveness, compose, workshops, curiosity interpret audiences Identity Sense of language, get to know places one belonging, self- religions, work, oneself, grow, belongs to, esteem, customs, values, commit oneself everyday consistency norms settings Freedom autonomy, equal rights dissent, choose, Anywhere passion, self- run risks, esteem, open- develop mindedness awareness
It is of utmost importance to comprehend the concept of living condition/development in the tribal context. Another important aspect is the availability of authentic data on different aspects in relation to these ethnic groups in formulating policies for the improvement of their
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. living conditions and promotion of sustainable development. The present study is an attempt in this direction, recognizing that Zeliangrong tribe is also one of many indigenous tribal communities residing in the interior region of Manipur. This study is only a step towards understanding the present living condition of this community which has been influenced by the past and it is an attempt for improving it in the future.
1.1 Zeliangrong Tribe
Zeliangrong people are among the better known mongoloid communities from the three states of Assam, Manipur and Nagaland. The Naga are members of that great race conveniently called Tibeto-Burman (Godden, 1897). The name Zeliangrong comes from the three Naga Ethnic groups namely, Zeme, Liangmai, and Rongmei that is combined together.
The word Zeme is said to be derived from the word Zainmei/Nzainmei meaning people. The Zeme folks are village oriented, and as such the Clan or tribal merged with the village organisation. These folks communicate among themselves in Zelat. The parti-clan Pame and Newme are predominating among this community. Agriculture is the chief source of livelihood. Zeme sub tribe is mostly found in the relatively interior region of the district. As such the unreceptive condition of the road has been the major concern among this community. They are hugely concentrated on the Tousem sub division. Tousem sub division has a population of 27402 consisting 40 percent Zeme, 36 percent Rongmei and 8 percent Liangmai.
The word Liang means grouped/support and Mei means people. Liangmai literally means group of people or in support of each other. Lianglad is the dialect used among this community. Since the year 2003, all the Liangmai folks in Manipur are Christians. The main source of livelihood for this community is animal rearing. Liangmai tribe is mostly concentrated in Tamei Sub division with a population of 21227. In this sub division 91 percent of the population is Liangmai.
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. The first syllable Rong means South and the syllable Mei means People. The word Rongmei literally means South people or s outherners. The dialect spoken among these people is Ruanglat. Gangmei, Pamei, Gonmei and Kamei are the major clans among the Rongmei. This community is in nature an agrarian and Jhum cultivation is vastly practiced. They are known for their skilled in pottery, wood, bamboo, blacksmith. These people are hugely settled in the Tamenglong and Nungba sub division. Tamenglong sub division has a population of 47996 out of which 73 percent of the population are Rongmei, 8 percent Liangmai and 4 percent Zeme.
The name Zeliangrong was first coined on the 15th February of 1974 with the formation of Zeliangrong Naga Council at Keishamthong, Imphal Manipur with the objective to strongly unite the people of Naga and to bring closer affinity amongst them so as to work for the development of socio-cultural, political and economic condition of the people (Rongmei & Kapoor, 2005). The wonderful multiplicity of their languages is a salient characteristic of the Naga race (Godden, 1897).The three sub-tribes speak different dialect but Rongmei is considered the common dialect in Tamenglong District. In Manipur, 85% of the Zeliangrong are Christians and most of them are resided in the hilly areas (Rongmei & Kapoor, 2005).
Zeliangrong tribe follows a strictly patriarchal social system and every clan is given equal status. Within the clans exogamy is also strictly observed. The clans have always tried to remain under their own administration and even during the colonial times they put up a strong front against the British for an All Naga rule. The leaders of this particular moment were Jadonang and Rani Gaidinliu. The movement was started to preserve the identity of the people and also to maintain their wish to be under their own rule. The leaders directed the movement through religion so that the people would remain organized even under the colonial rule but failed to succeed as the British banned all Zeliangrong moments in the region. The British also systematically eliminated and repressed the leaders of the movement. The divide and rule policy that existed in the time was able to disperse the huge tribe into the three states of Nagaland, Assam and Manipur. The ethnic groups lost their sense of belonging as they were thrust upon new lands as minorities to such an extent that they are considered as among the most under- developed communities even today in these three States (Newmei, 2010).
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. 1.2 Tamenglong District
Manipur is a small state having ethnic groups like Naga, Kuki, and Meitei etc. with many tribal groups with different languages/dialects. 90% of the total geographical area is hilly inhabited by tribal. The tribal population in Manipur is accounted for 35.1 percent as per the 2011 census. Tamenglong district has the highest proportion of the tribal people in Manipur which constitutes 95.7 percent having tribal groups like Zeliangrong (Rongmei, Langmei, and Zeme), Inpuimei, Hmar, Thadou, Gangte, Chiru, Khasi with different languages/dialects. Most of the total geographical area is hilly with 4391 square kilometers. A few small valleys like Khoupum, Konphung, flat lands at the banks of Barak, Irang, Ijei are found. According to 2011 census, Tamenglong had population of 137959 which makes up to 5.15 percent of the population of the entire Manipur. The sex ratio at Tamenglong district stands at 953 per 1000 male and Child Sex ratio at 941 girls per thousand boys. Zeliangrong Naga tribe formed the major portion of the population of Tamenglong.
It became a full-fledged district in 1969 and had been divided into 4 sub-divisions namely Nungba, Tamei, Tamenglong, and Tousem. There are total of 204 villages in the district. Tamenglong is listed as among the most backward districts in the nation as the lack of any infrastructure makes it difficult for any development to take place. The Ministry of Panchayati Raj has named Tamenglong as one of the most backward Districts in the country in a total of 640 Districts in the year 2006.
It is predominantly an agricultural economy and the people are highly depended on forest for livelihood. The total forest area of Tamenglong district is 270223.78 Hectare which is 61% of the total area of the district. All land areas of Tamenglong district are hilly lands. As such, majority of the villagers practice Jhum cultivation. Agriculture has a vital place in the economy of the district. It constitutes a major occupation and contributes a consideration share of income in the district’s Domestic Product. About 80% of the working force of the district is employed in agriculture. However, the performance in this activity is far from satisfactory as it depends on vagaries of weather conditions and rainfall compounded by lack of modern technology. The
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. production cannot meet the requirement /demand. Therefore food grains are brought from outside. The animals reared in the district are pigs, buffaloes, Mithuns, cows, dogs, and poultry. As the people are non-vegetarians, the meats of the domestic animals are a common food. High quality wood like Gousiang (Uningthou), Indung (Sahikuhi), Imphaoh (Oak), Inthaang ( Tairen), In-gaen (Tolhao), Makou, Jung, Gaengh, Ingaih etc are found. Agur (Myrrh), Cane, Bamboo grow in abundance. Bamboo shoot is a source of economy and a special delicacy. Mushrooms are also found in the forest. Cinnamon, wild edible leaves and fruits, Orchids and many beautiful flowers are found in the forest. Lime, Petroleum etc are said to be found in the district. Alpha Geo is conducting test at certain locations in the district. The main crops are paddy, maize, chilly, beans and vegetables like mustard, cabbage, sesame, and spices. Cotton, pumpkin, gourds, cucumber are also grown. Tamenglong is suitable for development of horticulture. Oranges, lemons, banana, guava, peaches, papaya, pineapple etc. are grown. It is especially suited for growing oranges and has been the largest producer of oranges in the state (Khumanngamba, 2012). There is ample scope for bringing more land under fruit cultivation in the district. Such abundance of fruit production needs a market. Road and transportation facilities become crucial to link the production to the mainstream market. However, in the absence of it in the District such activities could not be carried out. This greatly impacts the economy of the District and also contributes to the rise of unemployment. Based on the 1$ expenditure per week benchmark Tamenglong and Chandel District have the highest number of households with extreme poverty (Shilshi, 2007). According to the District Officials, presently, about 13,000 households in the District continue to live below poverty line.
There are no industrial activities worth mentioning the name in the district. Probably because the prospect investors are intimidated by the violence and political unrest painted in the region and lack of proper road and transportations facilities. Tiny weaving units are seen here and there. A few small saw-mills, households’ loin-looms and hand looms are found. Indigenous basket making, wood craft, carpentry works etc. are also of the households industries. Business activities like running shops, hotels and vending clothes are the main businesses in the district. Sale of vegetables, meats etc. are some of the businesses carried out. In the non existence of the industries along with the insufficient production from the agricultural practice and the limited seats in the organized or service sector gave rise to a massive unemployment problem and
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. produce a huge number of marginal workers. Tamenglong District has the highest percentage of marginal workers (who worked for less than six months) in Manipur which is at 87.7 percent as per the 2011 census.
The roads are among the most treacherous things to worry about in the District. Imphal- Jiri road (New Cachar road), Imphal-Tamenglong road, Tamenglong-Halflong road, Khongsang- Tamenglong, Bishenpur-Khoupum road (Old Cachar Road) and the inter village road/paths are the important roads of Tamenglong District. The Jiri-Imphal Railway is still under construction which touches some of the villages/areas of this District. The road connecting the Tamenglong district headquarters with rest of the world has not been repaired for the last 20-30 years and the condition has worsened (HueiyenNewsService, 2012). A lot of the transportation is done via crude vehicles and people take risks on a daily basis. As road being the sole means of transportation, Tamenglong District endures the pain of the awful transportation and communication facilities. Since national highways bypass only handful of villages in Tamenglong District, the majority of the Zeliangrong people about 80% who are settled in the Hilly tracks are deprived of the modern transport facilities. When people in the neighboring states talk so much about the introduction of metro and frequent trip by airways, most villages in the District are connected to each other only by Foot-trail road.
To add to their woe, their geographical seclusion deprives them of accessibility to health care facilities and services and from getting timely treatment. As such, untimely death is something that is not uncommon for them. The lack of proper roads is compounded by the lack of proper healthcare services which causes its own share of problems. Many sick deaths on the way to hospital are caused by deadly jerking of vehicles (Rongmei D. K., 2012). The emergency services are also in a very distressing state as most of the emergency patients die on the way to hospitals. Tamenglong is one of the most neglected districts of the state on health-care facilities (NagalandPost, 2012). As far as Health infrastructure is concerned, there are 2 Hospitals with 70 beds, six PHC with 48 beds, 29 PHSCs and 4 dispensaries in the District. Programmes like National Leprosy Elimination, National Tuberculosis, National Malaria Eradication, National AIDS Control, and District Immunization are being implemented. Apart from 10 nurses and one
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. Medical Officer, there are also no specialist doctors in the lone Tamenglong district hospital (HueiyenNewsService, 2012). The existed health centers in the areas are limited in services, lack medical staff and an adequate equipment to cater to the health needs of the people. Also, there is a lack of awareness health programme or camp, and lack of sanitary amenities worsens the situation. Moreover, the concept of advance check-up or treatment is still alien to the majority of them as well as unaffordable to many. The entire region has to suffer a lot of hardship to get any kind of medical care.
Housing is another issue that has plagued the district and its people. According to 2001 census, Tamenglong district has 16,149 numbers of households. Only 1.8 percent households have permanent houses, 26.8 percent have semi-permanent houses and 71.4 percent have temporary houses. It is only a fraction of the population that has any kind of permanent housing arrangement. The larger section of the population lives in semi-permanent or temporary houses.
The Zeliangrong people in the Tamenglong District mostly depend on the fresh water rather than hand pump or other sources. Hand pump water is usually of bad quality and has a foul smell and is not qualified to use for human consumption. They also reserve water during rainy seasons however; the people mostly rely on the community well/pond/lake for water. The availability of water depends not only from village to village but also from one community to another even in the same village. Amenities like water supply are also lacking despite the fact that there is a lot of untapped water supply throughout the district. Safe drinking water facilities and electricity are available only in 43.86 percent villages. Tamenglong is place with abundant water resource, yet the water supply system has completely failed in the district(HueiyenNewsService, 2012). This is compounded with the problems of malnutrition and other medical diseases that are created due to a lack of proper civic amenities. Tamenglong district is found to be one of the districts in the state with the least number of latrines per person (E-PAO, 2012). Public toilets are built in some of the villages but the maintenance system is poor which leads to poor condition and becomes unusable. In this modern society where people talk about European toilet and the use of tissue roll, some of the folks in remote villages continue to use open space, a proper toilet with a cemented septic tank is still a distant dream.
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. The literacy rate in the district as per 2011 census is of 70.40 percent. This District has the lowest male literacy rate among the rural areas in the State which comes at 76.74% as against 89.5% in Imphal West, a non tribal area. The female literacy rate of the District is 63.76 percent as against 72.4 percent of the State average female literacy rate. The data says it all. There is one college, 3 higher secondary schools, four High Schools, 25 junior high schools and 130 Primary schools in the district. Educational facilities in the district are suffered from inadequate staff for the few district schools that have managed to come up. Even on the basic levels, the education quality and delivery fails at many places. The quality of education is very poor that one could say the school system is non-existent (Bosco Net, 2011). The lack of quality education also renders the people unable to compete with the rest of the world therefore it is not uncommon for a lot of students to drop out. According to the 2001 census, out of 56,819 literates (59.25%) 17.77 are below primary level, 28.45% are above primary level, 21.22% are at the primary level, 26.57 are at matriculate/higher secondary/diploma and 4.42 % are graduate and above. Education is among the primary seeds of development and the lack of it causes the backwardness among the tribal. Tamenglong District continues to be inaccessible and secluded from the world of networking and as such they are lagging behind from the rest of the world, when the world is already becoming into a global village and speeding up in the fifth generation in the area of mass media and communication development (Rongmei D. K., 2012).
Even a simple analysis of the tribal people and the district clearly shows that they are in great need of attention. The present study ventures to examine the living conditions of the Zeliangrong tribe in the process of development. The lack of many different infrastructural facilities with the people of the Zeliangrong ethnic group is a major cause of their dreadful condition. Besides that, there are also a lot of socio political factors that come into play. The political issues that have centred on the region are also a big factor to consider when looking at the development of the Zeliangrong tribe. Due to the lack of proper representation in many areas of education and other infrastructural areas, the people continue to remain neglected. However, the political aspect is out of the scope of the present study. At a time when the world is taking rapid strides, many such communities and ethnic groups remain neglected and their livelihoods are also slowly fading away. No wonder there is a mass influx of these people towards the cities. The attempt with this research is to shed more light on the conditions that these ethnic groups
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. live in. The lack of infrastructure and opportunity has led many such ethnic groups to vanish to a near extinct state in many cases all around the world. In a nation which is built on the ideals of the democracy, leaving behind any tribe or community or people is unacceptable in more ways than one.
Figure 1.1
Source: Indiamapsonline.com Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it.
Chapter II
Review of Literature
This chapter covers the studies carried out by various scholars on Tribal people in India. It reveals the existing literature in relevance to the conditions of the tribal folks in India. The review is organized on a thematic order. The first theme covers on general conditions of tribal people based on socio economic development. The second theme focuses on the conditions of the tribal community in Manipur State and in Tamenglong District based Housing, Road and transportation, Source of water used, Sanitary facilities available, Food nutrients intake, Health and safety status, Medical treatment facilities, Educational status, Fuel and Energy availability, assets possessed, own transportation means, Per Capita income, Recreational Facilities.
2.1 Tribes in India
Ali & Das (2003) in their study on Tribal situations in North East India discussed the diversity and variation on various factors such as culture, language, tradition, ideologies, religion etc. of the tribes in northeastern part of the region. Such variation is brought by the influx of people in the North east India from different socio cultural, linguistic group, race, +social organization etc. at different historical times who settled down and became the tribal and non- tribal. Manipur state is endowed with rich tribal cultures. There are 29 communities in Manipur and 22 of them are tribal which makes up to 75.86 percent as against 13.72 percent of the national average. The tribal such as Naga, Kuki are resided in the hilly tracts. It is revealed that their indigenous technical know-how has helped them in adapting to the varying North East
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. ecological conditions. The movement for ethnic identity on the basis of the religion, language, territory etc. is considered of the significant development in this region and also played a significant role in the political development.
Mathur (2003) revealed that the tribal patients when exposed to modern medicine and successfully treated in general hospitals have lesser faith in superstition, although cultural orientations exert influence in situations of non-availability of modern medicine. The study also revealed that although the network of modern facilities is spread it is not yet a first choice in tribal areas rather they still value their magic-religious methods and lag behind in adopting the modern medicine. This is because the medicine does not suit their purse or even if he has money there are no transport facilities to go to urban medical centers. Only when available methods in the locality failed, the allopathic treatment is sought.
Shah (2004) observed that the Scheduled Tribes’ dependence on primary sector has still been very high and not much has changed in the occupational scenario for the tribal despite the fact that new advances have been made in agriculture which had benefited some sections, during all these years of development. Also in the central and state government services Scheduled Tribes’ representation had gone only a mere 1.05 percentile increase. The proportion of Scheduled Tribes in class A and B categories has gone up, yet it was still well below their stipulated mark of 7 per cent. Bulk of recruitment has taken place in group B and C which were low skilled-based services whereas not much has changed in the group A and B services which require greater skills and competence. Reservation policy has only marginally affected their socio economic status, though much was expected of it. The study revealed that there is an urgent need for micro finance institution to contribute and as integral part of poverty alleviation in solving the problem of tribal living in poor state of infrastructure supplemented with low industrial base and subsistence agriculture.
Pradhan (2004) revealed that despite constitutional provisions, special scheme and programme and increase in financial allocation over the years, educationally scheduled tribes are far behind the non-scheduled tribes in India. Their level of literacy is very low and their
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. enrolment at primary, middle, secondary and higher education are not commendable. Drop-out rates are also high among scheduled tribe students. Their educational backwardness leads to economic exploitation which again results into poverty, deprivation and social oppression. And their deprivation in the sphere of education also forms violation of human rights.
Hooja, Kant, & Ram (2004) in their studies discussed that the basic infrastructure such as drinking water, roads, health centers, irrigation, and electrification is extremely poor in tribal areas. Education, health care, and income and employment are major concerns and lack of these breeds discontent and become a fertile ground for violence and extremism. She stressed on the need for the policies and strategies to be implemented more effectively so as to make the benefits justifiable and improve the delivery and supply side of the various schemes along with awareness building.
Shariff, Gosh, & Sharma (2005) discussed that the Scheduled Tribes lagged behind in comparison with the other society and are sinking at the bottom as far as economic indicators are concerned. The study revealed that the population of Scheduled Tribes had grown at a fast pace over the decades from 6.9 in 1961 to 8.1 in 1991. And a large number of tribal of who live close to forest areas are found to be the most disadvantaged section based on of income, educational status, well-being and deficiency of decent facilities. Agricultural activities remain the dominate source of income for the Scheduled Tribes. It was found that there are many landless households; however, the incidence of landless has been decreased among the STs. When it comes to Scheduled Tribes’ household income and Per Capita income, it is only Rs. 19556 and Rs. 3504 when compared to national average which are 25653, 4485 respectively. Capability poverty % for Scheduled Tribes is 68.0 and for the whole India it is 52.0. For the whole India the total wage level is Rs. 23.6 whereas for Scheduled Tribes, it is as less as Rs. 18.9. The Wage employment access for Scheduled Castes is 158 days when compared to Scheduled Tribes which is as low as 145 days. The study also revealed that the Scheduled Tribes are in better position in comparison with Scheduled Castes when it comes to the accessibility of facilities such as proper houses, sanitation facilities and also in total fertility rate, crude birth rate and high in the rate of prevalence of contraceptive. However Scheduled Tribes are not doing fair in the spheres of
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. accessing protected water and electric connection. The percentage of Scheduled Tribes Population completing middle school level aged 15 and above is at the lowest level in the literacy, enrolment, and dropout rate. Morbidity rates are better with the Scheduled Tribes; however, they are lower rung in obtaining natal care, proper delivery, and immunization of children. The Scheduled Tribes do not fairly utilize the health care services provided by the government.
Desai (2005) in his study found that a great awakening has taken place among the tribes and struggles to improve their conditions have and are being launched by various groups comprising this stratum of the Indian population. He found that tribal society needs to be tackled with political and economic problems which deprived them from good living condition, access to modern facilities. He suggested that acquiring quality education can facilitate them to gain knowledge to preserve, eradicate or engross from their culture and others and empowerment to take decision on their own and claim what is rightfully theirs.
Balgir (2006) revealed that the overall Tribal heath status is in a poor state due to various factors such as segregation from the rest of the people, inaccessibility and untouched by the country’s development progress. They are in general, disease prone, lack sanitation, lack awareness about the diseases and lack access to health care services and facilities. To make the matter worst, they also suffer from problems of low literacy, educational backwardness and these problems also compound into economic problems. The isolation that these ethnic groups were left in the colonial times did not see any change with the coming of the Indian independence. Far from it, ethnic groups went on to become all the more obscured form any benefits that modern technology brings. Things like healthcare, transport, education are also completely neglected which leads to a state of poverty and neglect.
Subramania, Smith, & Subramanyam (2006) found that the marginalized socio economic condition among the indigenous people has impacted on their health risks negatively and has also led to increased consumption of tobacco and alcohol. Improvement in the standard of living could help benefit their health as well as welfare.
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. Shukla (2006) found that human rights identified by the Universal Declaration of Human rights find a respectable place as Fundamental Rights and as a Directive Principles of State Policy in the constitution of India, however, the Tribal and lower caste people in India were largely dominated by upper caste people. Due to the intensity of poverty and strong social discrimination, the situation of human right has worsened.
Reddy & Himachalam (2007) found that illiteracy, poverty, attachment to the forest, innocence and ignorance, unawareness are the root causes for the tribal low social status. The economic status of the sample tribal households is anything but satisfactory. Most of them are living below poverty line. More than 90% of them are wage earners, as laborers earning between Rs. 30 to 40 per day. They suffer badly from diseases like Malaria, Flu and other viral disease backed by stagnation of drainage water which further creates a bacterial prone environment. Hardly any of the tribal villages has worth mentioning medical facilities. Also schools located in tribal areas have not been functioning well apart from irregularities of the teachers. Moreover, the tribal children are sent for wage earning rather than to school. Bad transportation facility is another serious problem which causes difficulty if not impossible to sell and buy essential food requirements from the town. If accidents or illness occurs the consequences are sometimes fatal. The supply of electricity is so rare; these tribal are even today live in darkness. They also found that children and aged persons alike face malnutrition and even causes deaths during rainy season. The study revealed that the sample respondents are not satisfied with the PDS regarding the quality and quantity food supplied. Underweight of the ration items are common. The tribal also have the problem of fetching the rationed items home from the Fair Price Shops, which are located at distant places. In the rainy season the shops are not approachable, as the roads become slushy and unusable. They also have to depend on moneylenders and others for loans as the quantity is not sufficient for them. In the rainy season the food items meant for the tribal are sold by the dealers elsewhere at higher prices and indulges in corrupt practice. Those who question are threatened. They silently endure their lot. As they do not have any voice or awareness of the mechanism of the Public Distribution System, they are not able to protest. The researchers suggested that the government must increase the quantity of food items in view of their rank poverty and at supply at subsidized price. There must be clear distinction between prices meant
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. for tribal people and those for others. They suggested that commitment is required to effort to better the lot of the tribal.
Jones (2008) in his study revealed that the problems of the tribal are well recognized in the Constitution of India and it laid down their rights to allow and enforce discrimination to their advantage. Laws and regulations have been introduced at the state and national level banning the exploitative activities of moneylenders; land selling of tribal land, reservation of seats in services and educational institution, special development funds was allocated. However, such provision failed to improve the conditions of the tribal due to four reasons. The tribal economy and council is in the hands nontribal trader, moneylenders, landlords along with non-tribal government officials who also misuse the funds allocated for the tribal development. Most of the development programs are not tailored according to the cultural and environment of the tribal and are implemented by unskilled non-tribal officer who are discriminatory. Tribal do not have any control and are uninvolved in the development process. The funds sanctioned for the tribal for their development has never been sufficient yet more resources have been exploited from them. Many of the tribal are casted out from their traditional land and displaced them in the name of development or conservation. Political power is unattainable for the tribal as they were made to scatter to form any majority group. With the help of state any tribal movements are easily suppressed. Despite banning the sale of tribal land it continues, discrimination against the tribal by the non-tribal, they are easily exploited because of their ignorance and lack of education, the level of socio economic development for the tribal is comparatively low with the rest of the country, presence of disturbances and unrest between tribal and non-tribal.
Panda (2009) fond that the lack of basic minimum services like health, housing, electricity and drinking water both in terms of availability and quality, lack of supportive Infrastructure, incidence of poverty, illiteracy, and unemployment are rampant in tribal areas. The study revealed that tribal suffered from malnourishment and poor health conditions due to non-availability and affordability to health care services along with their ignorance, inaccessibly location, customs and traditions, occurrence of diseases which are communicable, drinking etc. The tribal relies heavily on the indigenous herbs and medicines but usage of such is not
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. adequate. They urgently need an allopathic medicine to cater to their needs of health problems. The state of medical centers in tribal areas is poorly maintained and lack cleanliness. As such the posting of doctors and other medical staffs in tribal areas is considered a punishment. The study also found that under the Indira Awaas Yojana, it is required to build about thirty lakhs houses in a year but only about fourteen to fifteen houses are being built and about ten lakh houses are added annually that need shelter. In rural areas the gap between the requirement of houses and the number of houses being constructed in a year is even wider which comes to about 25 lakhs of houses. It is also revealed that tribal people are facing with the water problem due to lack of maintenance, poor quality of water, high demand of water for industry, agriculture etc. The study indicated that there is no supportive infrastructure in these backward areas and whatever exists is poor in the matter of physical and mass communication. The number of Tribal household living below poverty remains huge. It is found that about 45.86 percent of them are living in poverty line 2000 in rural areas. Around 46% rural are still extremely poor. It is also revealed that only a very members of their community are employed in organized sector and others are either chronically unemployed or underemployed or seasonally unemployed. Percentage of Scheduled Tribes marginal workers is slightly less than the double than that of the general population which is 15.23 against 8.84 in 2001. Under occupational status, a substantially higher percentage of ST are cultivator 54.5 percent and agricultural laborers 32.7 percent than the total population which is 38.7 percent and 26.1 percent respectively in 1991. The study also found that there is a gap of approximately 18% in the literary rate of tribal and the general population according to 2001 Census. Gross enrolment Ratios during 1997-98 in classes 1 to 5 is 89.7 in case of total children but this is higher i.e. 90.7 in case of Scheduled Tribes children. But in higher classes this GER sharply declined in case of Scheduled Tribes children. It was 58.5 in case of total children and only 43.2 in case of ST children in class 6 to class 8. The Dropout Rate in classes 1 to 8 during 1993-94 was as high as 77.7 percent but this was only 52.8 percent in case of general children. The author argued that the socio economic development of Scheduled Tribes depends on educational advancement. He further said that education is more than a mere asset for some tribal communities, investment in education is in a way crucial for their existence.
Mohapatra & Mohapatra (2009) in their study discussed that there are many reasons for poor literacy status of the tribal societies in spite of the establishment of various types of
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. institutions are many. One of the many reasons identified is the used of non-tribal language as the medium of instruction in imparting education especially at the primary level which creates obstruction and suspicion among them towards the education. The non-sustainability of school programme remains the second reason. As the kind of education provided to them doesn’t meet their life needs which only create disequilibrium in their social scenario. As far as priority is concerned, an educational need comes only after Economic and Social needs which is compounded by the tribal and non-tribal prejudices. With the introduction of modernization the disparity between the tribal and the non-tribal is widen and creates social distance. Education is adopted instead of adapted to the requirement of their culture and the non-appreciation attitude of the policy maker towards the tribal culture and values contradict the very purpose of education. Ascribed needs are imposed on the tribal folks by the policy makers, as they are deprived of opportunity to articulate their felt needs. Lack of interest on the part of the planner, administrator, political leader, teachers, poor physical and infrastructure, imposition of different conflicting ideologies, the long distance of travel to attend school aggravate the situation. For the success of educational plans in the tribal areas they suggested a centralized schooling system, Supplementary curriculum towards tribal activities, Setting up a Training center at tribal area and introduction of incentive, appointing more female teacher to create conducive environment for the girl students, residential with hostel facilities o curb long distance travelling, mother tongue medium of instruction along with regional and national and an active support of the administrator and political leader.
Sahoo & Das (2009) found that the percentage of Scheduled Tribes Students’ admission at graduate and under graduate level in courses is at lowest rung and is far from satisfactory level when compared with the Scheduled Castes and the rest of India. The Scheduled Tribes admission percentage at the under graduate level varies from 0.42 to 2.46 percent and at the post graduate level 0.13 to 1.86 as against 4.44 to 9.79 and 0.90 to 10.14 respectively among the Scheduled Castes in 1978-79. They identified the various existing programmed and problem for the development of higher education of tribal people. The Programme includes Post-Metric scholarship, educational incentives like hostel facilities, exemption from payment of fees, reservation of seats, book bank, hostels, and National Overseas scholarships. The study indicated that many tribal students cannot afford to study higher education and engage in work for
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. economic pursuits. Also, the indifference attitude of parents towards education, early marriage, communication gap among students, teachers, parents/guardians, attending youth organization, school holidays in not consonance with tribal festivals or rituals, inadequate scholarship, non- availability of boarding grants for the hostellers, remote location of hostels especially for girls, defects in their earlier education which un-able them to utilize higher education facilities as well as job opportunities, inadequacy of educational institutions, non-availability of teachers, system of delivery, non-availability of infrastructure, poor implementation. To streamline the educational development intervention the authors suggested for the motivation of parents, decentralization of scholarship and coverage of all courses available, provision for special classes, infrastructural facilities, establishment of vocational guidance center, research institutes, residential accommodation, incentives for teachers, avoidance of multiple management and foreign funds.
Shankar & Kavitha (2010) discussed that the hill tribes’ economy is agro-based and considered to be subsistence economy. Firewood is the primary source of energy for domestic purposes tribal communities because commercial fuel is beyond their reach due to poor socio economic conditions. The indigenous knowledge which is passed down orally from generation to generation caters to the health needs of these tribal people. However, the macro-economic and political policies of the state with their active promotion of globalization have driven them out to the brink of survival. The forest conservation measures adopted in India have not only put a stop to shifting cultivation but also to the living of the tribal and around the reserved forest and limited the scope to derive their income from forest-based activities. Apart from displacement because of environmental degradation, the tribal people are also affected by displacement caused by industrial and hydel projects and urbanization without viable overall land use planning. Change in physical and social ecology has also affected the nutritional status of the tribes. Problem of malnutrition is associated with the scarcity of foods resources in many tribal ecological zones. Food crisis prevails among tribal communities. The tribal occupations at present are settled agriculturist, owner cultivators, share croppers and landless laborer. Such changes are the result of the money economy. The tribal are also socially and economically absorbed with the greater interaction with Hinduism and its formal economy. They need an alternative source of income as their aged old traditional occupations are no longer sustaining
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. them even for their basic needs. An average Indian tribal has one fourth the life of an average Indian non-tribal. The authors observed that tribal people continue to struggle with hunger and survival.
Beck & Mishra (2010) found that the study population like many other tribal populations is burdened with the poor socioeconomic situation. Though the majority of the migrant tribal have a better decent life, the quality of life in overall of the native tribal is far from satisfactory as they are deprived from proper facilities like sanitation, housing, and lack of quality education, income, assets, vehicles, nutritious food, and non-accessibility of fuel, energy. The study also showed that the lack of money, interest and motivation along with alcoholism has led to the downfall of natives in their educational and occupational status. The study recommended launching awareness programme on health issue, education, income creating jobs and to make use of the opportunities given by the government and non-government organizations for their advantage.
Nanda (2011) revealed that the majority of the Schedule Tribes manual workers employed in un- skilled occupations in comparison with the proportion of other category workers in this skill category. Per day average earnings of tribal manual workers in the KBK belt is Rs. 95 at overall level. Such earnings of Scheduled Tribes workers are Rs.91.5 as against Rs.96.6 of other workers. Only few number of Scheduled Tribes workers are found to have their employment status as permanent. Scheduled Tribes family members are illiterate, whereas in respect of other categories of workers’ families, the rate of illiteracy is much higher. Almost all of the Scheduled Tribes workers households have reported use of firewood for cooking and only a very small number of houses are found to be using LPG. In most of the Scheduled Tribes households (91 per cent) latrine facilities is not available and have found to have no drainage system in their houses as well as in their locality. Majority of the Scheduled Tribes workers have reported kuchha structure. The source of water for the majority is hand-pump. The distribution of households by source of energy for lighting in their houses reveals that majority of them are using kerosene oil for this purpose.
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. 2.2 Tribes in Manipur
Rongmei & Kapoor (2005) in their study found that Zeliangrong are grouped together by three sub tribes and are famous for their rich cultural heritage inhabited both in the hills and the valley. They are residing extensively in the Manipur districts, Nagaland and Assam and are considered as an “advancing” Naga tribe. Majority (85%) of them is Christians and they reside in the hilly tracks and only few of them are non-Christians who are residing in the valley. This led to a minor cultural and socio economic difference. It has been found that Zeliangrong are in a state of poor economic, education, health status which affect their development. It is found that the Zeliangrong residing in the hills are more socially and economically backward and are deficient of basic facilities in comparison with the Zeliangrong residing in the valleys. The fact that they are dwelled in the inaccessible hilly tracts, they lack proper modern basic facilities such as electricity, transport and communication. To add to the woe, with the imposition to discontinue Jhum cultivation, their main traditional source of livelihood has been taken away from them without leaving many alternatives to sustain. Despite all the odds, the study also highlighted that with the advent of the Christianity there was a growth in education and various awareness programmes which put them right back to the present modern society.
Shilshi (2007) in his study on Poverty, Development and Conflict among the Manipur Tribal found that based on the 1$ expenditure per week benchmark, 70 percent of the tribal population in Manipur is under the poverty line. Tamenglong and Chandel District have the highest number of households with extreme poverty. The average percentage engaged in employment organized or government sector among the tribal in Manipur constitute 6.80 percent. Out of that Senapati and Tamenglong District are at the bottom with 4.18 percent and 4.47 percent respectively. The tribal in Manipur have a system of community or collective ownership of land, as such, the sharing resources depends mainly on the capacity and economic status of each individuals. The richer folks with more transportation and manpower reaped more profits while the poorer confined to collecting dry wood. Bamboo shoot, brooms etc. 80 percent of the tribal in Manipur depend on forest for the construction of their houses. There is no prospect for the potential entrepreneurs due to lack of financial resources and inaccessibility to
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. loan. As loans are given based on the ownership of land as required for security purpose but since the land ownership system in tribal areas is community based, they fail to qualify for the loans. The population growth rate in the tribal areas in Manipur is at 48.5 percent. Tamenglong district growth rate is at 29.23 percent. Tribal in Manipur are the most deprived in the health care sector, as the services lacks adequate facilities and proper functioning. The number of doctors allotted to them is not too less in comparison with the number of patients and the beds are insufficient to accommodate the patients. The primary health centers are comparatively functioning better in the District headquarters and the rest are left for traditional healer or quacks. The quality of education provided in the tribal area is far from satisfactory. There is a huge drop- out rate among the tribal students which is 49 percent at the primary level and at the high school and secondary level it is 46.12 percent. The development delivery system is as such it is highly motivated by politics, lack of initiatives, lack of proper monitoring, lack of transparency from the agencies, rise of unhealthy completion among ethnic groups, inter intra tribal factions, misused of funds by the officials, contributed to the conflict in this poverty ridden communities. To add to the woe, the media which mainly controlled by the non tribal shows disinterest in the tribal issues and the so called watchdogs like student unions etc fail to raise voice. Moreover, there is a disparity between the resources and the aspirations of the people.
Govind (2007) in his study revealed that unemployment is on the rise both in case of educated and uneducated youth. There is no scope for foreign company to establish their business in Manipur as it lacks infrastructure like accommodation, transport, water supply and modern living lifestyle with modern facilities. This is compounded by lack of electricity as such industry cannot be functioned. The electricity department remains jobless and yet gets paid. The public stay silent so as the representatives. Very often, People are always suspicious of new schemes or plans of government. As far as the education system is concerned, apart from the awful teaching system, most of the teachers are not even qualified as the Selection of teachers are not based on merit but on offering of money to the ministers led by the CM. Such selection is done as against the requirement of post. Some higher secondary schools are reported to have zero percentage of board examination. As such many go to other states for education and drain a huge amount of money along with them. The appropriate authority instead of taking appropriate action, they are the first one to send their children outside Manipur for studies. When a
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. Government functionary is taken into account, corruption starts from peon to the highest top official. Jobs are exchanged with money and employees take bribe in exchange of their service with the public. Works get done only through bribery. The physical conditions of most of the government offices are far from satisfactory. Only some patch up works are done by the PWD and the conditions remain the same after some time. There is hardly any scope for tourist as tourist centers are not on top form to visit. This is compounded by lack of accommodation and food varieties. Water scarcity is unchecked and no measures have been taken to store rain water. The writer opined that Manipur 20-30 years ago was in much better condition in comparison with today. Back then people had sufficient water, no power shortage and they receive regular salary. As far as the political condition is concerned, there is deficient of qualified well educated politicians and lacks guts to demand the necessity for the state or challenges other Indian politicians. To top it off, political fraction and formation of political parties are widespread in Manipur. Draining public money in their pocket is the sole duty carried out by politicians. The writer questions the real motives of the so called freedom fighters and their strategy of achieving the so called independence by banning Hindi movies, ambushing and so forth. The civilians bear the brunt of such actions. Military forces either torture or kill the civilian in the pretext of encountering the rebel. The writer said ‘’Security of Life is the main concern of every human being. But loss of life is happening in seconds without measuring the value of life.’’ He also questioned the future of independent Manipur in the absence of peace. When it comes to economic development, banking and finance is very much part of it. However peoples’ ignorance and lack of knowledge of it’s used and benefits, lack of initiatives by the state government, underdeveloped infrastructure, and lack of authority office hamper the growth of banking in Manipur. Also, there is hardly any scope for banking because of the absence of big industries, business, export import, to sanction big loans and advances with the lack of proper transportation, technology and communication. Agriculture advance is still a distant dream. The writer concluded that unity among the people could only bring about desirable change to the society.
Omeo Kumar Das Institute of Social Change and Development (2009) in their survey found that most of the households in Tamenglong district have five members, large sized households are limited. Incidences of early marriage and divorce are very low among the sample
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. population. Age of marriage for females is slightly less than that of males. The report revealed that most of the workforce in the sample villages is occupied in agriculture the land holdings of the households are found small and of marginal sizes. Plough, pump set are the important implement with the households. Professional and technical works as well as production related works are the most important primary activity of the population in sampled villages. Women also work full time in the agriculture field apart from looking after the domestic chores. Production related works, sales and business work and certain unspecified activities are prominent subsidiary activities of people particularly for women. Rural migration is also visibly prominent. None of the household samples are found to have availed the government housing scheme yet they all have their own houses. The community contributes and participates for the construction of house for a fellow villager. Kutcha houses are common among the sample households which are made of bamboo and thatches. They have adequate living space and many have more than two rooms in their houses. Handloom is found to be the common implements and assets apart from TV, cycle, sewing machine, gas stove and mobile phones. As against the village survey data which revealed that 64 percent of the sample villages in the district have electric power supply, the findings from the household survey show that 62 percent households have electricity in their house. Lantern and oil lamps are used for lighting in non-electrified houses. It was found that more than half of the households are using fire wood, agricultural waste and kerosene oil as source of fuel. The main source of water for the sample population are Pond, river or/and stream and in most of the cases, water source is located within 10 to 50 meters from the households. Many of the households have diversified sources of income, although agriculture is the main source of income, as depending on single source cannot sustain them. It is found that some portion of the households has income which is less than the poverty line figure of Rs. 22800 per annum. When it comes to family expenditure, it is found that almost all the families spend less than what average rural India spends on vegetables and proteins food and very few household spend even less than Rs 7200 on cereal and pulses. Most of them spend Rs. 850 for education, 1000 to 5000 per annum on electricity. Many households do not have any telephone and health expenses but spend on tobacco consumption. There was very low dependency o the PDS system only a very few BPL sample households avail ration from PDS shops. However, no households in the sample are found indebted. Educational attainment between age group of 5-25 is found to have confined to the level of high school and very few dropouts. However, a minimal number of
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. students continue even after high school. Preference for higher studies by the parents is very low as because of the employment situation in the state. Assistantship and benefits from the government is reaped by very minimal number of students. English and Hindi are the common medium of instruction and very little number of students is instructed with regional language. Majority of them travel less than 2 km to attend their school. The common diseases are found to be dysentery, cough-cold and fever. Gynecological problem are common among women folks along with malaria and stomach pain. It is also revealed that incidences of disease are more among females than male. Most of the deliveries occur at home and not even half of the sample population is covered with immunization. BCG and measles administration are more popular among them in comparison with OPV and DPT. Most of the households treat illness at home, few goes to private practitioner and very few seek treatment from government hospital. Most of the families lack proper sanitation facilities only pit latrines in dwelling and open field are used for defecation. When it comes to awareness level, it is more in case of employment and educational programme than in health and sanitation programme. The political participation among the sample households is quite high and almost all the sample population is found to have casted their vote in the last election and actively involved in Self-help group and other religious and social organization. There is hardly any problem of conflicts, communal and sense of insecurity. The sample population has access to media, mostly radio and television and very few subscribe to newspaper. The study revealed that access to drinking water, proper infrastructure and quality education, access to health and sanitation facilities, and proper motor-able road communication and employment opportunities for livelihood are major issues of the people of the Tamenglong District especially for the people living in the villages. The study suggested that convergence of various development schemes and effective implementation of these schemes at the grassroots hold the key of successful development in the district.
Newmei (2010) in his study found that the people of Zeliangrong have always tried to remain under their own administration and even during the colonial times they put up a strong front against the British for an All Naga rule. The leaders of this particular moment were Jadonang and Rani Gaidinliu. The movement was started to preserve the identity of the people and also to maintain their wish to be under their own rule. The leaders directed the movement through religion so that the people would remain organized even under the colonial rule but that
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. did not happen and the British banned all Zeliangrong moments in the region. The British also systematically eliminated and repressed the leaders of the movement. The divide and rule policy that existed in the time was able to disperse the huge tribe into the three states of Nagaland, Assam and Manipur. The ethnic groups lost their sense of belonging as they were thrust upon new lands as minorities to such an extent that they are considered as among the most under- developed communities even today.
Riamei (2010) in his study revealed that modern education was spread in the Naga society in the nineteenth and twentieth century after the coming of the Christians missionaries which is observed to a changing agent in the religious and cultural aspects. It acts as a social control and has brought a massive transformation socially. Christianity is considered to be associated with modern growth and development among the Naga and has immensely broadened their outlook, while the aged old traditional identity is gradually fading away. They have imbibed modernity that comes along with social economic development.
Khumanngamba (2012) in his article highlighted that Tamenglong district has not made much progress in terms of development .The development indicators indicated that Tamenglong District is the most underdeveloped among the other Districts in Manipur in areas such as literacy which attained 70.40% against state average of 79.85% in 2001. The district is also lagging behind in health status, sanitation, safe drinking water, and electricity. Lack of commitment and neglect for years on the part of government led to the current condition of the District. The district has not been given effort to develop to its potential. It is known for its resources both flora and fauna and its conducive and favorable climate for horticulture especially growing oranges. However, the wretched condition of the road and transportation within and with the other states hampers the successful marketing of any produces. Proper road connectivity and along with marketing mechanism are imperative for the development of the District. The district can be seen being flourishing provided the State Government takes special notice for the development in areas such as power supply, health services, education, telecommunications, basic amenities etc.
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. Rongmei (2012) in his article observed that bad road communication, topographical inconveniences and remoteness of the location from the state capital are some of the reasons behind tardy development of Tamenglong district. The remoteness in Tamenglong district is not covered by proper medical facilities. Lack of proper health care services in close proximity has caused an untimely death to many. To add to the woe, poor road condition has also led to many accidents, took many lives by the jerky ride even before they could reach the hospital.
Kamei(2013) in his study discussed that there was a huge downfall of indigenous religions in the twentieth century which led to massive conversion to Christianity deserting their hundreds years old indigenous faith only a handful of them are left behind who are preserving and spreading such faiths till date especially among the Rongmei Nagas.
In this context, it is essential to look at the living conditions as a good living condition promotes a good quality of life. The tribal area is intricate culturally from all angles. Every tribe is unique and complex in their own way and the literature itself are with them. However, many studies give a homogenous image of the tribal in the country. The homogenous image of the tribes resulted in a planning process where their variability was neglected (Shah, 2004). This homogenous image robbed the tribal of opportunity to articulate their felt needs.
Never as now has there been such intense research activity in Northeast. Although, many scholars have undertaken the work, living conditions had hardly ever been covered and a huge deal of research is required to understand the dynamic of the living conditions of the tribal society especially in the North East regions. There is a growing emphasis on the living conditions in the context of programme for the rapid development. However, most of the studies done on the north east tribal focused on the ethnic cultural and socio political aspects. Those few studies that are undertaken on the living conditions of the tribal failed to incorporate the subjective dimension. The living condition should be looked at from the tribal context to ascertain the real from the ideal. Their subjective perception about themselves and their problems need to be recognized and attend to. Subjective dimensions of the populations are not given sufficient attention in the literature. Studies in objective and subjective living conditions are very
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. much necessary to ascertain the attainment or deficiency of the development goals of the neglected sections of our society.
There is a lack of knowledge and adequate data of the study population. Availability of authentic data is imperative in understanding the dynamic of tribal issues. Also, it is crucial in addressing the felt needs while formulating, modifying and implementing policies, plans, and programmes to develop and improve the living condition of the tribal and to enhance their wellbeing. This research is being done with a hope to arouse callings among the scholars.
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. Chapter III
Methodology
Studying the Living condition of tribal people is important in understanding and assessing the development of tribal areas. It provides an overview picture of the conditions of the people and their dwelling place in attaining its development goals. In the present study, an attempt has been made to understand the different socio economic aspects such as Housing, Road and transportation, Source of water used, Sanitary facilities available, Food nutrients intake, Health and safety status, Medical treatment facilities, Educational status, Fuel and Energy availability, assets possessed, own transportation means, Per Capita income, Recreational Facilities of the Zeliangrong Tribe residing in Tamenglong District.
3.1 Rationale
Assessing Living conditions on a population basis is very much important in understanding the progress of development and the impact of various developmental programmes and schemes. Despite tall claims of development intervention and the maze of programmes announced by each government tribal remain malnourished, illiterate, deprived and are at the threshold of facing more serious threats to their survival in the future (Samata, 2008). Lack of accessibility has placed them right in the disappointing position in the graph of development. Such lack of access can come into sight either because of the absence of physical or social economic infrastructure and or even if they are present, it is due to inaccessibility to such facilities. To measure the living conditions of a community or dwelling place, it is imperative to determine the accessibility and efficacy of the physical, social and economic infrastructure by those inhabitants. Having awareness and knowledge on the basis of population is crucial step in effective planning programme, implementing and delivering services for all areas. The homogenous image of the tribes resulted in a planning process where their variability
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. was neglected (Shah, 2004). This is probably one of the reasons why welfare programmes failed in remote tribal places. It is often claimed that the development progress of the tribal in the north east region is far from satisfactory; however, not much data has been collected on the living conditions of these indigenous people. In the deficiency of direct knowledge or information, the researcher felt the need to undertake this study to shed some light upon the key trend and issues to understand the problems and impacts that necessitate immediate concern from the both policy and implementation outlook. The present study aims to describe the living conditions and see if there is any variance or inequality within the group itself. Also researcher intends to document the living conditions from the perception of the inhabitants. This study is undertaken to promote and support thinking and research on significant though grossly disserted and neglected component of our society. Recognizing that Zeliangrong is also one of many indigenous communities, this study is only a step towards understanding the present living condition which has been influenced by the past and intent means for improving it. And it is a propose mechanism to implement changes which is required to decrease the disparities of living condition between the Zeliangrong tribe and the rest. It will be an appeal for an action on behalf of these people who have contributed, in big ways as well as small, to the growth and development of the country. The overall wellness lies in the challenge to effectively address on meeting the felt needs in a timely manner. Moreover, this study would pave way for further research in this field.
3.2 Aim
To study the living conditions of three sub-tribe Zeme, Liangmai, and Rongmei of Zeliangrong tribe living in Tamenglong District
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. 3.3 Objectives
1. To describe the demographic profile of the sample households 2. To document the objective living condition of the study population 3. To describe the subjective living conditions of the sample households
3.4 Operational definitions
a) Objective Living conditions: refers to socio economic condition of what one requires to provide basic needs for the general wellbeing and makes life productive. The socio economic conditions includes Housing, Road and transportation, Source of water, Sanitary facilities, Food intake, Health status, Medical treatment facilities, Educational status, Fuel and Energy availability, Assets possessed, Transportation means, Income, Recreational Facilities.
b) Subjective Living Conditions: refers to the perception of the study population on their socio economic conditions and some of the existing developmental programme.
c) Tribe: Tribe in the present study refers to Zeme, Liangmai, and Rongmei living in hilly tracks of Tamenglong District Manipur.
3.5 Variable of the Study
The dependent Variable for the present study is the Living Conditions and the independent variable is the Sub-tribes residing in different geographic locations of the District.
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it.
3.6 Hypothesis
There is a significance difference in the living conditions among the sample households based on sub-tribe residing in different geographical location of the Distirct.
3.7 Research design
The present study is proposed to understand the living conditions of the Zeliangrong tribe residing in Tamenglong District by describing their demographic, socio economic conditions and their satisfaction level of their living conditions. Also, the study is an effort to identify the factors that impact their living conditions and are detrimental to their development. Henceforth, researcher considered Descriptive research design for the study. Descriptive design because it is a fact finding investigation with interpretation. It focuses on particular aspects and includes magnitudes of the problems studied.
3.8 Sampling Design
The Universe of the present study covers the Zeliangrong Tribe residing in Tamenglong District. The sampling Unit includes Zeme, Liangmai, Rongmei of Zeliangrong Tribe residing in Tamenglong (Nrianglong) Village, Tousem (Khullen) village, Tamei Village. A sample size of 132 households is covered.
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. 3.9 Type of Sample Design
Researcher adopted Purposive Sampling procedure in the interest of only studying the living conditions of the three sub tribes Zeme, Langmei, Rongmei residing in Tamenglong District. Three main villages of the three subdivisions Tamenglong, Tamei, Tousem are selected where the population of each sub tribe is hugely concentrated so as to give the overall picture of the living conditions of the three sub tribe of Zeliangrong Tribe residing in the District. The decisions concerning the households to be included in the sample are taken by the researcher, based upon a variety of inclusion and exclusion criteria. The tool for data collection is translated in only one dialect, Rongmei which is considered the common dialect (Rongmei & Kapoor, 2005) which becomes the driving force for the selection of the sample.
Figure 3.0: Sampling Frame
Nrianglong Tamenglong Sub-division Village 63 sample households 54 villages 630 households
Tamei Village Tamei sub- 340 division 34 households households 30 villages Tamenglong District 204 Villages Khullen Tousem sub- Village division 35 households 179 63 villages households
Nungba sub- division 57 villages Source:
Village authorities
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. 3.10 Sampling Criteria
3.10.1Inclusion criteria:
1. Those household residing in the Tamenglong Nrianglong Village 2. Those residing in Tousem Khullen Village 3. Those residing in Tamei Village 4. Those willing to participate in the study with written consent 5. Those who read, write, understand and comprehend the common dialect of the District which is Rongmei
3.10.1.1 Exclusion criteria
1. Those unable to answer due to various morbidity conditions 2. Those who are mentally-ill 3. Those residing in Nungba subdivision (the people residing in this sub division are mostly Rongmei 83.44% as per the 2011 Census, it would be repetitive to take a sample from here as Rongmei sub-tribe has already been taken from Tamenglong Sub division and the few population of Thadou Kuki, Gangte, Vaiphei, Chiru residing in this sub-division are not included in the study)
3.11 Tools of Data Collection
The researcher collected data based on the Saxena’s Quality of life index (1998) modified by Mishra et al. (2008, 2009) which is further modified to suit the present study population in studying the objective living conditions. 49 self-structured questions are formulated based on the Saxena’s Quality of life Index to assess the subjective living conditions. Questionnaire of Living conditions is content validated by three experts in the field namely Dr Janardhan of NIMHANS,
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. Dr Sheeja of Christ University, Mr. CP Mathew of Christ University. Both the subjective and objective questionnaires along with the consent form are also translated into Rongmei by Mr Lungubon, Vice President of the Rongmei Literature Society, Mr. Jimmy Panmei, Mr. Gaikhuanlung Gangmei member of a Bible Society, and Mr. K Acham, PO in DRDA.
3.11.1 Demographic Data Sheet (Appendix B)
A data based on personal questions was exclusively developed for the study. It constituted a set of eight questions which bring forth the demographic details. The type of family, number of members, occupation, village, sub tribe, religion, and economic status are integrated.
3.11.2 Saxena’s Quality of Life Index (Appendix C)
Researcher has used the Saxena’s Quality of Life’s tool which is modified to suit the study population in the present study with the aim to measure the Objective living conditions or the socio economic conditions of Zeliangrong Tribe residing in the Tamenglong District. 13 parameters are being used for the computation of the quality of life index.
1. Housing 2. Road and transportation 3. Source of water used 4. Sanitary facilities available 5. Food nutrients intake 6. Health and safety status 7. Medical treatment facilities 8. Educational status 9. Fuel and energy availability 10. Assets possessed 11. Own transportation means
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. 12. Per capita income 13. Recreational facilities
3.11.3 Subjective Living Conditions Data Sheet (Appendix D)
48 self structured statements were developed to understand the living conditions based on the perception of the study population based on the Saxena’s Quality of Life Index Parameter namely Housing, Road and transportation, Source of water used, Sanitary facilities available, Food nutrients intake, Health and safety status, Medical treatment facilities, Educational status, Fuel and Energy availability, assets possessed, own transportation means, Per Capita income, Recreational Facilities along with few existing developmental programmes.
3.12 Method of Data Collection
The research is based on both primary and secondary data. Researcher carried out personal Interview in a structured procedure with the set of the tools right after the sample households gave their consent in the written form. Comprehensive information on the purpose of the study was imparted to the respondents before the Interview is initiated.
3.13 Data Analysis
The data collected was coded and classified. Data was analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Science. Descriptive statistics like Mean, Standard-deviation, Frequency and Percentage are used to express the data. Comparison between groups (sub-tribes) for continuous variables is done by ANOVA test followed by Post Hoc test. Categorical variables are analyzed using Chi-square test between groups (sub tribes).
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it.
3.14 Ethical issues
According to Social workers ethical responsibilities to the social work profession NASW Code of Ethics, 1996, 5.02 Evaluation and Research and TISS WEF Declaration, 1997(Desai, 2000), the purpose of the study, confidentiality and the procedure required for the study are given a thorough explanation to the participants. The researcher obtained the permission from the participants in the form of written consent paper. The participants are given adequate opportunity for any clarifications if required with the researcher and can choose to leave or withdraw at any phase of the study. All the participants are given protection from any unnecessary physical or mental harm, danger and or deprivation and are treated as a partner in the research process. Findings and interpretations are discussed and shared with the participants and acknowledge those whose contributions are used in the study. The researcher evaded any personal bias or prejudice and made sure that subjectivity is minimized and gave importance to objectivity.
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it.
Chapter IV
Results and Discussion
The aim of the study was to describe the living conditions of Zeme, Liangmai, and Rongmei of Zeliangrong tribe residing in Tamenglong District Manipur. The overall sample comprised of 132 households residing in sample villages namely, Tamenglong (Nrianglong) village, Tousem (Khullen) village, and Tamei village. The obtained data was analyzed using descriptive statistics Frequency, Mean Percentage and Standard deviation. For the comparison of the groups or the sub-tribes Chi-square test, ANOVA and Post Hoc are used. The results and finding of the study are presented below the following: 1. Describing the demographic profile of the sample households 2. Documenting the objective living conditions of the study population 3. Describing the living condition of the study population from the perspective of the study population 4. Finding the association with the living condition in relation to Sub-Tribes residing in the different geographical location of the District
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. 4.1 Demographic Profile
Table 4.0 Demographic detail Variable Categories Frequency Percentage
Family Type Nuclear 90 68.2 Joint 12 9.1 Extended 30 22.7 Family Size Below 5 members 20 15.2 Above 5 below 10 101 76.5 Above 10 11 8.3 Tribe Rongmei 63 47.7 Zeme 35 26.5 Liangmai 34 25.8 Tamenglong Village (Nrianglong) 63 47.7 Tousem(Khullen) 35 25.8 Tamei 34 26.5 Religion Christianity 132 100 Occupation Farmer 75 56.8 Self Employed 18 13.6 Service 28 21.2 Retired 3 2.3 Unemployed 8 6.1 Economic Status BPL 94 71.2 APL 38 28.8
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. It is depicted from table no.4.0 that out of 132 sample households 90(68.2%) belong to nuclear family, 30 (22.7 %) belong to Extended family, and 12 (9.1%) belong to Joint family. It is inferred that nuclear family is the common trend among the sample population. Majority of the sample households opt for nuclear type of family with a member of 5 to 10 in the households which is illustrated above. 101 (76.55 %) sample households had above 5 but below 10 members, 20 (15.2%) of the sample households had below 5 members, and 11(8.3) of the sample households had above 10 members in the family. “Most of the households have five members and large sized households (more than 10 persons) are limited “(OKDISCD, 2009). Once married, couple seeks to settle separately and make a living on their own. Hence, the traditional joint family type is gradually eroding in the present scenario.
Out of 132 sample households, 63(47%) belonged to Rongmei, 35(26.5%) belonged to Zeme, 34(25.8%) belonged to Langmei tribe. 63(47%) of the sample households are from Tamenglong (Nrianglong) village, 35(26.5%) of the sample households are from Tousem (Khullen) Village and 34(25.8%) of the sample households are from Tamei Village. Tamenglong (Nrianglong) village has more households.
All 132 (100%) sample households are Christian. Majority of the people residing in Tamenglong District are Christians. The proportion of total Christian population in the rural population of Tamenglong is 94.88 percent (OKDISCD, 2009). There was a huge downfall of indigenous religions in the twentieth century which led to massive conversion to Christianity deserting their hundreds years old indigenous faith and only a handful of them are left behind who are preserving and spreading such faiths till date especially among the Rongmei Naga (Kamei, 2013). Majority (85%) of the Zeliangrong tribe in Manipur is Christians and resides in the hilly areas and only few of the non-Christians reside in the valley (Rongmei & Kapoor, 2005).
75(56.8%) of the respondents are Farmer, 28(21.2%) of the respondents are Service sector which includes both Government and private, 18(13.6%) of the respondents are Self Employed and or Petty Trader, 8(6.1%) of the respondents are Unemployed. In unemployed category
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. student and Home maker are included too. 3(2.3%) of the respondents are Retired. It is clearly illustrated that agriculture is the dominant occupation of the sample households. The majority workforce in the District is engaged in agriculture with a meager size of land holdings. Next to cultivation, the sample households are largely engaged in Service sector. “Cultivators comprise the major work rural force in the district. Other workers category which includes services in tertiary sector is the next major work” (OKDISCD, 2009). Even though the trend is slightly shifting towards the service sector, only a handful of them made it to the government or organized sector. “In the central and state government services Scheduled Tribes’ representation had gone only a mere 1.05 percentile increase” (Shah, 2004). In the absence of private sector, dependence on traditional mode of agricultural practice, and limited posts in the government or organized sector, a major chunk of people are forced to marginal work and worse, unemployed. As per the 2011 census, Tamenglong District has the highest percentage of marginal workers (who worked for less than six months) which is at 87.7 percent in Manipur. 94(71.2%) of the sample households belonged to BPL, and 38(28.8%) of the sample households belonged to APL. It is deduced from the data that majority are still living in utter poverty. The data speaks for itself. Most of the tribal people are living below poverty line (Reddy & Himachalam, 2007). Tamenglong and Chandel District have the highest number of households with extreme poverty (Shilshi, 2007). It is a fact that the tribal residing in the interior region of our country continues to be the victim of poverty. The economic status of the tribal is anything but satisfactory. According to the District Officials, presently, about 13,000 households in the Tamenglong District continue to live below poverty line.
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. 4.2 Objective Living Conditions and its association in relation to Sub tribes
Table 4.1 Housing Types Housing Type Frequency Percentage Pucca 4 3 Mixed 120 90.9 Kaccha 8 6.1
Table 4.2 Housing Type in relation to Sub-tribes Variables Categories Tribe1 Tribe 2 Tribe 3 Chisquare test PValue Housing Type Pucca 3(4.8) 1(2.9) 0 12.027a .017 Mixed 59(93.7) 28(80) 33(97.1) Kuccha 1(1.6) 6(17.1) 1(2.9)
Table 4.1 explained that 120(90.9%) of the sample households dwelled in Mixed type of house, 8(6.1%) of the sample households in Kaccha and 4(3%) of the sample households in Pucca. From table 4.2 the Chi square test result illustrated that there is no Significance difference in the type of housing among the sample households belonging to different sub tribes which inferred that majority of the sample population belonging to different sub tribe has a mixed type of housing. Pucca type of house refers to the cemented story building, Mixed type of house refers to the CI (Corrugated Iron) roofed house, Kuchha type of house refers to the thatch roofed house Mixed type of housing is common among the sample households. The houses usually have one hall with few windows, and are partitioned by bamboo, wood or plywood into small rooms. Only 3 % of the sample households have a Pucca house. Dwelling place represents one’s status, mostly economic, in the society. In the Chi square test result ‘a’ signified that 6 cells (66.7%)
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1.03 and showed no Significance difference among the sample households belonging to the three sub tribes.
Table 4.3 Road and Transportations Road and Transport facilities Frequency Percentage Only bus facility 97 73.5 No facility 35 26.5
Table 4.4 Road and Transportation Facilities in relation to Sub-tribes Variables Categories Tribe1 Tribe 2 Tribe 3 Chi square test P Value
Road &Transportation No Facility 0 35(100) 0 132 <.001 Bus Facility 63(100) 0 34(100)
97(73.5%) of the sample households have access to bus facility, however, no facility at all for the 35(26.5%) of the sample households. No facility here refers to absence of proper road and transportation facilities which is evidently the symptom of under development. In absence of proper road and transportation facilities, modern development is out of reached. The supporting infrastructure that is often a key element in helping bring about positive development is not present with the tribal people (Rashid Ashraf Wani, 2011). When other societies talk so much of advance technology and communication, this community is deprived of the basic road and transportation facility which is considered the backbone of development and lack of such impaired the very development process. Chi-square test is done to test variance among the sample households belonging to the three sub tribes and it is found that there is a Significance difference in the road and transport facilities of the sample households belonging to different sub tribe. The road condition of the sample households belonging to Zeme sub-tribe (Tribe 2) is at
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. worse with no motor-able road or public transportation facility. As such, small vehicles or foot is their only means of transportation. On the other hand sample households belonging to Rongmei (Tribe 1) and Langmei (Tribe 3) sub tribe at least get access to bus facilities. It is found that the condition of the road of all the villages is at a wretched state.
Table 4.5 Sources of Water Source of Water Frequency Percentage Tube well/Own well 4 3 Village well 128 97
Table 4.6 Sources of Water in relation to Sub-tribes Variables Categories Tribe1 Tribe 2 Tribe 3 Chi square test P Value
Tube well/Own Source of Water well 4(6.3) 0 0 4.518a 0.104 Village well 59(93.7) 35(100) 34(100)
Table 4.5 gave us an idea about the source of water among this community. 128(97.0 %) of the sample household get water from Village well, and only 4(3.0 %) of the sample households used Tube well/own well. From the table 4.6 ‘a’ in the test result signified that 3 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1.03 and Significance difference in the source of water among the sample households belonging to different sub tribes is not found. Socially, this implied that the community bonding among the sample households is strong. However, economically, majority of the sample household couldn’t afford to have their own well. Tamenglong is place with abundant water resource, yet the water supply system has completely failed in the district(HueiyenNewsService, 2012). In the absence of proper
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. functioning of the Water Department, community well/pond is the only source available for the people in the District.
Table 4.7 Medical facilities Medical facilities Frequency Percentage Doctor + Dispensaries 132 100
Table 4.8 Medical Facilities in relation to Sub-tribes Variables Categories Tribe1 Tribe 2 Tribe 3 Chi square test P Value
Medical Facilities Doctor+Dispensaries 63(100) 35(100) 34(100) a -
132(100%) of the sample households get access to medical facilities along with the doctor. Yes, medical facilities are provided in this community; however, the data did not reflect the quality and functioning of services, and adequate staff and equipment required to catering the health needs of the people. The ‘a’ signified that no statistics are computed because Medical facilities is a constant and showed no Significance difference among the sample households belonging to the three sub tribes in relation to medical facilities.
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. Table 4.9 Literacy Status Literacy status Frequency Percentage Illiterate 5 3.8 Below Matriculate 82 62.1 Matriculate 29 22 Higher Education 16 12.1
Table 4.10 Literacy status in relation to Sub-tribes Variables Categories Tribe1 Tribe 2 Tribe 3 Chi square test P Value
Literacy Status Illiterate 3(4.8) 2(5.7) 0 14.180a 0.028 Below Matriculate 31(49.2) 25(71.4) 26(76.5) Matriculate 17(27) 8(22.9) 4(11.8) Higher Education 12(19) 0 4(11.8)
It is evident from Table 4.9 that 82(62.1%) of the respondents are educated Below Matriculate, 29(22%) of the respondents are Matriculate, 16(12.1%) of the respondents attained Higher Education, and 5(3.8%) of the respondents are Illiterate. In the Chi square test result ’a’ signified that 5 cells (41.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1.29 and no Significance difference from the Chi square test result is found among the sample households belonging to the three sub tribes in relation to education. The data expressed the descending trend, higher the level of education, lower the number of students. It is clearly shown that majority of the sample households are educated though many of them attained only at junior high school. There is a high drop-out rate at junior level school. Drop-out rates are high among the scheduled tribe students (Mohapatra & Mohapatra, 2009) (Pradhan, 2004). The table also revealed that illiterate percentage is minimal which can be inferred that education is considered important among the sample households. However, the data did not epitomize the functioning
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. and quality of education system. One interesting observation here is the relation between Christianity and education. The study revealed that all the sample households are Christians and majority 127(93.9%) of them are educated although with variance level of attainment. The most important significant cognitive dimension to the introduction of Christianity among the Naga was accompanied with literacy (Riamei, 2010). As education being the important strategy for development, it is also of utmost importance that the gap between education and job opportunities be bridged.
Table 4.11 Food Intake Food intake Frequency Percentage Moderate(Rice+Pulses+ GLV) 132 100
Table 4.12 Food Intake in relation to Sub-tribes Variables Categories Tribe1 Tribe 2 Tribe 3 Chi square test PValue
Moderate(Rice+Pulses+GL Food Intake V) 63(100) 35(100) 34(100) a -
Every society has their unique food culture. Food pattern of this community can be seen from table 4.11. GLV here refers to Green Leafy Vegetables. 132 (100%) sample households consume Moderate type of food which includes Rice, Pulses, and Green leafy vegetables and shown no significance difference among the sub tribes. This also signified that the sample households depend on traditional food items which are produced in the local area or local market; this data however did not throw light on self sufficiency. The community solely depends on the local market and there is no trace of commercial activity undertaken concerning food consumption. The absence of commercial activity is one of the important parameters that
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. indicated the poor economic status of this community. The ‘a’ in the Chi square test result signified that no statistics are computed because Food intake is a constant and showed no Significance difference among the sample households belonging to the three sub tribes.
Table 4.13 Vehicle possessed Vehicle possessed Frequency Percentage No vehicle 98 74.2 Scooter/ Motorcycle 14 10.6 Four Wheelers 20 15.2
Table 4.14 Vehicle possessed in relation to Sub-tribes Variables Categories Tribe1 Tribe 2 Tribe 3 Chi square test P Value
Vehicle Possessed No vehicle 35(55.6) 33(94.3) 30(88.2) 25.481 <.001 Scooter/ Motorcycle 14(22.2) 0 0 Four Wheelers 14(22.2) 2(5.7) 4(11.8)
8(74.2%) of the sample households do not own vehicles, while 20(15.2%) of the sample households owned Four Wheelers, the other 14(10.6%) of the sample households owned Scooter/ Motorcycle. Chi-square test is done to see the variance in the type of vehicle possessed by the sample households belonging to different sub tribes. The result illustrated that there is a significance difference in the type of vehicle possessed by sample households belonging to Rongmei sub tribe (Tribe 1) from that of sample households belonging to Zeme (Tribe 2) and Langmei (Tribe 3) sub tribe but between the two there is no difference. Sample households belonging to Rongmei tribe (Tribe 1) evidently owned more vehicles than the other two tribes. However, in the overall picture, it can be deduced that foot is the only means of transportation for as many as 74.2 percent of the sample population. It illustrated the plight and miserable state
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. of this community in the absence of proper road and transportation means. This depicted the extent of backwardness and negligence of this community.
Table 4.15 Income Income Frequency Percentage Rs>1000-5,000 57 43.2 Rs. 5000-10,000 33 25 Rs.10,000-20,000 23 17.4 Rs. 20,000< 19 14.4
Table 4.16 Income in relation to Sub-tribes Variables Categories Tribe1 Tribe 2 Tribe 3 Chi square test P Value
Income Rs. <1000-5000 12(19) 31(88.6) 14(41.2) 57.659 <.001 Rs5000-10,000 18(28.6) 0 15(44.1) Rs. 10000-20,000 18(28.6) 4(11.4) 1(2.9) Rs.20,000 above 15(23.8) 0 4(11.8)
The monthly income pattern of the sample households is showed in the above table. 57(43.2%) of the households earned Rs. Below 1000-5000, 33(25%) of the sample households earned Rs. 5000-10,000, 23(17.4%) of the sample households earned Rs.10, 000-20,000, 19 (14.4%) of the sample households earned Rs. 20,000 above. From table 4.16, the result of the Chi square test demonstrated that there is a Significance difference between the sample households belonging to sub tribes Rongmei, Zeme and Liangmai in the income level. Majority of sample households belonging to Rongmei sub tribe (Tribe 1) earned between Rs 5000- 20,000 per month. Majority of sample households belonging to Liangmai sub tribe (Tribe 3) are at the
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. level between Rs 1000-10,000. The average level of monthly income for the majority of the sample households belonging to Zeme sub tribe (Tribe 2) is between Rs 1000-5000. It can be rendered that sample households belonging to Rongmei tribe (Tribe 1) are at the higher level in terms of income level. Sample households belonging to Zeme tribe (Tribe 2) are at the lowest rung which signified a very poor economic condition as better income indicates better economic conditions. The national average income per month is Rs. 5729 (2012-2013) and as many as 43 percent of the sample population could not even meet that level. A large number of tribal of who live close to forest areas are found to be the most disadvantaged section based on income, when it comes to Scheduled Tribes’ household income and Per Capita income, it is minimal when compared to national average (Shariff, Ghosh, & Sharma, 2005). The engagement in the traditional agriculture is the plausible explanation for the low income level of the sample households. Agriculture has been the dominate occupation of this tribe and it has sustained them since time immemorial. However, with the population pressure and in the absence of modern agriculture technology, production cannot meet the required demands. Many of them fall under Below Poverty Line and poverty still categorized them. Income is the main determinant of economic status, the low level of income and the impoverish state of the sample households is proven from the above table.
Table 4.17 Fuel and Energy Fuel and Energy Frequency Percentage Wood+Electricity 86 65.2 LPG + Wood + Electricity 46 34.8
Table 4.18 Fuel and Energy in relation to Sub-tribes Variables Categories Tribe1 Tribe 2 Tribe 3 Chi square test PValue
Fuel and Energy Wood+Electricity 21(33.3) 35(100) 30(88.2) 54.793 <.001 LPG+Wood+Electricit y 42(66.7) 0 4(11.8)
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it.
From the above table it is illustrated that 86(65.2%) of the sample households utilized Wood and Electricity, 46(34.8%) of the sample households utilized Gas, Wood, and Electricity. This depicted that electricity is accessed to all the sample households. Wood is also the common type of fuel energy among the sample households which clearly indicated the heavy dependence on the forest. Firewood is the primary source of energy for domestic purposes for tribal communities because commercial fuel is beyond their reach due to poor socio economic conditions (Shankar & Kavitha, 2010). This data however, didn’t mention the regularity of the supply of electricity. From the chi square test, it is found that there is a Significance difference between sample households belonging to Rongmei (Tribe 1) and with sample households belonging to Zeme (Tribe 2) and Liangmai (Tribe 3). This designated that the type of fuel and energy utilized by the sample households belonging to Rongmei sub tribe (Tribe 1) is different from that of sample households belonging to Zeme (Tribe 2) and Liangmai (Tribe 2) sub tribe but between sample households belonging to Liangmai (Tribe 3) and Zeme (Tribe 2) sub-tribe, there is no difference. Most of the sample households (66.7%) belonging to Rongmei sub tribe(Tribe 1) used wood, electricity and LPG gas unlike most of the sample households belonging to Zeme (Tribe 2) and Liangmai (Tribe 3) sub tribe who utilized only wood and electricity. As far as fuel and energy consumption is concerned, sample households belonging to Rongmei sub tribe (Tribe 1) are better off than sample households belonging to Zeme (Tribe 2) and Liangmai (Tribe 3) sub tribe because they are residing in close proximity to the district headquarter and have better access to facilities like LPG gas.
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it.
Table 4.19 Assets Possessed Assets Possessed Frequency Percentage Rs.>5000-60,000 68 51.5 Rs.60000-90,000 40 30.3 Rs. 90,000 above 24 18.2
Table 4.20 Assets Possessed in relation to Sub-tribes Variables Categories Tribe1 Tribe 2 Tribe 3 Chi square test P Value
Assets Possessed Rs.>5000-60,000 10(15.9) 35(100) 21(61.8) 71.669 <.001 Rs.60000-90,000 30(47.6) 0 12(35.3) Rs. 90,000 above 23(36.5) 0 1(2.9)
An asset here refers to the monetary value of assets. It is evident from the above table that 68(51.5%) of the sample households possessed assets worth Rs. 5000-60,000, 40 (30.3%) of them possessed Rs. 60,000-90,000, 24(18.2%) of the respondents possessed Rs. 90,000 above. As far as Assets possession is concerned, Significance difference is found in the Chi square test result between the sample households belonging to sub tribe Rongmei (Tribe 1), Zeme (Tribe 2) and Langmei (Tribe 3). The table proved that majority of the sample households belonging to Rongmei sub tribe (Tribe 1) possessed more assets and pointed at Rs 60,000 to 90,000 above, majority of the sample households belonging to Liangmai sub tribe (Tribe 3) are fallen at Rs 5000-90,000, all the sample households belonging to Zeme sub tribe (Tribe 2) dropped at Rs <5000 to 60,000. It is conclusive that when it comes to assets possession, sample belonging to Rongmei tribe (Tribe 1) have more amounts of assets owned than sample households belonging to Liangmai (Tribe 3) and sample households belonging to Langmei tribe (Tribe 3) are better off than sample households belonging to Zeme (Tribe 2). Sample households belonging to Zeme tribe (Tribe 2) are at the lowest level. The study population in overall did not possess a huge amount of assets. An asset is considered an important indicator to determine the economic
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. position of a household. The amount of assets the sample households possessed which is expressed in above table is pointing towards south in the map of economic status. This community is predominantly an agrarian economy. The sample households live a simple life and the assets they owned are mostly equipments or tools used for the agricultural activities which do not worth much in terms of money.
Table 4.21 Health Status Health Status Frequency Percentage Suffering from severe disease 3 2.2 Suffering from common disease 1 0.8 Suffering from no major disease 1 0.8 No disease 127 96.2
Table 4.22 Health status in relation to Sub-tribes Variables Categories Tribe1 Tribe 2 Tribe 3 Chi square test P Value
Suffering from Health Status severe disease 3(4.8) 0 0 5.692a 0.459 Suffering from common disease (1.6)1 0 0 Suffering from no major disease 1(1.6) 0 0
The above table indicated that 127(96.2%) of the sample households have no disease, 3(2.2%) of the sample households suffered from severe disease, 1(0.8 %) of the sample
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. household suffered from common disease, 1(0.8%) of the sample household suffered from no major disease. This depicted a very healthy picture of the sample population. It could be because the respondents did not want to share their health conditions and misrepresent the data or could be because the respondents did not have any illness or sickness during the time of the data collection. The result from the Chi square test revealed that there is no Significance difference in the health status of the sample households belonging to different sub tribes and ‘a’ signified that 9 cells (75.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 0.26. This illustrated that the health status of the sample population of all the sub tribe is found disease free.
Table 4.23 Sanitation Facilities Sanitation Facilities Frequency Percentage No facility 7 5.3 Improper facility 64 48.5 Proper facility 61 46.2
Table 4.24 Sanitation Facilities in relation to Sub-tribes Variables Categories Tribe1 Tribe 2 Tribe 3 Chi square test P Value
Sanitation Facilities No facility 5(7.9) 2(5.7) 0 29.675a - Improper facility 18(28.6) 29(82.9) 17(50) Proper facility 40(63.5) 4(11.4) 17(50)
The above table stated that 64(48.5%) of the sample households have sanitation facility yet not in a proper condition, 61(46.2%) of the sample households have proper facility, but 7(5.3%) of the sample households have no facility. Proper facility refers to the cemented toilet with a cemented septic tank, proper drainage and garbage disposal system. Improper Facility
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. refers to toilet without a proper septic tank, without proper drainage and garbage disposal system. No facility refers to the toilet without septic tank, absence of drainage and garbage disposal system. This suggested that as many 48.5% of the sample households’ still lack proper sanitation facilities. Tamenglong district is found to be one of the districts in the state with the least number of latrines per person (E-PAO, 2012). Public toilets are built in some of the villages but the maintenance system is poor which leads to poor condition and becomes unusable. This could pose a serious threat to the wellbeing of the sample households. The ‘a’ in the Chi square test result signified that 3 cells (33.3%) have expected count less than 5, the minimum expected count is 1.80.
Table 4.25 Recreational Facilities Recreational Facilities Frequency Percentage None 51 38.6 Only TV 81 61.4
Table 4.26 Recreational Facilities in relation to Sub-tribes Variables Categories Tribe1 Tribe 2 Tribe 3 Chi square test P Value
Recreational Facilities No facility 12(19) 32(91.4) 8(23.5) 54.2 <.001 Only TV 51(81) 3(8.6) 26(32.5)
None of the sample households have access to recreational facilities like Cinema or community recreation, only 81(61.4%) of the sample households owned television, the rest 51(38.6%) of the sample households neither have television or any other recreational facility provided by the Government. A Significance difference is found in the Chi square test result between sample households belonging to Zeme, Rongmei and Liangmai based on the type of
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. recreational facility available. Sample households belonging to Zeme sub tribe (Tribe 2) do not have any recreational facilities. Majority of the sample households belonging to Liangmai (Tribe 3) and Rongmei (Tribe 1) sub tribe own television for recreation purpose. The sample households belonging to Zeme sub tribe (Tribe 2) is found to be at the pit when it comes to availability of recreational facility. In the overall, it explained the unfortunate living condition of the community and economically challenged. As more recreational facility availability indicates a quality living condition. Having said that, the urban concept of recreation such as owning television, having amusement park, cinema theatre could be alien for this community. The tribal concept of recreation widely differs. Recreation for them is coming together celebrating any events through dance, games, songs etc. The essence lies in the feeling of belongingness or the “we’ feeling.
From the analysis it is apparent that all the three sub tribes are far from satisfactory in living conditions and lag behind from the rest of the country. However, even within this community, there is a Significance difference in the living conditions based on the geographical location. The sample households belonging to Tribe 1 (Rongmei) have a better socio-economic conditions as the village resided by this sub tribe is located in close proximity to the district headquarter and that comes with easy accessibility to the facilities and benefits provided in the District. The sample households belonging to Tribe 3 (Liangmai) have a better socio-economic condition comparatively with sample households belonging to Tribe 2 (Zeme). The sample households belonging to Tribe 2 (Zeme) is situated in one of the remote places in the District in relation with the sample households belonging to other two sub tribes - Rongmei and Liangmai. However, even among the sample households of all three sub tribes, the sample households belonging to Tribe 2 (Zeme) remotely located from the District Headquarter are at the worse in the chart of development and failed to reap even the little existing benefits in the District.
In overview, Zeliangrong community residing in this interior part of Manipur does not present well in the socio-economic development. With the increasing number of population, in the absence of modern agriculture technology, people are deprived of livelihood without leaving much scope for alternative means. Consequently, many have started to seek out for employment
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. in other sectors; however, job opportunities are scanty in the absence of industries or private firm, along with very limited job vacancies in the governmental or organized sector. An infrastructure facility, which is the very backbone for the successful growth of the Zeliangrong community in Tamenglong District to improve their socio-economic development, is in utter despair conditions. Health care system plays an important role in the education system. Without the health care of the children and their mothers, the attendance of the children in the school is not possible. Medical centers and institutions meant to cater the health needs of the tribal are scarce and insufficient. Poor health care infrastructure and services make the situation all the more worse for rural tribal in getting education. According to the local authorities, drugs are often pilfered and diverted to the market, expensive medical equipment lies unused or unrepaired, and doctors are irregular at work or failed to discharge their duties as they should. Although infant mortality rate and maternal mortality rate have shown considerable decline with the implementation of NRHM, delivery of health services in interior and neglected areas continue to be poor. The lack of awareness of health programme/camp and lack of sanitary amenities worsen the situation. The quality of education imparted in this region needs to be investigated. Education is adopted instead of adapted to the requirement of their culture and the non-appreciation attitude of the policy maker towards the tribal culture and values contradict the very purpose of education (Mohapatra & Mohapatra, 2009). A distribution of some books and pencils is not the answer. Education is the key to give them perspective and a hope for a better future. The existing education system in the District is such that the quality educational institutions (mostly private owned) cater only to the educational needs of the little well-to-do folks and the government institutions which often lack qualified staff along with poor infrastructure are left for the rest. The trend is that higher the education, the severe the inaccessibility for this community. This is because of the lack of quality institutions for higher studies in the District, geographical segregation, and also the blooming Private owned institutions that charge a huge amount. Also, there is a lack of awareness among the tribal and hence they failed to utilize those schemes provided by the Government to their advantage. Partly also because there is a lack of follow up programme, besides the introduction of the schemes.
4.3 Subjective Living Condition and its association in relation to Sub tribes
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. Table 4.27 Housing Disagree Agree My house is not noisy 16(12.2) 116(87.8) We have sufficient space available for a resident 13(9.8) 119(90.2) Wall, floor, plot and steps usually are not damp 1(0.8) 131(99.2) We are satisfied with the physical condition of our house 30(22.7) 102(77.3) We are satisfied living in our own house 27(20.5) 105(79.5) Rural housing scheme (IAY) provided in the District is satisfactory 92(69.7) 40(30.3)
Table 4.28 Housing in relation to Sub Tribes Variables T1 (n=63) T2 (n=35 T3 (n=34) Anova-test PValue Post Hoc
Housing 16.52±1.6 15.83±2.6 15.91±1.0 1.962 0.145 0.086¥ 0.133€ 0.856≠
Post hoc Representation: ¶ Tribe1 Vs Tribe2; ¥ Tribe 2 Vs Tribe 3; ≠ Tribe1 Vs Tribe 3; €
116(84%) of the sample households agreed to the statement that my house is not noisy, 16(12.1%) of them disagreed. Majority of the sample population are satisfied living in the peaceful environment of their house. 119(90.2%) of the sample households agreed to the statement that we have sufficient space available for a resident have living in a spacious house, although 13(9.8%) of them disagreed. This indicated that the most of the sample households have enough land to build spacious houses. 131(99.2%) of the sample households agreed to the statement that wall, floor, plot and steps usually are not damp, however 1(0.8%) of the sample household disagreed. It can be inferred from here that most of the sample houses are in good shape. 102(77.3%) of the sample agreed that they are satisfied with physical condition of their house, but 30(22.7%) of them disagreed to the statement. The table clearly shown that 105(79.5%) of the sample households are satisfied living in their own house, although 27(20.5)
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. disagreed to that statement. It is depicted that majority of the sample households are contented with the houses they are living although most of the houses are of kuccha or mix type of houses. It is disclosed from the table that the IAY housing scheme have benefitted some section of the sample households, as many as 40(30.3%) of the sample households are satisfactory with the scheme however, 92(69.7%) of the sample households disagreed. In rural areas the gap between the requirement of houses and the number of houses being constructed in a year is even wider (Panda, 2009). It is also observed from the interview that those households who did not avail the scheme seem to disagree with the statement that rural housing scheme (IAY) provided in the District is satisfactory. ANOVA test which is followed by Post Hoc test are done to see if there is any Significance difference among the sample households belonging to the three sub tribes. The result verified that no significance difference is found in the housing type among the sub tribes. The mean scores of all the three sub tribes are inclining towards satisfactory.
4.3 Subjective Living Condition and its association in relation to Sub tribes
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it.
Table 4.29 Road and Transport Facilities Disagree Agree We are satisfied with the road and transport conditions of the district 127(96.2) 5(3.8) The road system made for the general public in the district is satisfactory 131(99.2) 1(0.8) The transport system made for the general public in the district is satisfactory 131(99.2) 1(0.8) The road access from one village to another village in the district is satisfactory 131(99.2) 1(0.8) The Post Office that dispatch letters and parcels are functioning satisfactorily 118(89.4) 14(10.6)
Table 4.30 Road and Transportation in relation to Sub Tribes Variables T1 (n=63) T2 (n=35 T3 (n=34) Anova-test P Value Post Hoc
Road &Transportation 6.44±2.09 6.03±0.92 9.35±1.67 39.628 <0.001 <0.00≠ <0.00€ 0.259¥
Post hoc Representation: ¶ Tribe1 Vs Tribe2; ¥ Tribe 2 Vs Tribe 3; ≠ Tribe1 Vs Tribe 3; €
127(96.2%) of the sample households are not satisfied with the road and transport conditions of the District, however, 5(3.8%) of the sample households are. 131(99.2%) of the sample households disagreed to the statement that the road system made for the general public in the district is satisfactory, however, 1(0.8%) of the sample household agreed. It indicated that the public transportation in the district is hardly available. The bad road condition adds to their woe. 131(99.2%) of the sample households strongly disagreed to the statement that that the transport system made for the general public in the district is, however, 1(0.8%) of the sample household
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. agreed. Here, it signified that the only transport service available, the bus service, is also not up to the standard. 131(99.2%) of the sample households strongly disagreed to the statement that the road access from one village to another village in the district is satisfactory, however, 1(0.8%) of the sample household agreed. Most of the road connected to different villages within the District is by footpath or a kaccha road; most of the roads in the districts are not even motor able. 118(89.4%) of the sample household opined that the postal services in the sample villages are far from satisfactory however, 14 (10.6%) of the sample households are satisfied with it. The Postal services of the sample villages are evidently not functioning well. One respondent during the interview complained that he missed a job interview because of the extreme delay in receiving the calling letter through a post. The result of the Post Hoc test confirmed that there is a Significance difference in the satisfactory level of road, transport and communication between sample households belonging to Tribe 2 (Zeme) and Tribe 3 (Liangmai) and between sample households belonging to Tribe 1 (Rongmei) and Tribe 3(Tamei). It is observed from the table 16.1 that sample households belonging to Tribe 3(Liangmai) have a higher satisfactory level as the mean score is 9.35 which is comparatively higher than the mean scores of the sample households belonging to Sub Tribe Zeme and Liangmai. However, the mean score from all three sub-tribes dropped under 10 which are in between highly-unsatisfactory and unsatisfactory. This clearly shaded the wretched road conditions of the sample villages and far from satisfactory. Road and transportation is an important instrument to bring about development and could create problem which causes difficulty if not impossible to sell and buy essential food requirements from the town (Reddy & Himachalam, Public Distribution System and Tribal Development, 2007). There is no supportive infrastructure in these backward areas and whatever exists is poor in the matter of physical and mass communication (Panda, 2009). A good communication is the backbone to any development; unfortunately, such is absent among the sample population.
Table 4.31 Water
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. Disagree Agree The quality of water used for drinking is satisfactory 3(2.3) 129(97.7) My household is getting adequate amount of drinking water 47(35.6) 85(64.4)
Table 4.32 Water in relation to Sub Tribes Variables T1 (n=63) T2 (n=35 T3 (n=34) Anova-test P Value Post Hoc
Water 5.65±1.18 6.06±0.33 5.41±0.61 4.685 0.011 0.032¥ 0.003≠ 0.210€
Post hoc Representation: ¶ Tribe1 Vs Tribe2; ¥ Tribe 2 Vs Tribe 3; ≠ Tribe1 Vs Tribe 3; €
129(97.7%) of the sample household agreed that the quality of the water used for drinking water is satisfactory and however, 3(2.3%) of them disagreed and opined that it is not satisfactory. Table 4.31 confirmed that the water is of good quality and most of the sample households are satisfied with it. This depicted a good picture of the living condition of the sample population as far as water is concerned, as water is a human basic needs and clean water is very much essential for the survival and wellbeing of the people. 85(64.4%) of the sample households agreed to the statement that my household is getting adequate amount of drinking water, however, 47(35.6%) of the sample households disagreed to the statement. As many as 128(97.0 %) of the sample household get water from village/community well. Many of them in the interview complained that during summer either the well dries up or the level of water decreases. The gap between the size of the well and the gradual increasing population is not proportionate. Availability of water is the concerned among this community. The Post Hoc Test substantiated that there is a Significance difference in the satisfactory level of water between sample households belonging to Tribe 1(Rongmei) and Tribe 2(Zeme), and the sample households belonging to Tribe 2 (Zeme) and Tribe 3(Liangmai). The mean score of the sample households belonging to Tribe 2 (Zeme) is 6.06, relatively higher than the sample households
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. belonging to sub tribe Rongmei and Liangmai which led to indicate that sample households belonging to Tribe 2 have a higher satisfactory level when it concerns water. The sample households belonging to Tribe 2(Zeme) are located at a remote place in the District; population is comparatively less water is freely and easily available to the residents of the village. It can be gathered from the analysis that water supply system is highly required among the sample households belonging to Rongmei and Liangmai sub tribe.
Table 4.33 Health status Disagree Agree Malnutrition doesn’t prevail among the members of my family 5(3.8) 127(96.2) There is no longstanding illness/health problem in the family 127(96.2) 5(3.8) Poor health has not hampered the progress of the family works 124(93.9) 8(6.1) We are satisfied with the health condition/status of our family members 3(2.3) 129(97.7)
Table 4.34 Health Status in relation to Sub Tribes Variables T1 (n=63) T2 (n=35 T3 (n=34) Anova-test PValue Post Hoc
Health 12.24±1.3 11.80±1.2 11.97±0.7 2.133 0.123 0.048¥ 0.230≠ 0.498€
Post hoc Representation: ¶ Tribe1 Vs Tribe2; ¥ Tribe 2 Vs Tribe 3; ≠ Tribe1 Vs Tribe 3; €
127(96.2%) of the sample households agreed to the statement that malnutrition doesn’t prevail among the members of my family, however, 5 (3.8%) of the sample households disagreed. 127(96.2%) of the sample households agreed to the statement that there is no longstanding illness/health problem in the family, however, 5(3.8%) of the sample household disagreed to it. 124(93.9%) of the sample households agreed to the statement that poor health has not hampered the progress of the family works, however, 8(6.1%) of the sample households
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. disagreed. 129(97.7%) of the sample households are satisfied with the health condition of all family members however, 3(2.3%) of the sample households opposed the statement because they are not satisfied. Health is the most fundamental aspect and everything else depends on it. The overall responses depicted a good healthy picture, as many of the sample households are satisfied with theirs as well as their family members’ health. This table revealed that most of the sample households are well nourished and threw light to the fact that most of the sample households are healthy as far as diseases occurrence is concerned. However, the questions remain as to what if the respondents did not want to share their health conditions and misrepresent the data or what if the respondents did not have any illness or sickness during the time of the interview? The result of the Post Hoc test verified that Significance difference is found among the sample households belonging to the sub tribes Rongmei sub tribe and Zeme sub tribe. Sample households belonging to Rongmei sub tribe (Tribe1) have the highest satisfactory level and the sample households belonging to the Zeme sub tribe (Tribe 2) have the lowest. This is probably because health care facilities are more accessible to the sample households belonging to Rongmei sub tribe as they are situated in the close proximity to the District Headquarter and sample households belonging to Zeme sub tribe are least accessible as they are situated in the remote region from the District Headquarter. In overall, all the sample households of the three sub tribes are at the satisfactory level. Another important aspect in the tribal society is that they continue to depend on the indigenous practitioner to meet their health needs. Although the network of modern health facilities is spread it is not yet a first choice in tribal areas rather they still value their magic- religious methods and lag behind in adopting the modern medicine (Mathur, 2003).
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. Table 4.35
Medical Facilities
Disagree Agree We are satisfied with the existing hospital/health centers 93(70.5) 39(29.5) We are satisfied with the distance of District Hospital/Primary Health Centre/Sub Centre/ Dispensary from our home 94(71.2) 38(28.8) We are satisfied with the working hours fixed for the Doctors 77(58.3) 55(41.7) We are satisfied with the working hours fixed for the Nurses 78(59.1) 54(40.9) We are satisfied with the functioning of the District Hospital in the event of break out of epidemics 116(87.9) 16(12.1) The service given at District Hospital/Primary Health Centre/Sub Centre/ Dispensary is satisfactory 119(90.2) 13(9.8) The service of improving the health of the people of the district through the NRHM is functioning well 37(28) 95(72)
Table 4.36 Medical Facilities in relation to Sub Tribes Variables T1 (n=63) T2 (n=35 T3 (n=34) Anova-test P Value Post Hoc
Medical Facilities 13.51±3.4 16.54±2.0 16.91±2.7 18.993 <0.001 <0.00¥ <0.00€ 0.230≠
Post hoc Representation: ¶ Tribe1 Vs Tribe2; ¥ Tribe 2 Vs Tribe 3; ≠ Tribe1 Vs Tribe 3; €
93(70.5%) of the sample households disagreed to the statement that we are satisfied with the existing hospital/health centers, however, 39(29.5%) of the sample households agreed. 94(71.2%) of the sample households disagreed to the statement that we are satisfied with the distance of District Hospital/Primary Health Centre/Sub Centre/ Dispensary from our home,
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. 38(28.8%) of the sample households disagreed. When healthcare center should be situated at a close proximity, the overall picture showed that the District hospital/PHC/Sub Centre/Dispensaries are located at a distant place for majority of the sample households. This would create problem for the people in accessing the health care services in a timely manner. This is problem is compounded by poor transportation facility. 77(58.3%) of the sample households disagreed to the statement that we are satisfied with the working hours fixed for the Doctors, 55(41.7%) of the sample households agreed. 78(59.1%) of the sample households disagreed to the statement the we are satisfied with the working hours fixed for the Nurses, 54(40.9 %) of the sample households agreed to the statement. Majority of the sample households are not satisfied with the Doctors’ and Nurses’ timetable as they said that they are irregular to their duty. 116 (87.9%) of the sample households disagreed to the statement that we are satisfied with the functioning of the District Hospital in the event of break out of epidemics, however, 16(12.1%) of the sample households agreed. This raised a serious question as to why the sample households do have any faith in the medical service. 119(90.2%) of the sample households opined that the service given at District Hospital/Primary Health Centre/Sub Centre/ Dispensary is far from satisfactory, however, 13(9.8%) of the sample households are satisfied with it. 95(72.0%) of the sample households agreed that NRHM Programme which is provided to improve the health status of the people in the District is satisfactory, however, 37(28%) of the sample households disagreed the statement. This programme is apparently functioning well among this community.
The above table illustrated that the medical set up in the sample villages are not in good physical conditions. The state of medical centers in tribal areas is poorly maintained and lack cleanliness (Panda, 2009). Hardly any of the tribal villages has worth mentioning medical facilities (Reddy & Himachalam, Public Distribution System and Tribal Development, 2007). This shed a light on the poor functioning and maintenance of the health care services provided among the sample populations. The lack of quality services in this part of the world could be one of the reasons why the people in this community still seek help from the aged old indigenous healthcare treatment often termed as ‘Kabiraj’. Most of the households treat illness at home, few goes to private practitioner and very few seek treatment from government hospital (OKDISCD, 2009). Post Hoc test result has shown that Significance difference is found in the satisfactory
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. level of medical facilities between sample households belonging to Tribe 1(Rongmei) and Tribe 2(Zeme), and between sample households belonging to Tribe 1(Rongmei) and Tribe 3(Liangmai). Although sample households belonging to Tribe 1(Rongmei) are situated closest to the District headquarter and easily accessible to the district hospital they are least satisfied with the medical facilities provided with the least mean score of 13.51 compared to the sample households belonging to Sub tribes Zeme and Liangmai which are located far from the District headquarter. The overall mean score of the all the sub tribes falls between highly-dissatisfied and dissatisfied.
Table 4.37 Education Disagree Agree There is accessibility to compulsory education (Government school) 117(88.6) 15(11.4) All children of the family are getting education 20(15.2) 112(84.8) We are satisfied with the quality of education provided in the District schools and college 94(71.2) 38(28.8) We are satisfied with the distance of school from our home 41(31.1) 91(68.9) Introduction of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan in the District is satisfactory 75(56.8) 57(43.2)
Table 4.38 Education in relation to Sub Tribes Variables T1 (n=63) T2 (n=35 T3 (n=34) Anova-test PValue Post Hoc
Education 11.79±2.0 12.86±1.9 12.12±1.1 4.547 0.012 0.003¥ 0.365€ 0.069≠ Post hoc Representation: ¶ Tribe1 Vs Tribe2; ¥ Tribe 2 Vs Tribe 3; ≠ Tribe1 Vs Tribe 3; €
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. 117(88.6%) of the sample households disagreed to the statement that the accessibility to compulsory education (Government School) is satisfactory, however only as few as 15(11.4%) of the sample households agreed. 112(84.8%) of the sample households agreed to the statement that all the children in the family are provided education, however, 20(15.2) of the sample households disagreed. 94(71.2%) of the sample households are dissatisfied with the quality of education imparted in District schools/college, however, 38(28.8%) of the sample households are satisfied. 91(68.9%) of the sample households agreed to the statement that the we are satisfied with the distance of school from our home, however, 41(31.1) %) of the sample households disagreed. The distance of school plays an important role in bringing the children to school. 75(56.8%) of the sample households are not satisfied to the statement that the introduction of the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan has improved the elementary education in the District, however, 57(43.2%) agreed that it has improved. According to the local authorities, with the introduction of SSA, primary education is now available to children in villages within ½ to 1 km although the number of drop out is still high but there is a lack of infrastructure in many educational institutions, playgrounds, proper fencing of school compounds, lack of separate toilets for boys and girls and lack of adequate and qualified teachers and most of the schools lack sanitary toilets and are not fully sanitized. The functioning of SSA has a room for improvement in this District. It is imperative that these issues are addresses and tackled as education is more than a mere asset for some tribal communities, investment in education is in a way crucial for their existence (Panda, 2009). Table 4.38 results presented that there is a Significance difference in the satisfactory level of education between sample households belonging to Tribe 1(Rongmei) and Tribe 2(Zeme). The sample households belonging Tribe1(Rongmei) get access to government and private schools and District College and yet has the lowest satisfactory level with the education quality with a mean score of only 11.79 when compared with sample households belonging to Tribe 2(Zeme) and Tribe 3(Liangmai) with a mean score of 12.86 and 12.12 respectively. Few government and private schools existed among the sample households belonging to Tribe 2(Zeme) and Tribe 3(Liangmai). The overall mean score of all the three sub tribes is inclined towards unsatisfactory. It is rendered from the analysis that many of sample households are aware of the importance of education and send their children to school. However, the functioning of government schools is far from satisfactory and implied poor quality of education. Schools located in tribal areas have not been functioning well apart from irregularities
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. of the teachers (Reddy & Himachalam, Public Distribution System and Tribal Development, 2007).Drop out is completely another issue to look at in details. Education is a prime factor in the development of tribes (Mathur, 2004). Lack of good quality education is detrimental to the
development and has affected the living condition of the people.
Table 4.39 Fuel and Energy Disagree Agree The domestic fuels (gas, firewood etc.) are available in sufficient quantity 26(19.7) 106(80.3) We are satisfied with the electric power supply to our home 112(84.8) 20(15.2) RGGVY scheme in the District is satisfactory 111(84.1) 21(15.9)
Table 4.40 Fuel and Energy in relation to Sub Tribes Variables T1 (n=63) T2 (n=35 T3 (n=34) Anova-test P Value Post Hoc
Fuel and Energy 6.60±2.23 7.26±0.70 7.12±0.54 2.248 0.11 0.056¥ 0.135€ 0.719≠
Post hoc Representation: ¶ Tribe1 Vs Tribe2; ¥ Tribe 2 Vs Tribe 3; ≠ Tribe1 Vs Tribe 3; €
106(80.3%) of the sample households agreed that accessibility to gas/wood for household utilization is satisfactory, 26(19.7%) of the sample households however, disagreed. Conclusion can be drawn from here that fuel like wood is easily accessibly because of the close proximity to the forest. LPG however, is hard to get accessed to because of the constant economic blockade in the state and which is compounded by bad road and transportation. 112(84.8) of the sample households disagreed to the statement that we are satisfied with the electric power supply to our home and 20(15.2) of them agreed. 111(84.1%) of the sample households opined that Rajiv
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. Gandhi Grameen Vidutikaran Yojana scheme provided for accessibility to electrification in the District is not satisfactory, however, 21(15.9%) of the sample households agreed. It appeared that the electricity is quite irregular in the sample villages. The supply of electricity is so rare; these tribal are even today live in darkness (Reddy & Himachalam, Public Distribution System and Tribal Development, 2007). No Significance difference is found in the Post Hoc test result in the fuel and energy utilization in relation to sample households belong to the three sub tribes. As far as Fuel and Energy is concerned, the overall sample households are leaning between
unsatisfactory and satisfactory.
Table 4.41 Food Intake Disagree Agree There is accessibility to nutritious food 22(16.7) 110(83.3) The Public Distribution Service/Fai Price Shops are operating fairly 119(90.2) 13(9.8) We are satisfied with the food we get for our health 22(16.7) 110(83.3) We get three square meals a day 26(19.7) 106(80.3) My family has sufficient supply of food 20(15.2) 112(84.8)
Table 4.42 Food Intake in relation to Sub Tribes Variables T1 (n=63) T2 (n=35 T3 (n=34) Anova-test PValue Post Hoc
Food intake 13.44±2.6 12.63±1.8 13.53±1.1 2.769 0.066 0.036¥ 0.828€ 0.043≠
Post hoc Representation: ¶ Tribe1 Vs Tribe2; ¥ Tribe 2 Vs Tribe 3; ≠ Tribe1 Vs Tribe 3; €
110(83.3%) of the sample households agreed to the statement that there is accessibility to nutritious food, however, 22(16.7%) of the sample households disagreed. 106(80.30) of the sample households agreed to the statement we get three square meals a day however 26(19.7) of
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. them disagreed. 119(90.2%) of the sample households disagreed to the statement that The Public Distribution Service/Fai Price Shops are operating fairly, 13(9.8%) of the sample households are satisfied. The subsidized food given by the government to these people living below poverty are somehow not able to reached the beneficiaries, even if its reached it is probably not sufficient. Underweight of the ration items are common. The tribal also have the problem of fetching the rationed items home from the Fair Price Shops, which are located at distant places. In the rainy season the shops are not approachable, as the roads become slushy and unusable. (Reddy & Himachalam, Public Distribution System and Tribal Development, 2007) Ration shops are nowhere to be found and only few agencies are functioning in the sample villages. The functioning of such services needs to be investigated further. 110(83.3%) of the sample households agreed to the statement that we are satisfied with the food we get for our health, however, 22(16.7%) of them disagreed. 112(84.8%) of the sample households agreed to the statement that there is a sufficient food for the family, however, 20(15.2%) of the sample households disagreed. It is gathered from the analysis that most of the sample households are not starving, yet this doesn’t explain whether the required nutritious food consumption for a healthy body is consumed or not. The result from the Post Hoc test substantiated that Significance difference is found among the sample households belonging to Rongmei sub tribe and Zeme sub Tribe and between sample households belonging to Zeme sub tribe and Liangmai sub tribe in relation to the food intake. Zeme sub tribe (Tribe 2) is found to have the lowest satisfaction level in comparison with the other two sub tribes. In overall, the sample households are bending towards satisfactory.
T
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. able 4.43 Assets and Vehicles Disagree Agree The material possessions we own are sufficient for my household 56(42.4) 76(57.6) The vehicle we own can provide transportation to all places my family needs to go 115(87.1) 17(12.9)
Table 4.44 Assets and Vehicle possessed in relation to Sub Tribes Variables Tribe 1(n=63) Tribe 2(n=35 Tribe 3(n=34)Anova-test P Value Post Hoc Assets and Vehicle 4.05±1.16 3.46±0.85 3.79±0.91 3.767 0.026 0.007¥ 0.247€ 0.174≠
Post hoc Representation: ¶ Tribe1 Vs Tribe2; ¥ Tribe 2 Vs Tribe 3; ≠ Tribe1 Vs Tribe 3; €
76(57.6%) of the sample households opined that the assets they possessed is sufficient, however, 56(42.4%) of the sample households opined that it is not. The amount of assets possession is also an important indicator of economic wellbeing and the table indicated towards poor economic condition. However, for a quality living condition, it is determined or measured by their satisfactory level with whatever they possessed. 115(87.1%) of the sample households strongly disagree to the statement that The vehicle we own can provide transportation to all places my family needs to go, only as few as 17(12.9%) of the sample households agreed that they are satisfied. Most of the sample households have a low satisfactory level. This is mostly because as many as 98(74.2%) of the sample households do not own vehicle. The poor means of public transportation and the dreadful road conditions add more to their misery. Table 4.44 also exposed that there is a Significance difference in the satisfactory level of Assets and vehicle possessed among sample households belonging to Tribe1 (Rongmei) and Tribe 2 (Zeme). Sample households belonging to Tribe1 (Rongmei) have the highest satisfactory level with the mean score of 4.05 among the three sub tribes and own more assets and vehicles compared to sample households belonging to Tribe 2(Zeme) and Tribe 3 (Liangmai). Sample households
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. belonging to Tribe 2(Zeme) are at the lowest as many households feel the need to own more assets to have good living conditions. The mean scores of all the three sub tribes are at
unsatisfactory.
Table 4.45 Sanitation Facilities Disagree Agree The toilet facility in my house is satisfactory 84(63.6) 48(36.4) The waste disposable system in my house is satisfactory 101(76.5) 31(23.5) The drainage system around my house is satisfactory 129(97.7) 3(2.3) There is a proper public sanitation facility in the village 101(76.5) 31(23.5) The surrounding of the Village is clean and hygienic 74(56.1) 58(43.9)
Table 4.46 Sanitation Facilities in relation to Sub Tribes Variables T1 (n=63) T2 (n=35 T3 (n=34) Anova-test PValue Post Hoc Sanitation Facilities 8.38±2.67 9.31±2.27 11.26±1.5 18.154 <0.001 <0.00€ <0.00≠ 0.051¥ Post hoc Representation: ¶ Tribe1 Vs Tribe2; ¥ Tribe 2 Vs Tribe 3; ≠ Tribe1 Vs Tribe 3; €
48(36.4%) of the sample households are satisfied with their toilet facility, however, 84(63.6%) them disagreed. 31(23.5) of the sample households are satisfied with their waste disposable system, however, 101(76.5) of them are not. 3(2.3) of the sample households are satisfied with the drainage system around their house, however, 129(97.7) of them are not satisfied. Proper sanitation facility is important for the wellbeing of the people. Lack of such and unhygienic surroundings could breed health hazards among the people and cause a serious threat to the wellbeing of the people. 101(76.5%) of the sample households disagreed that there is a
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. proper public sanitation facility in the locality, 31(23.5%) of the sample households disagreed the statement. 74(56.1) of the sample households disagreed to the statement that the surrounding of the village is clean and hygienic, however, 58(43.9) of them agreed. Post Hoc test confirmed the Significance difference in the satisfactory level of sanitation facilities between the sample households belonging to Tribe 1(Rongmei) and Tribe 3(Liangmai), and sample households belonging to Tribe 2(Zeme) and Tribe 3(Liangmai). The sample households belonging to Tribe 1(Rongmei) have the most toilets, bathrooms, drainage yet it has the lowest mean score with 8.38 which signified the lowest satisfactory level. The sample households belonging to Tribe 3(Liangmai) have the highest satisfactory level. The overall mean score of the three sub tribes falls under the unsatisfactory category. This painted a very disturbing picture, lack of public sanitation facility and improper maintenance could create a nuisance to the lives of the people living in the surrounding area. This calls for immediate action.
Table 4.47 Income Disagree Agree All the adult females of the family are employed 34(25.8) 98(74.2) All the adult males of the family are employed 29(22) 103(78) The monetary earnings of the family members are sufficient for our family provision 57(43.2) 75(56.8)
Table 4.48 Income in relation to Sub Tribes Variables T1 (n=63) T2 (n=35 T3 (n=34) Anova-test PValue Post Hoc Income 7.89±1.76 8.31±0.68 8.38±0.89 1.936 0.149 0.136¥ 0.087€ 0.834≠ Post hoc Representation: ¶ Tribe1 Vs Tribe2; ¥ Tribe 2 Vs Tribe 3; ≠ Tribe1 Vs Tribe 3; €
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. 98(74.2%) of the sample households agreed to the statement that all the adult females of the family are employed, however, 34(25.8%) of the sample households disagreed.. 103(78%) of the sample households agreed to the statement that all the adult males of the family are employed, however, 29(22%) of the sample households disagreed. Majority of the male in the sample households are employed although a huge number of them are engaged in traditional agricultural occupation. Majority of the female in the sample households are employed, many of them are either engaged in agriculture or run petty business. 75(56.8%) of the sample households agreed that the monetary earnings of the family members are sufficient for our family provision, 57(43.2%) of the sample households however disagreed. No Significance difference is found in the Post Hoc test result among the sample households belonging to the three sub tribes when it concerns income. Unemployment is found quite common and agriculture which is the main occupation in the sample villages could not provide sufficient income. This calls for advancing and improving the source of income and initiate employment opportunities programme to tackle such issue.
Table 4.49 Recreational facilities Disagree Recreational facilities are wellprovided in the District 132(100)
132(100.0%) of the sample households strongly disagreed to the statement that recreational facilities (amusement park/movie theatre) are provided by the Government in the District. Such facility is very much essential to quality living.
From the present study it is observed that the sample households maintained a good community relationship and take care of each other when one is in need, they all seem to be
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. healthy and carry out their daily activities without any difficulty. They are spiritual and have a close connection with the nature and protect it. This tribal society was self-sufficient and had sustained independently for many centuries without any modern facilities or amenities, and that itself is strength. Nonetheless, the results from the study also confirmed the underlying need of this community which includes subsistence, protection, Understanding, freedom. The community is still struggling at the subsistence need. They are in need of protection from social insecurity such as work, healthcare and so forth. An understanding of the needs and deprivation of this community is called for in the literature, policies. This community has the freedom to rightfully access the benefit of development of the country. The needs of this community is evidently illustrated in the dreadful condition of road and transportation, medical facilities, poor quality of education, sanitation facilities, minimum level of income and assets, tremendous number of sample households living below poverty line, many are engaged in traditional practice of cultivation and unable to meet their family needs, lack of power and energy for any commercial activities, lack of recreational facilities. These all pointed the sample households towards poor socio economic position which implied unsatisfactory living conditions.
It is evident from the present study that even within the same community there is a variance in the needs and the degree of such needs which are reflected in their living conditions. Road and transportation, Medical facilities, Quality education, supply of water are needed to give top priorties among the sample households belonging to Tribe 1 (Rongmei). Road and transportation, sanitation facilities, electricity, income, education, recreational facilities are the areas that need immediate attention among the sample households belonging to Tribe 2(zeme). With the sample households belonging to tribe 3(Liangmei) road and transportation, medical facilities, education, water, electricity are the area of focus.
Understanding these underlying needs, it is feasible to look at strategies and a plausible solution which may take all the needs into consideration. The sample households are highly dissatisfied with the road and transportation facilities, which are closely followed by medical and sanitation facilities, supply of electricity and Water, quality education, income and recreational facilities. These eight aspects are found to be the major impediments. Availability and
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. accessibility to proper infrastructure facilities, quality healthcare services, regular supply of water and electricity, quality of education that will bridge the job opportunities gap are the utmost important intervention required to enhance their living conditions for this community living in the far flung and inaccessible hilly tracts.
This community had been long neglected since colonial times from the political perspective. The trend continues and till date this community reicevies little or no attention. The inconvenient topography of the district also plays an important factor in hampering the process of development and deterring the progress even for the existing socio economic developmental activities to speed up. Lack of infrastuctural facility plays a very important role in the growth of economy and the remote location of the district from the national markets make it almost impossible to attract investors both government and private and to exploit even the allocated funds and investment for its development. According to the peoples’ perception, the preferred strategy to satisfy their needs include proper infrastructural facility, accessibility to developmental programme, mechanism of external involvement such as Government, NGOs, and Civil Society to work towards mainstreaming the community to the process of development.
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it.
Chapter V
Summary and Conclusion
5.1 Summary
The aim of the study is to describe the living conditions of Zeme, Liangmai, and Rongmei of Zeliangrong tribe residing in Tamenglong District in relation to socio economic dimension. The objectives of the study was to study the demography, document the objective and subjective living conditions based on 13 parameters namely Housing, Road and transportation, Source of water used, Sanitary facilities available, Food nutrients intake, Health and safety status, Medical treatment facilities, Educational status, Fuel and Energy availability, assets possessed, own transportation means, Per Capita income, Recreational Facilities, and to find association with the living condition in relation to Sub-Tribes. A total of 132 sample households were participated in the present study. Descriptive research design is adopted and purposive sampling was selected. Demographic data Sheet, Saxena’s Quality of Life (13 items), Self-structured Subjective Living Condition Sheet (49 items) are used for data collection. The study revealed that Zeliangrong tribe residing in Tamenglong District like any other tribal people in India remain abjucated by poverty and continues to be deprived from the fruits of modern development. Many of them reside in traditional house with a tin roof and a wooden or bamboo plastered mud wall. Sanitation facilities like toilet, drainage system, garbage disposal system in most of the sample households are either not in proper shape or non-existent. Water supply is almost defunct and the sample households have to depend on the village or community well. Their daily food composes of rice, vegetable curry mostly boiled, chutney and they consume lot of meat. There is no trace of
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. commercial food pattern and they mostly continue to depend on the local market. Wood is mostly collected from the forest as it is used for fuel. All the sample households get access to electricity however it is very irregular and the service is far satisfactory. They are a victim of poor infrastructural amenities. Most of the sample households are cultivator and depend on agriculture. Their level of income and assets are far from satisfactory. Many of the sample households do not own vehicles. Transportation becomes hard with the lack of proper public means of transportation. A medical facility is another area where it needs to study further as the sample households opined that health care services provided in the District is poor. It is evident from the present study that the Zeliangrong community is in great need of attention. Road and transporation, Health care facilities, Sanitation, Quality education, regular supply of electricity and water, Income and Recreation facilities are the dominant required intervention among this community. The study also found that even within the ethnic community, there is a variance in the needs of the sub-tribe which is reflected in the living conditions. Geographical location itself offered a major contributor variable to accessibility. It depicted the lopsided paradigm of development. Development will achieved its intended result only when it is planned in the context of the isolated location, level of literacy, level of awareness, socio economic needs of the community in the area.
Out of 132 sample households 90(68.2%) belong to nuclear family, 30 (22.7 %) belong to Extended family, and 12 (9.1%) belong to Joint family.
63(47%) belong to Rongmei, 35(26.5%) belong to Zeme, 34(25.8%) belong to Langmei tribe.
75(56.8%) of the respondents are Farmer, 28(21.2%) of the respondents are Service both Government and private sector, 18(13.6%) of the respondents are Self Employed or Petty Trader, 8(6.1%) of the respondents are Unemployed, 3(2.3%) of the respondents are Retired.
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. 94(71.2%) of the sample households belonged to BPL, and 38(28.8%) of the sample households belonged to APL.
120(90.9%) of the sample households dwelled in Mixed, 8(6.1%) of the sample households in Kaccha and 4(3.0%) of the sample households in Pucca.
97(73.5%) of the sample households have accessed to bus facility, 35(26.5%) of the sample households didn’t not access to any transport facility as it is not available.
127(96.2%) of the sample households have no disease, 3(2.3%) of the sample households suffered from severe disease, 1(0.8 %) of the sample household suffered from common disease, 1(0.8%) of the sample household suffered from no major disease.
132(100%) of the sample households get accessed to medical facilities along with the doctor.
82(62.1%) of the respondents are educated Below Matriculate, 29(22.0%) of the respondents are Matriculate, 16(12.1%) of the respondents attained Higher Education, and 5(3.8%) of the respondents are Illiterate.
33(25%) of the sample households earned Rs. 5000-10,000, 29(22%) of the sample households earned Rs. 1000 below, 28(21.2%) of the households earned Rs. 1000-5000, 23(17.4%) of the sample households earned Rs.10, 000-20,000, 19 (14.4%) of the sample households earned Rs. 20,000 above.
86(65.2%) of the sample households consumed Wood and Electricity, 46(34.8%) of the sample households consumed Gas, Wood, Electricity.
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. 132(100.0%) sample households consume Moderate type of food which includes Rice, Pulses, and Green leafy vegetables.
68(51.5%) of the sample households possessed assets worth Rs. 5000-60,000, 40 (30.3%) of them possessed Rs. 60,000-90,000, 24(18.2%) of the respondents possessed Rs. 90,000 above.
116(84%) of the sample households agreed to the statement stating that my house is not noisy, 16(12.1%) of them disagreed.
119(90.2%) of the sample households agreed to have living in a spacious house, although 13(9.8%) of them disagreed to the statement.
131(99.2%) of the sample households agreed to that statement that there is no damp walls/floors/foundations/window frame in their houses, but 1(0.8%) disagreed.
102(77.3%) of the sample agreed that they are satisfied with physical condition of their house, but 30(22.7%) of them disagreed to the statement.
105(79.5%) of the sample households are satisfied living in their own house, although 27(20.5) disagreed to that statement.
92(69.7%) of the sample households strongly disagreed to the statement stating that rural housing scheme (Indira Awaas Yojana) which is provided to benefit the people living below poverty line in the District is satisfactory, and 40(30.3%) of them think otherwise and satisfied with the scheme.
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. 127(96.2%) of the sample households are not satisfied with the road conditions of the district, however, 5(3.8%) of the sample households are satisfied with the present conditions of the road of the District.
131(99.2%) of the sample households disagreed to the statement that I am satisfied with the public road transportation available in the district, however, 1(0.8%) of the sample household agreed to it.
131(99.2%) of the sample households disagreed to the statement that I am satisfied with the quality of the transportation services provided in the District, however, 1(0.8%) of the sample household agreed to it.
131(99.2%) of the sample households strongly disagreed to the statement that the road connectivity in the District is satisfactory, however, 1(0.8%) of the sample household agreed to it.
118(89.4%) of the sample household opined that the postal services in the sample villages are far from satisfactory but the other 14 (10.6%) of the sample households are satisfied with it.
129(97.7%) of the sample household agreed that the quality of the water used for drinking water is satisfactory and however, 3(2.3%) of them disagreed and opined that it is not satisfactory.
85(64.4%) of the sample households agreed to the statement above that there is sufficient water to meet my household needs, however, 47(35.6%) of the sample households disagreed to the statement.
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. 127(96.2%) of the sample households agreed to the statement that malnutrition doesn’t prevail among the members of my family, 5 (3.8%) of the sample households disagreed.
127(96.2%) of the sample households agreed to the statement there is no longstanding illness/health problem in the family, however, 5(3.8%) of the sample household disagreed to it.
124(93.9%) of the sample households agreed to the statement stating that the health problem doesn’t limit my family in activities we usually do, however, 8(6.1%) of the sample households disagreed.
129(97.7%) of the sample households are satisfied with the overall family health however, 3(2.3%) of the sample households opposed the statement because they are not satisfied.
93(70.5%) of the sample households disagreed to the statement that I am satisfied with the physical condition of the medical setup, however, 39(29.5%) of the sample households agreed.
94(71.2%) of the sample households disagreed to the statement that the proximity to the District hospital/PHC/Sub Centre/Dispensaries is satisfactory, 38(28.8%) of the sample households disagreed.
77(58.3%) of the sample households disagreed to the statement that the timetable of the Doctors is satisfactory, 55(41.7%) of the sample households agreed.
78(59.1%) of the sample households disagreed to the statement the timetable of the Nurses is satisfactory, 54(40.9 %) of the sample households agreed to the statement.
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. 116(87.9%) of the sample households disagreed to the statement the medical facilities in District hospital to tackle epidemic are satisfactory, however, 16(12.1%) of the sample households agreed.
119(90.2%) of the sample households opined that the quality of service in the District hospital/PHC/Sub-Centre/Dispensaries are far from satisfactory, however, 13(9.8%) of the sample households are satisfied with it.
95(72.0%) of the sample households agreed that NRHM Programme which is provided to improve the health status of the people in the District is satisfactory, however, 37(28%) of the sample households disagreed the statement.
117(88.6%) of the sample households disagreed to the statement that the accessibility to compulsory education (Government School) is satisfactory, however only as few as 15(11.4%) of the sample households agreed.
112(84.8%) of the sample households agreed to the statement that all the children in the family are provided education, however, 20(15.2) of the sample households disagreed.
94(71.2%) of the sample households are dissatisfied with the quality of education imparted in District schools/college, however, 38(28.8%) of the sample households are satisfied.
91(68.9%) of the sample households agreed to the statement the proximity to the school/college from my house is satisfactory, however, 41(31.1) %) of the sample households disagreed.
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. 75(56.8%) of the sample households are not satisfied to the statement introduction of the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan has improved the elementary education in the District, however, 57(43.2%) agreed that it has improved.
106(80.3%) of the sample households agreed that accessibility to gas/wood for household consumption is satisfactory, 26(19.7%) of the sample households however disagreed.
112(84.8) of the sample households disagreed that accessibility to electricity in my house is satisfactory and 20(15.2) agreed.
111(84.1%) of the sample households opined that Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidutikaran Yojana scheme provided for accessibility to electrification in the District is not satisfactory, however, 21(15.9%) of the sample households agreed.
110(83.3%) of the sample households agreed to the statement that there is accessibility to nutritious food, however, 22(16.7%) of the sample households disagreed.
119(90.2%) of the sample households disagreed to the statement that the accessibility to groceries services (Public Distribution Service/ fair price shop) is satisfactory, 13(9.8%) of the sample households are satisfied.
110(83.3%) of the sample households agreed that the food they consume is satisfactory, however, 22(16.7%) of the sample households disagreed.
106(80.30 of the sample households agreed to the statement I eat three meals a day however 26(19.7) of them disagreed.
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. 112(84.8%) of the sample households agreed to the statement there is sufficient food for my family to meet our needs, however, 20(15.2%) of the sample households disagreed.
76(57.6%) of the sample households opined that the assets they possessed is sufficient to meet household needs, however, 56(42.4%) of the sample households opined that it is not sufficient.
115(87.1%) of the sample households strongly disagree that they are not able to travel conveniently to any destination with their own vehicle, only as few as 17(12.9%) of the sample households agreed that they could.
48(36.4%) of the sample households are satisfied with their toilet facility, however, 84(63.6%) them disagreed and are dissatisfied.
31(23.5) of the sample households are satisfied with their sewage system however 101(76.5) of them not satisfied.
3(2.3) of the sample households are satisfied with their drainage system however 129(97.7) are not satisfied.
101(76.5%) of the sample households disagreed that there is a proper public sanitation facility in the locality, 31(23.5%) of the sample households disagreed the statement.
74(56.1) of the sample households disagreed to the statement that the surrounding area in the village is clean however 58(43.9) of them agreed.
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. 98(74.2%) of the sample households agreed to the statement all the adult male members of the family are employed, however, 34(25.8%) of the sample households disagreed.
103(78%) of the sample households agreed to the statement all the adult male members of the family are employed, however, 29(22%) of the sample households disagreed.
75(56.8%) of the sample households agreed that their income is able to meet ends meet, 57(43.2%) of the sample households however disagreed.
132(100.0%) of the sample households strongly disagreed that recreational facilities (amusement park/movie theatre) are provided in the District.
There is a significance difference in the road and transport facilities of the sample households belonging to different sub tribe. The road condition of the sample households belonging to Zeme sub-tribe (Tribe 2) is at worst.
There is no difference among the sample households belonging to different sub tribes in the source of water and heath status.
There is a significance difference between Rongmei (Tribe 1) and with Zeme (Tribe 2) and Liangmai (Tribe 3) in the fuel and energy consumption. Rongmei (Tribe 1) is doing better, followed by Liangmai (Tribe 3) and then Zeme (Tribe 3).
There is no significance difference in the literacy status, medical facilities, food-intake, and sanitation facilities among the sample households belonging to different sub-tribes.
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. As far as Assets possession is concerned, it is found that there is a significant difference between the sub tribe Rongmei (Tribe 1), Zeme (Tribe 2) and Liangmai (Tribe 3). Rongmei (Tribe 1) has the highest amount of assets owned, followed by Liangmai (Tribe 3) and then Zeme (Tribe 2).
There is significant difference between the sub tribe Rongmei, Zeme and Liangmai in the income level. Rongmei (Tribe 1) has the highest amount of income earned, followed by Liangmai (Tribe 3) and then Zeme (Tribe 2).
There is a significance difference in the type of vehicle possessed by sample households belonging to Rongmei sub tribe (Tribe 1) from that of sample households belonging to Zeme (Tribe 2) and Liangmai (Tribe 3) sub tribe but between the two there is no difference. Rongmei (Tribe 1) has the highest amount of vehicles owned.
Sample households belonging to Zeme sub tribe (Tribe 2) do not have any recreational facilities unlike the sample households belonging to Liangmai (Tribe 3) and Rongmei (Tribe 1) sub tribe who own at least television in their house for recreation.
There is no significant difference in the housing type, health, income, and fuel energy among the sub tribes. The mean scores of all the three sub tribes are inclining towards satisfactory except for Income and Fuel and Energy they are in between unsatisfactory and satisfactory.
There is a significance difference in the satisfactory level of road transport and communication among Tribe 2(Zeme) and Tribe 3(Liangmai), Tribe 1(Rongmei) and village 3(Tamei). Tribe 3(Liangmai) has a higher satisfactory level as the mean score is 9.35 which is comparatively higher than the mean score of the other two Sub Tribes.
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. There is a significance difference in the satisfactory level of water among sample Tribe 1(Rongmei) and Tribe 2(Zeme), Tribe 2 (Zeme) and Tribe 3(Liangmai). Tribe 2 (Zeme) is comparatively higher satisfactory level than the other two.
There is a significance difference in the satisfactory level of medical facilities among Tribe 1(Rongmei) and Tribe 2(Zeme), sample Tribe 1(Rongmei) and Tribe 3(Liangmai). Tribe 1(Rongmei) is least satisfied with the medical facilities compared to the other two Sub tribes.
There is a significance difference in the satisfactory level of education among Tribe 1(Rongmei) and Tribe 2(Zeme). Tribe1 (Rongmei) has the lowest satisfactory level with the education quality when compared to Tribe 2(Zeme) and Tribe 3(Liangmai).
There is a significance difference in the satisfactory level of Assets and vehicle possessed among Tribe1 (Rongmei) and Tribe 2 (Zeme). Tribe1 (Rongmei) has the highest satisfactory level among the three sub tribes and own more assets and vehicles Tribe 2(Zeme) is at the lowest.
There is a significance difference in the satisfactory level of sanitation facilities among Tribe 1(Rongmei) and Tribe 3(Liangmai), sample Tribe 2(Zeme) and Tribe 3(Liangmai). Tribe 1(Rongmei) has the lowest satisfactory level. Tribe 3(Liangmai) has the highest satisfactory level.
5.2 Suggestions
Awareness campaign must be taken extensively on welfare measure, human rights, health, education and so forth. Development agencies should give special attention to the education and health facilities in the interior areas.
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. A serious effort to maximize the level of information and data on living conditions of the tribal community is in great need that would offer a direction for future policy and provide an instrument for advocacy
The government should provide necessary support in a time bound manner and ensure that NRHM, NRGES, PDS, SSA etc are functioning well in the interior regions.
To improve the living conditions and lessen the magnitude of the problems with the study population, it is crucial for the government to give full concentration on the basic infrastructure facilities based on priority in the hilly interior regions.
Government, Civil society, Non-governmental organizations have a key role to play in bringing this socially disadvantaged people into the mainstream.
A study can be done to on the living conditions from the political perspective
An evaluation study can be done on the functions and the implementation of the governmental welfare programs
A study can be carried out on the perception of health of the tribal community
A comparative study can be done on the Christians and non-Christians in relation to education and socio economic development.
5.3 Implications
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. It is evident from the study that the socio economic condition is not homogenous even with the same community. Geographical factor and socio economic needs of each region, each group should be taken into consideration in formulation and implementation of developmental schemes. It is imperative that social workers identify and understand these dynamic and factors in assessing, assisting and coordinating with organizations that provide funds or welfare schemes for the deserving community and in imparting necessary information on the central or state schemes which is offered for them.
Social workers work professionally, with the population of the present study at the community setting who constitutes one of the disadvantaged groups of our society. As such, the observation, learning experience of the study can help construct guidelines concerning the issues of development and improving the living conditions of the tribal community. Identifying, recognizing and addressing the felt needs of the people, potential of the community, community resources, government aid could be carried out by professional social workers. It would be an appeal for an action on behalf of these people who have contributed, in big ways as well as small, to the growth and development of the country. This study would pave way for further research in this field. Also, this would supplement the practice of social work literature too.
As many as 47(35.6) of the sample households disagreed to the statement that there is sufficient water to meet household’s needs, the proper functioning of water supply system is imperative. A petition by the community as a whole could be sent to the Water department of the District. A public hearing could be conducted along with all the stake holders.
Since agricultural practice is proved from the present study to be insufficient to meet their needs, as many as 57(43.2) of the sample households disagreed to the statement family income is sufficient to meet ends meet, seeking employment in other sectors is on the rise too, vocational assessment, counseling, training, job placement services, and income generating activities/programme are the need of hour. The income generating activities
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. which are already implemented need reinforcement or improvement and constant follow up is recommended.
Programme that aim at improving the living conditions such as life skill educations, psychological counseling, educational guidance, recreational activities, healthy habit orientation, health education, family counseling, legal advice, link with the community organizations and awareness programme that promotes quality of life could be successfully implemented in the interest of this community as these programmes are not introduced in this community.
5.4 Limitation
A tool for the data collection was translated only in one dialect for the three sub-tribes. Also many developmental schemes are left out in the tools as they are essential in ascertaining the real life condition from the ideal. The period of study was very short even though a month and a week were spent over for the data collection. Researcher did not incorporate the political and cultural aspects which are very essential in understanding the dynamism of tribal life.
5.5 Conclusion
Developmental programme and schemes are introduced to ensure social and economic growth. The success of policies and programmes for tribal people will depend on the extent to which they are rooted in the community, social intervention settings. A hopeful indication of change is taking place, however, in the overall process of development planning the attention to the tribal people’s need and issues needs to be integrated and sustained. It is very convenient to bring geographical factor or segregation for hindering this community and many others living in interior region from such access. However, the important question to be raised is who is development for? Who brings development? It is only logical to suggest that who brings development should also make development accessible to the people the development is intended Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. for. It is beyond geographical location, it clearly is a matter of human inaccessibility. Negligence and backwardness of the community are stretched to the extent that even literatures are scarce to give profile of the sub tribes in the present study. Research and assemblage of data of this community is itself a part that calls for attention and policy prioritisation. Development is yet to reach the people whom development is intended for and it should not let their backwardness continue to be defined by inaccessibility. Accessibility is not a magic wand that could instantly make the problems disappear into thin air. Accessibility to quality services could only make development meaning and would serve its purpose.
A decent standard of living adequate nutrition, healthcare, quality education, work and protection are not just developmental goals, they are also human rights. Human rights are essential for full human development (UNDP, 2000). The present study is an appeal for an action on behalf of this community who has contributed in small or big way for the development of our country to acquire their rightful share of human rights. To review the degree to which this is achievable or probable, is out of the scope of the study. Taking into account the significance of good living conditions for quality of life, an attempt has been made in this study to encapsulate on the need of people to improve their socio economic conditions.
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. References
Ali, A. I., & Das, I. (2003). Tribal Situation in North East India. Studies of Tribes and Tribals, 1(2), 141-148. Retrieved 10 2013, 3, from http://www.krepublishers.com/02- Journals/T%20&%20T/T%20&%20T-01-0-000-000-2003-Web/T%20&%20T-01-2-091- 174-2003-Abst-PDF/T%20&%20T-01-2-141-148-2003-Ali/T%20&%20T-01-2-141- 148-2003-Ali.pdf
Balgir, R. (2006). Tribal Health Problems, Disease Burden and Ameliorative Challenges in Tribal Communities with Special Emphasis on Tribes of Orissa. Proceeding of National Symposium on "Tribal Health". 312, pp. 161-176. Jabalpur: Regional Medical Center Research Centre for Tribals. Retrieved 10 2, 2012, from http://www.rmrct.org/files_rmrc_web/centre's_publications/NSTH_06/NSTH06_22.RS.B algir.pdf
Beck, P., & Mishra, B. (2010, 12 20). Socio Economic Profile of Life of Selected Oraon Tribal Living in and Around Sambalpur Town, Orissa. Current Research of Social Science, 2(6), 340-349. Retrieved 10 7, 2012, from http://maxwellsci.com/print/crjss/v2-340- 349.pdf
Bharathi, S. B. (2008). Tribal Development Agenda for Endogenous Development. In S. K. Chaudhury, & S. M. Patnaik, Indian Tribes and the Mainstreams (pp. 269-278). Jaipur: Rwat Publications. Retrieved 3 18, 2013
Bosco Net. (2011). Tamenglong. Retrieved 11 12, 2012, from [email protected]: http://bosconetindia.org/site/english/showcontent.php?bottommenuid=156
CEPECAMI. (2008). Base Line Survey of Minority Concentrated District of Meerut: A Study Conducted by CEPECAMI, AMU, Aligarh. Aligarh: ICSSR. Retrieved 10 6, 2012, from http://www.icssr.org/Revised_report_Meerut.pdf
Cherry, K. (2013, 12 13). What Is the Hierarchy of Needs? - Psychology - About.com. Retrieved 1 7, 2014, from About.Com: http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/hierarchyneeds.htm
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. Desai, A. R. (2005). Tribes in Transition. In A. R. Desai, Rural India in Transition (pp. 46-61). Bombay: Popular Prakashan. Retrieved 9 9, 2012
E-PAO. (2012, 4 5). Tamenglong district in Imphal scores low on sanitation. (S. S. Chatterjee, Producer) Retrieved 10 7, 2012, from India Sanitation Portal: http://www.indiasanitationportal.org/2139
Godden, G. M. (1897). Naga and Other Frontier Tribes of North-East India. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 26, 161-201. Retrieved 8 19, 2012, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2842302
Gopal, K. R. (1996). Tribal and thier Health Status. New Delhi: APH Publishing Corporation. Retrieved 11 25, 2012
Govind. (2007, 7 10). Manipur- Past, Present And Future. E Pao. Retrieved 11 3, 2012, from http://e- pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.opinions.Manipur_Past_Present_and_ Future_1
Hooja, M., Kant, S., & Ram, A. (2004). Policies and strategies for Tribal development. Jaipur: Rawat Publication. Retrieved 8 2, 2012, from http://www.snapdeal.com/product/policies- and-strategies-for-tribal/914102
Hueiyen News Service. (2012, March 28). Government Apathy Writ Large Over Tamenglong District Headquarters. Hueiyen Lanpao. Retrieved 11 29, 2012, from http://www.hueiyenlanpao.com/headlines/item/828-govt-apathy-writ-large-over-tml-hq
Hueiyen News Service. (2013, March 18). Selling Out Education. Hueiyen Lanpao. Retrieved 2 18, 2013, from http://www.hueiyenlanpao.com/editorial/item/8455-selling-out-education
Jones, S. (1978, 10 22). Tribal Underdevelopment in India. Development and Change, 9(1), 41- 70. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1978.tb00798.x
Kamei, A. L. (2013). Adaptation, Change and Continuity: The Case of the Rongmei. Journal of North East India Studies, 3(1), 31-40. Retrieved 11 20, 2013, from http://www.jneis.com/ojs/index.php/jneis/article/view/63
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. Khumanngamba, K. (2012, 12 19). Facilitate Tamenglong’s development. The People's Chronicle. Retrieved 10 19, 2012, from http://thepeopleschronicle.in/?p=6005
KÖK, H. (2007). Reducing Violence: Applying the Human Needs Theory to the Conflict in Chechnya. The journal of Turkish Weekly, 3(11), 89-108. Retrieved 2 3, 2014, from http://www.turkishweekly.net/article/264/reducing-violence-applying-the-human-needs- theory-to-the-conflict-in-chechnya.html
Mathur, B. (2004). Tribal Society and Medical Care changing pattern of treatment. Udaipur: Himanshu Publication. Retrieved 11 19, 2012
Mohapatra, S. A., & Mohapatra, D. D. (2009). Tribals and their Education : Some Operational Constraints. In R. K. Sahoo, & R. C. Sahoo, Tribals: Socio-Economic and Cultural Perspective. New Delhi: Dominant Publishers and Distributors Pvt Ltd. Retrieved 11 17, 2012
Nagaland Post. (2012, 4 5). Hepatitis-B outbreak in Tamenglong district. Nagaland Post. Retrieved 11 23, 2012, from http://www.nagalandpost.com/ChannelNews/Regional/RegionalNews.aspx?news=TkVX UzEwMDAxNjI5Ng==-81OMFaC/q5E=
Nanda, B. (2011). Report On Socio-Economic Conditions of Scheduled Tribes Workers in Kbk Belt - Orissa. Chandigarh: Government of India Ministry of Labour & Employment Labour Bureau Chandigarh. Retrieved 12 17, 2012, from http://labourbureau.nic.in/KBK_Report_Final.pdf
National Committee on the Development of Backward Areas. (1981). Report On Development of North-Eastern Region. Planning Commisison Government of India. New Delhi: Planning Commission Government of India. Retrieved 11 26, 2013, from http://planningcommission.gov.in/reports/publications/pub80_dbha.pdf
Newmei, T. (2010). Dynamic of Ethnicity: State Development and Identities in NE India with Special Reference to the Zeliangrong Naga. In T. R. Tiba, Scheduled Tribes of North East India and Development (pp. 189-216). Delhi, Delhi, India: B.R. Publishing Corporation. Retrieved 10 12, 2012
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. OKDISCD. (2009). Baseline Survey of Minority Concentrated Districts Tamenglong. Guwahati: A Research Institute of Indian Council of Social Science Research, New Delhi and Government of Assam. Retrieved 12 4, 2012, from http://www.icssr.org/executive%20summary%20Tamenglong.pdf
Panda, N. (2009). Tribal Commonalities and Under Development. New Delhi: Serials Publication. Retrieved 10 18, 2012
Patel, A. (2004). Pattern of Development and Tribal Migration: A Case Study of Tribes from Dangs and Panchmahal in Gujarat. In S. Shah, Tribal Issues in India (pp. 175-194). Jaipur: Rawat Publications. Retrieved 11 16, 2012
Pradhan, S. (2004). Educational deprivation of Scheduled Tribes in India. In D. C. Sah, & Y. S. Sisodia, Tribal Issues in India. New Delhi: Rawat Publications. Retrieved 11 12, 2012
Rashid Ashraf Wani, D. V. (2011, 4). Socio Economic and Quality of Life of Srinagar City. International Refereed Research Journal, 2(2), 123-137. Retrieved 9 20, 2012, from http://www.researchersworld.com/vol2/issue2/Paper_12.pdf
Reddy, N. P., & Himachalam, D. (2007). Public Distribution System and Tribal Development. Delhi: Associated Publishers. Retrieved 9 11, 2012
Riamei, L. (2010, 8). Christian Missionaries in Educational and Social Change A Critical Study on the Nagas. Journal of Indian Education, XXXVI(2), 25-34. Retrieved 11 2013, 29, from http://www.ncert.nic.in/publication/journals/pdf_files/jie/JIE_August_2010.pdf
Rongmei, D. K. (2012, June 7). Tamenglong Today: an introspection Part 1. E-PAO. Retrieved 10 4, 2012, from http://www.e- pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Scientific_Papers.Tamenglong_Today_a n_introspection_Part_1
Rongmei, K. R., & Kapoor, S. (2005). Zeliangrong Today: A Naga Tribe of Manipur. Studies Tribes Tribals, 3(2), 105-116. Retrieved 11 18, 2012, from http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T%20&%20T/T%20&%20T-03-0-000-000- 2005-Web/T%20&%20T-03-2-000-000-2005-Abst-PDF/T%20&%20T-03-2-105-116-
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. 2005-060-Rongmei-K-S/T%20&%20T-03-2-105-116-2005-060-Rongmei-K-S-Full- Text.pdf
Rongmei, R. K., & Kapoor, S. (2005). Zeliangrong Today: A Naga Tribe of Manipur. Kamal Raj.
S. S., C. K., & B. R. (1998, 7-8). WHOQOL-Hindi: A questionnaire for assessing quality of Life in Health care setting in Indi. The National Medical Journal of India, 2(5), 160-165. Retrieved 7 14, 2012, from http://www.nmji.in/archives/Volume-11/issue-4/original- articles-1.pdf
Sahoo, D. R., & Das, D. B. (2009). Higher Education among Tribal People During Eighties of Twentieth Century in India with Special Delivery Reference : To Orissa. In R. K. Sahoo, & R. C. Sahoo, Tribals: Socio-Economic and Cultural Perspective. New Delhi: Dominant Publishers and Distributors Pvt Ltd. Retrieved 7 21, 2012
Saksena, H. S. (2008). Human Rights and Development Caused Displacements : A study of Sonbhadra Tribals. In S. K. Chaudhury, & S. M. Patnaik, Indian Tribes and the Mainstreams (pp. 253-268). Jaipur: Rawat Publications. Retrieved 8 14, 2012
Shah, Y. S. (2004). Tribal Issues in India. Jaipur: Rawat Publications. Retrieved 8 6, 2012
Shankar, R., & Kavitha, A. (2010). In S. Chaudhary, Tribal Economy at Crossroads (pp. 166- 181). Jaipur: Rawat Publication. Retrieved 7 28, 2012
Shariff, A., Ghosh, P. K., & Sharma, A. (2005). Relative socio-economic and human development profile of scheduled tribes in India. Forests for poverty reduction: Changing role for research, development and training institutions. Proceedings of the workshop (pp. 83-98). Dehra Dun: RAP Publication. Retrieved 7 13, 2012, from ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/008/af349e/AF349E01.pdf
Shilshi, J. S. (2007, 1). Poverty, Development and Conflict among the Manipur Tribals. Astha Bharati, 8(3). Retrieved 11 2, 2013, from http://www.asthabharati.org/Dia_Jan%2007/John.htm
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. Shukla, Y. (2006). Indian Tribes: A Socio Economic Study. In R. Mishra, & N. T, Tribal Culture and Economy (pp. 250-268). Jaipur: Ritu Publications. Retrieved 11 26, 2012
Singh, N. B. (2006). Globalization and North East India: Challenges and Opportunities. Department of Humanities & Social Sciences, NIT. Silchar: Department of Humanities & Social Sciences, NIT. Retrieved 7 12, 2012, from https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact =8&ved=0CCcQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nits.ac.in%2Fdepartment%2FHuma nities%2520new%2Fnew_hum%2Fsocial_scanner%2F3.doc&ei=rzdMU_SKKMWHrQe AsYHIDQ&usg=AFQjCNHcJKRPrZISE8nmBpinJm_Go-f
Srivastava, A. R. (2008). Tribal Development in India Towards a search for Alternatives. In S. K. Chaudhury, S. M. Patnaik, S. K. Chaudhury, & S. M. Patnaik (Eds.), Indian Tribes and the Mainstreams (pp. 279-287). Jaipur, Rajasthan, India: Rawat Publications. Retrieved 8 29, 2012
Tamenglong District Map. (2014). Retrieved 3 29, 2014, from www.indiamapsonline.com: https://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1517 &bih=741&q=tamenglong+map&oq=tamenglong+map&gs_l=img.1.0.0.120.2343.0.378 2.11.6.0.3.3.0.782.3966.5-5j1.6.0....0...1ac.1.40.img..7.4.579.eEWxcchI- M0#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=6fnY0TmV
Thorat, S., Mahamallik, M., & Venkatesan, S. (2007, 1). Human Poverty and Socially Disadvantaged. Retrieved 2 6, 2014, from tribal at the lowest in human dvelopment index in india: http://www.in.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/human_poverty_socially_disadvantaged_ groups_india.pdf
UNDP. (2000). Human Development Report. New Delhi: UNDP. Retrieved 11 12, 2013, from http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2000
Wani, R. A., & Khairkar, D. V. (2011). Socio Economic and Quality of Life of Srinagar City. International Refereed Research Journal, 2(2), 123-137. Retrieved 8 15, 2012, from http://www.researchersworld.com/vol2/issue2/Paper_12.pdf
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. APPENDIX A
Informed consent form
This study is being conducted by Dalsie Gangmei, under the guidance of Dr. K.Hemalatha, Associate professor, Department of social work, Christ University, Bangalore .The research is being conducted purely for the partial fulfillment of M. Phil course as it is part of the academic requirements. It is being conducted in Tamenglong District of Manipur.
The study finding would help professional Community development social workers, Multi disciplinary professional working for tribal communities, and policy makers to think and contribute better towards the interventions and development of programs to enhance their quality of living conditions of tribal living in the inaccessible interior forest and hilly tracts. Moreover, this study will add to the researcher’s knowledge.
The questionnaires consist of 49 questions. These questionnaires are intended to collect details about the demographic composition, socio economic conditions as well as the participants’ satisfactory level of various parameters of Quality of living conditions.
Hence, I request you to participate and provide information for this study. The identification data will be kept confidential. Please fill up the questionnaires that I have enclosed with this letter and return the signed consent form.
Consent of Participation
I, ………… ……… … give my voluntary consent to participate in the interview on Quality of Living conditions of Zeliangrong Tribe living in Tamenglong District, Manipur.
I have been explained in the language best understood by me regarding the purpose of the study and I agree voluntarily to participate in this study. I have retained a copy of the study information and consent sheet. I have been given opportunity to know more details of the study. I understand that all information will be kept confidential and will be used only for educational and scientific purposes with the omission of all personal details. I understand that I have options to withdraw at any point of time if I choose to do so without giving any reasons.
Date: Signature
Name:
Name: Ms. Dalsie Gangmei
M. Phil Scholar, Christ University, Bangalore
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. APPENDIX B
Personal and demographic details of the informant
Before you begin we would like to ask you to answer a few general questions about yourself: by circling answers or by filling in the space provided.
1. Name : Mr/Mrs
2. Family Type 1. Nuclear 2. Joint 3. Extended
3. Family Size 1. Less than 5 2. More than 5 but Less than 10 3. Above 10 4. Tribe 1. Rongmei 2. Zeme 3. Liangmai
5. Religion 1. Christian 2. Hindu 3. Muslim 4. Others (specify)
6. Village 1. Nrianglong Tamenglong Village 2. Tousem Khullen Village 3. Tamei Village
7. Occupational status: 1. Farmer 2. Self Employed 3. Service 4. Retired 5. Unemployed 6. Others(specify)
8. Economic status 1. BPL 2. APL
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. APPENDIX C
Objective Living Conditions Quality of Life index by Saxena, et al. (1988) with modification by Mishra et al. (2008, 2009)
Housing
1. Pucca 1 2. Mixed 2 3. Kuccha 3
Road and transportation
1. None 1
2. Only bus facilities 2
3. Good roads and proper bus facilities 3
Source of Water
1.Tube well or own well 1 4. Village well 2 Health
1. Suffering from severe diseases 1 2. Suffering from common diseases 2 3. Suffering from no major disease 3 4. No diseases 4
Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. Medical facilities
1. No availability of medical facilities 1 2. Doctor 2 3. Dispensaries 3 4. Doctor + specialization 4 5. Doctor + Dispensary 5
Education
1. Illiterate 1 2. Fuel and Energy 1. Wood + Electricity 1 2. Wood + Gas + Electricity 2 Food Intake 1. Poor (Rice + Onion + GLV 1 2. Moderate (Rice + pulses + GLV 2 3. Good (Rice + Pulses + curry 3 Assets possessed 1. Rs. <5000 - 60.000 1 2. Rs.60, 000 - 90,000 2 3. Rs. >90,000 3 Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. Sanitation facilities 1. No facility 1 2. Improper Facility 2 3. Proper facility 3 Income 1. Re. <1000-5000 1 2. Re. 5000-10,000 2 3. Re. 10,000-20,000 3 4. Re. 20,000 above 4 Vehicle possessed 1. No Vehicle 1 2. Cycle 2 2. Scooter /Motorcycle 3 3. Four W heelers 4 Recreational Facilities 1. None 1 2. Only TV 2 2. TV + Cinema 3 4. TV+ Cinema+ Community 4 Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. APPENDIX D Subjective Living Conditions Each respondent is to circle each item on a 1-to-4 response scale where: 1. = strongly disagree 2. = disagree 3. = agree 4. = strongly agree Housing 1. My house is not noisy. 1 2 3 4 2. We have sufficient space available for a resident. 1 2 3 4 3. Wall, floor, plot and steps usually are not damp 1 2 3 4 4. We are satisfied with the physical condition of our house. 1 2 3 4 5. We are satisfied living in our own house. 1 2 3 4 6. The rural housing scheme (Indira Awaas Yojana) which is provided to benefit the people living below the poverty line in the district is satisfactory. 1 2 3 4 Road, transportation and communication 7. We are satisfied with the road and transport conditions of the district. 1 2 3 4 8. The road system made for the general public in the district is satisfactory. 1 2 3 4 9. The transport system made for the general public in the district is satisfactory. 1 2 3 4 10. The road access from one village to another village in the district is satisfactory. 1 2 3 4 11. The Post Office that dispatch letters and parcels are functioning satisfactorily 1 2 3 4 Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. Water 12. The quality of water used for drinking is satisfactory. 1 2 3 4 13. My household is getting adequate amount of drinking water 1 2 3 4 Health 14. Malnutrition doesn’t prevail among the members of my family. 1 2 3 4 15. There is no longstanding illness/health problem in the family. 1 2 3 4 16. Poor health has not hampered the progress of the family works 1 2 3 4 17. We are satisfied with the health condition/status of our family members 1 2 3 4 Medical facilities 18. We are satisfied with the existing hospital/health centers 1 2 3 4 19. We are satisfied with the distance of District Hospital/Primary Health Centre/Sub Centre/ Dispensary from our 1 2 3 4 20. We are satisfied with the working hours fixed for the Doctors 1 2 3 4 21. We are satisfied with the working hours fixed for the Nurses 1 2 3 4 22. We are satisfied with the functioning of the District Hospital in the event of break out of epidemics 1 2 3 4 23. The service given at District Hospital/Primary Health Centre/Sub Centre/ Dispensary is satisfactory 1 2 3 4 24. The service of improving the health of the people of the district through the NRHM is functioning well 1 2 3 4 Education 25. There is accessibility to compulsory education (Government school). 1 2 3 4 26. All children of the family are getting education 1 2 3 4 27. We are satisfied with the quality of education provided in the District schools and college. 1 2 3 4 28. We are satisfied with the distance of school from our home. 1 2 3 4 29. Introduction of the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan to improve the elementary education in the District is satisfactory. 1 2 3 4 Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. Fuel and Energy 30. The domestic fuels (gas, firewood etc.) are available in sufficient quantity 1 2 3 4 31. We are satisfied with the electric power supply to our home. 1 2 3 4 32. Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidutikaran Yojana scheme provided for accessibility to electrification in the District is satisfactory. 1 2 3 4 Food Intake 33. There is accessibility to nutritious food. 1 2 3 4 34. The Public Distribution Service/Fair Price Shops are operating fairly 1 2 3 4 35. We get three square meals a day. 1 2 3 4 36. We are satisfied with the food we get for our health 1 2 3 4 37. My family has sufficient supply of food. 1 2 3 4 Assets possessed 38. The material possessions we own are sufficient for my household 1 2 3 4 Vehicle possessed 39. The vehicle we own can provide transportation to all places my family needs to go. 1 2 3 4 Sanitation facilities 40. The toilet facility in my house is satisfactory. 1 2 3 4 41. The waste Disposable system in the house is satisfactory. 1 2 3 4 42. The Drainage system around my house is satisfactory. 1 2 3 4 43. There is a Public toilet/ Sewage / Drainage facility in the District is satisfactory. 1 2 3 4 44. The surrounding of the Village is clean and hygienic. 1 2 3 4 Income Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it. 45. All the adult males of the family are employed. 1 2 3 4 46. All the adult females of the family are employed. 1 2 3 4 47. The monetary earnings of the family members are sufficient for our family provision. 1 2 3 4 Recreational Facilities 48. Recreational facilities (park, Movie Theater) are well provided in the District. 1 2 3 4 Property of Christ University. Use it for fair purpose.Give credit to the author by citing properly, if you are using it.