Coronavirus Humain OC43, Neurovirulence Et Neuropropagation : Importance De Sa Protéine D’Enveloppe

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Coronavirus Humain OC43, Neurovirulence Et Neuropropagation : Importance De Sa Protéine D’Enveloppe Université du Québec Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Centre Institut Armand Frappier Coronavirus humain OC43, neurovirulence et neuropropagation : Importance de sa protéine d’enveloppe Par Guillaume Dubois Mémoire présenté pour l’obtention du grade de Maître ès sciences (M.Sc.) en Virologie et immunologie Jury d’évaluation Président du jury et Ian Gaël Rodrigue-Gervais examinateur interne INRS – Institut Armand Frappier Examinateur externe Christophe Préhaud Unité de Neuro-immunologie virale Institut Pasteur de Paris Directeur de recherche Pierre Talbot INRS – Institut Armand Frappier Co-directeur de recherche Marc Desforges INRS – Institut Armand Frappier © Droits réservés de Guillaume Dubois, 17 Janvier 2018 "Men of science have made abundant mistakes of every kind; their knowledge has improved only because of their gradual abandonment of ancient errors, poor approximations, and premature conclusions." George Sarton iii REMERCIEMENTS J’aimerais tout d’abord remercier mon directeur de recherche, Pierre J. Talbot, pour avoir accepté de m’accueillir au sein de son laboratoire en Septembre 2014 pour effectuer en premier lieu une thèse, et pour m’avoir accordé une seconde chance lorsque j’ai choisi, confronté à la réalité de cette position et de mes aspirations, de renoncer après plus d’un an à ce projet. Merci de m’avoir accueilli une seconde fois pour une maîtrise, pendant laquelle j’ai énormément appris. Je remercie également mon co-directeur de recherche, Marc Desforges, pour son soutiens lors du passage difficile du doctorat à la maîtrise, période pendant laquelle il m’a conseillé et soutenu. Merci également pour tout le temps consacré à mon encadrement et ma formation pendant mon séjour dans ce laboratoire qui ont contribué à faire de moi un scientifique plus critique. Je ne pourrais pas oublier tout les autres membres du laboratoire qui sont depuis devenus pour certains de vrais amis : Mathieu MP, Alain LC, Mathieu D, Jenny S et Julie G pour leur aide et soutiens durant ces trois dernières années. J’ai mis un certains temps à m’adapter à l’ambiance particulière de ce laboratoire, mais je peux maintenant fièrement dire que vous êtes une belle équipe de dégénérés. J’aimerais remercier tout les membres du Comité Socio-Culturel de l’AGEIAF avec qui j’ai partagé d’excellents moments pendant ces trois ans et à qui je fais confiance pour continuer de faire vivre cet institut, ainsi que toutes les autres personnes que j’ai pu rencontrer et qui ont fait de cette expérience au Québec une aventure extraordinaire. Pour n’en citer que quelques-uns : Alex C, Fabien J, Aude Z, Mathieu B, Cécile A, Sarah B, Vincent H, Guillaume R, Morgane P, Kevin O, Krysten LL, Karine C, et tant d’autres. Je me dois également de remercier mes trois Montpellierains que j’ai suivi ici, Aurélie L, Alain L et Sosthène U pour leur soutiens et pour tout le temps partagé avec eux ici. Il ne fait aucun doute que je n’aurais pas entammé et encore moins fini cette aventure sans le support de mes parents et de ma famille de l’autre côté de l’océan. Enfin je ne peux oublier celle qui me supporte au quotidien depuis plus d’un an maintenant, Laurie Pinel. Merci pour tout. v RÉSUMÉ Les coronavirus humain sont des virus respiratoires opportunistes infectant les voies respiratoires supérieures, et la souche OC43 (HCoV-OC43) est capable d’atteindre le système nerveux central (SNC), infectant préférentiellement les neurones, et provoquant des maladies neurologiques chez la souris. La protéine d’enveloppe (E) des coronavirus est reconnue comme un important facteur de virulence, assurant de multiples rôles durant l’infection, comme la morphogénèse, l’assemblage, la production de particules infectieuses ainsi que la pathogénèse. Ces rôles ont été associés à la présence d’un domaine transmembranaire formant des canaux ioniques, ainsi qu’à un motif d’interaction protéique. Cependant ces domaines n’ont jamais été étudiés en contexte d’infection du SNC, ce qui est l’objectif de cette étude. A l’aide de virus recombinants, nous avons démontré qu’une protéine E est un facteur essentiel pour une production et une propagation virale efficace en cellules épithéliales, neuronales, ainsi que dans le SNC de souris, et qu’elle est essentielle pour la neuropathologie. En modifiant des acides aminés aux positions importantes du domaine transmembranaire et du motif d’interaction protéique nous avons démontré que ces domaines modulent la production virale lors de l’infection, ainsi que le développement de la neuropathologie, représentant donc une cible thérapeutique d’intérêt pour la prévention de maladies neurologiques. Mots-clés : HCoV-OC43, Coronavirus, Protein d’enveloppe, Domaine transmembranaire, PBM, Production virale, Pathogénèse vii ABSTRACT Human coronaviruses are opportunistic respiratory viruses infecting the upper respiratory tract, and the OC43 strain (HCoV-OC43) is capable of invading the central nervous system (CNS), preferentially infecting neurons, and causing neurological diseases in mice. Coronavirus envelope protein (E) is recognized as an important virulence factor, ensuring multiple roles during infection, such as morphogenesis, assembly, infectious particle production and pathogenesis. These roles have been associated to the presence of a transmembrane domain that can form ion channels, as well as a protein-protein interaction motif. However, these domains have never been studied in the context of CNS infection, which is this study objective. Using recombinant viruses, we have demonstrated that the E protein is an essential factor for efficient viral production and propagation in epithelial cells, neurons, as well as in the mouse CNS, and that it is essential for development of neurological disease. By modifying amino acids at key positions of the transmembrane domain and the protein interaction motif, we have demonstrated that these domains modulate virus production during infection, as well as the development of neuropathology, thus representing a therapeutic target of interest for the prevention of neurological diseases. Keywords : HCoV-OC43, Coronavirus, E protein, Transmembrane domain, PDZ binding motif, Virus production, Pathogenesis ix TABLE DES MATIÈRES REMERCIEMENTS ....................................................................................................................................... V RESUME ..................................................................................................................................................... VII ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................. IX TABLE DES MATIERES ............................................................................................................................. XI LISTE DES TABLEAUX ............................................................................................................................ XIII LISTE DES FIGURES ................................................................................................................................ XV LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................. XVII 1 LES CORONAVIRUS, DES VIRUS RESPIRATOIRES PRESENTS AU SYSTEME NERVEUX CENTRAL ................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 LE SYSTEME NERVEUX PERIPHERIQUE ............................................................................................ 1 1.2 LE SYSTEME NERVEUX CENTRAL .................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1 Structure et organisation ............................................................................................ 2 1.2.2 Immunité du SNC ..................................................................................................... 11 1.3 VIRUS NEUROTROPES .................................................................................................................. 13 1.4 PATHOLOGIES ASSOCIEES AUX CORONAVIRUS............................................................................... 14 1.4.1 Coronavirus infectant les animaux ........................................................................... 15 1.4.2 Coronavirus infectant l’humain ................................................................................. 16 1.5 LES CORONAVIRUS : DES VIRUS RESPIRATOIRES NEUROINVASIFS, NEUROTROPES ET NEUROVIRULENTS ........................................................................................................... 17 2 ORGANISATION DU GENOME DES CORONAVIRUS, CYCLE REPLICATIF ET FACTEUR DE VIRULENCE .......................................................................................................................................... 19 2.1 ORGANISATION DU GENOME ET CYCLE DE REPLICATION ................................................................. 19 2.2 LES PROTEINES DU CORONAVIRUS ................................................................................................ 22 2.2.1 Protéines structurales ............................................................................................... 22 2.2.2 Protéines non structurales ........................................................................................ 25 2.2.3 Protéines accessoires .............................................................................................
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