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Copyright by Emily Jo Duda 2011 The Thesis Committee for Emily Jo Duda Certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis: Sports and the City: The Rhetorical Construction of Civic Identity through American Football Teams APPROVED BY SUPERVISING COMMITTEE: Supervisor: Paul C. Adams William Doolittle Sports and the City: The Rhetorical Construction of Civic Identity through American Football Teams by Emily Jo Duda, B.A.; B.A.; M.A. Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts The University of Texas at Austin August, 2011 Dedication To my beloved mother, Karen Duda – you are gone from this earth but you will always live in my heart and the hearts of all those who loved you. And to Pittsburgh – city of the confluence, city of bridges, city of champions, city that raised her, city that we loved. Acknowledgements Thanks first and foremost to Paul – without his guidance I would never have completed this this. Thank you also to the people who helped me in my research – to my father, for coming with me to Pittsburgh in the dead of winter to see museums and libraries, to the docents and librarians at the Carnegie museums and libraries for all of their help, to my best friend Liz for going out of her way on our visit so that I could see Baltimore‘s sports museum. Thank you to Bill, who was there when Paul could not be, giving me feedback and motivation. And finally, thanks to my fellow cohort members, for providing emotional support as we slogged through the trenches together. v Abstract Sports and the City: The Rhetorical Construction of Civic Identity through American Football Teams Emily Jo Duda, M.A. The University of Texas at Austin, 2011 Supervisor: Paul C. Adams Sports fandoms can form a key site of identity formation, particularly as they gather and merge numerous threads of identity, including gender, socio-economic status, and civic affiliation. The connections formed between members of the fandom, the fandom and the team, and the fandom and the place in which it is grounded can be a strong force for social cohesion. This cohesion becomes particularly relevant during times of crisis, when some turn to sports as a unifier. However, these relationships can also be fraught with tensions, within the group and without. Forces such as nostalgia and the ‗othering‘ of those outside the group become import methods in creating and sustaining these Andersonian ―imaginary communities‖ of fans, mitigating difference. In examining this process of identity creation, two cities were chosen for their intense team attachments: Pittsburgh and Baltimore. Qualitative analysis of discourses surrounding the teams in these cities reveals the complex ways in which nostalgic fantasies about the team and its relationship to the city are created and maintained, hierarchies of space and time are formed, and the identity of the community is shaped by its relationship to team vi and city. Analysis of the sporting landscape, created through a complex network of material culture, media, and the repetition of certain fantasy themes, reveals how geography is complexly implicated in the production of sporting fandom. vii Table of Contents List of Illustrations ...................................................................................................x Place and Community Identity in Sports .................................................................1 Background ............................................................................................4 Sports and Symbolism ..................................................................4 Sport, Community and Identity.....................................................6 Sports and Race, Gender and Class ..............................................9 Sports and Media ........................................................................12 Cases ....................................................................................................13 The Pittsburgh Steelers ...............................................................13 The Baltimore Colts/Ravens .......................................................15 Methodology ........................................................................................16 Organization of the Thesis ...................................................................23 Chapter 1: The Economics of the Steelers .............................................................26 Nostalgia for Pittsburgh and the Concept of Diaspora ...............26 The Pittsburgh ―Diaspora‖ in Context ........................................34 Economics and Masculinity ........................................................41 Conclusion ..................................................................................48 Chapter 2: Politics, Religion and Sport: The ―Terrible Towel‖ as Symbol ...........50 The Towel as Totem ...................................................................51 The Terrible Towel as Hex .........................................................55 The Towel as Flag .......................................................................59 The Economy of the Terrible Towel ...........................................69 Conclusion ..................................................................................74 Chapter 3: ―The Band That Wouldn‘t Die‖: Spectating Loss................................75 The 1958 Championship Game ..................................................76 The Move Under Irsay ................................................................78 The Baltimore Colts Band ..........................................................82 viii Chapter 4: Sport, Spectatorship and Museum Space .............................................91 ―Whatever It Takes‖ and Pittsburgh‘s Sporting Identity .....................91 The Immaculate Reception .........................................................92 The Man Cave ...........................................................................101 Connections beyond the City ....................................................110 The Body as Place .....................................................................114 Museum Space and the Loss of the Colts ..........................................117 Conclusion .........................................................................................123 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................125 Symbol ......................................................................................125 Visualization .............................................................................126 Economy ...................................................................................129 Spatial Hierarchy ......................................................................131 Nostalgia ...................................................................................133 Interactivity ...............................................................................134 Summation ................................................................................136 Bibliography ........................................................................................................138 ix List of Illustrations Figure 1: The Socio-Economic Underpinnings of Steeler Nation .........................28 Figure 2: Jonathan Barnes on Nostalgia for Pittsburgh .........................................30 Figure 3: Atkinson's Economic Explanation .........................................................32 Figure 4: Atkinson's Economic Explanation, part 2 ..............................................32 Figure 5: "What You Can Do!!!" ...........................................................................33 Figure 6: The Ones Who Hit the Hardest ..............................................................43 Figure 7: WTAE Poll on the Terrible Towel .........................................................56 Figure 8: Moses' Blurb ...........................................................................................66 Figure 9: Michael Moses' Terrible Towel Tour .....................................................66 Figure 10: Mike Fincke and his Terrible Towel on board the International Space Station .........................................................................................67 Figure 11: The Twerrible Towel ............................................................................68 Figure 12: How the Twerrible Towel Works .........................................................68 Figure 13: Franco Harris and George Washington ................................................95 Figure 14: "Classic Battles" Airport Placard .........................................................96 Figure 15: Franco Harris Placard ...........................................................................96 Figure 16: Relive a Few Classic Battles Pamphlet ................................................97 Figure 17: Replaying the "Immaculate Reception" ...............................................99 Figure 18: The Man-Cave ....................................................................................101 Figure 19: Chairs from the demolished Three Rivers Stadium ...........................102 Figure 20: A homemade lamp constructed from paper cups ...............................104 Figure 21: A second lamp, with pictures pasted onto