Exploring World History Part 1

Sample Pages from

by Ray Notgrass with Charlene Notgrass and John Notgrass

To order your copy visit www.notgrass.com or call 1-800-211-8793.

Exploring World History Part 1

Creation Through the Middle Ages ii Exploring World History

For all those who have in any way shared the sacred and imperishable gospel with those from every tribe and tongue and people and nation (Revelation 5:9). You have helped to fulfill God’s plan for mankind and have offered hope where there was none.

Exploring World History Part 1 Ray Notgrass with Charlene Notgrass and John Notgrass

ISBN 978-1-60999-061-9

This book is licensed for sale only in the United States of America.

Previous Page: Noah’s Ark (English, 15th Century)

Front Cover Images: Machu Picchu, Peru (funkz / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0), Moses (Library of Congress), King Tang of Shang Dynasty, Julius Caesar (Skara kommun [Stifts- och landsbiblioteket i Skara] / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0), Stained Glass Window in the Cathedral of St. Paul, Minnesota (Sharon Mollerus / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0), Alfred the Great. Back Cover Image: Temple of Zeus, Athens, Greece (psyberartist / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0). Author Photo: Mary Evelyn McCurdy.

All product names, brands, and other trademarks mentioned or pictured in this book are used for educational purposes only. No association with or endorsement by the owners of the trademarks is intended. Each trademark remains the property of its respective owner.

Cover design by Mary Evelyn McCurdy Interior design by John Notgrass

Printed in the United States of America

Notgrass Company 975 Roaring River Road Gainesboro, TN 38562

1-800-211-8793 www.notgrass.com [email protected] Iguazu Falls on the Border of Brazil and Argentina

Table of Contents

How to Use This Curriculum vii 3Early Civilizations 49 Advice on Writing x 11 - Sumer 51 12 - Egypt 56 Assigned Literature xvi 13 - Key Concepts: Ancient Science and Mathematics 61 14 - Key Person: Hammurabi and His Code of Laws 65 1 Introduction to World History 1 15 - Bible Study: The Land Between the Rivers 68 1 - It Begins With God 3 2 - Understanding Our World 7 3 - Your Place in the World 11 4 - Religion in History 15 4Abraham and His Descendants 73 5 - Bible Study: Eternity Before Creation 20 16 - Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob 75 17 - Key Concept: The Faith of Abraham 81 18 - Everyday Life: Nomads 85 2 The Beginning 25 19 - Key Event: The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah 89 6 - Creation 27 20 - Bible Study: “God Meant It for Good” 94 7 - Sin 31 8 - Early People Groups 36 9 - Questions from Genesis 40 10 - Bible Study: The Existence of God 44

iii iv Exploring World History

5 God Chooses Israel 99 7 Persia 157 21 - Israel Becomes a Nation 101 31 - The Rise of a New Kingdom 159 22 - Key Event: The Exodus 105 32 - Key Concept: Persian Religion 163 23 - Key Person: Moses 109 33 - Key Person: Cyrus 169 24 - Everyday Life: The Story of Ruth 115 34 - Everyday Life: Babylon 25 - Bible Study: The Law 122 During the Time of Daniel 173 35 - Bible Study: “For Such a Time as This” 177

6 Israel and Her Neighbors 127

26 - Israel United and Divided 129 Ancient Asia and Beyond 185 27 - Nations of the Ancient Near East 134 8 28 - Key Person: David 139 36 - Ancient India 187 29 - Everyday Life: The Time of 37 - Ancient China 193 King Solomon 145 38 - Everyday Life: Chinese Government, 30 - Bible Study: Amos, Culture, and Science 199 the Unlikely Prophet 152 39 - Ancient Africa, America, and Europe 205 40 - Bible Study: God’s Love for the Nations 213 Pillar of Ashoka, Vaishali, India (Third Century BC)

9 Greek Civilization 217 41 - Survey of Greek History 219 42 - Key Concept: Philosophy and the Pursuit of Knowledge 225 43 - Key Event: The Peloponnesian War 232 44 - Everyday Life: Ancient Athens 237 45 - Bible Study: God’s Wisdom vs. Man’s Wisdom 242

Indian Coin (5th century AD) Table of Contents v

10 Roman Civilization 247 46 - The Rise of Rome 249 47 - Key Person: Augustus Caesar 255 48 - Key Concept: Roman Law 259 49 - Everyday Life: The Roman Empire 263 50 - Bible Study: The Kingdom of God 269

11 The Central Event in History 273 51 - Introduction to the Gospel of Luke 275 52 - The Revolution Jesus Brought 282 53 - Unlikely Heroes 289 54 - Major Themes in Luke 297 55 - Bible Study: Jerusalem 304

12 The Church Age 311 56 - The Church Begins 313 57 - Key Event: The Conversion of Cornelius 320 58 - Key Person: Paul 325 59 - Everyday Life: The First Century Mediterranean World 331 60 - Bible Study: How to Study a New Testament Letter 338

Stained Glass Window in the Cathedral of the Assumption, Tuam, Ireland World Map Created by Muslim Scholar Muhammad al-Idrisi for Silician King Roger II (12th Century)

Changes in Rome The Late Middle Ages 403 13 and in the Church 343 15 71 - A Changing World 405 61 - The Decline of Rome 345 72 - Everyday Life: Feudalism and 62 - The Way of Christ: Attacked, Then the Rise of Cities 412 Accepted 351 73 - Key Event: The Crusades 419 63 - Changes in Church Practice 356 74 - Key Person: Thomas Aquinas 425 64 - Key Person: Constantine 363 75 - Bible Study: Obeying God, 65 - Bible Study: The Inspiration and Obeying Men 430 Authority of Scripture 369 Credits C-1

14 The Early Middle Ages 373 66 - Europe After the Fall of Rome 375 67 - Key Event: The Rise of Islam 382 68 - Key Person: Alfred the Great 389 69 - Everyday Life: The Vikings 393 70 - Bible Study: Methods and Motives in Evangelism 398 vi Church in Budir, Iceland

How to Use This Curriculum

ou are about to embark upon an exciting the story of the Bible, from Old Testament times journey. You will go to fascinating places through the period of the early church. The Bible Y and meet amazing people. You will hear studies included with the units are intended to help stories of faith, courage, endurance, and victory over you see how relevant the Bible is to the study of seemingly impossible odds. You will wrestle with history and to our lives today. The more you get into challenging ideas that could change your life. You the Word, the more God will change your life. are about to begin a study of the story of mankind. Fifth, our prayer is that you will be a better person and a better Christian for having invested Our Goals your time in this material. You will only get out of it what you put into it, so give it your best and you We have several goals for this curriculum. will receive great blessings from it. First, we want to honor God. To Him be all praise. Second, we want to help you understand world How It Works history. The story of our world is the story of what God has done and what people made in His image This curriculum provides credit in three high have done. To tell the story we have provided 150 school subjects: world history, English, and Bible. lessons. Part 1 has 75 lessons to be completed in the The 150 lessons are divided into thirty units of five first semester. Part 2 has 75 lessons to be completed lessons each. Since a typical school year has thirty- in the second semester. You will also learn the history six weeks, you have some flexibility in completing of the world from the words of people who lived it the course. You can take two weeks to complete a when you read the assignments in In Their Words. unit when you find a topic particularly interesting Third, we want to open your heart to good books or when your schedule is especially busy. Families and to help you enjoy reading. The twelve full-length are free to choose how they want to schedule the works of literature we have chosen to go along with course, but many families choose to begin a unit on this course are uplifting and worth reading. Monday and finish it on Friday. Fourth, we want to help you understand the On the first day of a unit, you and a parent Bible better. We have placed a great emphasis on should read the unit introduction. Here you will

vii viii Exploring World History find a brief overview of the unit; a list of lessons that have no meaning to you. Write the verses on for that unit; a Bible passage to memorize; a list of an index card or divide them between several index books used with that unit; choices for a project for cards. Keep these handy to use when you have a that unit; and, when a literature title is begun, an spare moment. Copying out the verses is a good introduction to that book. exercise, especially if you learn visually. After reading the introduction, choose a project Draw pictures illustrating the verses. Ask another to complete by the end of the unit and make a person to read the verses to you. Ask another person schedule for how to complete it. Find the memory to listen to you and correct your recitation. Working work for the week in the Bible translation of on memorization consistently in small chunks of your choice. time over several days works much better than last- Complete the following each day: minute cramming. • Read the lesson for the day. • Complete each of the Bible, In Their Words, Unit Projects and Literature assignments for the lesson. • If you are using the optional Student Review, Each unit has three choices for a project. complete the assignment(s) for that lesson. Your choices always include a writing assignment. • Work on your Bible memorization and on Discuss with a parent how many writing your chosen project. assignments you need to complete to fulfill the English requirement as you study Exploring World On the last day of each unit, you will recite or History. We recommend that you choose the write your memory work and complete your project writing assignment as your project a minimum for the unit. of six times throughout the course. The other An assignment checklist is available as a free project choices include a wide variety of activities: download on our website (notgrass.com/ewlinks). building models, cooking, field trips, volunteer opportunities, and more, all of which will enhance Student Review and expand what you are learning in the course. The projects relate to the material in the unit. We offer an optional Student Review pack with Where applicable, the lesson from which the project daily review questions; a quiz for each unit; and is drawn is noted. You should choose your project at comprehensive exams in history, English, and Bible the beginning of the unit and work on it throughout every five units. Reminders to do these are included the unit. Don’t wait until the end of the unit or until in the list of daily assignments. The Student Review you reach the lesson noted. You may need to look also has Bible commentary for many Bible readings ahead at the relevant section of the lesson to get and literary analysis for the twelve full-length works started on your project. of literature. As you choose your project unit by unit, take the opportunity to try new things and expand Tips on Memorization your skills. If you have never made a model out of STYROFOAM™, or seldom do any cooking, Each unit of Exploring World History gives a or don’t know how to make a video, this is Bible passage to memorize. Here are some tips on your chance! memorization. Pay attention and internalize what You are expected to complete each project at a the verses mean. It will be much easier to memorize high school level. Some of these assignments could thoughts that you understand than a string of words be given to an elementary school student and the How to Use This Curriculum ix results would be on an elementary school level. Word. We believe that eternal truth does exist, but Your work should be performed with care and we do not claim to know it all. research and with attention to accuracy, creativity, In this curriculum we have sought to present a and excellence. Throwing something together in fair analysis of church history, highlighting various a haphazard fashion is not appropriate. Whether people, viewpoints, and denominations. If you you spend your time writing an essay or building read something in this curriculum that differs from a model, use your mind and hands to create what your family believes, take the opportunity to something you can be proud of. discuss the issue and search the Scriptures together. We welcome your feedback. If you believe that we Lesson Illustrations have written something in error, please e-mail us so that we can learn together the truth that will set We have carefully chosen historic illustrations us free. and modern photographs to help you get a glimpse of the people and places you read about in this Thanks curriculum. Many of the illustrations are works of fine art from around the world. You will notice that This has been a family project for us. I wrote artists often represented scenes from the Bible using most of the lessons and guided the overall project. clothing and buildings that were contemporary to My wife, Charlene, and our son, John, each the artist. We included some of these paintings for contributed several lessons. John did a fantastic job their artistic value, even though they are not accurate developing this new edition with a new format, from an historical perspective. color pictures, and many new documents in In Their Words. Our daughter Bethany and I developed How We Present Scripture the unit activities and the assignments at the end of the lessons. Our daughter Mary Evelyn designed The most important material in this course are the beautiful covers. All of us along with our son- the studies from God’s Word. Understanding world in-law Nate did the proofreading. history and literature is important, but how we live As we have worked on this curriculum, time before God is the most important issue before each and again we have seen God’s wisdom, power, and one of us. We want to help you as you do that. love displayed in the story of mankind. We are We emphasize the Bible a great deal, especially convinced anew that Jesus really is the answer for in the first half of the course. The events of the every individual and for human society. We see Bible took place in history, so we should look at the this curriculum as an opportunity for us to help historical context of the Bible. At the same time, and encourage other homeschooling families and the Bible, Old Testament Israel, and Christianity to explore together the wonderful story of world have had a huge influence on world history, and history. May God bless you. we would not do justice to world history if we downplayed this influence. Theible B is central to Ray Notgrass our understanding of world history. Gainesboro, Tennessee We believe in the inspiration and authority of [email protected] the Bible, and our desire is to present the Bible in January 2014 all of its truth, wisdom, and power. We strive in all we do simply to be Christians. We are on a quest to understand the truth that God has provided in His Students in the Early 20th Century

Advice on Writing

Composition is part of most high school Writing helps you express what you understand English courses. It usually involves learning how to about a subject. If you can’t explain something to express ideas, write themes, and do research papers. another person, you probably don’t understand it Practicing writing helps you to develop your style well yourself. The writing assignments in this course and skill, just as practicing any activity will help you will help you learn to pull your thoughts together. to be better at it. I make my living by writing, so I Good writing style is important in getting your appreciate the importance of this skill. ideas across to other people. Writing skills will be helpful in your job or in conducting your own One goal of high school composition is to business. You will bless your spouse and children if prepare you for college composition. I have taught you write thoughtful letters to them often. You can college students who never learned to construct a help others by expressing yourself well in writing. good sentence, let alone a good paragraph. However, Three ways to improve your writing are to read learning to write just for high school and college good writing, to write often yourself, and to receive composition assignments is a limited goal. Life does criticism of your writing with humility and a desire exist beyond school. to do better. Reading and applying the guidance in You will probably have many occasions to engage good books on writing will also help you refine your in research and to prepare your thoughts on a vital technique. I recommend The Elements of Styleby subject such as abortion or capital punishment. You William Strunk Jr. and E. B. White. will have numerous opportunities to write: letters to friends and family, journals, letters to the editor, Writing Assignments in This Course advertisements for your business, and reviews and articles for periodicals, to mention just a few. The Each week you do a writing assignment Internet has created new possibilities for sharing (instead of one of the other suggested projects), your ideas in written form. Desktop publishing has you will have two or three possible topics from made getting a book published within the reach of which to choose. Some of the assignments ask you many people who might not get a contract from a to imagine you were living at the time and write big-name publisher. a journal entry, speech, or article to express your x Writing and Research xi perspective on something related to that unit. The Develop your paper in an orderly and logical way. other assignments ask you to write an essay about a Using an outline helps me to structure what I am particular person, idea, or other topic. writing. Identify the major points you want to A basic way to compose an essay is to write make, the order in which you need to make them, five paragraphs: an opening paragraph that states and what secondary points you want to include your purpose, three paragraphs that develop to support your major points. Be sure that each three different points or arguments, and a closing paragraph has one main point, expressed in a topic paragraph that summarizes your position or topic. sentence, with the other sentences supporting that If you are floundering on a particular assignment, point. In a narrative, tell what happened first before using this outline can get you started. you tell what happened later. In an essay, make The usual target length of your writing projects your points in the order of their importance to your for this course is 300 to 500 words, which is about overall theme. two or three typed, double-spaced pages. Don’t try to put everything you believe into one piece. Trust that you will have the opportunity to Writing Tips to Implement write again, and stay focused on your topic. Your challenge is to narrow your topic sufficiently to be Here are some tips I have learned that have able to cover it completely. helped my writing. Use short, simple sentences. Longer sentences do Write with passion. Believe in what you are not necessarily show greater intelligence or convey saying. People have plenty to read, so give them ideas more effectively. You are trying to teach or something that will grip them. If you don’t believe convince a reader who perhaps has not been thinking deeply in what you are saying, you give others no about the topic the way you have. He or she will reason to do so either. This raises an issue that is need to see your ideas expressed simply and clearly. related to many writing assignments. Assigned Shorter sentences generally stay with people longer: writing is like assigned reading: we often approach “These are the times that try men’s souls.” “The only it as a chore. Deep emotion and a passion for thing we have to fear is fear itself.” convincing others are difficult to express in a theme on “The American Interstate System” or “How I Writing Habits to Avoid Spent My Summer Vacation.” If a writing assignment in this curriculum does Avoid these habits that weaken your writing. not excite you, change it or select one about which Do not begin sentences with “There is” or “There you can write passionately. If you ever do write about are.” Find a more forceful way to cast the sentence. the American Interstate system, approach it in a way Compare “Four score and seven years ago our fathers that makes it personal and compelling. brought forth upon this continent a new nation” to Writing with passion means that you should not “There was a country begun by our ancestors 87 soft-pedal what you say. Phrases such as “It seems years ago.” to me,” “I think that it would be good if,” or “My Do not habitually begin sentences with “and” or personal opinion, for what it is worth,” take the fire “but.” This practice has become a trendy habit in out of your message. It is your piece, so we know informal writing, but the grammar books tell you it is your opinion. Just state it. Related to this is never to do this. the common use of quotation marks to highlight Avoid the word “would.” Such usage is an attempt a word. Save quotation marks for when you are to soft-pedal, to indicate customary behavior, or to actually quoting something. describe something that is not a reality. “That would xii Writing and Research be a good idea” is less powerful than “That is a good otherwise. You will not get every word and phrase idea.” “Americans would often violate the terms just right the first time you put them down on paper of treaties made with Native Americans” is not as or type them on the computer. Great, famous, well- sharp as “Americans often violated the terms of the paid writers have to rewrite their work and often treaties.” have editors who revise and critique what they Don’t imitate someone else’s style. That person write. Don’t be impatient, and don’t wait until the didn’t become a good writer by copying someone last minute. Write something; then go back and else’s style; he or she developed his or her own style. rewrite it; then go back a day or two later to consider You might become enamored with the writing of a it again. This is where another pair of loving and favorite author and want to write the way he or she honest eyes is helpful. People who have read my does. Learn from that author, but be yourself. writing and who were willing to point out the faults in it have often helped me (although I admit that I Additional Suggestions have winced inside when I heard their criticism). Find someone who is willing to take a red pen C. S. Lewis had good suggestions about writing to your work; a favorite uncle or grandparent might (Letters of C. S. Lewis, edited by W. H. Lewis, first not be that person. You might know exactly what published in 1966; this edition New York: Harcourt you mean by a particular statement, but someone Brace, revised edition 1988; pp. 468-9, 485): else might not understand what you said at all. I have often found that when someone doesn’t understand • Write with the ear. Each sentence should a statement I have written, it is because I have tried read well aloud. to say something without really saying it. In other • Don’t say something is exciting or important. words, I have muddied what should have been a Prove that it is by how you describe it. clear statement; and that fuzzy lack of commitment • Turn off the radio (in our day, he might say showed through. the iPod and television). Your writing will improve with practice, experience, and exposure to good writing. I hope • Read good books and avoid nearly all that in ten years you will not write the same way magazines. you do now. The only way you can get to that point A key to good writing is rewriting. Writing is is to keep writing, keep learning, and keep reading. hard work, and you shouldn’t let anyone tell you I hope that this course helps you on your journey.

Writing a Research Paper

We recommend that you write a research paper This section guides you step-by-step through the of eight to ten typed double-spaced pages (about process. You and your parents should discuss whether 2,000-2,500 words) over a four-week period of you think a research paper assignment is appropriate your choice while you are studying Exploring World for you. Also discuss with your parents whether you History. Waiting until the second semester would should reduce or eliminate the special projects for give you time to prepare and to practice writing each unit during the time you are working on your shorter papers for your weekly special projects. research paper. Writing and Research xiii

When you are ready to begin, refer to this make it accurate or relevant. Wikipedia is the classic section. If you feel a need for more detailed example of a non-authoritative source for research. guidance, we recommend the section on research A great deal of the material found on Wikipedia papers in Writer’s Inc. by Great Source. You can is accurate; but because of the way in which the also find sample research papers online. The Purdue articles are created and edited, Wikipedia cannot University Online Writing Lab (OWL) has a sample. be relied upon as an authoritative source. Websites (Visit notgrass.com/ewlinks for more details.) maintained by universities, government entities, and reputable publishers of reference materials are Research Paper Basics good sources for online research. Google Books and Project Gutenberg have many historic books A research paper combines the work of available in their entirety online. investigation with the task of writing. Choosing your Do not neglect print resources for information. topic is the first step. When you write a research paper, A good old-fashioned one-hour visit to the library you must define your topic as clearly as possible. You might provide much more valuable material than might have to do some general research before you hours of sifting through material online. However, can define your topic. Topics such as “The British you need to be sure that your print sources are Empire” or “The Impact of Roman Civilization” are reliable also. Encyclopedias and books published by too broad for a research paper. “Commerce within large publishers are your best sources. the British Empire” or “The Architecture of Rome” The researcher must give proper credit to her are more defined and manageable. sources. Plagiarism is using someone else’s words or Next comes research. Research involves finding ideas without giving proper credit to that source. The legitimate, authoritative sources on the subject Internet contains information that you could simply and gathering information from those sources. copy and paste into your paper. Though this might The modern researcher has a wealth of material be tempting, it is absolutely wrong. Plagiarism is at available to him, some good and some worthless. once lying, stealing, and cheating. You do not have Sources include books, periodicals, encyclopedias, to cite a source for basic information, such as the fact scholarly articles, and original sources. Original or that Columbus sailed across the Atlantic in 1492. primary sources are materials written or developed However, you do need to cite sources for detailed at the time of history you are investigating. A diary information and for unique perspectives about written by a sailor on a trading vessel during the a topic. As you take notes while doing research, Victorian Era is an example of an original source. You probably will not be able to hold the actual indicate clearly what is a direct quote and what is document in your hands, but many transcriptions your paraphrase of another person’s writing. Do not of original source materials can be found in print copy another person’s exact words into your paper and online. Secondary sources are materials written without showing that you are quoting and giving later about the subject in question. credit to the source. Use caution with online sources, as many are A research paper is a big project that can seem not authoritative. A comment by a reader on a blog overwhelming. Divide the project into manageable about the Roman Empire is not necessarily based steps. We have provided a schedule that will help you on fact, and you cannot use information gathered do this. You might need extra time on some steps from such a source in a research paper. It might give while you breeze quickly through others. You must you an idea about something to research yourself, stay on track to meet your deadline. Look ahead to but just because someone posted it online doesn’t the finished product and take it step-by-step. xiv Writing and Research

Your paper should be based on historical fact and Noting how Roman architecture expressed Roman should not primarily be an opinion piece. Sometimes ideals and impacted the concept of beauty and form differentiating between the two is difficult. A simple centuries later is excellent; on the other hand, listing list of facts that can be found elsewhere is not reasons why you like Roman architecture is irrelevant interesting. Your paper should have a point, and to this paper. Your task for your research paper is to you should bring your own thoughts to bear on the provide information, make observations, and draw facts you gather in your research. Your paper will conclusions on the topic in an interesting, readable be dull if you do not draw interesting conclusions. format that is worth someone’s time to read.

Four-Week Schedule (see further explanation for each day below)

Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5

Investigate possible Choose a topic and Research sources, Learn how to give Make a research topics. write a purpose make preliminary credit. plan. sentence. outline.

Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 Day 9 Day 10

Begin research. Continue research. Continue research. Finish research. Finalize outline.

Day 11 Day 12 Day 13 Day 14 Day 15

Begin writing. Work on first draft. Work on first draft. Work on first draft. Finish first draft.

Day 16 Day 17 Day 18 Day 19 Day 20

Work on final draft. Work on final draft. Work on final draft. Finish final draft.olish P and turn it in!

Day 1: Read “Research Paper Basics” (on the British Empire transformed international relations previous two pages) and all daily assignments below. in trade, politics, economics, and science.” Make a list of at least seven ideas for topics. Discuss Day 3: Gather possible sources for research. ideas for topics with a parent. Select topics that you Make a list of places to look. You can bookmark would like to spend the next few weeks studying websites, visit the library, and look through relevant and writing about. The index of this curriculum is a periodicals. Develop a preliminary outline for your source for possible topics. paper. Day 2: Investigate possible sources for your Day 4: Learn how to cite your sources properly. top three topic ideas to make sure you will be able Your research paper should follow MLA (Modern to find enough material. Choose your topic and Language Association) guidelines for source write a one-sentence summary of your purpose for citations. Your paper needs to have footnotes or in- the paper. Don’t say, “This paper is about how the text citations for your sources of information and British Empire transformed international relations.” a separate Works Cited page at the end of your Instead, state the substance of your paper: “The paper. Look online for the most up-to-date MLA Writing and Research xv guidelines. We recommend Purdue University’s want to emphasize in the conclusion. Organize these Online Writing Lab (OWL). into an outline. Your research might have shown you Practice some example citations. Whether that you need to emphasize a point that you had not you use note cards, copy and paste to a computer previously realized was important, or you might not document, or a combination of these approaches, be able to find much information about what you be consistent and accurate in your in-text and thought was a main idea. bibliography citations. Look over the guidelines and Look through the information you gathered in your examples with a parent to make sure you are on your research to make sure you didn’t leave anything the right track. important out of your outline. Finalize your outline Day 5: Make a general outline for your paper to and talk about it with a parent. A good, detailed help guide your research. Make some notes about outline will ease your writing process significantly. what you want to say in your paper, questions you Day 11: Re-read “Advice on Writing” on pages hope to answer in your research, and ideas for the x-xii of this book. Begin writing your paper, starting main point of your paper. This plan will enable you to make the most of your research time. You want with your introduction and conclusion. Your to immerse yourself in the topic you will be writing introduction should give a general idea of what your about. Your final paper will not include every bit of paper is about and the main points you will make. information you read, but you want to write from a Your conclusion will re-emphasize your main points. position of overflow instead of scraping together just Include proper citations as you go, both in-text and enough facts to fill up your paper. on your Works Cited page. Day 6: Begin your research. Develop a system Day 12: Continue work on your first draft. to stay organized, keeping track of the source for Day 13: Continue work on your first draft. every quote or fact. For example, if you are using Day 14: Continue work on your first draft. the book, Tea for the Queen, note which facts and Day 15: Finish the first draft of your paper. quotations come from that specific work and the Check your in-text source citations and Works relevant page numbers. You need to know clearly Cited page against your research notes and make where every item of information came from: book, sure your formatting is correct. Proofread your paper website, article, etc. Use a minimum of six different and make corrections. Give your paper a title. Ask sources for your paper. a parent to read and correct your paper and make Day 7: Continue your research. suggestions for improvement. Day 8: Continue your research. Day 16: Discuss the paper with your parent. Day 9: Finish your research. Where do you want Think about improvements that you can make. this paper to go? What do you want to say? Decide Begin working on the final draft of your paper. Fix what information you gathered in your research mistakes and polish your style. is relevant and what isn’t. Highlight key findings in your research. Set aside (but don’t throw away) Day 17: Continue working on your final draft. information that does not seem relevant to what you Day 18: Continue working on your final draft. want to say. Talk about your general ideas for your Day 19: Finish writing your final draft. Read paper with a parent. your paper carefully for spelling and grammatical Day 10: Work on the final outline for your errors. paper. Jot down the points you want to make in the Day 20: Read your paper aloud. Make any introduction, the main sections of your paper, what final corrections. Save it, print it off, and turn it in. you want to include in each section, and what you Good work! Detail from Interior with Poppies and Reading Woman (Lizzy Hohlenberg), Anna Ancher (Danish, 1905)

Assigned Literature

Units 3-5 The Cat of Bubastes G. A. Henty

Unit 8 The Art of War Sun Tzu

Unit 10 Julius Caesar William Shakespeare

Units 13-14 The Imitation of Christ Thomas à Kempis

Units 16-18 Here I Stand Roland Bainton

Units 19-20 A Tale of Two Cities Charles Dickens

Units 21-22 North and South Elizabeth Gaskell

Units 23-24 The Hiding Place Corrie ten Boom

Unit 25 Animal Farm George Orwell

Units 26-27 Bridge to the Sun Gwen Terasaki

Units 28-29 Cry, the Beloved Country Alan Paton

Unit 30 The Abolition of Man C. S. Lewis

xvi 5

God Chooses Israel

Summary God brought Israel out of slavery and made them His chosen people. The Lord raised up Moses, who led Israel, despite their frequent grumbling and lack of faith, into the Promised Land. The period of the Judges was marked by everyone doing what was right in his own eyes. During this period, however, Ruth, an ancestor of David, showed great faith and was rewarded for it. The Law of Moses gave structure to the life of Israel and taught the people what it meant to worship the one true holy God.

Lessons 21 - Israel Becomes a Nation 22 - Key Event: The Exodus 23 - Key Person: Moses 24 - Everyday Life: The Story of Ruth 25 - Bible Study: The Law Miriam’s Dance, from a 14th-century Bulgarian Psalter

99 100 Unit 5 - God Chooses Israel

Memory Work Learn Psalm 78:5-7 by the end of the unit.

Books Used The Bible (You will read the book of Ruth while you are reading Lesson 24.) In Their Words The Cat of Bubastes

Project 1) Write 300 to 500 words on one of the following topics: (choose one) • Write journal entries from the Exodus through the wilderness as if you were an Israelite. Record your observations, fears, and faith. See Lesson 22.

• Write a character study of Moses: his strengths, his weaknesses, his successes, his failures, and how God helped him grow. See Lesson 23.

2) Make a video documentary of the early history of Israel as told in this unit. Your documentary should be at least five minutes long.

3) Create a painting that celebrates the law that God gave to Moses. See Lesson 25. View from Mount Carmel, Israel Lesson 21 Israel Becomes a Nation

uring the second half of the second move to Egypt during the famine. They lived in the millennium BC (1500-1000 BC), the land of Goshen and prospered. DShang dynasty exercised control of After several years, however, a different pharaoh China. The Hindu religion was growing in India. came to the throne who did not remember Joseph Phoenician ships were trading and exploring around and the agreement by which the sons of Israel had the Mediterranean Sea and even into the Atlantic been allowed to live in the land. This new pharaoh Ocean. The city of Mycenae was built in southern feared the growing number of Israelites. Desiring Greece. The Trojan War took place. Stonehenge was to show his authority, he subjugated the Israelites already a landmark in England. Mayan tribes were to forced labor, requiring them to make bricks for living in villages in Central America. his many building projects. However, the more they Meanwhile, along the southeastern coast of the were oppressed, the more the Israelites grew. Mediterranean, a nation that had begun as one large Pharaoh next tried a policy of ethnic cleansing by family underwent a people movement that took selective infanticide. He ordered Hebrew midwives them from being slaves in Egypt to possessors of to kill all male Israelite children and only let the girls live. This, he might have thought, would give the a land on the eastern Mediterranean coast. Many Israelites fewer potential soldiers. The girls could nations settled new lands during this period. What be intermingled with other slaves and the potential was unique about this particular group is that their threat diffused. But the midwives feared God and identity, their move, and their new land were all refused to kill the male children, and God blessed specially guided by God. the midwives for what they did. Deliverance for the Israelites came from within $IÀLFWLRQDQG'HOLYHUDQFH Pharaoh’s own household. A woman of the tribe of Levi hid her baby boy in a basket and put it into the The extended family of Jacob’s sons and their Nile, where it was found by Pharaoh’s daughter. The children had come to Egypt in peace and with the princess named the boy Moses and raised him as her approval of Pharaoh. Jacob’s son Joseph had been own son. When Moses was about forty years old, Pharaoh’s vizier and had arranged for his family to he killed an Egyptian who was beating a Hebrew.

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Pharaoh heard about it and tried to kill Moses, but Moses escaped into the land of Midian. There Moses married Zipporah, daughter of Jethro, and tended his father-in-law’s flocks. About forty years later, God called Moses from a burning bush to return to Egypt and tell the new Pharaoh to release the descendants of Israel from bondage so that they could go into the wilderness and worship Him. Moses was reluctant to do so at first, but he eventually agreed and returned to Egypt. Pharaoh stubbornly refused to let this large band of workers and potential enemies leave his control. God sent a series of plagues on Egypt, which finally convinced Pharaoh to release them. God parted the Red Sea so that the Israelites could escape. When Pharaoh and his army chased them, God sent the waters of the sea back over the pursuers and drowned them. Detail from Worshipping of the Golden Calf Chosen People and the Lucas van Leyden (Dutch, c. 1530) Promised Land

In the wilderness, God initiated a covenant in but the people listened to the ten fearful ones. As which He declared that He would be the God of a result, God made them wander in the desert for the Israelites and called them to be His people. They forty years, until that adult generation had died off. were to set themselves apart from the world as a holy Moses led them to the border of the Promised nation, dedicated to worshiping and serving only the Land, but God did not allow him to enter it because one true God. The Lord set forth His Law for them of his own disobedience. Joshua took up the role of to observe and gave instructions for building a large leader and led the Israelites across the Jordan, which tent or tabernacle as the place they were to worship God divided for them just as He had divided the Him. The people agreed to the covenant, but their Red Sea for the previous generation. Since Canaanite commitment to it was shaky. Almost immediately tribes already lived there, Israel had to fight them they began worshiping a golden calf that Aaron, in order to capture their cities and take control of Moses’ brother, made for them. the land. The Israelites defeated the Canaanites, The Israelites showed lack of faith many times, but some pagan people continued to live in the but especially when they listened to the faithless land and became an influence on the Israelites that report of spies who had searched out the land of caused them to disobey God, even to the point of Canaan which God had promised to give them. Ten worshiping idols. Joshua oversaw the allotment of spies said that the Israelites could never overcome land to the various tribes of Israel. Some had chosen the people who were living in the land. Joshua and to live east of the Jordan but had promised to serve Caleb believed that God would bring them victory, God and to help capture Canaan for their brothers. Lesson 21 - Israel Becomes a Nation 103

The Period of the Judges and began to worship the gods of the people around them. The Hebrew word for master isba’al . It came God always wanted the Israelites to look to to be used for the chief Canaanite god (Ba’al) and for Him and not to any human as their true leader. other gods as well (the Ba’als). They also worshiped In a stirring farewell speech, Joshua challenged the the goddess Ashtoreth (plural, Ashtaroth). Israelites to put away the gods they had known in A cycle of events repeated itself several times Egypt and the gods their forefathers had known in during this period in Israel’s history. Because of Mesopotamia and to turn aside from the gods of the Israel’s unfaithfulness, God turned them over to Canaanites. “Choose for yourselves today whom enemies and plunderers. The people cried out you will serve . . . as for me and my house, we will to the Lord for help, and God raised up a judge serve the Lord” (Joshua 24:15). to deliver them. Under the judge the Israelites Joshua’s generation did not do a good job of routed the enemy and peace was restored. Then the teaching their children about the Lord. When they people forgot their blessings, returned to following died out, a generation arose that did not follow the Ba’al and other gods, and the cycle began again God of their fathers. The Israelites forsook the Lord (see Judges chapter 2).

Detail from Samson with the Philistines, Carl Heinrich Bloch (Danish, 1863) 104 Unit 5 - God Chooses Israel

The term judge brings to our minds the hearing Conclusion of court cases; but only one judge, Deborah, is described as settling disputes (Judges 4). The term The children of Israel did not build pyramids judge as used in the book of Judges is best understood or other structures that still stand today. They did as referring to someone who brought the judgment not contribute significant scientific or mathematical of God against Israel’s enemies in battle. Deborah, advances to mankind’s knowledge. Israel did not by the way, does not disprove the Biblical pattern of command a vast territory in a way that served as the male spiritual leadership. She actually filled a vacuum model for governing an empire. caused by the lack of responsible male leadership on Instead, the legacy that Israel gave to the world was the knowledge of what it means to live for the part of Barak. the one true God—and what it means when an The stories recorded in the book of Judges tell individual or a nation does not live this way. As we of gross unfaithfulness and immorality committed will see later in this unit, the Law that God gave to during this time. Instead of enjoying the new Moses has had a significant impact on Western legal land that God had given them and the abundant practices. The inspired writings of the Hebrews have provision God had promised, the Israelites had an influence on our thought and literature that wandered spiritually and did not live up to their cannot be measured. God’s working with Israel is an identity as God’s holy people. The last verse of important building block in His providing a Savior Judges says it well: “In those days there was no king for all the world. These are the reasons why a study in Israel; everyone did what was right in his own of Israel is important, not just for religious history eyes” (Judges 21:25). but for world history in general.

“Have I not commanded you? Be strong and courageous! Do not tremble or be dismayed, for the Lord your God is with you wherever you go.” Joshua 1:9

Assignments for Lesson 21

Bible Read Exodus 1-5. Commentary available in Student Review.

Literature Continue reading The Cat of Bubastes. Finish it by the end of this unit.

Student Review Optional: Answer the questions for Lesson 21. Detail from The Israelites Crossing the Red Sea Lesson 22 - Key Event Juan de la Corte (Spanish, c. 1650) The Exodus

n the Exodus, God fulfilled His promise to being lazy and to increase their work load. Rather Abraham by making a nation of his descendants than thanking Moses for being their deliverer, the Iand giving them the land of Canaan. The Exodus Israelites called down God’s judgment upon him for is the most significant single event in the history making their lives more difficult. of Old Testament Israel. It brought independence for Israel, showed God’s willingness to act on their Plagues and Deliverance behalf, and gave them their identity as God’s people. First Kings 6:1 says that Solomon began the To convince Pharaoh, God initiated a series temple 480 years after the sons of Israel left Egypt. of plagues on Egypt. God used the plagues to We are fairly certain that the temple was begun show that He was more powerful than the gods of around 966 BC, which would put the Exodus the Egyptians and their magicians. Pharaoh was around 1446 BC. unmoved by the first plague, even though it showed God’s power over the Nile River. Pharaoh’s magicians From Oppression to Hope reproduced it. After the second plague, which the magicians also reproduced, Pharaoh agreed to let the God brought good out of bad when He led people go to sacrifice to God in the wilderness; but Joseph through many trials to become vizier of Egypt. after the plague passed, he hardened his heart and Through God’s mercy, Jacob’s household was able to changed his mind. The Egyptian magicians could come to Egypt and live in prosperity. However, this not reproduce the third plague and recognized it as good thing turned bad when a different pharaoh the finger of God, but Pharaoh’s heart continued to feared the Israelites and made them perform hard be hardened; he still was not willing to admit that labor. God heard their groaning; remembered the the Lord was indeed God. covenant He had made with Abraham, Isaac and The Lord protected Israel from the fourth Jacob; and acted to end their suffering. plague as a further demonstration of His working The Lord called Moses to lead His people out on their behalf. Pharaoh again gave them permission of bondage. Pharaoh’s first response to Moses’ call to go and even asked that they pray for him; but to let God’s people go was to accuse the Israelites of when the plague passed he hardened his heart again.

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Aaron Changes the Water of the Nile into Blood, Jan Symonsz Pynas (Dutch, 1610)

God continued to press his case by sending plague Pharaoh mourned the death of his own first-born after plague, but stubborn Pharaoh responded by child, he finally agreed to let the people of Israel go; continuing to refuse Moses’ request. The plague of and they left before he changed his mind. darkness was especially humiliating to the Egyptians, As the Israelites fled eastward to the Red Sea, who worshiped the sun-god as a chief deity. The Pharaoh once again had a change of heart and set Hebrews, meanwhile, had light. out with his army to bring the Israelites back. Seeing The tenth plague was the death of the first-born the advancing army, the Israelites became frightened in every Egyptian house. God said that Israel was and accused Moses of bringing them out to the His first-born son. The price that Pharaoh paid wilderness to die. God parted the waters so that the for refusing to let God’s first-born son go was that Israelites could walk to the other side. When Pharaoh his first-born son would be killed. As part of the and his army tried to follow, the Lord closed the sea institution of the Passover meal, God instructed the Israelites to spread sheep’s blood on their doorways over them and they were drowned. so that the Lord would pass over their houses. As The Covenant at Sinai

The Departure of the Israelites Out of Three months after leaving Egypt, the Israelites the Land of Egypt, David Roberts (Scottish, 1830) came to Mount Sinai. There Moses met with God, who offered a covenant to Israel. The Lord offered the covenant on the basis of the grace He had already shown in bringing Israel out of slavery to Him. All the earth is His, God noted; but if the Israelites would obey His voice and keep His covenant, Israel would be His special, chosen people, a kingdom of priests and a holy nation. The people agreed to do whatever the Lord said. Following an elaborate preparation, the Lord then spoke the words of the Law to Moses, beginning with the Ten Commandments. Lesson 22 - Key Event: The Exodus 107

God’s Blessings, Israel’s Grumbling 6LJQL¿FDQFHRIWKH([RGXV

The people of Israel had a difficult time The Lord commanded Moses to take a census recognizing God’s blessings and living in the of Israel in the second year after they had come out faith that God was trustworthy and good. When of Egypt. The census revealed 603,550 men, not Moses stepped forth as their deliverer, at first they including the Levites (Numbers 1:2, 2:32). We can didn’t rejoice at their newfound hope but instead safely assume that most of these men were married grumbled because Pharaoh increased their work and that many of them had children. It is not load. When God brought them out to the Red Sea, unreasonable to conclude that one to two million they didn’t trust that God would carry through with people came out of Egypt in the Exodus. their deliverance but instead bewailed the fact that The Exodus made Israel into a nation and Pharaoh’s army was following them. gave them their identity as God’s holy people. It God provided amply for the people, even showed that God can be trusted. Hundreds of years though they complained frequently. When the had passed since God had made His promise to people grumbled about the lack of fresh water, Abraham. The intervening years had brought many God gave them water. When the people grumbled unlikely twists and turns in the story, but God was for lack of food, God sent them manna. When faithful. Numerous references in the Bible point to they complained that all they had to eat day after the Exodus as a demonstration of God’s mercy (see, day was the same manna from heaven, God gave for example, Psalm 105 and Hosea 11:1-4). them quail. When God spoke from Mount Sinai, they were afraid and did not want God to speak to them The Gathering of the Manna Dieric Bouts the Elder (Dutch, 1467) directly. When Moses took a long time conversing with God on Mount Sinai, the people lost faith and had Aaron make a golden calf as a pagan idol. When ten of the spies who went into Canaan returned with fearful reports, the people did not rejoice at the land God was giving them but instead gave up hope. The people of God, shown grace upon grace and called into a covenant with the one true God, did not let the blessings they received change their hearts. Instead, they focused on the difficult things before them and complained even about their blessings. Rather than becoming a grateful people who trusted the God who had provided for them again and again, they became a grumbling people who doubted God and abandoned Him at the least difficulty. May God’s people today learn from their example and resolve to thank God for His blessings and to trust God even through the hard times (see 1 Corinthians 10:6-12). 108 Unit 5 - God Chooses Israel

Each year, even centuries later, the Passover into the freedom and blessing of being Christians reminded all Israelites of God’s mercy and helped (see 1 Corinthians 10:1-4). Paul describes Jesus them feel as though they participated in the Exodus. as our Passover lamb (1 Corinthians 5:7). The The fathers in every generation were to say to their wanderings of the Israelites in the wilderness have children, “With a powerful hand the Lord brought been compared to the hardships of the Christian us out of Egypt, from the house of slavery” (Exodus life. Crossing the Jordan and reaching the Promised 13:14). Jews around the world continue to observe Land have become symbols of death and heaven in the Passover each year. However, those who do not many hymns. know Christ are missing the ultimate fulfillment of The story of Israel is unique in history. God God’s promise. This pivotal event of the Old Testament has wanted the Israelites to have a powerful sense of meaning for the Christian as well. Just as God their special, divine calling so that they would live brought Israel out of the bondage of slavery through up to His will for them. They failed in this to a great the waters of the Red Sea into the freedom and degree, but the call still serves as a beacon for those blessing of being God’s people, so God brings us who want to escape spiritual slavery and find the out of bondage to sin through the waters of baptism freedom of a new identity as God’s people.

You yourselves have seen what I did to the Egyptians, and how I bore you on eagles’ wings, and brought you to Myself. Now then, if you will indeed obey My voice and keep My covenant, then you shall be My own possession among all the peoples, for all the earth is Mine; and you shall be to Me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation. Exodus 19:4-6a

Assignments for Lesson 22

Bible Read Exodus 13-15. Commentary available in Student Review.

In Their Words Read Dayenu (page 22).

Literature Continue reading The Cat of Bubastes.

Student Review Optional: Answer the questions for Lesson 22. Detail from The Finding of Moses, Laurens Alma Tadema (Dutch, 1904) Lesson 23 - Key Person Moses

oses led the Israelites out of slavery in peninsula. There Moses met the family of Reuel, Egypt, through forty years of wandering priest of Midian. Moses married Zipporah, one of Min the wilderness, and to the brink of the priest’s daughters, and the couple had two sons. the land God had promised to give them. While Moses’ father-in-law is called by two names in the in the wilderness, Moses was the messenger who Bible. Reuel means friend of God and was probably gave God’s Law to Israel; and he was the leader who his name (Exodus 2:18). Jethro, which means guided them through many trials of faith. excellence, was probably his title (Exodus 3:1). Moses was a great leader, but he did not start For the next forty years, Moses lived as a out being bold and courageous. He grew into the shepherd for Reuel, no doubt learning wilderness position God gave him, and along the way he life and also learning the work of a shepherd, skills showed that he had his share of human failings. he would need when leading the people of Israel. Moses spent the first forty years of his life in the Overview of Moses’ Life household of Pharaoh and the next forty years as a shepherd—quite a come-down in status. Moses was born in Egypt to Amram and At the age of eighty, Moses received God’s call Jochebed from the tribe of Levi. He was raised as the from the burning bush on Mount Horeb (also son of Pharaoh’s daughter. We assume that he was called Mount Sinai) to return to Egypt and lead His brought up in the royal household and received an people out of bondage. Moses was reluctant to education in keeping with his status. However, he follow God’s instruction, but he obeyed the call and was aware of his Hebrew background, a fact which went back to the land he had left as a wanted man. influenced a decisive moment in his life. Pharaoh did not want to let the Israelites leave, but When Moses was about forty years old, he a series of plagues from God finally convinced defended a fellow Hebrew by killing the Egyptian Pharaoh to do so. Moses led the Israelites through who was beating him. Word about his deed got the Red Sea and to Mount Sinai, where God initiated out; and when Pharaoh tried to kill him, Moses and established the covenant between Himself and escaped to the land of Midian on the Arabian the nation of Israel.

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The Lord told Moses to send twelve spies into Guided by the Hand of God Canaan who would bring back reports on the land and its inhabitants. Ten of the spies returned with The life of Moses was clearly guided by the fearful reports and dire warnings about Israel’s hand of God. He was born under a death threat, as inability to take the land. Joshua and Caleb were Pharaoh had ordered all male Hebrew children to be convinced that God could make it happen, but the cast into the Nile. Moses’ mother did cast her baby people believed the ten negative spies and bewailed into the Nile, but she put him into a basket first; and their fate. God punished them by making the people the daughter of Pharaoh found him. Moses’ sister of Israel spend the next forty years in the wilderness arranged for their own mother to nurse him until he until that adult generation died out (except for was weaned. Joshua and Caleb). So for the last forty years of Forty years later, Moses fled from Egypt, again Moses’ life, he shepherded Israel in the wilderness under a death threat. In Midian God led him to the and brought the new generation to the Jordan River family of a priest. When Moses returned to Egypt in preparation for entering the Promised Land. to free the Israelites, God gave him courage and the Moses himself, however, was not allowed to words to speak when he appealed to Pharaoh. God enter. Earlier Moses had struck a rock instead of clearly had a purpose for Moses’ life, and He saw to speaking to it to bring forth water. Because of this it that His will for Moses was fulfilled. act of disobedience, God forbade him from going into Canaan. After viewing the land from Mount A Reluctant Leader Pisgah, Moses died at the age of 120. God buried him in the land of Moab. Moses did not accept the mantle of leadership willingly. When God called him at the scene of the burning bush, Moses gave a series of excuses to try Moses and the Burning Bush to get out of the assignment, as recorded in Exodus Dieric Bouts the Elder (Dutch, 1467) chapters 3 and 4.

1. “Who am I to do this?” Moses asked. God’s reply was that He would be with Moses (Exodus 3:11-12). It was not so much a question of who Moses was but who God was, and God was going to be with him.

2. “What shall I tell the Israelites about who sent me?” God was not commonly known by the Israelites, and of course they had heard much about Egyptian gods. With what divine authority would Moses go? God said that His identity is “I AM.” The God who truly exists, as opposed to all the false gods, was his authority (Exodus 3:13-15).

3. “What if they don’t listen to me? What if they deny that God has appeared to me?” Moses was not convinced that they would take his word for it, so God showed him two Lesson 23 - Key Person: Moses 111

miracles and gave him the promise of a third as proof that God had indeed spoken with him (Exodus 4:1-9).

4. “But I am not eloquent. I am slow of speech and tongue.” Evidently Moses had some speech impediment or a great fear of speaking in public. He thought God should use someone more eloquent in the role. But God replied, “Who made the mouth? Who makes someone dumb or deaf?” In other words, God was in control of Moses’ mouth. The Lord would be with his mouth and would give him the words to say (Exodus 4:10-12).

5. “Lord, send whomever you want,” Moses said at last, which meant “anyone but me.” The Lord was angry with Moses and said that Aaron would be Moses’ mouthpiece. God indeed sent someone else—but only to accompany Moses (Exodus 4:13-16).

Sometimes we give excuses to God, but they really do no good. God knows the situation, and He Victory O Lord! by John Everett Millais (English, knows us better than we do. Moses was reluctant, 1871) depicts Aaron and Hur helping Moses hold up his but God could still use him as long as he obeyed. hands during battle with the Amalekites (Exodus 17). Moses’ weakness did not stop him from being God’s servant. God wanted Moses in this role; and even wiping out Israel and starting over with Moses to though Moses was not all he could have been at the build a nation (Exodus 32:9-10, Numbers 14:11- time, God trained him on the job. 12). This was something God had done before in the case of Noah. Moses pleaded Israel’s case, even Intercessor for Others though the people were ready to cast him off and select a new leader (Numbers 14:4). Moses spent his life interceding for others. He On both of these occasions, Moses told God acted on behalf of a fellow Israelite when the latter that the action He was planning to take would not was being beaten by an Egyptian. He helped the look good to other nations. It would make it appear daughters of Reuel when shepherds drove them that God had brought Israel out of Egypt just to do away from the water. Moses pleaded with God away with them, Moses said. Other nations would on behalf of Egypt during the plagues. Of course, think that God was not strong enough to bring the Moses presented God’s case to Pharaoh on behalf of people into Canaan. In addition, Moses pointed the people of Israel. out, God had made a covenant with Abraham, Isaac, In the wilderness, Moses appealed to God and Jacob. He had given His word about giving the on behalf of the Israelites when God was ready to land to their descendants. In Numbers 14:17-18, destroy them. On two occasions, God considered Moses quoted God’s own words to Him, the words 112 Unit 5 - God Chooses Israel

He had spoken to Moses in Exodus 34:6-7 about bush, and neither He nor Moses ever moved away being compassionate, gracious, and slow to anger. from this closeness. It is because of this intimacy God relented on both occasions, but He did punish that Moses was able to intercede for the Israelites as Israel appropriately. mentioned above. After the incident of the golden calf, God Close Relationship with God declared to Moses that He would not go with Israel into the Promised Land. Moses again appealed to “The Lord used to speak to Moses face to face, the Lord, saying that God’s presence with them just as a man speaks to his friend” (Exodus 33:11; distinguished Israel from all the other nations on the see also Numbers 12:6-8). Moses probably enjoyed earth. Moses asked to know God’s ways so that he a closer intimacy with the Almighty than anyone could find favor in His sight. God agreed to do this, else who has ever walked this planet except for the and Moses asked to see God’s glory. God allowed Lord Jesus Himself. This intimacy changed Moses’ Moses to see His back (for no man can see the face life and helped him to become the leader that he of God and live), and the Lord declared to Moses was. God initiated the relationship at the burning His goodness and compassion.

The Tetragrammaton: YHWH

God revealed His name to Moses as “I AM” (YHWH, related to the Hebrew verb “to be,” Exodus 3:14). God’s identity is that He is the God who is, who really exists. God revealed who He is by the deeds He performed. The ancient Hebrew language did not have any vowels, only consonants; so God’s name was rendered YHWH (the Greek word tetragrammaton means “four letters”). The translation into German was JHWH, the significance of which we will explain shortly. In an attempt to obey the third of the Ten Commandments — not to misuse God’s name — the Israelites never pronounced YHWH at all. Instead, they used the word Adonai, which means Lord. In English translations of the Old Testament, when you see LORD in all capital letters, the word in Hebrew is YHWH. It is being translated the way the Israelites would have rendered it, using Adonai or Lord.

Many centuries later, when fewer people spoke Hebrew and the common pronunciations were becoming unfamiliar, Jewish scholars added vowel points, or symbols, to indicate how words were to be pronounced. For the word YHWH, they used the vowel points for Adonai. Thus the rendering in the Hebrew Bible became Y-a-h-o-w-a-h. The German rendering was J-a-h-o-w-a-h, which became Jehovah. But this word came about only in the Middle Ages. Jehovah was not used in the Hebrew Old Testament and was never used by Jews as a name for God. It is actually a combination of the consonants of YHWH and the vowels of Adonai.

The Mesha Stele (pictured at left, in The Louvre) is among the oldest known surviving written uses of the name YHWH. It was discovered in Palestine in 1868. Dating from about 800 BC, this monument was created by Mesha, king of Moab, to celebrate a victory against the king of Israel. Mesha is mentioned in 2 Kings 3. Lesson 23 - Key Person: Moses 113

Moses’ face was changed by his conversations with the Lord. When he came down from talking with God on Mount Sinai, his face shone. The other people were afraid to come near him, so Moses began to wear a veil. He lifted the veil when he talked with the Lord, but he kept the veil in front of his face at other times. Paul wrote that Moses used the veil so that the people could not see that the shine of his face faded over time (2 Corinthians 3:13). Moses was not only transformed physically by his relationship to God, but inwardly as well.

Moses’ Spiritual Growth

At first, as mentioned earlier, Moses was reluctant to do God’s bidding. He feared that since the Israelites would not listen to him, neither would Pharaoh. However, Moses eventually went boldly to Pharaoh; and, as we have noted, he approached God This illustration, from a Frankish manuscript (c. 840 Himself with great confidence. AD), depicts Moses receiving the Tablets of the Law and As the Egyptian army was approaching the reading them to the Israelites. Israelites at the Red Sea, Moses assured the frightened people that God would act on their behalf. God said to Moses, “Why are you crying out to Me? Tell the this responsibility. Moses needed to appoint “able sons of Israel to go forward” (Exodus 14:15). In men who fear God, men of truth, those who hate other words, there is an appropriate time for prayer; dishonest gain” to serve as arbiters among smaller but then comes the time for action. It is maturity to groups of Israelites. Moses himself needed to know when those times are. concentrate on being the people’s representative Moses struggled deeply with the Israelites’ lack before God and handling the major disputes. of faith. At times he rebuked them, at times he Moses followed Jethro’s advice, and life among the complained about them to the Lord, and at other people ran much more smoothly. This incident is an times he interceded to God on their behalf. It takes example of the wise delegation of responsibility and a person of great maturity to be able to separate the the value of recognizing godly men who can serve sin from the sinner, to rebuke sin when necessary God’s people (Exodus 18:13-26). but to pray for someone out of a heart of concern In spite of his growth and his years of faithful when prayer is needed. service, Moses was not perfect. At Meribah, the Moses learned the art of delegation from Israelites again grumbled about Moses, this time his father-in-law. Jethro noticed that Moses was because they did not have water. God told Moses to spending all day every day deciding issues between speak to the rock and water would come forth. In the people (knowing how they grumbled against his anger, however, Moses struck the rock. Because God, we can only imagine how they complained of this disobedience, God did not allow Moses to about each other!). Jethro told Moses that he was enter the Promised Land. God said that Moses did in danger of letting the people wear him out with not believe God or treat Him as holy in the sight 114 Unit 5 - God Chooses Israel of the people. God could not let such obvious Moses laid down his life to serve his people, disobedience go unpunished. The consequences of even though they did not appreciate him and often doing so would have been too great for the people complained about what he did. He showed that of Israel. he was able to rise above such pettiness, and in so doing he set an example that many generations after Choose Life him would appreciate and honor. God showed His wisdom in choosing Moses to be the leader of Israel The book of Deuteronomy is a series of three at the most critical time in their history. The world sermons that Moses gave near the end of his life to is different because of what he did. the people of Israel as they were preparing to enter Canaan. He reviewed what had happened to them from the Exodus to that point, reiterated some of A Note on Terms: Through the centuries, people the Law that God had given through him, and have used several terms for the land area at the made a final exhortation to the people to serve God eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. In this faithfully, even though he knew they would not. curriculum, we use the term Israel to refer to the When Moses had outlined the choice they faced nation of Israel, both ancient and modern. We use of following or rejecting God, he said, “I call heaven the historical term Palestine to refer to a larger area and earth to witness against you today, that I have that includes Israel, especially during the period set before you life and death, the blessing and the from the Roman occupation of ancient Israel to the curse. So choose life in order that you may live, you establishment of the modern State of Israel. and your descendants” (Deuteronomy 30:19).

Now Moses was faithful in all His house as a servant, for a testimony of those things which were to be spoken later. Hebrews 3:5

Assignments for Lesson 23

Bible Read Deuteronomy 1-6. Commentary available in Student Review.

In Their Words Read the excerpt from Geography (pages 23-24).

Literature Continue reading The Cat of Bubastes.

Student Review Optional: Answer the questions for Lesson 23. Photograph of a Road to Bethlehem, August Salzmann (c. 1853) Lesson 24 - Everyday Life The Story of Ruth

he book of Ruth tells the beautiful story God showed kindness to His people even during the of King David’s ancestors. It shows how time of the Judges, and the Israelites in the story Ta few people were faithful to God during demonstrate this same kindness toward each other. the unhappy period of the Judges when, generally The name of the author is not given in the book, speaking, “everyone did what was right in his own which might have been written during or after the eyes” (Judges 21:25). The story is an example of reign of David in honor of his forebears. Set in a how God works to accomplish good for His people. particular time and place in history, Ruth gives us We also see the importance of fulfilling one’s family glimpses of everyday life during this period. We will responsibilities. Before reading further in this lesson, take special note of these insights in this lesson. stop and read the book of Ruth. As inspired literature, the book of Ruth is a 'LI¿FXOW\DQG6DGQHVV masterpiece. Clear themes are woven through the narrative. The covenant name of God, YHWH, is In the days of the Judges a famine struck Israel, used eighteen times in the book. The Hebrew word probably as punishment for its unfaithfulness. group that includes redeem and redeemer is used Elimelech, of Bethlehem in Judah, took his wife twenty times. One main idea in the book, then, is Naomi and their two sons, Mahlon and Chilion, that as Boaz was the kinsman-redeemer for Ruth, about fifty miles east to the land of Moab, hoping to God is the Redeemer of Israel. God’s redemption is be able to survive there as economic refugees. That illustrated by His redeeming Ruth and Naomi from Elimelech would go to Moab indicates his desperate poverty through Boaz. circumstances, since Moab and Israel had long been The word return is used fifteen times, twelve enemies (see Judges 11:17 and Numbers 22-24). times in the first chapter. Naomi returned to Israel Elimelech died in Moab. His sons took Moabite with her daughter-in-law, Ruth returned from the women, Ruth and Orpah, as wives, even though paganism of her people to the right path of serving God had forbidden the Israelites from marrying God, and in the end the Lord returned blessing foreign wives (Deuteronomy 7:3) and had forbidden upon Naomi when Obed was born to Boaz and a Moabite from entering the congregation of Israel Ruth. Another key concept in the book is kindness. (Deuteronomy 23:3-6). People do not always follow

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God’s Law. It could well be that Elimelech and his once again be a house of bread for Naomi and the sons did not know the Law well, since copies of people of Judah. Following her time of loss and it were scarce and it was not faithfully taught and grief, Naomi would receive more blessings from practiced during this time. More tragedy struck the the Lord than she could imagine and would have family when the sons of Elimelech died, leaving much over which she could rejoice. Significantly, the the widowed Israelite Naomi with two widowed narrative does not call her Bitter but continues to Moabite daughters-in-law. call her Naomi—Pleasant. Naomi’s life would not In ancient Israel a woman was provided for by be defined by the bitterness of the past but by the her father until she married, then by her husband pleasant things which God had in store for her. until he died, and then by her sons. Naomi, in a Naomi and Ruth had to find some way to foreign land because of a famine, now had no one to survive since they did not have husbands to provide provide for her. When the Lord ended the famine in for them. The Law of Moses made provision for the Israel, Naomi headed back to Judah. Her daughters- poor in Israel. The Lord commanded the Israelites in-law accompanied her, but Naomi discouraged not to harvest every last sheaf of grain and every them from following her. She could promise no more last grape in the vineyard. They were to leave the sons to them as husbands to fulfill the requirement corners of the field and some of the grapes for the of levirite marriage (explained on page 118). poor (Leviticus 19:9-10, 23:22). This private-sector Amidst tears, Orpah followed Naomi’s advice work-relief program for the poor was intended to be and returned to her home; but Ruth clung to Naomi a benefit “for the alien, for the orphan, and for the and wanted to go on with her. Ruth made a conscious widow, in order that the Lord your God may bless decision to turn away from her Moabite roots and you in all the work of your hands” (Deuteronomy religion and adopt Israel and Israel’s God as her 24:19). Naomi and Ruth certainly qualified to own. Naomi could see that Ruth was determined to be gleaners. continue with her, so she stopped trying to convince her to go back. Ruth and Naomi, Nicolaas Verkolje (Dutch, 1744)

Return to Bethlehem

When the women arrived at Bethlehem, the people of the village were excited to see Naomi again after ten years. “Is this Naomi?” they asked. The heartbroken widow answered with a word play on her name. Naomi means pleasant, but Naomi saw her life as anything but pleasant. Instead, she said, “Call me Mara (which means bitter), for the Almighty has dealt very bitterly with me” (Ruth 1:20). Perhaps significantly, Naomi did not use the covenant name of God, YHWH, or even Adonai, Lord, but the less personal El Shaddai (Almighty). She felt distant from God’s blessings. God’s blessings, however, were about to come upon Naomi in abundance. The word Bethlehem means house of bread. After the famine, it would Lesson 24 - Everyday Life: The Story of Ruth 117

made special provisions to take care of them. Boaz was not going to treat Ruth as a poor vagrant gleaner. Boaz had heard about the sacrifice Ruth had made in joining Naomi in Israel. He spoke a blessing upon Ruth, asking that she receive a full reward from the Lord, “under whose wings you have come to seek refuge” (Ruth 2:10-12). The image of baby birds or chicks under their mother’s wings conveys the idea of security from attack and provision for one’s need. Ruth had put her trust in the Lord. In his blessing, Boaz was asking the Lord that her trust be rewarded. A major part of the way the Lord took care of Ruth was through the kindness of Boaz himself. Naomi was overjoyed when she learned that Ruth had worked in the fields of Boaz. She advised Ruth to stay with the female servants and to work only in the fields of Boaz. Being with the men would provide protection, while being with the young women would provide fellowship and keep her from Ruth and Boaz, Barent Fabritius (Dutch, 1660) being alone and possibly victimized. Working only in the fields of Boaz would show Ruth’s trust in him and her thankfulness for his kindness. It would Harvesting Grain also allow her to continue to enjoy his protection and provision. Ruth went out to harvest what grain she could from the fields. Elimelech had a wealthy kinsman Planning the Proposal named Boaz living in the region, but apparently Ruth knew nothing about him. Ruth 2:3 literally Marriages in those days were arranged by the says that Ruth’s “chance chanced upon” the portion parents, so it was natural that Naomi would take steps of the field that belonged to Boaz. The implication to provide Ruth with a home and family security. in the narrative is that she did not just happen to Naomi found out Boaz’s activities and knew when come to the field of Boaz. Instead, the Lord guided Ruth should approach him. The barley harvest being finished, he would be winnowing the crop at the her path there. In so doing He provided for her threshing floor. Naomi instructed Ruth to prepare physical needs and gave her the opportunity to find herself for meeting Boaz. When he lay down to sleep a permanent solution to her distressing life situation. for the evening, she was to go in, uncover his feet, When Boaz came upon the workers in his field, and wait for him to tell her what to do. they exchanged greetings that expressed faith in Ruth went to the threshing floor and hid until God (Ruth 2:4). Boaz noticed Ruth and wanted to Boaz had gone to sleep. Boaz had enjoyed a successful find out who she was. He assumed that as a young harvest, had worked all day winnowing the barley, woman, she would be under the protection of and had enjoyed a filling meal. Now he was ready someone. When he learned that she was with Naomi for a good night’s sleep, but he still had one more and that the two of them were alone in the world, he business task to perform. He needed to protect his 118 Unit 5 - God Chooses Israel

Boaz, however, went beyond mere legal expectations. He genuinely cared for Ruth and had great admiration and respect for her. Although Boaz had been extremely kind to Ruth, he expressed thanks to her for her kindness towards him in being interested in him as a husband. She had not pursued younger men in town, which suggests that Boaz was several years older than Ruth. Because of her virtuous behavior, which was well-known in the community, A group of people reenacted the story of Ruth and Boaz Boaz was honored to serve as her kinsman-redeemer. in Palestine around 1940. This is one of a series of However, one matter had to be resolved before photographs showing “Ruth” carrying grain, with the he could fulfill the role of kinsman-redeemer. city of Bethlehem in the background. Although he was related to Elimelech, another man in town was a closer relative. The text does harvest from robbers, so he slept at the end of the not indicate whether Naomi knew about this closer heap of grain. When he had gone to sleep, Ruth kinsman. Before Boaz could properly take the role came to him, uncovered his feet, and lay down. of kinsman-redeemer, the other man had to decline Uncovering his feet, probably by removing the it. Boaz promised to resolve the issue the next day. cloak that he wore during the day and used as a blanket at night, was an indication that she wanted Negotiating with the Relative to marry him. At midnight Boaz awoke and was surprised to see a woman lying at his feet. Ruth Boaz went to the town gate, the best place to asked Boaz to “spread your covering over your maid” find the nearer kinsman with whom he had to speak. (a euphemism for marriage used in Ezekiel 16:8), When Boaz found him, he called ten elders of the since he was a near kinsman to her late husband. city to be witnesses. By making these arrangements, Family relationships were important in Old Boaz showed his good character and his respect for Testament Israel. The kinsman-redeemer was the opinions of others. He wanted to talk with the expected to buy back family property (Leviticus relative in the open, and he wanted reliable witnesses 25:25), purchase the freedom of a brother who to be present. The way in which Boaz handled the had been enslaved (Leviticus 25:47-55), or avenge situation suggests that he was a person of considerable a murder (Numbers 35:19). The law of levirite marriage in Deuteronomy 25:5-10 called for the position and influence in the community. brother of a deceased Israelite to take his dead The negotiations began in the indirect way that brother’s widow and have children by her in the is still typical of the Middle East. Boaz mentioned a dead brother’s name. Although it is not specifically tract of land which once belonged to Elimelech that called for in the Law, the practices described in Ruth Naomi needed to sell. The parcel of land had to be indicate that the kinsman-redeemer was commonly redeemed by a relative. Boaz told the relative that he expected to fulfill the levirite marriage requirement (the relative) had first right and obligation to buy for a deceased relative. Ruth was asking Boaz to be the land, but that Boaz would do so himself if the her kinsman-redeemer, redeeming her from poverty, relative were unwilling. The relative said that he was widowhood, and childlessness. willing to redeem the land. Lesson 24 - Everyday Life: The Story of Ruth 119

At this point, Boaz mentioned Ruth, as if to The Connection with David say, “By the way, there will be a wife involved.” Apparently redeeming the land and redeeming Boaz and Ruth were married, and they had a son. the widow had to be done by the same kinsman- The women of Bethlehem rejoiced with Naomi over redeemer. This changed things for the relative, who the complete reversal of her fortunes. They offered said that he could not serve as the redeemer lest he glowing praise of Ruth and expressed the prayer that ruin his own inheritance. If he married Ruth and Naomi’s grandson would bring her joy in her old she gave birth to a son, the field would revert to the age. The women of the town (who apparently had son and the relative would lose his investment. In an active and influential presence as a group in the addition, the relative might also have been concerned community) are credited with giving the boy his that the expense of a family would cause him to lose name, Obed, which means “servant of the Lord” the property he already owned. Boaz again showed (Ruth 4:17). This is the only child mentioned from his generous nature by not being concerned about the union of Boaz and Ruth. such matters. Since the nearer kinsman declined Obed was the father of Jesse, who became the to exercise his right to be the redeemer, Boaz was father of David. The book ends with the genealogy willing to do it. from Perez, son of Judah, through Boaz and The deal was confirmed by the relative giving concluding with David. Ruth was David’s great- his sandal to Boaz. This was a custom of the time grandmother. It is conceivable that David knew to show that the giver was relinquishing all rights Ruth in his early years. The story of Ruth might of possession. The nearest provision in the Law well have been one of the favorite tales in David’s of Moses regarding such a practice is found in family history. Deuteronomy 25:7-10, which interestingly enough During a period of instability in Israel, David deals with the law of levirite marriage. The law said took his parents to Moab, Ruth’s homeland, for that if a man refused to take his brother’s widow and safety. While they were there, his parents stayed with father a child by her in his dead brother’s name, the the king of Moab (1 Samuel 22:3-4). Perhaps their woman was to take his sandal, spit in his face, and connection with Moab through Ruth helped make declare the shame of his refusal in the presence of this temporary move possible. the elders. The giving of the sandal to Boaz was not a matter of shame but of the relative merely handing over his rights as kinsman-redeemer. Apparently the Israelites’ practice of the sandal had changed since the Lord had given the original provision.

Michelangelo painted this image in the Sistine Chapel (1511-1512) as part of a series on the ancestors of Christ. Salmon is shown on the right and Ruth and Obed on the left. 120 Unit 5 - God Chooses Israel

What Else Was Happening? (1500 BC - 1100 BC)

11 The Olmec civilization developed along the Gulf of Mexico. These people were creative artists, as evidenced by the many different types of sculpture that have survived. Among the most striking examples are the colossal heads (example at right).

22 The Minoan Palace at Knossos, Crete, was a sprawling complex with hundreds of rooms. More likely a religious center than a palace, it had an elaborate water drainage system, including toilets, and extensive storage facilities. Discovered in the late 1800s, the site underwent excavation and attempts at reconstruction into the 1900s.

33 The Battle of Kadesh took place about 1275 BC between Egyptian and Hittite armies. It involved some 30,000 men and a few thousand chariots. The Egyptians claimed victory, but they ended up retreating.

44 The Vedas are foundational religious texts for Hinduism—hymns, sacrificial ceremonies, chants, and magical/medical rituals. The material evidently began to be collected during this period. Followers memorized the information and passed it down from one generation to the next. The middle image at right is from a 19th-century written copy.

15 The Shang dynasty flourished in China. Tens of thousands of so-called oracle bones have been discovered. Questions were written on bones or shells in an appeal for dead ancestors to give guidance (example at right). The culture also practiced human sacrifice.

2 3 5 1 4 Lesson 24 - Everyday Life: The Story of Ruth 121

Then the women said to Naomi, “Blessed is the Lord who has not left you without a redeemer today, and may his name become famous in Israel.” Ruth 4:14

Assignments for Lesson 24

Bible Your reading of Ruth was your Bible assignment for today.

Literature Continue reading The Cat of Bubastes.

Student Review Optional: Answer the questions for Lesson 24. Torah Scroll Lesson 25 - Bible Study The Law

hile Israel was camped around the base that protect and support marriage. A good marriage of Mount Sinai in the desert, God gave is not held together by a piece of paper. It is held W to Moses a code of laws to regulate together by the love and commitment that the the national, personal, interpersonal, and worship man and woman have for each other. Yet without activities of the people. This was not the first legal a marriage license, that relationship would have no code that governed a nation in the ancient Near status before the law. East. The Sumerians, Babylonians, Egyptians, and In the same way, the heart of the relationship Hittites, as well as others, had written laws. God’s between God and Israel was not the Law, but the Law did, however, have unique attributes that set it covenant agreement that they entered into at Sinai. apart from other legal systems. What held the relationship together was the heart- The Law of Moses served as the practical felt commitment that God had for Israel and that guide for the daily and yearly life of Israel. It has Israel had for God. When Israel’s commitment was also influenced the development of Western legal lacking, the relationship suffered. The Law was not systems in more recent times. This lesson will help the sum total of the covenant; the purpose of the Law you understand and appreciate the blessing of the was to provide form and content to the relationship Old Testament Law. between God and Israel. In other words, since the covenant existed, the Law stated what God expected Covenant and Regulations from the people. The structure of the covenant and Law is Any married couple can tell you the difference similar to the treaties used in the ancient Near East between a marriage and a marriage license. A between a conquering ruler (called a suzerain) and marriage is a relationship between two people the conquered people (called vassals). The suzerain who have committed themselves to each other in a stated what he would do for the vassals and what he unique way for the rest of their lives. It is a bond expected from the vassals. The vassals were not in a shared by the persons involved. A marriage license position to negotiate the terms of the treaty. All they is the legal document that shows the binding nature could do was either accept it or reject it. However, of the marriage. It stands for the many legal statutes they did benefit from the arrangement because the

122 Lesson 25 - Bible Study: The Law 123 suzerain promised to protect the vassals. In this vein, God never wanted Israel just to obey the external God called Israel to Himself and stated what He requirements of the Law without any devotion to would do and what He expected Israel to do. Israel Him. God wanted the Israelites to love Him with all could not negotiate the terms of the covenant. They of their heart, soul, and strength. He wanted their could only either accept it or reject it. heart-felt commitment to Him and to following His The nations around Israel tended to believe in Word (Deuteronomy 6:4-9). God never wanted a multiple gods because they thought that no single rote, mechanical, or hypocritical going through the god was all-powerful. God wanted Israel to know motions of keeping His commandments (Isaiah that He was their one God and that He was strong 1:10-15). enough. He wanted their complete loyalty. God is The Law must be understood in the context of a jealous God. He tolerates no competitors and no the relationship between God and Israel. The first half-hearted allegiance. With YHWH, it is all or five books of the Old Testament are what are usually nothing. These are the terms on which He offered called the Law. These books of Moses are also known the covenant, and this is how He wanted Israel to as the Pentateuch, from the Greek words for five books. However, not every verse in these books is a respond to it. law. They contain many stories about God and His dealings with mankind and specifically with Israel. A Covenant Based on Grace These stories are part of the Law, and that is the point. We must not try to separate the Law from Many people believe that the old covenant the covenant. The stories in the Pentateuch give the was based on law and the new covenant in Christ context for the Law. The legal code came out of the is based on grace. However, the old covenant was entire covenant experience for Israel. based on grace as well. God showed grace to the God wanted Israel to live as His holy people. Israelites by bringing them out of slavery in Egypt, He wanted Israel to follow His guidelines because and then He offered the covenant to them on the He had done so much for them. However, many basis of the unmerited favor He had shown them Israelites came to believe that being chosen by (Exodus 19:4-6). God meant that they were superior to other

The Books of the Torah

Torah is the Hebrew name for the first five books of the Old Testament (the Greek name is Pentateuch). In the Hebrew Bible, the name for each book is taken from the first few words of the book itself.

Genesis is about origins. Exodus concerns Israel’s departure from Egypt but also includes many laws. Leviticus deals primarily with the regulations of the Levitical priesthood. Numbers is so named because of the census that opens the book, but it provides us with most of the history of the wilderness wanderings of Israel. In Deuteronomy Moses repeats the Law for a new generation. The name Deuteronomy is from the Greek deutero-nomos, meaning second law. The Torah scrolls above are from the Chesed-El Synagogue in Singapore. 124 Unit 5 - God Chooses Israel people. By the time of Christ, a group of Jews apodictic laws. God simply stated how things were known as the Pharisees had added their own rigid to be done. interpretations of the Law that defined faithfulness The second kind of provisions are casuistic and unfaithfulness as they saw it. The Pharisees lost (kaz-you-IS-tic) or hypothetical laws. These usually the big picture of God’s love in the details of their begin with the phrase “If a man” or “When a man.” interpretations. In other words, these laws apply only when certain God was not a Pharisee who was converted to events take place. Exodus chapters 21 and 22 contain grace under Jesus! We should not equate the Old many casuistic laws. Testament Law with Phariseeism. Jesus said that The third kind of law is case law. These laws He did not come to abolish the Law but to fulfill it came about when new situations arose that had not (Matthew 5:17). Jesus tried to clear the fog brought been previously addressed. The Lord’s word in these on by the Pharisees, to help people see what God cases applied to all similar situations in the future. is really like. The Law provided training in what it For example, Numbers 15:32-36 addresses what the meant to live for the one true and holy God. This penalty for Sabbath-breaking was. Numbers 27:1- way of living was brought to completion in Jesus 11 describes how the inheritance laws were to be Christ, who transforms us on the inside and gives us applied when a man had only daughters and no sons. the ultimate motivation of love to live for God. Laws were also given which dealt with the responsibilities of the priests, how sacrifices were to The Nature of the Law be made, the observance of annual feasts, personal cleanliness, dietary laws (clean and unclean foods), The Law of Moses contains three kinds of legal and interpersonal relationships. Themes that run provisions. The first are apodictic (a-poh-DIK-tic) through the law include fairness, holiness, and laws, or laws of absolute obligation. These are the respect for life. “Thou shalt/Thou shalt not” provisions. The Ten The Law revealed what is important to God and Commandments are good examples of these laws. how the Israelites were to approach Him. Since God Provisions dealing with ceremonial activities are is clearly different from pagan deities, He was to

The Ten Commandments

The Ten Commandments stand as a preamble to the Law as a whole. The importance of the Ten Commandments is shown by the references to them in the Law (Exodus 34:28; Deuteronomy 4:13 and 10:4). Jesus does not use any of the list when He cites the two most important laws (Mark 12:28-31), but the ten address issues expressed by both of the greatest commands.

The Ten Commandments and the Law of Moses had an influence on Western legal systems. The Law showed that a standard outside of ourselves which came from God is what we ought to live by. Some things are holy by their very nature and must be respected as such (God, marriage, and the parent-child relationship, for instance). Since people are made in God’s image, some things are wrong to do to people, such as lying, murder, and adultery. These concepts from the Law have influenced what secular legal systems have protected and what they have punished. The tablets above from the Philippines display the Ten Commandments in the Cebuano language. Lesson 25 - Bible Study: The Law 125

This Hebrew text is from the Book of Numbers. The name of God is in the middle of the image. be worshiped in a distinctly different way. Because that we have Christ, we no longer need a child- people matter to God, they were to be treated in conductor. The book of Hebrews explains how a godly fashion. Because holiness is important to Christ set aside the old covenant with its regulations God, God’s way is distinctive from other religions. when He established the new covenant through His Since people are important to God and holiness is blood (Hebrews 7-10). important to God, to be God’s holy people was an Some provisions of the Law deal with timeless especially significant calling. issues, such as immorality and kindness. These principles apply to Christians because the one true holy God has called the church to be His holy The Meaning of the Law for people. We can grow in our understanding of the Christians nature of God by seeing what He allows and forbids in the Law. The Law is just as inspired as the rest of the No one keeps the Old Testament Law perfectly. Bible. However, the Old Testament Scriptures are In the first place, no one can (Romans 3:19-20). connected to the old covenant, which is no longer the Secondly, the Law cannot be followed completely way people are called to have a covenant relationship because the temple does not exist and thus the ritual with God. This is available only in Jesus, and the law cannot be kept. In addition, we do not need to New Testament Scriptures are connected to the new keep the Law because the sacrifice Christ made of covenant and are thus the authority for Christians Himself for us was a once-and-for-all atonement in their covenant relationship to God. The Law led (Hebrews 10:14). Thus, keeping the Law is not us to Christ as a pedagogue led a child to his tutor something we should pursue. Efforts in the early in ancient Greece (Galatians 3:24-25; the Greek church to make Christians obey the Law were met word in this passage, commonly translated tutor, is with stiff apostolic resistance (Acts 15, Galatians pedagoge, better translated child-conductor). Now 5:1-6). 126 Unit 5 - God Chooses Israel

Conclusion from God about how they were to live and how they were to worship Him. They could see both that God gave the Law for Israel to live by as His God is merciful and that God exacts appropriate chosen and holy people. Israel lived under what is punishment for transgression. God set high standards for justice and love, much higher than the called the Law of Moses for about 1,500 years. After standards of the pagan nations around them. The the Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed in 70 AD, Law was not intended to be a list of burdensome many Jews tried to continue to live by as many laws regulations to keep people from enjoying life. It was as they could. However, much of the ritual code was God’s way of guiding His people in the first steps impossible to keep with the loss of the Temple. of holiness, a gift that brought abundant blessings The Law that God gave to Israel through Moses when they obeyed it, and the way that Israel could was a blessing for those called to live by it (Psalm know how God wanted them to live in holiness 19:7-11). In the Law, the Israelites had instructions and righteousness.

For this commandment which I command you today is not too difficult for you, nor is it out of reach. . . . But the word is very near you, in your mouth and in your heart, that you may observe it. Deuteronomy 30:11, 14

Assignments for Lesson 25

Bible Read Leviticus 19 and Deuteronomy 32. Commentary available in Student Review. Recite or write Psalm 78:5-7 from memory.

Literature Finish reading The Cat of Bubastes. Literary analysis available in Student Review.

Project Complete your project for the unit.

Student Review Optional: Answer the questions for Lesson 25 and for The Cat of Bubastes; take the quiz for Unit 5; and take the first history, English, and Bible exams. 10

Roman Civilization

Summary The story of Rome has fascinated professional historians and amateur students of history for over two thousand years. In this unit we will survey the different phases of Roman history, take an especially close look at Augustus Caesar, consider Roman contributions to law, and have a look at everyday life in Rome. The Bible study considers the kingdom of God, especially as it contrasted with the Roman Empire.

Lessons 46 - The Rise of Rome 47 - Key Person: Augustus Caesar 48 - Key Concept: Roman Law 49 - Everyday Life: The Roman Empire 50 - Bible Study: The Kingdom of God

Roman Aqueduct, Pont-du-Gard, France (First Century AD)

247 248 Unit 10 - Roman Civilization

Memory Work Learn Romans 5:6-8 by the end of the unit.

Books Used The Bible In Their Words Julius Caesar

Project 1) Write 300 to 500 words on one of the following topics: (choose one) • Why do you think Rome achieved the success it did as a civilization? What were its key strengths? • Write a news article that tells about the assassination of Julius Caesar: what happened, when and where, who was involved, why it happened, and what is expected to happen as a result of it. Write it for a newspaper or a radio news broadcast. See Lesson 46. 2) Write a short play that takes place in ancient Rome. Make the actors, dialogue, and action realistic. Let the point you are trying to make be obvious from what happens in the play instead of having someone say it as a line. 3) Create a model of a real structure built by Romans. Locate one or more photos of the structure. Make your model as close to scale as you can and from the material of your choosing (wood, cardboard, clay, STYROFOAM™, LEGO® bricks, etc.).

Literature William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was born in the English country town of Stratford-upon-Avon and moved to London to become an actor and playwright. His plays were being performed by the early 1590s, and his popularity grew immensely over the next twenty years. Shakespeare retired to Stratford a few years before his death. Shakespeare is generally regarded as the greatest writer in English literature, and Julius Caesar is one of his best works. Shakespeare’s plays are categorized as either comedies, tragedies, or histories. Julius Caesar is a hybrid of history and tragedy, but it is usually classified as a tragedy. The play is a study of power and political motivation. Though Caesar himself is a relatively minor character in the play, everything in the drama revolves around him. Was Caesar a tyrant who would destroy Rome or a savior who would rescue Rome? Was his assassination a blow for liberty from oppression or an act of treason against the best interests of the people? Like any major figure, Caesar had supporters and critics. In the play, Cassius opposes Caesar and is suspicious of his motives. Brutus wants to do what is good and is at war within himself over what course to take regarding Caesar. Cassius recruits Brutus to join the assassination plot. The result of Caesar’s assassination is civil war. Octavian (or Octavius, later known as Augustus), supported by Mark Antony (Marcus Antonius), emerges as the winner. Read the play in an annotated edition that has notes explaining vocabulary and other elements of the dialogue that might be obscure to the modern reader. You might also consider listening to a complete audio edition or watching a video presentation while following along with the printed text. Shakespeare relied on Plutarch, other ancient writers, and more contemporary sources for his information about Caesar and his times. Shakespeare sometimes plays fast and loose with historical facts, and the dialogue includes some anachronisms; but concentrate on the beauty of the language and the insight into human nature that Shakespeare reveals. Census Frieze Monument (Second Century BC) Lesson 46 The Rise of Rome

omulus and Remus were abandoned twins around 600 BC. We know relatively little about the who were rescued and nursed by a she-wolf. Etruscans. They are thought to have come from Asia R A shepherd’s family reared them. As young Minor. The Etruscans used an alphabet based on the men, the twins decided to build a city at the place Greek alphabet, employed the arch in building, and along the Tiber River where they were rescued. They practiced gladiatorial combat. disagreed on the location, however; and Romulus Around 509 BC, the Latins on the seven hills killed Remus. Romulus founded a city on seven hills reasserted themselves, threw off Etruscan rule, and in 753 BC and named it Rome in his own honor. became the most powerful people of the area known That is one myth about how Rome began. If that as Latium. Here begins the distinct history of the story doesn’t appeal to you, you can find others. The people of Rome. Being done with Etruscan kings, poet Virgil offers a different legend in theAeneid , the Romans established a form of government called which dates from the first century BC, when the a republic, which means “the affairs of the people.” Empire was reaching the height of its power. Virgil The Roman Republic lasted for almost 500 years. mentions Romulus and Remus but focuses on Aeneas, an intrepid soldier in the Trojan War who The Republic encountered many adventures and tribulations on his way to founding the city of Rome. Virgil clearly During the early part of the Republic, Roman borrowed from Homer’s Odyssey to tell this story. life and government were controlled by wealthy Neither story, of course, is true. Our best landowners called patricians. The ruling body of indications are that Italy was invaded by tribes government, the Senate, was composed of three from Central Europe around the 12th century BC, hundred representatives of patrician families who much as Greece was. Those who settled in central were elected for life. Every year the Senate elected two Italy became the shepherding and farming Latin consuls to be chief executives and military leaders. The people and founded Rome as a city-state around consuls had equal power, and each had veto power over 750 BC. The area was then invaded by the Etruscans the actions of the other (veto is Latin for “I forbid”).

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picks up once again the reins of his farm animal to continue plowing. The government of the Republic fought a series of wars over several centuries, mostly for two reasons: perceived need, and greed. The growing Roman population needed new areas in which to settle. Roman merchants also wanted to expand their economic activity, which could be accomplished by trade but also by the conquest of other lands. Roman armies were usually successful in these wars. They Cincinnatus Leaves the Plow for the Roman were well-trained and dedicated to their cause. They Dictatorship, Juan Antonio Ribera (Spanish, 1806) were also well-organized. A Roman legion of about 6,000 men was divided into smaller units that could be dispatched and moved quickly. After his term, a consul became a member of the Military success led to greater wealth for Rome, Senate. In a time of crisis, the Senate could name both through the tribute paid by the defeated a dictator; but he could serve no longer than armies and by the increased trade brought to the six months. city. However, the warfare also had a domestic In the other main social class were the impact. The army was all-patrician at first; but with plebeians. These were farmers, artisans, small the greater need for fighting men, plebeians were merchants, traders, and other such working people. pressed into service. As a result, the plebeians began The plebeians were citizens, but they could not be to demand a greater voice in the government they elected to the Senate or to the consulship. A plebeian were called upon to defend. by law could not marry someone from a patrician The Republic, which was based on the older family. The Assembly, made up of representatives patrician-plebeian social system, was forced to elected by the plebeians, had little practical power. A third group in Roman society were the slaves. consider changes when society changed. An These were usually prisoners of war; and although Assembly of Centuries was formed to represent the some were well-educated and highly talented, they army. This Assembly began to choose the consuls. had no legal rights. The Assembly of Tribes became the plebeian body. The service that Cincinnatus rendered in 458 BC It chose ten tribunes each year as the spokesmen embodied some of the highest ideals of the Roman for the average people. One of the most important Republic: duty, efficiency, sacrifice, and country developments urged by the Assembly of Tribes was above all. Imagine a Roman army surrounded by the formulation and publication of a code of laws enemy forces. Five soldiers escape to carry word back in 451 BC. The Twelve Tables of Law were posted in to Rome. The Senate decides to appoint a dictator, the Forum (the central marketplace, equivalent to the who can rule with absolute power for six months. Greek agora). These laws were no great advancement A delegation goes to the home of Cincinnatus, for plebeians, but at least they could now insist that a wealthy landowner who is plowing his field. judges apply the law fairly and without partiality Cincinnatus leaves his plow, hurries to Rome, and toward the patrician class. calls for every eligible man to enlist for service. The Plebeians continued to work for a greater role in commander defeats the enemy and returns to Rome government. Tribunes were granted the veto power, victorious. Then, sixteen days after being appointed, and the Assembly of Tribes gained the right to pass Cincinnatus hands back the reins of power and laws without Senate approval. In 367 BC a plebeian Lesson 46 - The Rise of Rome 251 was elected consul. Eventually the plebeians were however, by invading Carthage itself, which forced allowed to marry patricians. Some were elected to Hannibal to return home to defend his city. There the Senate. he was defeated and fled to Asia Minor. After sixteen Another change in Roman society that years of fighting, Carthage surrendered in 201 BC, threatened the old structure was the rise of a middle paid a heavy tribute, and promised not to start class, composed mainly of plebeians who had another war without Rome’s consent. With these married into patrician families and who had become events Rome became the unquestioned major power wealthy through trade and government contracts. in the western Mediterranean. These people did not fit the standard definition of In 150 BC Carthage fought a nearby kingdom patricians or plebeians, but they wanted a role in without getting Rome’s permission. The Roman government and exercised their influence to get it. government was outraged and embarked upon the Third Punic War. Roman forces invaded and burned International Expansion Carthage. The city’s population was killed or sold into slavery. Rome took over the region and added it to its expanding list of overseas colonies. Roman The Romans subjugated the other tribes on the armies brutally subjugated Corinth in Greece Italian peninsula by 264 BC and began to look for about the same time Carthage was destroyed (146 new lands to conquer. Rome’s chief rival was the BC). Rome could then boast of control over Spain, kingdom of Carthage on the north African coast. Greece, Egypt, Asia Minor, and much of the eastern Carthage had been founded as a colony by the Mediterranean. Phoenicians around the same time that Rome was This expansion was again a mixed blessing for founded. The colony became a power in its own right, Rome. The Romans developed an effective and primarily because of a strong naval fleet. Trading flexible system for governing a growing empire. vessels from Carthage plied the Mediterranean and Governors appointed by the Senate oversaw the the Atlantic coast of Europe. collection of taxes and other aspects of Rome’s Carthage established colonies on the island of interests, but local peoples were allowed a significant Sicily, just off of the Italian coast; and therein lay her degree of control over domestic matters. Roman downfall. Rome felt threatened as well as stymied coffers were greatly enriched through tribute paid in its expansionist desires. Over 120 years, Rome by subject nations and by increased trade. However, fought three costly wars against Carthage. These provincial governors were sometimes corrupt. are known as the Punic Wars, from the Latin word Grain shipments flowing into Rome, often as Punicus, which means Phoenicia. The first war lasted tribute, lowered food prices and caused many small twenty-three years and centered on control of Sicily. farmers to lose their land. A small group of wealthy Rome defeated Carthage and pushed the conquered landowners built huge estates called latifundia, nation off of the island. The second Punic War came as a result of Carthaginian expansion in Spain, which again Ruins at Carthage (Tunisia) threatened Rome. In this war the great military leader of Carthage, Hannibal, executed an invasion of Italy from the north over the Alps that involved the use of elephants for carrying equipment and for striking terror in his opponents’ hearts. All but one of the elephants died, but Hannibal was still able to win battle after battle in Italy. Rome won the war, 252 Unit 10 - Roman Civilization worked by slaves. Many farmers, unable to compete their holdings. A group of noblemen murdered with low prices and slave labor, moved to Rome to Tiberius and about 300 of his followers. A few years find work. When most of them didn’t, they became later, his younger brother Gaius Gracchus took up a restless mob that increased economic and political his fallen brother’s cause and proposed new reforms; pressures in the city. but he met a similar fate. Gaius and some 3,000 of his followers were killed. From Republic to Empire In 88 BC a civil war broke out between two ambitious and powerful generals and their followers. Sulla was victorious. In 82 BC he was For about a century before Julius Caesar rose to declared dictator, whereupon he abolished the six- power, the Republic of Rome was shaken by bitter month limit on a dictator’s rule. For the next several disputes between powerful individuals and political decades, Rome was ruled by a series of generals. factions as well as by dramatic social upheavals. One of them, Gnaeus Pompey, won great military As wealth increased, many senators became more victories but was opposed by the Senate. Pompey concerned about protecting their possessions found an ally in Julius Caesar, who himself had than about doing what was best for the Republic. extended Roman rule in Spain. Pompey and Caesar Meanwhile, the number of the poor increased, as approached another general, Crassus, and formed did their plight; and some politicians took up their the First Triumvirate to rule Rome. Crassus died in cause and demanded reforms. war, while Pompey and Caesar came to distrust each Tiberius Gracchus was elected consul in 133 BC. other. Pompey aligned himself with the Senate, and He was from a wealthy and distinguished family, Caesar was declared an enemy of the state. but he championed the cause of the poor. Tiberius In 49 BC the Senate ordered Caesar, then in wanted to limit the amount of land one person could Gaul, to dismiss his army and return to Rome. Caesar own and to give excess land to the poor. Members refused to do so. He crossed the Rubicon River, of the Senate, however, were unwilling to part with the boundary between Gaul and Italy, heading for Rome with his army. He defeated the forces loyal to Pompey, but he then continued to engage in warfare in various parts of the empire. In 44 BC the Senate appointed Caesar dictator for life. A brilliant, crafty, and power-hungry politician, Caesar gave land to the poor, extended citizenship to people who lived in provinces outside of Italy, and undertook extensive public building projects. However, Caesar was strongly opposed by Senators who feared (or who were jealous of) his popularity and who saw him as a tyrant. On March 15, 44 BC, Caesar was stabbed

Pompey led forces that participated in a war between opposing Jewish armies in the 60s BC. According to Josephus, after Pompey’s side captured Jerusalem, he entered the temple. This illustration of the event is from a 15th-century manuscript of Josephus by French artist Jean Fouquet. Lesson 46 - The Rise of Rome 253

Cleopatra VII Philopator was part of the Ptolemaic dynasty that ruled Egypt after the death of Alexander the Great. As the last Pharaoh of Egypt before it became a Roman province, she was a shrewd politician. She bore a son to Julius Caesar, and after his death bore three children to Mark Antony. Helen Gardner (shown at right) portrayed Cleopatra in a 1912 silent film. to death as he entered the Senate. Conspirators led by Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus fomented the assassination plot. Caesar had adopted his eighteen-year-old grand-nephew Octavian as son and heir shortly before he was assassinated. Octavian enlisted the allegiance of Mark Antony and Marcus Lepidus, two of Caesar’s military commanders, to form the Second Triumvirate and reclaim Caesar’s power for The power of the Roman dictator had been themselves. Antony and Octavian, however, fell growing for some time at the expense of the Senate into a quarrel. Antony allied himself with Queen and the populace. With Augustus, the transition Cleopatra of Egypt, and Octavian declared war was complete. The Senate named him imperator, against them. The forces of Octavian defeated or emperor, and the Roman Empire began. After Antony and Cleopatra at Actium in 31 BC. Octavian centuries of almost continuous warfare against other offered to rule with limited powers, but in actuality nations, the period from 27 BC to 180 AD was he was already dictator. The Senate declared him to relatively peaceful. The Empire enjoyed increasing be Augustus, “Exalted One” (a divine title), in 27 prosperity under this Pax Romana (Roman Peace). BC. We will examine the reign of Augustus in the Roman emperors never devised an orderly next lesson. process of succession, which meant that the character and abilities of later emperors varied greatly and the country was victimized by repeated internal clashes among competing claimants to the title. The most common approach to succession was adoption and designation. The emperor adopted a relative or close associate to be his son and successor. The choice might be made for a variety of reasons, not necessarily character and competency. Tiberius, Claudius, Trajan, Hadrian, and Marcus Aurelius

Caesar was the family name of Julius Caesar. In his honor, later emperors were given the title of Caesar. Many centuries later, the titles of the German kaiser and the Russian czar were also derived from the name. Europe ROMAN EMPIRE 254 Unit 10 - Roman Civilization

Atlantic Ocean Rome were able leaders; Caligula and Nero, on the other hand, were evil and probably insane. Mediterranean Sea Asia When people refer to Rome, they might be referring to one of many different periods and forms Africa of government: the city of Rome, the Republic, the Empire in its days of power, the Empire in its slow decline, pagan Rome, or Christian Rome. Around 117 AD under Trajan, the Roman Empire Each period and form of government had its reached its greatest size and strength. The green areas distinctive features, triumphs, and struggles. In on the map show the territory controlled by Rome in this unit we focus on Roman history through the Europe, Africa, and Asia. reign of Augustus. In future lessons we will discuss later developments.

And as the toes of the feet were partly of iron and partly of pottery, so some of the kingdom will be strong and part of it will be brittle. Daniel 2:42

Assignments for Lesson 46

Bible Read Romans 1-3. Commentary available in Student Review.

In Their Words Read the excerpt from The Histories by Polybius (pages 66-67).

Literature Begin reading the play Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare. Plan to finish it by the end of this unit.

Student Review Optional: Answer the questions for Lesson 46. Statue of Augustus (c. 10 BC) Lesson 47 - Key Person Augustus Caesar

he Roman Republic ended after decades the Balkan peninsula. Octavian hurried to southern of instability. Politicians did not just Italy, but only as a private citizen. There he learned Tcriticize each other; they had each other that Caesar had named him as heir in his will. assassinated. Generals competing for political Octavian took command of a large army near power each had their own armed force of loyal Brundisium. His family feared for his life, thinking troops. The rise to power of Julius Caesar and his that those who had killed Caesar would come after resultant assassination were not exceptional. They him also. were instead merely the culmination of a long- Octavian, however, waded into the dangerous developing trend. political waters without hesitation. Being Caesar’s Julius Caesar was killed in 44 BC. His grand- heir did not mean that Octavian automatically nephew, adopted son, and chosen heir, Octavian, inherited Caesar’s power, but he could use his was only eighteen at the time. Seventeen years later, position to his advantage in the competition for after more bloody conflict, Rome finally had peace power in the Roman government that followed. and a new emperor: Octavian, now titled Augustus. The conspirators who killed Caesar found that Before his death in 14 AD, he oversaw the golden the people of Rome loved Caesar and hated what age of Roman culture and established the foundation they had done. Octavian took the name Caesar to for peace and progress that lasted many decades. His capitalize on Julius Caesar’s popularity. talents and accomplishments have led some to call After overcoming all rivals and opposition in Augustus the greatest person in Roman history. sometimes ruthless fashion, Octavian achieved the pinnacle of power by winning the Battle of Actium Rise to Power in 31 BC. Octavian maintained and increased his power by appearing not to want power. In 27 BC Octavian was born in 63 BC. After he turned he expressed a desire to retire from public life, but fifteen, Octavian accompanied his great-uncle the Senate pleaded with him to remain; so naturally Julius Caesar on military campaigns. It was clear he did. The Senators saw in him a refreshing change that Caesar was grooming him to be his successor. toward stability and strength of character that had When Caesar died, Octavian was in Illyricum on been sadly lacking over the previous century.

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Augustus said that he would rule only the major Reforms Under Augustus provinces while leaving the oversight of Rome and Italy in the hands of the Senate. He was generous and Augustus reformed the military and had the respectful toward the Senate, although he controlled armies under his personal command, but he did not the real power as emperor. Augustus was given many maintain power by resorting to the threat of military titles and positions, including consul, imperator, force against his fellow citizens. When he came to pontifex maximus (chief priest, a position given him power, the standing army consisted of about 300,000 in 12 BC), and “Father of His Country” (given in 2 professional volunteers in sixty legions. Augustus cut BC with the suggestion that Roman history started the size of the army by half, guaranteed regular pay over with him). However, Augustus most preferred for the troops, and provided pensions for those who the title of princeps, or first citizen. His rule is were discharged. He encouraged retired soldiers to sometimes called the Principate for this reason. As live throughout the provinces to help in the defense first citizen, he led a simple life, in the fashion of of the empire should such help be needed. Every a Roman patrician without the regal splendor that soldier swore allegiance to Augustus personally (not Julius Caesar had come to use. to the state or the empire), and the soldiers looked to him as being personally responsible for their pay. The new emperor did not see warfare as a way of life. Instead, he wanted peace as a way of life throughout the Empire with the army positioned to defend against invaders and to preserve peace should internal uprisings occur. Augustus defined and accepted the extant territorial limits of the empire and did not seek to expand them. The area under Roman control stretched 3,000 miles east to west, 2,000 north to south, and included an estimated 50 million people. To strengthen the empire, he extended Roman citizenship to many in the provinces, cleared pirates from the seas, built a network of roads, and improved the postal service in use at the time. Augustus also reformed government. He placed the day-to-day work of government in the hands of professional civil servants, not political appointees. Augustus appointed able, trustworthy men to be provincial governors, unlike the corrupt political hacks that had previously held these positions.

Construction on the Temple of Kalabsha in Nubia started about 30 BC. This image depicts Augustus in Egyptian style. The entire temple was relocated for preservation when the Aswan High Dam was built. Lesson 47 - Key Person: Augustus Caesar 257

Roman Literature

Three prominent Roman poets lived during the reign of Augustus. Virgil is best known as the author of the epic Aeneid. Horace and Ovid published collections that included a variety of shorter poems. This was also the period when the historian Livy wrote a history of Rome, known not so much for its historical accuracy as for its encouragement of traditional Roman ideals by telling stories (and myths) from Rome’s past. Virgil Reading the Aeneid to Augustus, Octavia, and Livia, Jean-Baptiste Wicar (French, 1793)

These men were now paid salaries, which meant empire. Some, especially in the provinces, came to (1) they were answerable to Augustus and (2) they worship him as divine. Augustus accepted and even did not have to be wealthy to serve. Augustus also encouraged this practice. Whatever he might have called for a census of the empire so that taxes might be believed about himself, he knew that such emperor- levied and collected more fairly. This was the census worship would increase loyalty to the empire in the that led Joseph and Mary to go to Bethlehem to sometimes troublesome outlying areas. be registered. Later emperors sometimes were given and In addition, Augustus undertook a major sometimes demanded worship as divinity (it became program of construction. He ordered the building of routine for emperors to be voted into divine status major public facilities to keep people working and to by the Senate upon their death). This emperor- renew pride in Rome. Augustus said that he found worship became something of an official civil Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble. religion, and as time went on those who refused to Trade and industry increased during his tenure. take part (such as Christians) were seen as suspect Augustus also tried to rebuild Roman character. He by governing authorities. oversaw the passage of laws that encouraged marriage and morality and that discouraged adultery and divorce (although Augustus himself was not always Coin from the reign of Augustus (c. 14 AD) faithful to his wife).

Legacy of Augustus

The title of Augustus (“Exalted One”) suggests how he was viewed by the political leaders of his day. He appeared to them to be a gift of the gods, bringing order and stability to the city and the 258 Unit 10 - Roman Civilization

Cicero

Cicero (106-43 BC) is regarded as one of the greatest thinkers, writers, and orators that Rome produced. He served as a consul of Rome and was a long-time member of the Senate. In the turmoil that followed the assassination of Julius Caesar, Cicero made a series of speeches in the Senate against Mark Antony and in favor of the Senate supporting Octavian (who became Augustus later). Although Cicero had nothing to do with Julius Caesar’s assassination, Antony marked him and his family for death. They saw him as a supporter of the status quo and thus an enemy of their purposes. Supporters of Antony killed Cicero, his brother, and his nephew. Cicero’s son, Marcus, was not in Italy at the time and thus escaped execution. Marcus later served as consul after Octavian’s triumph over his opponents in 30 BC.

Cicero Denounces Catiline Cesare Maccari (Italian, 1889)

Augustus was like any human, a mixture of good and not continued conspiracy and civil strife. and bad. He was a pagan, but he did genuinely try Augustus provided this leadership and enabled the to maintain peace and improve the lives of people Pax Romana, during which time Jesus lived, died, in the empire. Roman political leaders and the and arose again and the gospel of true peace in Him population in general wanted rule by able persons began to be proclaimed.

Now in those days a decree went out from Caesar Augustus, that a census be taken of all the inhabited earth. Luke 2:1

Assignments for Lesson 47

Bible Read Romans 4-6. Commentary available in Student Review.

Literature Continue reading Julius Caesar.

Student Review Optional: Answer the questions for Lesson 47. Roman Forum Lesson 48 - Key Concept Roman Law

e are indebted to the Romans for much one set of laws to citizens and another to the rest that is in our world today. The Latin of the empire’s people; but the two standards were W language, for example, was the basis gradually brought into alignment by 212 AD. for many European languages spoken today and A complete codification of Roman laws, legal also played an important role in the development of principles, and commentaries took place in the English. This lesson focuses on Roman law as a key 500s AD with the Corpus Juris Civilis (“Body of illustration of Roman accomplishments. Civil Law”). Its compilation was overseen by the The Roman practice of law provided at least Emperor Justinian. The result is often called the two basic principles of jurisprudence that have Justinian Code. Specific legal procedures that we greatly influenced the administration of justice in inherited from Rome include the accused being the Western world: standard legal procedure and the considered innocent until proven guilty, a verdict principle of natural law. (Jurisprudence, by the way, based on evidence (not social status or wealth), and is from the Latin jurisprudentes, which means skilled the following of due process in all legal proceedings. in the law). The Romans believed that the laws of the state should reflect that which is right and just according Roman Legal Practices to universal reason—that is, what seems reasonable to all people. They recognized a standard of right and The Twelve Tables of Law codified legal practices wrong that is separate from and prior to the state and in the fifth century BC. From 366 BC a praetor, any particular leader or form of government. This appointed by the Senate, oversaw the law courts of natural law is what they wanted their code of laws the Republic. The courts applied the law; but the to reflect. The source for this natural law in their praetor interpreted the law, and his interpretations thinking was not God but the natural order of the became the standard for the application of the world. This concept of natural law was an important law thenceforth. This practice came to be called influence on Enlightenment thinking in the 1600s common law, which is important in the British and 1700s. This directly influenced the American and American legal systems. The Romans practiced Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed, a double standard for many centuries, applying “We hold these truths to be self-evident . . . .”

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What Else Was Happening? (200-1 BC)

11 Chinese astronomers had been keeping records of eclipses and comets for centuries. In the first century BC they began keeping detailed records of sunspots, darker patches visible on the surface of the sun. They noted that more sunspots led to warmer weather. 22 The Badakhshan area (modern Afghanistan) has long been the world’s major source of high quality lapis lazuli, a gemstone with a deep blue color (example at right). Increased activity along the Silk Road helped to distribute lapis lazuli from Africa to China. 33 After the conquests of Alexander, many Jews in Palestine began to adopt Greek customs. The Hasmonean family (also known as the Maccabees) established an independent Jewish nation from 164 to 63 BC, when Palestine was taken over by Rome. 44 Juba II was a prince of Numidia in North Africa. After the Romans made Numidia a province, Juba went to Rome, learned Latin and Greek, and was adopted by the Caesars. Augustus arranged his marriage to Cleopatra Selene II, a daughter of Cleopatra and Mark Antony, and appointed him king of Mauretania (modern Morocco and western Algeria). The tomb of Juba and his wife is shown at right. 15 Cuicuilco is one of the oldest known cities in the Valley of Mexico. By the first century BC, it had grown to prominence in the area. It was destroyed about 50 BC by the eruption of the volcano Xitle, and the nearby city of Teotihuacan assumed greater importance.

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Law in the New Testament

The New Testament contains examples of the impact of Roman law as well as the use of natural law. For instance, in the Empire, subject peoples did not have the right to carry out capital punishment. This is why the Jewish authorities had to get the approval of the Roman governor Pontius Pilate before Jesus could be crucified. Additionally, Paul appealed to his rights as a Roman citizen to avoid being beaten (Acts 22:25-29) and when he wanted his case heard by Caesar (Acts 25:11). The apostle made use of God’s natural law in his argument that sinful man was without excuse for not following the way of God since His attributes were obvious from the created world (Romans 1:19-20). In his discussion of the head covering issue in 1 Corinthians 11, Paul asked, “Does not even nature itself teach you . . . ?” (1 Corinthians 11:14).

As with many accomplishments by the Romans Roman concept of natural law is limited because it (and by mankind in general), the recognition of makes man’s reason the final arbiter of truth, and a higher or natural law had both good and bad man’s reason is flawed and influenced by culture elements. It was good that they recognized a and tradition. Not everything that seemed natural, foundation of truth that was not the creation of reasonable, and just to the Romans would seem that one particular ruler or culture. It is unfortunate, way to us. In our own day, the loss of a consensus about what is right and just has shown up in debates however, that they did not know God and recognize over such topics as homosexual marriage. As good Him as the source of ultimate truth. In addition, the and helpful as reason and tradition are, they cannot replace God’s truth as the one true, lasting standard for all places and times.

Conclusion

Unfortunately, the Roman culture did not honor God. This fact has two consequences. First, their accomplishments honor man’s abilities but not God’s. We should seek to use our talents to serve the Creator. When we do, God can truly act through us in a way that is “far more abundantly beyond all that we ask or think” (Ephesians 3:20). Second, in the Roman legacy we see the depth to which sinful humans can stoop when they do not acknowledge and serve the Creator.

The personification of Justice as a woman holding scales and a sword dates from Roman time. This 1940 carving by Abolhassan Sadighi is on the courthouse in Tehran, Iran. 262 Unit 10 - Roman Civilization

Tens of thousands of people watched as people and animals killed other people for entertainment. Slaves were an integral part of Roman life and economy and were generally treated as mere property. Immorality, homosexuality, and divorce became commonplace. Solutions to political conflicts were often sought not by ballots and debates but at the ends of swords and daggers. We must remember these facts as we appraise the glory that was Rome. The contributions that Rome made to our world are a good reminder of why we need to understand history. We can appreciate what is good, be inspired by what is remarkable, understand the factors that have influenced world cultures even until today, and be warned of the evils into which man so easily and so often falls. Those people who wore togas, spoke what is now called a dead language, and knew nothing of modern inventions are not so distant from us after all.

The commander came and said to him [Paul], “Tell me, are you a Roman?” And he said, “Yes.” The commander answered, “I acquired this citizenship with a large sum of money.” And Paul said, “But I was actually born a citizen.” Acts 22:27-28

Assignments for Lesson 48

Bible Read Romans 7-8. Commentary available in Student Review.

In Their Words Read the excerpts from the Twelve Tables of Law (pages 68-69).

Literature Continue reading Julius Caesar.

Student Review Optional: Answer the questions for Lesson 48. Wheel Ruts in a Street at Pompeii Lesson 49 - Everyday Life The Roman Empire

ince the republic and empire of Rome provided for the education of their children by hiring survived over one thousand years, Roman a tutor or sending their children to a private school. Slife and culture went through several phases. Girls as well as boys received a formal education, Think about how life in America today is quite although girls usually ended theirs at a younger age. different from how things were a short two hundred Fathers arranged the marriages for their children, and years ago. Nevertheless, we can identify some basic girls would often be married by the age of fourteen. characteristics of Roman culture. A boy became a citizen at the age of sixteen with a ceremony in the Forum. Women had more rights Life in Imperial Rome than in Greek society. They could own property and would sometimes go to public events. During the Pax Romana, the city of Rome had Rome was a teeming, busy city. One dominant a population of about one million people. As has reality in the city was the presence of hundreds of always been the case, the lifestyle of the poor was thousands of slaves. Slaves were usually captives of quite different from that of the rich. Many poor war and often filled responsible positions for their masters. Another dominant presence were the many lived in multi-story tenement buildings. Some poor people. The Roman government eventually were as tall as seven stories. Besides being crammed began making welfare payments to those who were together in small apartments, residents always faced not able to find work. To entertain the masses, the the risk of fire because the tenements were built government sponsored gladiatorial combat in the of wood. Many wealthy families, by contrast, had large, beautiful villas with many rooms, a courtyard, Colosseum and races at the Circus Maximus. and other amenities. Dinner parties lasting several hours were common. Architecture In the Roman family, the father had absolute control. He could decide whether a newborn baby Romans built public buildings on a grand scale. would be kept or abandoned. Deformed infants and They used bricks, large blocks of stone, and concrete. unwanted girls were often “exposed” (left to die or Rather than building entire structures with marble, to be picked up by slave-traders). Wealthier families they often used less expensive building materials and

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Much of what we know about life in the Roman Empire is from archaeological work at the city of Pompeii, which was buried by a volcanic eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. The eruption caught the city unprepared. People, houses, and businesses were covered and preserved by the ash. The site was forgotten for centuries. It was discovered in the late 16th century during work on an underground water line. Archaeological work began in the mid-1700s and continues today. Beautiful paintings have been found in many of the buildings. Shown clockwise from top left are a still life with a bowl of fruit, a husband and wife holding symbols of literacy, a banquet, and a market. Lesson 49 - Everyday Life: The Roman Empire 265

Roman Road on the Spanish Island of Minorca covered the exterior with marble. This made their Aqueducts were raised channels that used gravity buildings beautiful as well as durable. to carry water. Some also had pathways for The building abilities of Romans are seen in pedestrians and chariots. Some aqueducts are many ways. They crisscrossed the empire with roads still standing and a few are still in use. One such primarily to enable more rapid movement of armies structure in southern France (see photo on page and officials, but trade and travel benefited also. The 247) stands 160 feet high, runs a length of 900 Romans built over 50,000 miles of roads, some of feet, and is made of stone block with no mortar. which are still in use today. A typical road was fifteen It is estimated that Roman aqueducts carried 200 feet wide and five feet deep. The base of gravel was million gallons of water per day. topped with large, smooth stones. Roman civil The Pantheon temple in Rome stands as a engineers learned how to cut through mountains to testament to Roman architecture and Roman build their roads. efficiency. After all, why not build one temple to A key element of Roman construction was the honor all the gods? The original Pantheon was built arch, which they learned from previous civilizations. during the time of Augustus, but after fire destroyed They found that an arch of stones could hold greater it, construction on another began around 120 AD. weight than a single lintel across an opening. The Sixteen granite columns support the porch, and Romans employed a series of arches to make barrel the doors weigh fifteen tons; but the main feature vaults and tunnels, and they used intersecting barrel is its massive concrete dome. It reaches a height of vaults to allow more light and to enable larger areas 142 feet, which is the same as its diameter. A thirty- to be enclosed. foot hole in the middle allows light to enter. The A series of arches built side to side made possible dome was built using a wooden mold to hold the the construction of long structures such as walls concrete, and the walls of the building are twenty and aqueducts. To move water from mountains feet thick to support the huge dome. The building or springs, the Romans built a system of pipes was eventually used as a place of Christian worship and ditches and—to bridge valleys—aqueducts. many centuries after it was built. It has been the 266 Unit 10 - Roman Civilization

The Roman propensity to build is evidenced by the remnants of their structures that stand on three continents. Concrete—gravel and sand mixed with mortar—was not used for several centuries after Rome fell because the secret of its composition was lost. Its rediscovery enabled a revitalization of building in Europe.

Roman construction took several forms. Public bathhouses, some quite elaborate, were constructed across the Empire as places for men to meet and relax. An example from Beirut, Lebanon, is shown below at left. Hadrian’s Wall in northern England (below at right) was built in the second century AD to keep the troublesome Scots out of Roman- controlled territory. In Rome emperors built monuments and arches, often with sculptures and reliefs, in their own honor. The Arch of Titus is shown at the bottom of the page. Lesson 49 - Everyday Life: The Roman Empire 267 inspiration for other famous domes, such as St. such virtues as victory, hope, health, and success. The Paul’s Cathedral in London and the U.S. Capitol main purpose of religious activity was to appeal for Building in Washington, D.C. blessings. Rome did have temples and priests (who Many cities throughout the empire had a were government functionaries), but the center of structure for public games. The Colosseum in Rome Roman spiritual life was the home. The father led a was begun in 69 AD and finished eleven years later. daily worship exercise that kept spiritual realities (as It rose almost fifty feet high and covered about six they saw them) ever-present in the people’s minds. acres. The top supported beams that held a covering The Romans tended to adopt the gods of other which protected spectators from the sun. The peoples if they thought those gods would be helpful. Colosseum floor (280 feet by 175 feet) was made Many Greek gods, for instance, came to be seen as of heavy wooden planks, usually covered with dirt the same as the gods the Romans worshiped. Rome’s or sand. chief god, Jupiter, for instance, was identified with Beneath the Colosseum floor was a network the Greeks’ Zeus. Venus was parallel to the Greeks’ of corridors and rooms where animals and people Aphrodite, Mars to Ares, and so forth. However, waited to perform—or to go to their deaths. The Romans did not see the gods as glorified, out-of- floor could be removed and the entire area flooded control humans the way the Greeks did. This would to stage a mock sea battle. The seating capacity of the have gone against the Romans’ guiding principles Colosseum has been estimated at 50,000 to 60,000. of duty and order. We have mentioned earlier the The structure has been damaged by earthquakes; adoption of certain Greek philosophies and the and much of the original material was used to build practice of emperor worship that were part of the other structures, including part of St. Peter’s Basilica religious landscape of Rome. in Rome. The multiplicity of divine beings, which included the often very ungodly emperors, suggests Religion the shallowness of Roman belief. Thinking that human beings might be gods suggests a low view of Most Romans believed in a spirit world that the spiritual realm rather than a high view of people. influenced this world. This spirit world included Roman religion was an attempt at finding ultimate gods but also lesser spirits and even the deification of truth, but it failed to do so.

Marcus Aurelius

The Greek philosophies of Epicureanism and Stoicism became popular among many upper class Romans. Stoicism had an appeal because of the time-honored Roman values of duty, discipline, and civic obligation. For those looking for something to believe in, Stoicism became something of a religious faith. Perhaps the most famous Roman Stoic was Marcus Aurelius, a general who became emperor in the second half of the second century AD. His book Meditations is a statement of his Stoic philosophy. Unfortunately, as emperor Aurelius approved a persecution of Christians in response to a plague which many believed the Christians had caused by their refusal to worship the Roman gods. 268 Unit 10 - Roman Civilization

Roman Virtues? became more interested in pleasing themselves than in doing what was best for the country. Many virtues Roman culture honored what it called virtue. were based on the strength of the family and the The Latin wordvirtus originally meant manliness country. When these failed, so did the virtues. or bravery in battle but came to be applied more The Romans had a belief system that was not broadly to any traits which were considered good. revealed to them by God. Instead, they made it Rome exalted duty, courage, and sacrifice, but above up themselves. The result was that some virtues all it honored Rome itself (meaning the empire) as were honored and others were not. The Christian worthy of all devotion. emphasis on personal morality was a striking However, many Romans were far from what contrast to the Roman worldview. Christian we would call virtuous. Immorality, adultery, and evangelists found quite a challenge presenting to the homosexuality were common and accepted. Divorce Romans the gospel of a crucified and resurrected was rampant. Events at the Colosseum displayed Jew, who wanted them to abandon belief in all other a penchant for cruelty. As time went on, people gods and live a life of purity and self-sacrifice.

Finally, brethren, whatever is true, whatever is honorable, whatever is right, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is of good repute, if there is any excellence and if anything worthy of praise, dwell on these things. Philippians 4:8

Assignments for Lesson 49

Bible Read Romans 9-12. Commentary available in Student Review.

In Their Words Read the excerpt from The Training of Children(page 70).

Literature Continue reading Julius Caesar.

Student Review Optional: Answer the questions for Lesson 49. Detail from The Pearl of Great Price, Domenico Fetti (Italian, c. 1615) Lesson 50 - Bible Study The Kingdom of God

n observer in the Roman Forum remarked seemed unconquerable, and one that seemed weak that the “merchandise of the whole world” and fragile. One was the kingdom of Rome, the A could be found in that one spot. A second other was the kingdom of God. In this lesson we century AD visitor to Rome spoke of the “endless will examine the nature of God’s kingdom and see flow of goods” that came into the city. Supporting its true and lasting power. this world-wide trade was the best-trained and best- The kingdom of God is where God is King. It equipped army the world had ever known. The is not a geographical realm like Great Britain or the Roman emperor ruled a huge area that extended Roman Empire; it is a spiritual kingdom. One person around the Mediterranean Sea and into Europe and can be in the kingdom of God and the person next the Middle East. He had a network of governors and to him not be in it. When Jesus stood before Pilate, other representatives in all of the major provinces. the Roman governor thought in geographical and Rome had been growing and expanding for centuries political terms when he asked, “Are you the King and appeared to be invincible. of the Jews” (John 18:33). Jesus said, “My kingdom is not of this world” (John 18:36). He admitted to The Nature of the Kingdom of God being a King, but His realm was not any kingdom that Pilate could understand. Jesus’ kingdom does As this greatest of all empires held sway over not operate the way that worldly kingdoms do. tens of millions of people, another kind of kingdom The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed. emerged from an out-of-the-way place on the eastern Mediterranean coast. It was a kingdom A mustard seed is the smallest of all seeds, yet the based on a different kind of power. This kingdom bush it produces is far out of proportion to the size had a different kind of beginning and existed for a of its beginning (Matthew 13:31-32). In the same different purpose. way, the kingdom of God started out small, but its The story of the New Testament is in great reach and impact have been dramatic and global. measure the story of these two kingdoms: one large, The kingdom of heaven is like leaven in a lump of and one like a mustard seed; one based on military dough (Matthew 13:33). Its influence might not be might, and one based on self-giving love; one that obvious and direct, but it is real nonetheless.

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The kingdom of God does not arrive with an terms, not ours. We are not in charge; we must army and royal regalia. It cannot be located on accept God’s rule with a trusting and willing heart a map. The kingdom of God is within you (Luke the way a child trusts his parents. Our citizenship 17:21). If you want to find the kingdom of God, in the kingdom of God is not something we earn. you have to look in the hearts and lives of people. It is accomplished for us by the One who transfers You cannot purchase or earn your way into us from the kingdom of darkness to the kingdom this kingdom. Instead, you must accept it as a little of the Son (Colossians 1:13). A person can be born child, or you will not enter it at all (Luke 18:16-17). into an earthly kingdom, but citizenship in God’s Membership in the kingdom of God is on God’s kingdom requires being born again (John 3:3-5).

The Lord’s Prayer

In the Model or Lord’s Prayer, Jesus stated “Your kingdom come. Your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven” (Matthew 6:10). These two phrases should be understood as saying the same thing. The prayer is for God’s kingdom to come; in other words, for God’s will to be done on earth the way that it is done in heaven. God’s kingdom has come into this world, but people still need to let God’s kingship come into their hearts. We show that God is our King when we do God’s will.

This set of illustrations is from the 1741 bookSynopsis Universae Philologiae by Gottfried Hensel. It shows his understanding of the distribution of languages across Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The first phrase from the Lord’s Prayer is printed in many of the languages. Lesson 50 - Bible Study: The Kingdom of God 271

The kingdom of God is not a political realm, The more important matter to Jesus was giving but it does have ambassadors (2 Corinthians 5:20). to God what has His image, namely ourselves Every Christian is to be a personal representative of (Matthew 22:21). Paul, despite being jailed and his King. When we live as His representative, we are beaten by government officials several times, said likely to be persecuted the way our King was; but that Christians were to be in subjection to the when this happens, we will know most assuredly governing authorities (Romans 13:1-7). In general, that we belong to His kingdom (Matthew 5:10). a Christian should have no conflict about obeying the government. Now and Not Yet However, in the bigger picture God’s kingdom and Rome’s kingdom were locked in mortal conflict At times the New Testament refers to the because of their absolutely opposite natures. Rome kingdom of God as a present or immediate reality. was pagan and of the world, while the Way of Jesus Jesus said, “If I cast out demons by the finger of was from God. When Pilate had the sign posted on God, then the kingdom of God has come upon Jesus’ cross that said, “This is Jesus, the King of the you” (Luke 11:20). He told His disciples that some Jews” (Matthew 27:37), Pilate was giving one final, who were with Him would see the kingdom of God hateful kick to Jesus. The sign was saying, in effect, come with power (Mark 9:1). Other passages in the “This is what happens to the King of the Jews when New Testament, however, speak of the kingdom as Rome is in charge.” In the book of Revelation, Rome a future reality. Paul encouraged some persecuted is the great enemy. It is described as the beast and the disciples by saying, “Through many tribulations mother of harlots (Revelation 17:1-18). we must enter the kingdom of God” (Acts 14:22). The contrast between Caesar and Christ was a James said that Christians are heirs of the kingdom, choice between two lordships. The Roman emperor suggesting that the kingdom is an inheritance which eventually was considered to be divine and was called Christians have not yet received (James 2:5). dominus (Latin for lord). The claim of the gospel is The kingdom of God is a real presence now, but that Jesus is kyrios (Greek for lord). The people of it will be an even greater and more glorious reality in the first century had to choose: was Caesar lord, or the future. God is working now. He is King in the was Jesus Lord? hearts of some people now. However, His reign will be unquestioned and overwhelmingly glorious with Dozens of catacombs have been discovered in Rome. the coming of Christ in the future. They were neither built by nor used exclusively by Christians, but many of them are illustrated with The Kingdom of God and paintings such as this one of a woman praying (c. fourth The Kingdom of Rome century AD).

The New Testament teaches that, in some ways, no conflict existed between the kingdom of God and the kingdom of Rome. When someone asked Jesus if the Jews should pay taxes to Caesar, Jesus replied by saying, “Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s” (Matthew 22:21). The coins were Roman coins and had Caesar’s image on them, so paying taxes with them was no big deal. 272 Unit 10 - Roman Civilization

In the first century, Rome appeared to be Today, Rome is a memory of history while the invincible. The city was called “Eternal Rome.” The kingdom of God is an active force that has spread Empire appeared to have all that it needed to survive around the world. Jesus has been Lord for millions indefinitely. The church, by contrast, was tiny and more people than ever confessed Caesar as lord. The struggling. When Christianity came to be seen as a Kingdom of God has indeed come with power— religion separate from Judaism and not just a Jewish the power of the Spirit—just as Jesus said, while the sect, it was perceived to be a threat to the security of grandeur that was Rome lies in empty ruins. The the empire and its members were persecuted. mustard seed won.

The kingdom of the world has become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ; and He will reign forever and ever. Revelation 11:15

Assignments for Lesson 50

Bible Read Romans 13-16. Commentary available in Student Review. Recite or write Romans 5:6-8 from memory.

In Their Words Read the excerpt from The Martyrdom of Ignatius (pages 71-73).

Literature Finish reading Julius Caesar. Literary analysis available in Student Review.

Project Complete your project for the unit.

Student Review Optional: Answer the questions for Lesson 50 and for Julius Caesar; take the quiz for Unit 10; and take the second history, English, and Bible exams. Autumn Colors on the Qiao and Hua Mountains, Zhao Mengfu (Chinese, c. 1295)

Credits

Images x Miami University Libraries - Digital Collections 1 NASA Images marked with one of these codes are used with the 3 A. Sparrow / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 permission of a Creative Commons Attribution or Attribution- 4 Arian Zwegers / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 Share Alike License. See the websites listed for details. 5 George M. Groutas / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 CC-BY-2.0 creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ 7t Ian Mackenzie / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 CC-BY-2.0 FR creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/fr/ 7b Trees ForTheFuture / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 CC-BY-2.5 creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ 8 Yosomono / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 CC-BY-3.0 creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ 9 R/DV/RS / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 CC-BY-SA-2.0 creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ 11 Number Six (bill lapp) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 CC-BY-SA-2.0 DE creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/de/ 13 Ronnie Macdonald / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 CC-BY-SA-2.5 creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/ CC-BY-SA-3.0 creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ 15 emilio labrador / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 CC-BY-SA-3.0 DE creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/ 17 Feed My Starving Children (FMSC) / Flickr / CC- BY-2.0 The World Map used in the “What Else Was Happening?” 20 NASA sections is from the NASA Visible Earth Project / NASA 21t USER:Gx872op / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- Goddard Space Flight Center Image by Reto Stöckli (land SA-3.0 surface, shallow water, clouds). Enhancements by Robert 21b Georges Jansoone JoJan / Wikimedia Commons / CC- Simmon (ocean color, compositing, 3D globes, animation). BY-SA-3.0 Data and technical support: MODIS Land Group; MODIS 23 PretoriaTravel / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- Science Data Support Team; MODIS Atmosphere Group; SA-3.0 MODIS Ocean Group Additional data: USGS EROS Data 25 Charlene Notgrass Center (topography); USGS Terrestrial Remote Sensing 27 Olga Kruglova / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 Flagstaff Field Center (Antarctica); Defense Meteorological 31 Stained Glass: Selbymay / Wikimedia Commons / CC- Satellite Program (city lights). BY-SA-3.0 34tl Charlesjsharp / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 Uncredited images are in the public domain in the United States, taken from Wikimedia Commons and other sources. 34ml SElefant / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 34mr Merbabu / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 iii Samantha Beddoes / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 34bl NewPapillon / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 iv Rajeev kumar / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-2.5 34br Pentocelo / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 v Andreas F. Borchert / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 36 Jack Versloot/ Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 SA-3.0 DE 38l newberry library vii cjuneau / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 40 NPS (Kristen M. Caldon) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0

C-1 C-2 Credits

41 Sballal / Wikimedia Commons 120 Oracle Bone: Editor at Large / Wikimedia Commons / 45b National Cancer Institute (Bruce Wetzel and Harry CC-BY-SA-2.5 Schaefer) 122 Andrew Burrow (burrowphotography) / Flickr / CC- 46 NASA / The Hubble Heritage Team, STScI, AURA BY-2.0 49 annemarieangelo / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 123 SMU Constitutional and Administrative Law 51 The U.S. Army (Spc. Shane P.S. Begg) / Flickr / CC- Wikipedia Project / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 BY-2.0 124 Cassi Gurell / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 53b Walters Art Museum / Wikimedia Commons / CC- 125 Daniel Tibi / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-3.0 BY-SA-3.0 127 Peter Weis / Wikimedia Commons 54 Rama / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-2.0 FR 130t Kordas - Richardprins / Wikimedia Commons / CC- 56 David Berkowitz / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 BY-SA-3.0 56 Author / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 132 HBarrison / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-2.0 57 Guillaume Blanchard / Wikimedia Commons / CC- 134t Uploadalt / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 BY-SA-3.0 135 Koppas / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 58 Michael Goodine / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 136t O.Mustafin / Wikimedia Commons 59t © Hans Hillewaert / CC-BY-SA-3.0 136b Steven G. Johnson / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 60l Bjørn Christian Tørrissen / Wikimedia Commons / SA-3.0 CC-BY-SA-3.0 137 Jastrow / Wikimedia Commons 60r Eden, Janine and Jim - edenpictures / Flickr / CC- 138 Map: Sémhur / Wikimedia Commons BY-2.0 143 GoShow / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 61 alan trotter / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 148 Pottery: Good friend100 / Wikimedia Commons 62 © Bill Casselman. Courtesy of the Yale Babylonian 148 Stone: Jamesscottbrown / Wikimedia Commons / CC- Collection. http://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/Euclid/ybc/ BY-3.0 ybc.html 148 Mound: Nyttend / Wikimedia Commons 63 Santiago Samaniego / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 150 Hans Thoman / Wikimedia Commons 65 Deror avi / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 152 James Emery (hoyasmeg) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 66 Chris Waits (waitscm) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 154 Deror avi / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 68t Verity Cridland / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 155 Penn Provenance Project (kladcat) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 68b Karl Musser / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-2.5 157 Phillip Maiwald (Nikopol) / Wikimedia Commons / 69 Marie-Lan Nguyen / Wikimedia Commons CC-BY-SA-3.0 71t U.S. Air Force / Master Sgt. Ronny Przysucha.jpg 159t Pieter Schepens (kpi) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 71b S.C.N.G. Photo by Maj. Scott Bell, S.C.N.G. Historian 159b © Marie-Lan Nguyen / Wikimedia Commons / CC- / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 BY-25 72 Doug / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 160b Jebulon / Wikimedia Commons 75t Eitan f / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 161 F.Dany / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-2.5 77 Djampa / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 163t Zenith210 / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 82l Alan (A.Davey) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 164 Alan (A.Davey) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 85 John Hope / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 165 Marie-Lan Nguyen (Jastrow) / Wikimedia Commons 86 McKay Savage / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 167 Alan (A.Davey) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 87 Library of Congress 169 Penn Provenance Project (kladcat) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 88 A. Omer Karamollaoglu / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 170 Prioryman / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 91 Mark A. Wilson / Wikimedia Commons 171 Ruins: Taco Witte (inyucho) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 92t World Imaging / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 171 Jewelry: Flominator (Sting) / Wikimedia Commons / SA-3.0 CC-BY-SA-3.0 92m Håkan Svensson Xauxa / Wikimedia Commons / CC- 175 Zereshk / Wikimedia Commons BY-2.5 177b Library of Congress 101 israeltourism / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 179 Walters Art Museum / Wikimedia Commons / CC- 105 NASA / visible earth BY-SA-3.0 112 Neithsabes / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 180 Xuan Che (Cåsbr) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 115 Museum of Photographic Arts 183 Örlygur Hnefill / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 118 Library of Congress 185 User:Acstar / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 120 Olmec Head: Maribel Ponce Ixba (frida27ponce) / 187 Ashok.tapase / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-2.0 188 Liz Highleyman / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 Credits C-3

190 Xuan Che (Cåsbr) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 234 MatthiasKabel / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 191 PHGCOM / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 SA-3.0 192 Per Honor et Gloria / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 235 Marie-Lan Nguyen / Wikimedia Commons SA-3.0 237t Harrieta171 / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 193t Mountain / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 237b I, PHGCOM / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 193b Walters Art Museum / Wikimedia Commons / CC- 238t MICHAEL BROWN (mikebfotos) / Flickr / CC- BY-SA-3.0 BY-2.0 195 Rolf Müller / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 238b Giovanni Dall’Orto / Wikimedia Commons 196 Vmenkov / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 239 karol m (byrdiegyrl) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 197t Captmondo / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 240 Crossbow: Gary Lee Todd / Wikimedia Commons / 197b Guillaume Jacquet / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- CC-BY-SA-3.0 SA-3.0 242 Ggia / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 198 Prof. Gary Lee Todd / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 244 MM / Wikimedia Commons SA-3.0 245 MM / Wikimedia Commons 199b BabelStone / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 247 Larry (microbe) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 200 Hans A. Rosbach / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 249 Jastrow / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 SA-3.0 251 Patrick GIRAUD / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 201t Prof. Gary Lee Todd / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- SA-3.0 SA-3.0 253t Helen Gardner Picture Players 201b Daderot / Wikimedia Commons 253b Mcleclat / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 202 David Schroeter (drs2biz) / Flickr / CC-BY-SA-2.0 254 Angelus / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 203b deror_avi / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 255 Valentina Storti (fwooper) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 205t Oliver Vass / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 256 Szerkesztö Lassi / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 205b Marie-Lan Nguyen (Jastrow) / Wikimedia Commons SA-3.0 206t Jan Derk / Wikimedia Commons 257b Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. http://www. 206b Brooklyn Museum / Wikimedia Commons / CC- cngcoins.com / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 BY-3.0 259 James Cridland / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 207t Wotan de-cc-by-sa-20.JPG / Wikimedia Commons / 260t Hannes Grobe / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- CC-BY-SA-2.0 DE SA-2.5 208t Authenticmaya / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 260b Yelles / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 SA-2.5 261 ਊ৑ / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 208bl Mariano / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 ̶ ߮Ϡ 263 Dvortygirl / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 208br Luc-Henri Fage / Wikimedia Commons 265 Francisco Valverde / Wikimedia Commons 209 Cåsbr Xuan Che / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 266tl David Holt / Flickr / CC-BY-SA-2.0 210 Modern Stonehenge: thegarethwiscombe / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 266tr Velella / Wikimedia Commons 211 Rodw / Wikimedia Commons 266b I, Daugirdas / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 213t Umberto Rotundo (Viditu) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 267 Pierre-Selim / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 213b Norbert Kaiser / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 269 DamTESC / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 SA-30 273 israeltourism / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 214b Ealdgyth / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-3.0 275 ̆̓ / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 217 Karl Baron (kalleboo) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 276 Photo by James L. Boka / Wikimedia Commons / CC- 218 Satellite Image: NASA / Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Land BY-SA-3.0 Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC 278 David Castor / Wikimedia Commons 219 Fingalo / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-2.0 DE 279 DrusMAX / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 220 Travelling Runes (Paul) / Flickr / CC-BY-SA-2.0 280 Godot13 / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 221 stefg74 / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 281 User:Shakko / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 226t Walters Art Museum / Wikimedia Commons / CC- 282b National Archives (U.S.) BY-SA-3.0 283 Mefusbren69 / Wikimedia Commons 226b Sébastien Bertrand (tiseb) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 289 Jose Mesa Mataparda / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 228 User:kallerna / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 290 © Soichi Watanabe 232 Marie-Lan Nguyen / Wikimedia Commons / CC- 292 Edkaprov (Edward Kaprov) / Wikimedia Commons / BY-2.5 CC-BY-SA-3.0 C-4 Credits

293 Illustrator: Brianna Alexander. Copyright © 2013 367 Ball court: Bobak Ha’Eri / Wikimedia Commons / The Red Zebra Project. Used with permission. http:// CC-BY-2.5 redzebraproject.com/587 367 Church: Gareth Hughes / Wikimedia Commons / CC- 295b © Hanna Varghese BY-SA-3.0 297 John Stephen Dwyer / Wikimedia Commons / CC- 367 Java Stone: Bkusmono / Wikimedia Commons BY-SA-3.0 369 The Global Orphan Project / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 298 Vassil / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 371 National Archives of the Netherlands 300t Walters Art Museum / Wikimedia Commons 373 Wikimedia Commons Arild Vågen / Wikimedia 300b BurgererSF / Wikimedia Commons Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 304 Julien Menichini / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 377 Bojin / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 307 mandy amanderson2 / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 378 Library of Congress 308 Mark A. Wilson / Wikimedia Commons 379 Fabos / Wikimedia Commons 309 © Hanna Varghese 380t Pudelek (Marcin Szala) / Wikimedia Commons / CC- 310 BRBurton / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 BY-SA-3.0 313 User:Heretiq / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-2.5 380b Library of Congress 382 / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 316 Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. http://www. ̶ਊ৑߮Ϡ cngcoins.com / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 385 India: Mahesh Bhanupanth / Wikimedia Commons / 317 Klearchos Kapoutsis / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 CC-BY-SA-3.0 320t Bill Rice (wmrice) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 385 China: Mr. Tickle / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- SA-3.0 320b Walters Art Museum / Wikimedia Commons 385 Indonesia: PL09Puryono / Wikimedia Commons 321 Pitts Theology Library, Emory University 385 Hungary: Sprok / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 322 Bill Rice (wmrice) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 SA-3.0 325 Matt Krause (mattkrause1969) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 385 Yemen: Jialiang Gao www.peace-on-earth.org / 330 Adam Carr at the English language Wikipedia / CC- Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-2.5 BY-SA-3.0 385 Brazil: LEONARDO DASILVA (sapienssolutions) / 331 Leonid Mamchenkov / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 332 User:MASQUERAID / Wikimedia Commons / CC- 385 UK: Wikimedia Commons BY-SA-3.0 385 Switzerland: Nadf / Wikimedia Commons 333b Dale Gillard / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 386b Murdjo / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 335 Kirill Twilight Tea / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 387 Javier Carro / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 338 khrawlings / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 388 Al Jazeera English / CC-BY-SA-2.0 339 G&R / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 389tl PadreDelElToro / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 340t Gustavo Jeronimo (Gusjer) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 SA-3.0 340b Kaihsu Tai / Wikimedia Commons 389tr Wolfgang Sauber / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 341 United States Marine Corps / Lance Cpl. Lucian Friel SA-3.0 343 Jeremy Vandel / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 390t J Milburn / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 345 Douglas Perkins (douglaspperkins) / Flickr / CC- 390b PHGCOM / Wikimedia Commons BY-2.0 391 Pyramid: Sybz / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 346 Beyond silence / Wikimedia Commons SA-3.0 348 kodiak / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 391 Polar Bear: Jean-Pierre Dalbéra (dalbera) / Flickr / CC- 352 A. Hunter Wright / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- BY-2.0 SA-3.0 392 Philip Jelley Philipjelley / Wikimedia Commons / CC- 354t Danichou / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 BY-SA-3.0 355 Harold Brockwell / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 393t The National Museum of Denmark / Flickr / CC-BY- SA-3.0 SA-2.0 356 Kostisl / Wikimedia Commons 393b Caravaca / Wikimedia Commons 358 ceridwen / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-2.0 394t Malene Thyssen, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ 359 Przykuta / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 User:Malene / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 361 Jastrow / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 395t Berig / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 362 RobyBS89 / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 395b Micha L. Rieser / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 364 Maros M r a z (Maros) / Wikimedia Commons / CC- SA-3.0 BY-SA-3.0 396t Bjørn Christian Tørrissen / Wikimedia Commons / 366b Jastrow / Wikimedia Commons CC-BY-SA-3.0 Credits C-5

396b Postverk Føroya - Philatelic Office 416 JoJan / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 397 John Erling Blad, https://commons.wikimedia.org/ 417 Lucarelli / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 wiki/User:Jeblad / Wikimedia Commons 419 Bernard Gagnon / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 398 Schtamara / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 SA-3.0 399t Michael Kooiman / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 421 Fab5669 / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 SA-3.0 422 Francesco Gasparetti from Senigallia, Italy / Wikimedia 400b Gryffindor / Wikimedia Commons Commons / CC-BY-2.0 401t ʠȱʲʵ˘˓˕ / Wikimedia Commons 423 Tower: Vascoscream / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 401b Walters Art Museum / Wikimedia Commons / CC- SA-3.0 BY-SA-3.0 423 Machu Picchu: Brian Snelson (exfordy) / Flickr / CC- 403 ᣋふ㘻 / Wikimedia Commons BY-2.0 405 Myrabella / Wikimedia Commons 425 Marie-Lan Nguyen / Wikimedia Commons / CC- 406 British Library BY-2.5 407 Sodacan / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 426 Eddy Van 3000 - e3000 / Flickr / CC-BY-SA-2.0 409 (Gryffindor) CSvBibra / Wikimedia Commons / CC- BY-SA-3.0 427 Michael Reeve / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 411 Erik Charlton / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 SA-3.0 414 Nicolas Jamet / Wikimedia Commons 428 Tertulien / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-2.5 415 25asheshsharma1989 / Wikimedia Commons / CC- 430 Danbu14 / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 BY-SA-3.0 431 Presse03 / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 Also Available from Notgrass Company

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ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱŗȬŞŖŖȬŘŗŗȬŞŝşřȱ ȱ ǯǯǯ Sample Pages from

Exploring World History Part 2

by Ray Notgrass with Charlene Notgrass and John Notgrass

To order your copy visit www.notgrass.com or call 1-800-211-8793.

Exploring World History Part 2

The Renaissance to the Present ii Exploring World History

Exploring World History Part 2 Ray Notgrass with Charlene Notgrass and John Notgrass

ISBN 978-1-60999-062-6

This book is licensed for sale only in the United States of America.

Previous Page: Seoul, South Korea, 2011

Front Cover Images: London (Gabriel Vallina / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0), Johannes Gutenberg, Chinese Boy (Bertha Boynton Lum / Library of Congress), Napoleon (N. Currier / Library of Congress), Queen Victoria (George Hayter), Crown Prince of Thailand, c. 1900 (Library of Congress). Back Cover Image: Pagoda in Bukit Panjang New Town, Singapore (kewl / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0). Author Photo: Mary Evelyn McCurdy.

Unless otherwise noted, scripture quotations taken from the New American Standard Bible, Copyright 1960, 1962, 1963, 1971, 1972, 1973,1975, 1977, 1995 by the Lockman Foundation Used by permission. See the Credits for other sources of Bible quotations.

Cover design by Mary Evelyn McCurdy Interior design by John Notgrass

Printed in the United States of America

Notgrass Company 975 Roaring River Road Gainesboro, TN 38562

1-800-211-8793 www.notgrass.com [email protected] Detail from The Battle of San Romano, Paolo Uccello (Italian, c. 1440)

Table of Contents

16 The Renaissance 435 18 The Age of Exploration 493 76 - A Different Focus 437 86 - Discovering New Worlds 495 77 - Key Event: The Invention of the 87 - Key Person: Christopher Columbus 502 Printing Press 443 88 - Key Event: The English Defeat of the 78 - Key Person: Leonardo da Vinci 449 Spanish Armada 507 79 - Everyday Life: A History of 89 - Everyday Life: Homes and Western Music 454 Household Furnishings 511 80 - Bible Study: 90 - Bible Study: Exploring the Worldliness vs. Godliness 461 Promised Land 515

17 The Age of Reformation 465 17th-Century World Map 81 - Martin Luther and the Break with Rome 467 82 - Key Person: John Calvin 473 83 - Key Movement: The Anabaptists 477 84 - History of the English Bible 481 85 - Bible Study: Grace 488

iii iv Exploring World History

The Making of 21 Modern Europe 577

101 - Key Person: Napoleon 579 102 - Revolution, Reaction, and Reorganization 584 103 - Key Event: Unification in Italy and Germany 591 104 - Everyday Life: A Short History of Western Art 599 105 - Bible Study: Honesty 605

Britain: Industry 22 and Empire 609

106 - Britain in the 19th Century 611 107 - Key Issue: The Irish Question 619 108 - Key Person: George Müller 623 109 - Everyday Life: A History Johannes Kepler, German Scientist (1571-1630) of Transportation 629 110 - Bible Study: Kindness 637

The Scientific Revolution 519 19 A Revolution in Thought 641 91 - A New View 521 23 92 - Key Event: The Heresy Trial of 111 - Karl Marx 643 Galileo Galilei 527 112 - Charles Darwin 649 93 - Key Person: Isaac Newton 531 113 - Sigmund Freud 656 94 - Everyday Life: Clothing 114 - Everyday Life: Education and the Through the Centuries 535 Work of John Dewey 661 95 - Bible Study: The Value of Life 541 115 - Bible Study: Higher Criticism 667

Russian Revolution, 1917

20 The Age of Revolution 545 96 - Revolutions in England and America 547 97 - Key Event: The French Revolution 553 98 - Key Person: John Locke 561 99 - Everyday Life: Eating Through the Centuries 566 100 - Bible Study: Freedom and Responsibility 573 Table of Contents v

24 The World at War 671 26 The Making of Modern Asia 735 116 - The Great War 673 126 - China: From Dynasties 117 - World War II 681 to Communism 737 118 - Key Person: Winston Churchill 689 127 - India: A Clash of Cultures 743 119 - Everyday Life: The Cultural History 128 - Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia 749 of Japan 693 129 - Christian Missionaries to Asia 755 120 - Bible Study: Peace 699 130 - Bible Study: Helping the Poor 759

The Cold War 705 The Making of Modern 25 27 Latin America 763 121 - Freedom vs. Communism 707 122 - Key Event: The Space Race 713 131 - Many Countries, One Goal 765 123 - Key Person: Ronald Reagan 719 132 - Mexico’s Story 772 124 - Everyday Life: The U.S. and 133 - Key Person: Simón Bolívar 777 the U.S.S.R. 723 134 - Everyday Life: Indigenous Peoples 125 - Bible Study: Fighting the Good Fight 731 of Latin America 781 135 - Bible Study: Justice 786

Plaza de la Independencia, Granada, Nicaragua A man in South Sudan captures the day’s festivities as his country becomes officially independent on July 9, 2011.

The Making of Looking Backward, 28 Modern Africa 791 30 Looking Forward 847

136 - European Colonization 793 146 - How Christianity 137 - Ethiopia 799 Changed the World 849 138 - Everyday Life: The Culture 147 - Lessons from World History 855 of the Maasai 803 148 - Living in the Modern World 861 139 - South Africa 807 149 - Becoming a World Christian 866 140 - Bible Study: Africa in the Bible 813 150 - Bible Study: Eternity After This World 871

Into the 21st Century 817 29 Credits 875 141 - Technology and Trade 819 142 - The Making of the Modern Middle East 824 Index 881 143 - Key Persons: The Homeschooling Family 831 144 - Everyday Life: A History of Keeping Time 835 145 - Bible Study: Modern Church History 841 vi 24

The World at War

Summary The first half of the 20th century saw two world wars that took millions of lives and brought to an end the idea that man had progressed beyond the desire for armed conflict. In this unit we examine the causes of the Great War, the unsatisfactory conclusion of it, the events leading up to the Second World War, and the shape of international relations after that conflict. We focus on the inspiring leadership of Britain’s Winston Churchill and look at the cultural history of Japan to understand a country that once was an enemy and is now an ally. The Bible study is on peace.

Lessons 116 - The Great War 117 - World War II 118 - Key Person: Winston Churchill 119 - Everyday Life: The Cultural History of Japan 120 - Bible Study: Peace Abandoned Boy in London, 1945

671 672 Unit 24 - The World at War

Memory Work Learn Psalm 46:1-3 by the end of the unit.

Books Used The Bible In Their Words The Hiding Place

Project 1) Write 300 to 500 words on one of the following topics: (choose one) • Write about life on the home front during World War II. See Lesson 117. Life in the United States will be the easiest to research, but try to find out what it was like to live in Britain or France or another country during the war.

• Looking at wars through the scope of history, why do you think nations go to war?

2) Interview a person who remembers World War II about their experiences during the war. Compose at least ten questions ahead of time. You can conduct your interview by phone or in person. Be respectful of your interviewee’s time and keep the interview within an hour. If possible, make an audio recording of the interview.

3) Memorize Psalm 46.

Europe at the Beginning of the Great War German Infantry, 1914 Lesson 116 The Great War

new century was dawning that held new wealth and economic growth, a mission to “civilize” possibilities for mankind. Technology those who had a different cultural background, and inventions were developing at an and a belief that national power and prestige were astoundingA rate. The world economy was changing enhanced by building a colonial empire. from an agricultural base to an industrial base. The partitioning of Asia and Africa by European People across the globe were connected through nations was largely completed by 1914. The lands communication as never before. The possibilities that were colonized were indeed modernized by the for future progress seemed limitless. Surely, many Europeans (and after 1898, by the United States), thought, mankind was entering an era when old but those changes came at a price paid by the native ways and old prejudices would disappear. people who were often manipulated and oppressed. Then reality hit with two world wars, new Europe appeared to be at peace. No major war weapons of death, the rise of terrible totalitarian had taken place since the end of the Napoleonic Wars regimes that took the lives of millions of people, in 1815. The nations of Europe were witnessing and years of economic uncertainty that affected the reforms in their government, and European entire globe. All this brought cynicism and despair economies were booming. However, dangerous to the hearts of many. The political, military, and storm clouds were gathering. social conditions in which people lived changed drastically from 1914 to 1945. International Competition

Prelude to War Colony-grabbing created a sense of competition among the larger nations of Europe. Each wanted The first two-thirds of the 19th century in to have more, and all were looking at each other Europe saw a growing industrial revolution and suspiciously. This fed a growing spirit of nationalism continuing political revolutions. Then from 1870 that went beyond the earlier desires for a unified forward came a period of rapid overseas expansion country. Now nationalism meant a belief that with European colonization of Asia and Africa. your country was better than others and deserved Several motives drove this expansion: a desire for to expand its power and reach as fully as possible.

673 674 Unit 24 - The World at War

One symbol of national pride was a strong army the east, should conflict erupt. Britain, which still that could defend national interests when necessary. ruled the seas, became threatened by the German Germany had already developed a powerful military naval build-up. As a result, Britain made an informal force by 1900, and other European nations tried mutual defense agreement with France. This group to catch up with it. In this mindset, nations were of three was called the Allies or the Triple Entente quick to consider military action when a potentially (French for “understanding,” or “intent”). troubling situation arose. The goal was to maintain Moreover, no international law existed to peace through a position of strength so that other govern such competition and potential conflict. nations would not threaten, but every nation Conferences at The Hague in the Netherlands wanted to be the strongest. This resulted in a huge around the turn of the century attempted to arms race. In addition, several nations wanted to formulate such law, including a ban on the use of add to their strength by forming alliances with poison gas (a new weapon of mass destruction) and other countries to be partners if any one nation in the creation of an international court of arbitration the alliance was threatened. where countries could take their complaints before Bismarck of Germany feared that France might turning to military action. try to attack Germany in revenge for its loss in the Franco-Prussian War. As a result, Germany created The Powder Keg a military alliance with Austria-Hungary in 1879. This Dual Alliance was later expanded to the Triple Many observers saw the Balkan peninsula, which Alliance when Italy joined. France, meanwhile lies between Austria and Turkey, as a powder keg formed an alliance with Russia in 1894 to protect that combined all of the factors which threatened against any expansionist moves of Germany. This the uneasy peace of Europe. The dying Ottoman meant that Germany faced the possibility of a two- Empire clung to some areas of the Balkans where front war, against France to the west and Russia to Islam was strongest. Austria, which had formed

Exploring the Poles

The early 1900s saw the exploration of the North and South Polar regions. Exploration in the North had historically been motivated by the desire to find a northwest passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. On a journey from 1903 to 1905, Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen (1872-1928) managed to get through the icy waters north of Canada. The difficulty of the trip showed that development of the passage for regular use was not practical. Claims regarding who got to the North Pole first have been disputed. Robert Peary (1856-1920), an American, is generally recognized as the leader of a team that reached the North Pole in 1909. Amundsen flew with a team over the North Pole in 1926 in theNorge airship (shown at left).

The Antarctic region was the scene of seal hunting beginning in 1790, when Americans first ventured into the area to pursue this trade. Amundsen led a team that arrived at the geographic South Pole in 1911. British explorer Ernest Shackleton led an expedition in 1914 that attempted to cross the continent of Antarctica, but his ship Endurance (pictured at right) became trapped in the ice. Though his crew was stranded through the winter of 1914-1915, all 28 members were eventually rescued. Lesson 116 - The Great War 675

out of its grasp, the tide of nationalism would ripple throughout the region and damage the Austrian Empire. If Austria were weakened in this way, the Triple Alliance would also be weakened.

The Spark in the Powder Keg

Serbian nationalists, unable to oppose Austrian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina directly, resorted to terrorism. One Serbian terrorist group was the Black Archduke Franz Ferdinand and His Wife, Sophia Hand. Its goal was to unite Bosnia and Herzegovina with Serbia as a Slavic state. On June 28, 1914, the heir to the Austrian throne, Archduke Franz a dual monarchy with Hungary in 1867, annexed Ferdinand, and his wife, were in Sarajevo in Bosnia Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Balkans in 1908. on a visit that was intended to remind the Bosnians However, the peninsula was home to a mixture who was in charge. As the royal couple rode through of ethnic groups that resented both Ottoman the streets of Sarajevo, Gavrilo Princip assassinated and Austrian control. These groups wanted the the archduke and his wife. Princip was a member of opportunity to live in a free country of their own, the Black Hand and a Slavic Serb. but they were victims of the nationalistic expansion After receiving assurances from Germany that it of others. would support any action against the perpetrators, The strongest nationalist feelings were held by the Austria-Hungary used the killings to put pressure Slavs, who lived in several of the small countries in on Serbia and the Pan-Slavic movement. About the Balkans. Serbia, a predominantly Slavic nation, one month after the assassinations, the Austrian gained its independence from the Ottoman Empire government issued an ultimatum to the government in 1878. Many Serbians, including its government, of Serbia. Austria demanded that Serbia suppress wanted to see a Pan-Slavic state that would include all anti-Austrian activities and dismiss all officials all Slavs in a single political unit. The Slavs were who harbored resentment toward Austria-Hungary. encouraged in their desires by Russia, which shared Austria also demanded that Serbia allow Austrian their Slavic ethnic background, and by France and investigators to come into Serbia to investigate the Great Britain, which opposed Austria-Hungary. assassination. Austria wanted an answer to all of this Russia, France, and Great Britain all hoped for a within 48 hours. slice of the Balkans to feed their hunger for empire. However, matters in the region were even more complicated. Russia and Great Britain had Trial in Sarajevo of Conspirators in the Assassination historic conflicts in the Black Sea area, dating from the Crimean War in the mid-1800s. In addition, Germany was building a Berlin-to-Baghdad railroad to expand its eastern trade routes. The rail line passed through the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire, and governments in those regions did not want to stand in Germany’s way. Austria-Hungary feared that if Slavic nationalism pulled any of its territory in the Balkans 676 Unit 24 - The World at War

The Black Hand group was not directly sponsored by the government of Serbia, but some Serbian officials were sympathetic to the group’s agenda and apparently even knew of the assassination plot. Refusing the Austrian demands would almost surely lead to war, but agreeing to the last demand would sacrifice Serbian sovereignty. Therefore, Serbia agreed to all of the demands except the last one. Germany advised caution, but Austria-Hungary ignored this advice and ordered a mobilization of its troops to prepare for war. Then the dominoes began to fall. Russia began a partial mobilization of Russian Troops in a Trench at the Battle of Sarikamish, its forces to be ready to help Serbia. Five days after Turkey, c. 1915 issuing the ultimatum, on July 28, 1914, Austria- Hungary declared war on Serbia. The Russian czar then ordered a full mobilization. Germany When German forces moved across neutral requested that Russia cancel its mobilization; when Belgium to invade France, Britain, in keeping with it did not do so, Germany declared war against its commitment to defend Belgium, declared war Russia on August 1 and (attempting to pre-empt against Germany on August 4. Japan entered the the inevitable) declared war against France on war on the side of the Allies, while the Ottoman August 3. Empire declared its support for Austria-Hungary. Italy was neutral at first, but it came into the war for the Allies in 1915. These wounded soldiers from British India are at a hospital in England. They are being entertained by a The Course of the War gramophone and a bagpiper. The photographer was H.D. Girdwood, a Canadian who was in India at the outbreak of the war. He went to England with Germany, hoping to avoid a two-front war, Indian troops and took propaganda photos for the planned to strike France quickly and defeat it, and British government. then move against Russia. Germany plowed through Belgium and into northern France, but the advance was stalled by British and French resistance. From this point until the end of the war, the western front was largely a stalemate involving fixed positions, fighting from long trenches facing across “no man’s land,” and occasional attempts in various places by both sides to break through the enemy’s lines. Neither side gained much ground on the eastern front either. The war saw the introduction of new weapons, such as tanks, airplanes, and poison gas. Casualties were enormous. The four years of conflict affected Lesson 116 - The Great War 677

No Man’s Land, Flanders Field, France, 1919 more people, saw more armed forces engaged, and Russia’s departure was offset by the entrance of spread over more land area than any war in history. the United States into the war. President Woodrow More than twenty nations were directly involved, Wilson had declared America’s neutrality when and it became known as the Great War. the war began, and most Americans were satisfied The upheaval of the war added to domestic with this stance. The United States was much less unrest in Russia. A Communist revolution connected to affairs in Europe and Asia than it is took place there in October of 1917. The new now, and neutrality seemed to be a viable option. government sued for peace with Germany the next month. Under the treaty, Russia gave up The country’s historic ties with England were offset about one-fourth of its land and population in by pro-German sentiment among many German order to end the slaughter and begin to rebuild. immigrants in the U.S. The Communists saw the conflict as the war of the In 1915 a German submarine sank the RMS deposed czar, not a war that they chose. Lusitania, a British ship carrying military supplies and passengers, including some Americans. This incident caused public outcry, but it did not lead French Photos from The Great War to immediate U.S. entry into the war. German aggression against Atlantic shipping increased, and evidence surfaced of an attempt by Germany to recruit Mexico into an alliance against the United States. On April 2, 1917, Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany, which came a few days later. When large numbers of American troops began arriving in Europe in late 1917 and early 1918, they added pressure on the armies of the Central Powers that were beginning to crumble. Germany accepted Wilson’s call for “peace without victory” and began negotiating for an armistice (a truce to halt the fighting). A revolt against the German government broke out within Germany. A republic was declared on November 9, and Kaiser Wilhelm II fled to the Netherlands the next day. On November 11, 1918, at 11:00 a.m., Germany signed the armistice that ended the fighting. 678 Unit 24 - The World at War

The Versailles Peace Conference was reconstituted as a sovereign nation. Austria and Hungary were separated, the country of Turkey The leaders of the Allied powers met in was all that was left of the Ottoman Empire, and Versailles, France, to hammer out the terms of the pan-Slavic nation of Yugoslavia, the issue that a peace treaty. The goal of the European allies, had started it all, was created in the Balkans. The who had borne the brunt of the war, was to make principle of self-determination for ethnic groups Germany pay. President Wilson brought high ideals was generally followed, though not in every case. about creating an international arrangement to The hardest terms for Germany to swallow were prevent future wars. the admission of guilt for causing the war and the Separate treaties were drawn up with each demand to pay heavy reparations to the Allies. Only of the Central Powers. When Germany and its part of the reparations were ever paid because of allies complained about the proposed terms, the the struggling German economy. The guilt clause Allies threatened to renew their war effort. To created bitterness in Germany that helped lead to humiliate the Germans, France had the German the next war. representatives sign the treaty in the Hall of Mirrors in Versailles, where Bismarck had declared the German Empire several years before. The Effects of the War Germany was forced to give Alsace-Lorraine back to France and to give up its overseas empire Of the sixty million soldiers mobilized into and the lands it had captured from Russia. The active duty around the world, about nine million German government had to dismantle its armies died. The total of all deaths, civilian and military, and much of its merchant marine. New political from fighting and from other war-related causes arrangements were made on the global map. Poland such as disease was thirty million.

Fall of the Ottoman Empire

The Great War delivered a death blow to the Ottoman Empire. Because it was on the losing side, the Ottoman government lost almost all of its territories. The picture at left shows Ottoman officials attempting to surrender Jerusalem to two British sergeants in 1917. In 1919 Greece seized land in Asia Minor that was still ruled by the Ottoman Turks. A group of Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal ousted the Greeks. The Ottoman Empire was abolished in 1922, and a republic under Kemal was instituted in 1923. Kemal was called Ataturk (“Father of the Turks”). He led sweeping changes to modernize Turkey. During and immediately after the Great War, the Muslim Ottoman government approved persecution against the Armenians, who were Orthodox Christians. The Armenian population of Asia Minor dropped by an estimated 1.5 million from 1914 to 1922. Hundreds of thousands were killed or died because of disease and starvation during removal from their homes. Survivors resettled in other areas, particularly Syria. The modern government of Turkey denies that this was genocide, a deliberate and organized attempt to exterminate the Armenians. Lesson 116 - The Great War 679

The Battle of Verdun (France) between French and German troops lasted for ten months in 1916 and involved over two million soldiers. Around 300,000 men were killed or went missing and were presumed dead. Hundreds of thousands more were wounded. The Douamont Ossuary, shown in the background above, contains the remains of over 100,000 unidentified French and German soldiers. In the foreground is the largest French military cemetery of the Great War with 16,000 graves.

More broadly, the war changed the outlook of Between the Wars many in the world. Liberalism, reason, and progress did not seem to be workable answers any longer. In the United States, economic recovery from In many countries the aristocracy lost power, and the war started slowly. This was complicated by a the younger generation was disillusioned. Many Red Scare, a fear that the Communist Revolution grasped for something to believe in. Past abuses by in Russia might be duplicated in the United States. people claiming to follow Christ and the views of Economic recovery did come during the 1920s. The higher criticism had turned many people, especially U.S. even started to become the economic center of in Europe, against Christianity. Philosophies that the world. However, the economic downturn of the became popular were socialism, skepticism, and Great Depression affected the U.S. and the world nihilism (nothingness). Another force arose in economies. Italy and Germany which promised a new day: the In Europe, the road to recovery was especially extreme nationalism of Mussolini and Hitler. difficult. Britain moved not toward more capitalism The costs of the war and its devastation made recovery difficult. The United States responded (since its resources were limited) nor toward by turning inward. Wilson was the moralist at the revolution (since the British disliked both extremes peace conference, but his proposal for a League of of Communism and Fascism), but instead toward Nations as a way to prevent future wars received what was called the welfare state, with private only lukewarm acceptance both abroad and at enterprise continuing but with the government home. The U.S. Senate voted to reject the Versailles taking a much larger role in managing the economy. peace accords with its provision for a League of The British government even assumed control of Nations, and the U.S. made separate treaties with the some vital parts of the economy when leaders felt Central Powers. it necessary. France struggled back and built a line 680 Unit 24 - The World at War

Much of the Middle East was put under British control after the Great War. Iraq became an independent country in 1932 under the leadership of King Faisal I. Iraq became a member of the League of Nations that year. This photo shows the king giving a speech in Baghdad celebrating that event. of fortifications along its border with Germany, known as the Maginot Line. The League of Nations came into existence, but the United States was never a member. Germany and the Soviet Union were not allowed to be members. (1) the competitive international colonial system, The League was never a force to be reckoned with (2) intense nationalistic feelings that erupted into in handling international conflict. Nations generally conflict, and (3) the attempt to create a balance of took matters into their own hands when they saw power among European nations. The Great War fit, without consulting the League. occurred as a direct result of these factors. The The two world wars of the first half of the 20th incomplete settlement of these and other issues set century were connected. They were the result of the stage for World War II only twenty years later.

He makes wars to cease to the end of the earth; He breaks the bow and cuts the spear in two; He burns the chariots with fire. Psalm 46:9

Assignments for Lesson 116

In Their Words Read the excerpt from Three Times and Out(pages 290-293).

Literature Continue reading The Hiding Place. Plan to finish it by the end of this unit.

Student Review Optional: Answer the questions for Lesson 116. U.S. Troops Preparing to Land in France on D-Day Lesson 117 World War II

Fascism and Nazism Following the war, Mussolini spoke out harshly against Soviet Communists and the Italian everal factors contributed to the rise of government. He organized the Fascist Party, named authoritarian leaders in Italy and Germany: for the fasces, a bundle of rods that was a symbol reaction to the settlement of the Great War, of strength during the Roman Empire. The group S wore black shirts and became known for bullying failure of the democratic governments in those countries, the rise of a militant nationalism, and the other political parties. Mussolini effectively played appeal of these leaders to the interests of both the on people’s fears and came across as a strong leader, upper class and the working class. which won him wide support. He was backed by the army and by Italian industrialists, who feared Italy did not have a long tradition of democracy. socialists and who were frustrated by the failures of Its post-war government was weak, the country the existing government. suffered severe economic problems, and its gains When in 1922 Mussolini and his followers from being on the winning side of the war were marched on Rome to defend the capital from the minimal. The Communist and Catholic political Communists (though no Communist threat was parties were strong; but the Communists split, known to exist), the constitutional monarch, Victor leaving the door open for Benito Mussolini to step forward as a national savior. Mussolini was the son of a laborer. He began Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler, 1940 getting an education to become a teacher, but he turned to political agitation and became the editor of a socialist newspaper. Mussolini opposed Italy’s involvement in the Great War at first and fled to Switzerland to avoid serving. Later, however, he encouraged participation. The Socialist Party expelled him, and Mussolini served in the war until he was injured in 1917.

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Emmanuel III, asked Mussolini to form a new After his jail term, Hitler and his Nazi party government. Mussolini then changed the election continued to grow in power. In 1933 the aging laws in his favor and took control of Parliament. German president asked Hitler to form a government Soon the Fascists were the only legal political party. as chancellor. The Nazis did not have a majority in In Germany, Adolf Hitler, a German veteran of the legislature, so Hitler called for new elections in the Great War, joined and soon became leader of the the hope of gaining a majority. A week before the National Socialist (Nazi) German Workers Party in election, a fire destroyed the legislative building. It the German state of Bavaria. Like Mussolini, Hitler was probably set by the Nazis, but Hitler blamed appealed to the fears of the people: fears related to the Communists and declared martial law. The the struggling economy and to what he saw as the Nazis pushed through legislation that gave Hitler dangers of ethnic impurity. For Hitler, the fault dictatorial powers for four years. By the end of the for Germany’s problems lay with those who had year, Hitler’s opponents were in exile or in jail; and humbled Germany and especially with the Jews, the Nazis had gained total control. The army and who in his mind wielded too much power and were the industrialists supported Hitler as their best hope. a blight in society. In 1923 Hitler failed in an attempt to seize the Hitler implemented policies based on his state government of Bavaria. He was imprisoned belief in the superiority of the Germanic people for more than a year. During this time he wrote and his hatred of the Jews. The Nazis instituted Mein Kampf (My Struggle), in which he outlined discriminatory laws against the Jews. Hitler forced his goals for conquest. Hitler, like Mussolini, was them to wear identifying badges, their synagogues supported by the middle class, who feared both were burned, and the “final solution” of destroying chaos and Communism. them in concentration camps was begun.

The Star of David

In the early 1940s, Jews in Nazi-occupied territories had to wear badges with the Star of David and the word Jude, German for Jew. The origin of the Star of David as a symbol of Judaism is unclear.

According to tradition, David’s armies displayed it on their shields or had shields in that shape (the Hebrew word translated star actually means shield); but evidence of its use in ancient times is limited. The symbol of intertwined triangles was used by other people groups in the Middle East and North Africa, and it might have had a connection to magic at one time. As shown at left, the hexagram appears as part of a design in the Leningrad Codex, the earliest surviving complete copy of the Hebrew Bible (c. 1000 AD).

The Zionist Movement, led by Theodor Herzl, chose an official flag design that included the Star of David between two horizontal blue bars. This became the model for the modern flag of Israel. The Magen David Adom (“red star of David”) is the national emergency organization of Israel, associated with the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Lesson 117 - World War II 683

International Aggression

Internationally, Germany, Italy, and Japan supported each other in seizing land. Japan invaded Manchuria in China in 1931. The League of Nations recommended sanctions against Japan, but the British were reluctant to support the move and the United States was on the sidelines. Japan’s defiance of the League encouraged other aggressors. Italy annexed Ethiopia in 1936 and resigned from the League of Nations. Later that year, Italy and Germany announced a mutual defense pact. Mussolini declared that the axis of the world now ran between Rome and Berlin. Thus the two countries became known as the Axis. Japan joined them the next year. The premise of the agreement was to defend against Communist aggression, but actually they were planning to be as aggressive as they accused the Communists of being. Emperor Hirohito ruled Japan from 1926 until his Meanwhile, in 1935 Hitler had announced that death in 1989, the longest reign in Japanese history. he was going to rearm Germany in defiance of the The photo above shows him at his enthronement. Treaty of Versailles. Hitler said that Germany needed Though the Emperor officially had supreme authority more lebensraum (living space), which meant that he over the country, the day-to-day affairs of government planned to invade other countries. In 1938 Hitler were largely in the hands of others. Military leaders had took over Austria. Hitler also gave aid to Francisco a great influence on government policy, and historians still debate the role that Hirohito played in Japan’s Franco, the leader of a fascist rebellion in Spain. military expansion of the 1930s. Franco won, but Spain was never a major factor in World War II. Many in Britain and France were alarmed at the actions of Italy and Germany; but treaty with Germany. Secret provisions called for the most British and French were opposed to becoming two countries to divide up Poland and the rest of involved in another war, and their governments were Eastern Europe. ineffective in dealing with the aggressors. On September 1, 1939, German forces In 1938 France and Germany agreed for invaded Poland. This is usually seen as the start of Hitler to take over a German-speaking part of World War II. France and Britain declared war on Czechoslovakia without complaint (he took the rest Germany two days later, but they provided minimal of Czechoslovakia six months later). Hitler then practical support to the Poles at first. The Soviets turned his attention to Poland, and as a result, the moved into eastern Poland on September 17, and Soviet Union began looking for security of its own. most Polish resistance was crushed by October. The The Soviets, while supposedly considering a defense government of Poland never formally surrendered to pact with Britain and France, on August 23, 1939, the invaders, and Polish troops served with Allied shocked the world by announcing a non-aggression forces throughout the war. 684 Unit 24 - The World at War

War in Europe and the Pacific The next year, German forces invaded the Soviet Union. Russian resistance and the Russian In 1940 Germany took over Denmark and weather caused the assault to stagnate, and the Norway. Hitler then moved against France by Germans eventually had to retreat. Meanwhile, on avoiding its defensive Maginot Line and going December 7, 1941, Japan launched an air assault through the Netherlands and Belgium. The German on the United States’ military installation at Pearl attack isolated about 300,000 British troops against Harbor in Hawaii (which was a U.S. territory, the English Channel near the town of Dunkirk not a state, at the time). Japan had been moving in northern France. To help evacuate its soldiers, aggressively throughout the Pacific and decided to Britain summoned every available vessel, large or make a pre-emptive strike against the U.S. in the small, in a stunning mobilization of citizens. As the hope of eliminating any opposition to their moves. Germans moved on Paris, Italy came into the war Before the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United on the side of Germany. France fell to the Germans States had begun supplying military equipment to in June of 1940. To humiliate the French, Hitler the Allies through a program called Lend-Lease. had French officials sign the document of surrender The bulk of this aid went to Britain and the Soviet in the same rail car in which German officials had Union, with smaller amounts going to Free France, signed the armistice in 1918 to end the Great War. China, and other Allies. After the Japanese attack, This left Britain as the only declared enemy of the U.S. entered the war against Japan, Germany, Germany that could offer any meaningful military and Italy. The U.S. government oversaw the resistance. Hitler planned an invasion of England, transformation of the domestic economy to focus and in mid-1940 he began sending German aircraft heavily on wartime production. Located far from to bomb Britain in order to soften their resistance. the main scenes of conflict, and with access to The Germans were able to cause significant damage extensive natural resources, the United States was on the ground; however, the British Royal Air Force able to generate huge quantities of military supplies thwarted the German air attack, and the invasion for the Allied war effort. never happened. Prime Minister Winston Churchill In 1942 reinforcements of fresh American called this Battle of Britain “their finest hour.” troops began to help turn the tide against the Axis in the Pacific, in North Africa, and in Europe. American forces cleared the Japanese from the island Pilots from other countries joined British airmen in of Guadalcanal northeast of Australia and began the fighting the German Luftwaffe, including Australians, slow task of island-hopping toward Japan. The Allies Canadians, New Zealanders, South Africans, Belgians, defeated German forces in northern Africa and then Czechs, and Poles. The pilots pictured below are from moved into Italy. Mussolini was imprisoned by other the No. 303 (“Kościuszko”) Polish Fighter Squadron Fascists, and Axis fighting in Italy was taken over by the Germans. The new Italian government that was formed after Mussolini’s overthrow joined the Allies. After many difficult battles, the Allies entered Rome on June 4, 1944. Meanwhile, a giant Allied assault was planned for the northern coast of France to push the Germans out of France and then move east to invade Germany and end the war. The code name for the landing Lesson 117 - World War II 685 was Operation Overlord, and the day of invasion, Germans, but he was captured again by Italians and June 6, 1944, was called D-Day. Fighting was executed on April 28. Hitler committed suicide two fierce, but the Allies secured the beaches and days later. The German high command surrendered began moving inland. Paris was liberated on on May 7, and V-E (Victory in Europe) Day was August 25, 1944. The push toward Germany was celebrated the next day. interrupted only in December of 1944, when the In the Pacific, the Allied advance toward Japan German forces broke through the Allied line and continued into the summer of 1945. Then in August, made a bulge back toward the west. This Battle of the United States dropped atomic bombs on the the Bulge was only a temporary setback, and the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan surrendered advance toward Germany continued. a few days later, on August 14 (V-J Day, Victory Allied forces entered Germany on March 7, over Japan), and signed the surrender documents 1945. In Italy, Mussolini had been released by the September 2, 1945. At last, the war was over.

Nazi Concentration Camps

Besides Jews and those who helped them, the Nazis imprisoned many others in concentration camps, including Gypsies, the handicapped, and political dissidents. The horrors of the concentration camps showed the depths of man’s inhumanity to man; but even there, the best in mankind found ways to emerge. Maximilian Kolbe was a Catholic priest from Poland who was a prisoner at Auschwitz. In August of 1941, after a prisoner escaped, the prison warden chose ten men at random to die of starvation as revenge. One of the condemned, Franciszek Gajowniczek, cried out in anguish for his wife and children. Kolbe stepped forward to take Gajowniczek’s place, and he was allowed to do so. Ten days later, after leading the other nine in prayers and hymns, Kolbe was put to death by lethal injection. Gajowniczek lived to return to his family. He dedicated his life to telling others about the man who died in his place. Gajowniczek died in 1995, having lived long enough to see Poland freed from Communism. Dietrich Bonhoeffer was a German Lutheran minister when Hitler seized power. Bonhoeffer left Germany for a time, but he decided to return to minister to suffering believers. He opposed the Nazi regime and became involved with a group of Germans who attempted to kill Hitler. Bonhoeffer was arrested and placed in a concentration camp. He was executed by the Nazis in April of 1945, just a few days before the camp was liberated by the Allies. Bonhoeffer is known for his insightful writings that reflect his deep commitment to following Jesus. Among his books are The Cost of Discipleship, Letters and Papers from Prison, and Life Together. Viktor Frankl was a Jewish psychiatrist who spent several years in a prison camp and survived. He observed that prisoners who had a purpose for their lives had a better chance of making it than those who gave up hope. In his book that recounts his experiences and tells what he learned, Man’s Search for Meaning, Frankl wrote that we can survive almost any how if we have a why. These survivors of a concentration camp in Austria were liberated by Allied troops in May 1945. 686 Unit 24 - The World at War

Effects of the War

The toll of the Second World War was even greater than that of the first. Some seventy million people were mobilized, with seventeen million casualties. Including the six million Jews murdered by the Nazis, the total loss of life, military and civilian, caused by the war is estimated at fifty million. The conflict was total war as never before, with civilian populations heavily involved in the war effort and often the target of military attack. After the Great War, the defeated nations were harshly punished. The Allies implemented a different Women in Berlin Doing Their Washing, July 1945 policy toward the defeated nations after the Second World War. Rather than punishing Germany, Italy, went to Bible college, and then went back overseas and Japan, the United States sought to help and as missionaries. The 1950s saw a revival of spiritual rebuild them. The Marshall Plan, named for U.S. activity around the world. Secretary of State George Marshall, provided loans The war brought major changes to the British and other economic aid to war-torn Europe. Empire, which lost its prominent position in world Japan was occupied by American troops and affairs. After supporting a fight against the oppressive forced to eliminate its military. The country Axis governments, people living in British colonies underwent a transition to a democratic government argued that they had a right to self-determination imposed by the American occupation forces. of their governments. Most of the British colonies Americans helped to rebuild the Japanese economy. achieved independence in the 1940s, 50s, and 60s. Japanese businesses borrowed American techniques One issue that America had to face was and in some cases, became more proficient at using treatment of African Americans. Thousands had them than the Americans had been. served capably during the war, though in segregated The decades after the war also saw a significant units. When these soldiers returned home, many increase in missionary activity. Christians who had blacks recognized that they had been fighting for served in the military had seen a diverse world that freedom for others when they did not have complete needed Christ. Some of these Christians came home, freedom and equality in America themselves. The

For years after the end of the war, isolated Japanese soldiers on Pacific islands refused to give up the fight. One of the last confirmed holdouts was Lt. Hiroo Onoda on Lubang Island in the Philippines. Along with three other Japanese, he eluded capture and refused to believe printed messages and radio reports that the war was over. Onoda was the only survivor when he was discovered in 1974. His former commanding officer was located in Japan and came to order him to give up. Onoda died in 2014 at age 91. Lesson 117 - World War II 687

World War II Veterans Cemetery, Hausjärvi, Finland

Memorial for South African Soldiers, El Alamein, Egypt

Great Patriotic War (WWII) Memorial, Buryatia, Russia

The Kranji War Memorial in Singapore honors men and women from Australia, Canada, India, Malaya, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sri Lanka, and the United Kingdom who died defending Singapore and Memorial from the People of Cuba Malaya during World War II. Nagasaki Peace Park, Japan 688 Unit 24 - The World at War

was divided between Allied-controlled (West) and Soviet-controlled (East) zones. The capital city of Berlin, which was entirely within East Germany, was also divided into Allied-controlled West Berlin and Communist-controlled East Berlin. Bonn became the capital of West Germany. Communists made no secret of their desire to take over the world. In addition to Soviet control of East Germany and several countries in Eastern World War II influenced the development of such Europe, Chinese Communists ousted the Nationalist products as computers, electronics, radar, plastics, government and set up their own totalitarian regime. synthetics, jet engines, rockets, and atomic energy. Communists gained control of North Korea and ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic computer tried to invade the South. Communist guerrillas (shown above), was developed for the U.S. Army. fought for control of Southeast Asia. The United States was the key adversary that fought against the expansion of Communism around the world. civil rights movement in the United States became The United Nations was created in 1945 to more active after the war. The United States became promote world peace, but a major purpose behind it an international power with troops stationed around was to balance the interests of the U.S. and its allies the world and a keen interest in international affairs. against the Soviet Union and its satellite nations. The world was no longer dominated by European The uneasy relationship between the U.S. and the nations. In addition to the United States, the Soviet U.S.S.R. formed the basis of the Cold War, which Union had gained a prominent role. Germany dominated the last half of the 20th century.

If one can overpower him who is alone, two can resist him. A cord of three strands is not quickly torn apart. Ecclesiastes 4:12

Assignments for Lesson 117

Literature Continue reading The Hiding Place.

Student Review Optional: Answer the questions for Lesson 117. Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill at Tehran, Iran, 1943 Lesson 118 - Key Person Winston Churchill

ir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill Churchill was elected to Parliament in 1900 as a epitomized the forces of freedom during the Conservative, but four years later he switched to the time when the world was at war. An eloquent Liberals. When the Liberal Party gained a majority speaker,S a prodigious writer, a brilliant politician, in 1905, Churchill filled a succession of cabinet and a world statesman, Churchill served some fifty positions, including First Lord of the Admiralty years in Parliament, held many cabinet positions, (similar to the Secretary of the Navy in the American and was twice British prime minister. government) during World War I. Although the British navy was strong, it suffered an embarrassing His Early Life and Career defeat in the Gallipoli campaign to control the Dardanelles in Turkey, a defeat for which Churchill Lord Randolph Churchill was a younger son had to take the blame. He went on active duty in in a prominent British family. He married Jeanette France for a time but then returned to government. Jerome, an American from Brooklyn, in Paris after Losing his seat in the House of Commons in a whirlwind romance. They did not have a close or 1922, Churchill rejoined the Conservative Party and happy marriage. Their eldest son Winston was born into wealth and privilege at Blenheim Palace in won back his seat in 1924. He served as Chancellor England in 1874. of the Exchequer (similar to the Secretary of the Winston attended the Royal Military College Treasury) until 1929. During the 1930s, he warned and entered upon a career in the British army. Britain about the increasing threat that Adolph Churchill saw action in Cuba, India, and the Sudan. Hitler posed; but few people in the war-weary He was sent by a newspaper to cover the Boer War in country listened to him. South Africa. The Boers captured him, but he made a daring escape and became a national hero.

Blenheim Palace, Birthplace and Ancestral Home of Winston Churchill

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His Finest Hour

When Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain’s policy of appeasement toward Hitler proved to be a failure, Churchill became prime minister in May of 1940. The next month, British troops had to be rescued from Dunkirk, France. The Battle of Britain between the Royal Air Force and the German Luftwaffe commenced later that summer. Churchill used his powers of eloquence to rally his beleaguered nation during their darkest period. Churchill was intimately involved in planning British war strategy. He developed a close relationship with U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt that helped Churchill Visits the Ruins of Coventry Cathedral, 1941 bring aid from the United States before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor led to America’s official Family Man entrance into the war. Churchill also supported giving aid to the Soviet Union when it was attacked Winston Churchill first met his future wife by Germany, even though he had deep suspicions of Clementine Hozier in 1904. They met again in 1908 Stalin and the Soviet agenda in the war. and were married later that year. The couple had five Winston Churchill is probably best remembered children—Diana, Randolph, Sarah, Marigold, and for his stirring speeches, many given over the radio, Mary. Marigold died when still a little girl in 1921. when Britain was feeling the onslaught of the In 1922 the family settled in Chartwell House in German offensive. southeastern England. Clementine Churchill had come from a dysfunctional home also, but she and Winston Mr. and Mrs. Churchill (Far Right) Visited Jerusalem were able to build a close and happy marriage. Soon in 1921 after he became prime minister, she wrote him this note:

I hope you will forgive me if I tell you something that I feel you ought to know.

One of the men in your entourage (a devoted friend) has been to me & told me that there is a danger of your being generally disliked by your colleagues and subordinates because of your rough sarcastic & overbearing manner . . . I was astonished & upset because in all these years I have been accustomed to all those who have worked with & under you, Lesson 118 - Key Person: Winston Churchill 691

loving you — I said this & I was told ‘No doubt it’s the strain’ —

My Darling Winston — I must confess that I have noticed a deterioration in your manner; & you are not so kind as you used to be.

It is for you to give the Orders & if they are bungled — except for the King the Archbishop of Canterbury & the Speaker you can sack anyone & everyone — Therefore with this terrific power you must combine urbanity, kindness and if possible Churchill With His Daughter Mary at the Potsdam Olympic calm. . . . Conference, 1945

Besides you won’t get the best results by irascibility & rudeness. They will breed either Legacy dislike or a slave mentality — (Rebellion in War time being out of the question!) After the United States and the Soviet Union became fully involved in the war, Churchill had less of This letter is included in Winston and Clementine: an influence in overall war strategy. He was, however, The Personal Letters of the Churchills, a collection able to convince the Allies to attack Northern Africa published in 2001 by their last surviving child, Mary and southern Europe (the “soft underbelly of the Soames. During World War II, Mary served as an Axis” in Churchill’s words) before commencing anti-aircraft gunner with the Auxilliary Territorial the D-Day invasion in northern France. In July of Service and traveled with her father as an aide on 1945, with Germany defeated and Japan on the run, some trips overseas. The Churchill’s daughter Diana the British electorate voted out the Conservative had married before the war, but she still served in the government and returned a Labor majority to Women’s Royal Navy Service. Their son Randolph Parliament. At the last meeting of the Allied leaders, was a Member of Parliament during the war. new British Prime Minister Clement Atlee and new Daughter Sarah worked in the Women’s Auxilliary U.S. President Harry Truman (Roosevelt had died Air Force studying aerial reconnaissance photos. in April of 1945) were overshadowed by the stature Clementine made supporting her husband a of Soviet leader Josef Stalin. priority, but she largely left the care of their children Besides his public career, Churchill’s writing of in the hands of others. Winston was a devoted father history was voluminous. He wrote a biography of his when he made time in his busy schedule. The three father; a four-volume biography of his ancestor, the older Churchill children led very sad and troubled first duke of Marlborough; a four-volume History lives. The Churchill family did not attend church of the English-Speaking Peoples; and a six-volume regularly, and Mary credits her childhood nurse history of The Second World War. He also took up “Nana,” a cousin of her mother, with instilling in painting during the first World War and produced her a vibrant religious faith that guided her life. some 500 works of art during his life. 692 Unit 24 - The World at War

Churchill remained leader of the Conservatives funeral at St. Paul’s Cathedral in London, which after World War II. His party returned to power in drew representatives from 112 other countries. 1951, and Churchill began his second term as prime The service was broadcast live on television minister. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II stations across Europe. Thousands of mourners in 1953 but suffered a stroke shortly thereafter. paid their respects along the route as his funeral Churchill stepped down as prime minister in train traveled from London to the Spencer- 1955, but he continued to serve in the House of Churchill family cemetery at St. Martin’s Church Commons until 1964, though his health continued near Blenheim Palace. to deteriorate. Sir Winston Churchill continues to be honored Winston Churchill died in 1965. Queen as one of the most influential and popular prime Elizabeth II ordered and attended a major state ministers in British history.

Like apples of gold in settings of silver Is a word spoken in right circumstances. Proverbs 25:11

Assignments for Lesson 118

In Their Words Read the excerpts from Winston Churchill’s speeches (pages 294-297).

Literature Continue reading The Hiding Place.

Student Review Optional: Answer the questions for Lesson 118. Ninna-ji North Garden, Kyoto Lesson 119 - Everyday Life The Cultural History of Japan

apan is called Nihon or Nippon in Japanese. transportation, the mountain and water barriers no It means Origin of the Sun. In English it is longer isolate the Japanese from one another. Jsometimes called the Land of the Rising Sun. The Japanese have a great respect and love for The islands that make up Japan are the peaks of a nature, and it is often a subject of their art. Japan huge underwater mountain chain. As part of the is home to over 17,000 plants and celebrates many ring of fire around the coast of the Pacific Ocean, it flower festivals. Two-thirds of Japan is forested. has forty active volcanoes (10% of the world’s total) Wood from Japanese cedar and cypress trees is highly and as many as 1,500 earthquakes each year. prized. The Japanese harvest and cultivate seaweed Japan is made up of over 3,000 islands. The for food. They enjoy the hobby of growing miniature bonsai trees in pots. Japan is home to a red-faced largest island is Honshû, which includes Japan’s monkey called the Japanese macaque. Beautiful capital city of Tokyo. The next three largest islands cranes, herons, storks, and swans are common. are Hokkaidô, Kyûshû, and Shikoku. The main four islands extend 1,200 miles from northeast to The Japanese People southwest and 900 miles from east to west. They are separated from each other only by narrow straits. Japan is the ninth most populated country in Distant island groups include the Ryukyu (Nansei the world. Around the time of Christ, the ancestors Shotô), Izu, Bonin (Ogasawara), and Volcano Islands of the Japanese probably migrated onto the islands (Kazan Rettô). Japan claims several more islands from the mainland of Asia and from the islands of north of Hokkaidô. They have been in dispute since the South Pacific. The only major language in Japan the end of World War II. Russia administers the is Japanese, which is of unknown origin. Several islands now. dialects are spoken. Most of the people now use Mountains cover three-fourths of Japan’s land standard Japanese. It is spoken by the educated area, though most people live in the lowlands and people of Tokyo and is the dialect most often used on plains. The population per square mile is among the national television and radio. Japanese was only an densest in the world. Because of the construction oral language until Chinese writing was introduced of tunnels and bridges and the availability of air in the 400s.

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Japan is a homogenous society with few Traditional foods of the Ainu were deer, bear, minorities. The ethnic Japanese make up 98% of salmon, herring, and other fish; wild plants; and the total population. The Korean, Burakumin, and crops of beans, millet, and wheat. They lived Ainu minorities have suffered discrimination. The in grass huts with open fires. Cloth was woven Burakumin were “hamlet people” during Japan’s from the inner bark fiber of the elm tree and was feudal era. Though like other Japanese racially and called attush. culturally, they have been kept separate because Male and female Ainu wear earrings and have historically they did jobs considered to be unclean thick wavy hair, like Europeans and Semites. such as slaughtering animals and disposing of the The men have heavy beards and muscular bodies. dead. Discrimination is illegal but still occurs. Traditionally Ainu girls were tattooed on their hands, lips, and arms during childhood. When the Ainu—Indigenous People of Japan tattooing was completed by age fifteen or sixteen, she was eligible to be married. Males were also The Ainu are an indigenous people of Japan eligible for marriage at that age. When a person and far eastern Russia. According to tradition, died, the Ainu burned his or her family’s house and they lived in Japan long before the ancestors of the moved elsewhere. Japanese arrived there. Oral history suggests that As Japenese power grew, the Ainu fought the Ainu might be related to the Tlinglet people unsuccessfully to maintain their territory and of the Alaskan coast. One research theory is that culture. In the mid-1800s, Japan prohibited several they are related to Siberia’s Tungusic, Altaic, and Ainu customs, including the wearing of earrings by Uralic peoples. The Ainu lived on the islands of men, tattooing women, and the burning of houses. Hokkaidô and Honshû. About 25,000 Ainu still In the late 1800s, Japanese took the best Ainu land live on Hokkaidô, with smaller groups living on and made it illegal for them to fish. A law was other islands. passed in 1899 to assimilate the Ainu into Japanese

Ainu Bear Sacrifice (Japanese, c. 1870) Lesson 119 - Everyday Life: The Cultural History of Japan 695 life. One method it employed was the creation of and Shinto, and both are integral parts of Japanese separate elementary schools for Ainu children. They culture. Many visit Shinto shrines for weddings, were not allowed to speak their native language in New Year’s Day, and the onset of adulthood at age these schools. The Ainu language is spoken by very twenty, but participate in Buddhist ceremonies for few people today, but some Ainu are attempting to funerals and for Obon, the midsummer celebration revive it. that honors ancestors. A variety of newer religious The discriminatory law was not repealed until groups, known as shinkô shûkyô, have attracted 1997, when it was replaced with the Ainu Shinpo, a followers. Perhaps 2% of Japan’s population are governmental policy seeking to protect and promote members of Catholic or Protestant churches. Ainu culture. The Ainu have been supported by Native Americans in the U.S. and the First Nations of Canada. Traditional Japanese Music

Japanese Religion Kagura, a Shinto music performed on drums, rattles, and flutes, is played at Shinto shrines and at Most Japanese practice Buddhism, Shinto, or Shinto folk festivals. When music is performed at a both. Shinto was mentioned in the first history of Buddhist temple in Japan, it is chanted in Japanese, Japan written in 720. From 1868 to 1945, it was the Sanskrit, or Chinese. It is accompanied by bells and state religion. Many Japanese combine Buddhism chimes. At the Buddhist bon-odori festival, singers

Haiku

The haiku poem, a small observation about everyday life, grew out of longer Japanese poetic forms. Matsuo Bashõ was a 17th-century Japanese poet who is recognized as a pioneer of the form. One of his poems, “The Rough Sea,” is shown at right painted on a wall in the Netherlands.

Traditional haiku, formalized in the late 1800s, consisted of seventeen sounds (“on”) in three lines with a 5-7-5 structure. English syllables do not exactly correspond to Japanese on, but many haiku in English have seventeen syllables. Traditional haiku mentions a season of the year and has a break in thought, often indicated by a dash in English.

Blossoms budding white, Blue sky days getting longer— Spring is all around.

Thousands of people make submissions each year to publications devoted to haiku. Try writing your own! 696 Unit 24 - The World at War

theater is serious, but the acts are interspersed with humorous kyogen farces. A puppet theater style that developed in the 1500s and 1600s is called jôruri or bunraku. It combined puppets, chanters, and shamisen players. Kabuki theater also dates from that time. It is A Shamisen Crafter with a Customer, c. 1909 the most popular of all Japanese theater forms. It is a spectacle with great acting, music, and dance performed in brightly colored settings. and sometimes a flute, drum, and a three-stringed Japan has rich folk dance traditions. Many are lute (shamisen) accompany the dancers. religious. One form of Japanese dance is the rice- Traditional woodwind instruments of the planting dance. It involves rhythmic movements Japanese imperial court were a ryûteki (a flute), that made planting rice more enjoyable. When a hichiriki (a short double-reed pipe), and a shô Japanese women perform traditional dances, their (a mouth organ with seventeen bamboo pipes). movements are restricted by the tightness of the Percussion instruments included a small gong called kimono. Leg and foot movements are quite small a shokô and two drums, a small two-headed one and controlled. called a kakko and a large one called a taiko. Stringed Geishas are a group of professional female instruments were the four-stringed lute called a biwa singers and dancers in Japan. Traditionally they and the thirteen-stringed zither called a koto. began their training at age seven and were bound to their employers by contracts arranged by their Traditional Theater and Dance parents. They were basically slaves until and unless they married. Selling daughters was outlawed after Japanese paintings and architecture show great World War II, but professional geishas still work in respect for the natural world, but much of their Japan. Today many are members of unions. traditional theater and dance has been rigid and unrealistic. The earliest known theater style was gigaku, performed by actors wearing masks. A Maiko, such as those pictured below, are apprentices formal, solemn style called bugaku followed. It is still who learn the music, singing, and dancing of the geisha. performed at certain public ceremonies. Sangaku was popular in the 700s. It included juggling, tightrope walking, and sword swallowing. A ritual dance and play still performed today, the Okina, might date from the 11th century. Japanese nô theater has been performed since the 1300s. These plays, inspired by Zen Buddhism, combine dance, drama, mime, music, and poetry. Costumes are rich and elaborate. It is performed by males only. When actors portray women or men of different ages than their own, they wear masks. Nô Lesson 119 - Everyday Life: The Cultural History of Japan 697

Japanese Martial Arts his weight either to push the other wrestler out of the ring or to make him touch the floor. It is based Most of the two hundred varieties of martial arts on the ancient sumai (“struggle”) wrestling which originated in East Asia. Martial arts generally involve began in 23 BC. It has many ritual elements. The both physical and mental training. Eastern religions, dohyo (ring) is covered with a Shinto-style roof. especially Buddhism and Taoism, influenced the development of many martial arts. Art, Crafts, and Architecture Karate (“empty hand” in Japanese) became highly developed in the 1600s on Okinawa, which Traditional Japanese art and crafts include wood is now part of Japan. The origin of jujutsu (“art of block printing, painting (on scrolls and screens), gentleness”) is unknown, but experts believe that ceramics, calligraphy, lacquerwork, woven textiles, elements of it were used by samurai warriors. Judo fans, dolls, and wooden cabinets. One traditional was developed in 1882 by a Japanese educator. It is Japanese craft is silk thread embroidery on bright silk based on jujutsu. fabric. Stitches are long and soft. Preferred motifs Ueshiba Morihei began teaching aikido (“way are birds, flowers, bold lines, and abstract designs. of harmony”) after claiming to have had a vision Most Japanese sculpture is directly related to about it in 1925. He integrated elements of the Zen religion (a fusion of Buddhism and Taoism) into Buddhism. Traditional Japanese architecture has aikido. Aikido is also derived from jujutsu. Kendo excelled in building Buddhist temples and Shinto (“way of the sword”) is a Japanese form of fencing. shrines; castles; and the shoin, a place to study and It is a twentieth century adaptation of kenjutsu (“art to receive guests. Many fine examples of modern of the sword”), which was a form of mortal combat architecture have been built since World War II. practiced by the samurai. Because Japan experiences as many as 1,500 Sumo wrestling is a competitive martial arts earthquakes per year, the traditional Japanese house sport that involves two heavy competitors. Each uses was lightweight, one-story, and easy to rebuild.

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Inside walls made of paper on wooden frames were Beautiful ceramic vessels for use in the tea moved to make rooms larger or smaller. Traditional ceremony have been created. In the Momoyama furniture includes chests and low tables. Floors period (1573-1603) each elegant vessel had a covered with tatami (rice-straw mats) provided specific function and name. One famous type of tea a place for kneeling or squatting at mealtime and vessel is Raku ware, which is asymmetrically-shaped for sleeping at night. Today many Japanese live in and has a crackle glaze. Fine ceramic tea vessels are apartments in crowded urban centers. coated with green, brown, or purplish-brown glaze. Tea vessels, including cups, teapots, and water The Tea Ceremony containers, are also made of lacquerwork.

Drinking tea has been part of Japanese culture for hundreds of years. The modern ritual tea ceremony has been traced back to the 1500s. It was originally held in a specially-built tea house made of bark-covered logs, woven straw, and other natural materials in the style of a rustic cottage. In the tea ceremony, the host leads guests in sharing a bowl of green tea as a celebration of harmony, respect, purity, and tranquility. In more elaborate ceremonies, the Japanese Tea Ceremony guests also eat sweets or even a full meal.

From the rising of the sun to its setting, the name of the Lord is to be praised. Psalm 113:3

Assignments for Lesson 119

In Their Words Read “A Soldier’s Regrets on Leaving Home” (page 298).

Literature Continue reading The Hiding Place.

Student Review Optional: Answer the questions for Lesson 119. Hiroshima Peace Memorial Lesson 120 - Bible Study Peace

n our lives of turmoil, lived in busy families, in the worshiper could partake himself, which made it a nation on the run, in a world constantly at in a sense a fellowship meal between that person and war, the great gift of God is the offer of peace. God. The peace offering was not a recognition of TheI twentieth century was marked by world wars as the mere absence of conflict with God. Instead, it well as smaller wars in which the peace of the world was a statement of joy at a person’s close and rich hung in the balance. The twenty-first century has fellowship with the Lord. already seen more fighting taking place in various parts of the globe. The offer of peace in Jesus is After the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, indeed an attractive one. Japan, an exhibition hall built in 1915 was the only building left standing in the targeted area of the A State of Peace city. The photo below shows the building in October of 1945. The 2008 photo above shows the structure Peace is more than just the absence of open in rebuilt Hiroshima. It is part of Hiroshima Peace conflict. Family members might not exchange cross Memorial Park, dedicated to the memory of those who words or come to blows, but that does not mean died and to the promotion of world peace. they are at peace. Nations might not be shooting at each other, but they still might not be at peace with each other. Individuals might seem calm on the outside but actually be churning with emotion on the inside. Peace is a positive state of harmony and good will. This is illustrated by the peace offering that is described in the Law (Leviticus 7:11-38). The peace offering was a free-will celebration by the worshiper that was an expression of thanks for his relationship to God. It is the only one of the sacrifices of which

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We can have peace with God because God is a People who are not at peace within cannot God of peace (Romans 15:33). God sent Jesus “to establish peace with others. “They have healed the guide our feet in the way of peace” (Luke 1:79) and brokenness of My people superficially, saying ‘Peace, to bring “on earth peace among men with whom peace,’ but there is no peace’” (Jeremiah 6:14). He is pleased” (Luke 2:14). “Those who love Your The best that can happen in a conflict between law have great peace, and nothing causes them to people who are not at peace within themselves is a stumble” (Psalm 119:165). superficial papering-over of differences, but this is not real peace. Inner Personal Peace The peace of God comes through Jesus. Isaiah described the Messiah as Prince of Peace (Isaiah 9:6). Peace among men must start with peace within Jesus told His followers, “Peace I leave with you, oneself. “The wicked are like the tossing sea, for it My peace I give to you; not as the world gives do I cannot be quiet, and its waters toss up refuse and give to you. Do not let your heart be troubled, nor mud. ‘There is no peace,’ says my God, ‘for the let it be fearful” (John 14:27). He also said, “These wicked’” (Isaiah 57:20-21). The illustration of a things I have spoken to you, so that in Me you stormy sea tossing up mud is a vivid one to describe may have peace. In the world you have tribulation, those who do not have inner peace. but take courage; I have overcome the world”

Nichidatsu Fujii (1885-1985) was a Japanese Buddhist monk. After meeting Mahatma Gandhi in 1933, he became a committed pacifist. During World War II, he traveled throughout Japan encouraging his fellow citizens to resist participating in the war effort. After the war, he organized construction of Peace Pagodas in Hiroshima, Nagasaki, and other cities around the world. Pictured below (clockwise from top left) are those in Nepal, Sri Lanka, New York, India, England, and California. Lesson 120 - Bible Study: Peace 701

(John 16:33). Peace comes by believing (Romans 15:13). Peace is part of the fruit of the Spirit who lives within Christians (Galatians 5:22). When we turn our worries over to God, “the peace of God, which surpasses all comprehension, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus” (Philippians 4:7).

Peace Within the Fellowship The United Nations deploys soldiers, police officers, and The Prince of Peace enables peace among civilian personnel in an effort to promote and preserve believers. One remarkable aspect of peace among peace. UN peacekeepers are generally not authorized Christians is that it can happen even among people to intervene to stop ongoing violence between opposing with great differences who had formerly been at forces. This photo of shelling in Homs, Syria, was taken in 2012 by a UN worker shortly before the United odds with each other. When Peter spoke to the Nations Supervision Mission in Syria ended because of Gentile God-fearer Cornelius, he said that the word escalating violence in that country’s civil war. God sent consisted of “preaching peace through Jesus Christ” (Acts 10:36). Paul described how Jesus reconciled Jews and Gentiles to each other Peacemakers by reconciling them both to God in Himself. “For He Himself is our peace,” Paul said, breaking down The Lord’s people are to promote peace. “Depart barriers and making one new kind of person: simply from evil and do good,” wrote the psalmist. “Seek Christians (Ephesians 2:14-16). peace and pursue it” (Psalm 34:14). “Blessed are Christians are to be “diligent to preserve the the peacemakers,” Jesus said. When they do so, unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace” (Ephesians they demonstrate the family characteristic: “for they 4:3). When Paul discussed issues and attitudes that shall be called sons of God” (Matthew 5:9). As we divide Christians, he said, “The kingdom of God is indicated earlier, this is more than just preventing not eating and drinking, but righteousness and peace people from exchanging blows. That is what a and joy in the Holy Spirit” (Romans 14:17). Thus, peacekeeper does. A peacemaker works to bring “we pursue the things which make for peace and the about genuine reconciliation and goodwill. building up of one another” (Romans 14:19). When Jesus sent the seventy out to preach, He A common greeting that Paul used in his told them, “Whatever house you enter, first say, letters included his prayer for peace for his readers ‘Peace be to this house.’ If a man of peace is there, (for example, Romans 1:7 and Ephesians 1:2). He your peace will rest on him; but if not, it will return admonished the Colossians to “let the peace of to you” (Luke 10:5-6). Paul told the Christians at Christ rule in your hearts” (Colossians 3:15). With Rome, “If possible, so far as it depends on you, be at this emphasis on peace, how sad it is that peace peace with all men” (Romans 12:18). Paul wanted often does not reign within the fellowship of those all Christians to pray for rulers so that we might live who follow the Prince of Peace. peaceful lives (1 Timothy 2:1-2). 702 Unit 24 - The World at War

Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) was the Swedish inventor of dynamite and a businessman involved in the manufacture of weapons. His will established a foundation to award annual prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature. The Nobel Peace Prize was intended to honor those who have “done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.” The first Peace Prize was awarded in 1901 to Henry Dunant (1828-1910, shown at left), a Swiss businessman whose ideas were instrumental in establishing the International Red Cross and the Geneva Convention, and to Frédéric Passy (1822- 1912), a French economist who promoted peace through international dialogue and arbitration.

Paul said, “The God of peace will soon crush Satan under your feet” (Romans 16:20). This The message that Christians share is the same crushing work might sometimes involve conflict message Peter preached to Cornelius and that God and difficulty in the short term to accomplish the communicated through Jesus: the message of peace. long-term result. This is what Jesus experienced. The Paul encouraged Christians to have “shod your writer of Ecclesiastes said there is “a time to love and feet with the preparation of the gospel of peace” a time to hate; a time for war and a time for peace” (Ephesians 6:15). When we have peace with God, (Ecclesiastes 3:8). Sadly, conflict with those who peace with our fellow believers, and peace with would destroy peace is sometimes necessary in order others through the Lord Jesus Christ, we will know to achieve peace. the true peace that God brings.

The Way of Peace Not Peace, But a Sword

The real answer to the world’s problems is found The pursuit of peace can sometimes bring about in the peace of Christ. Peace through strength is conflict. On one occasion Jesus said, “Do not think found through the strength of Christ, not through that I came to bring peace on the earth; I did not come to bring peace, but a sword” (Matthew 10:34). worldly sources of strength. In Israel and Palestine, In the context, Jesus was talking about the division in northern Ireland, in terrorist training camps— that must take place between those who follow Him anywhere that conflict exists, real peace can and will and those who do not. Jesus is not willing to have come when the peace of Christ is working in the peace at any price. Real peace demands making hard hearts of men. “The Lord will give strength to His choices and casting your lot with Jesus when others people; the Lord will bless His people with peace” oppose you. (Psalm 29:11). Lesson 120 - Bible Study: Peace 703

Peace and Conflict at the Modern Olympic Games

11 While recovering from World War II, London hosted the 1948 Summer Olympics. No new facilities were built, and attendees were asked to bring their own food because of shortages. Athletes from Germany and Japan were excluded, while the USSR declined to send any participants.

22 Melbourne, Australia, hosted the 1956 Summer Games, the first held outside Europe or North America. John Ian Wing, a seventeen-year-old Australian of Chinese ancestry, wrote a letter to the Olympic Committee suggesting that athletes should mingle together and wave to the crowd during the closing ceremonies, instead of marching in national groups. This tradition has been followed at each Olympics since.

33 The 1940 Olympics had been scheduled to occur in Japan, but Japanese aggression in the late 1930s led to their cancellation. Japan hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo (Okurayama Ski Jump Stadium shown at right). Both Games were officially opened by Emperor Hirohito.

44 At the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany, eight Palestinians took hostage eleven members of the Israeli Olympic team. During the ensuing standoff, all of the Israelis were killed. The Games continued, but the remaining Israelis and some other athletes left Munich.

15 Montreal, Canada, was the site of the 1976 Summer Games. Because of apartheid, South African athletes had been banned from the Olympics since 1964. Other African countries also wanted the Olympic Committee to ban New Zealand because their national (not Olympic) rugby team was touring South Africa. When this did not happen, twenty-six African countries, along with Iraq and Guyana, boycotted the games.

1 4 5 3

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And He will judge between the nations, And will render decisions for many peoples; And they will hammer their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks. Nation will not lift up sword against nation, And never again will they learn war. Isaiah 2:4

Assignments for Lesson 120

Bible Recite or write Psalm 46:1-3 from memory.

In Their Words Read the excerpt from “Unity Between Nations” (pages 299-300).

Literature Finish reading The Hiding Place. Literary analysis available in Student Review.

Project Complete your project for the week.

Student Review Optional: Answer the questions for Lesson 120 and for The Hiding Place, and take the quiz for Unit 24. 26

The Making of Modern Asia

Summary In this unit we survey the stories of the larger Asian nations—China, India, Japan, and Korea—as well as Southeast Asia. We also look at the lives of three Christian missionaries who served in Asia. The Bible study examines what the Bible teaches about helping the poor.

Lessons 126 - China: From Dynasties to Communism 127 - India: A Clash of Cultures 128 - Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia 129 - Christian Missionaries to Asia 130 - Bible Study: Helping the Poor

Singapore

735 736 Unit 26 - The Making of Modern Asia

Memory Work Learn Zechariah 7:9-10 by the end of the unit.

Books Used The Bible In Their Words Bridge to the Sun

Project 1) Write 300 to 500 words on one of the following topics: (choose one) • Write about the Olympic Games that were hosted in Beijing in 2008. • Research five Christian organizations that meet the needs of the poor. Write a basic description for each of how the organization started, where it is based, and what needs it addresses. (See Lesson 130.) 2) Create a beautiful Pachisi game for your family from wood, cloth, or specialty paper. Pachisi originated in ancient India. Research the history of the game before you begin your project. 3) Write a play based on the life or an incident in the life of a missionary to Asia. It can be one of the missionaries mentioned in Lesson 129, or another missionary. Your play should be at least seven pages long but can be as long as you like. Recruiting family and/or friends to perform your play might be fun, but is optional.

Literature In 1930 Hidenari Terasaki was a Japanese diplomat serving in Washington, D.C. Gwen Harold of Johnson City, Tennessee, was visiting her aunt in Washington, and they attended a reception at the Japanese embassy. After getting to know each other over several months, Terasaki (or “Terry” as Gwen called him) and Gwen were married, despite their cultural differences. Their diplomatic travels took them to China (where their daughter Mariko was born), Cuba, and back to Washington. Terry wanted Japan and the United States to be friends, and he strenuously opposed the attack on Pearl Harbor. After World War II, Terry served as a liaison between the Japanese Emperor and the Americans under General Douglas MacArthur. Bridge to the Sun, published in 1957, is a moving story of love and commitment. It opens a window onto Japanese culture, and it shows how international events have real impact on individual lives. The book became a New York Times best seller, and the story was made into a major motion picture in 1961. Gwen Terasaki died in 1990. Great Hall of the People, Beijing Lesson 126 China: From Dynasties to Communism

he vast Middle Kingdom has been a prize service examination. The dominant belief systems in sought by many strongmen for centuries. China were Confucianism and, later, Buddhism. The pattern of politics in China has hardly Several important inventions appeared during everT involved democracy. Usually the powers of the Tang and Sung periods. Printing began in the government have rested in the hands of an elite eighth century by Buddhist monks who carved few. The Chinese have made many advances wooden blocks to print sacred texts onto paper. The in technology and scholarship, often ahead of earliest known printed work is the Diamond Sutra Europeans. However, these advances did little to from 868. Other Chinese inventions included the help the millions of Chinese who worked hard to magnetic compass, maps, gunpowder, and the water survive the best they could on farms and in cities wheel as a source of power. The Chinese also began while political battles swirled around them. making porcelain pottery during this period.

The Pattern of Dynasties Mongols, Mings, and Manchus

Ancient China was ruled by a series of dynasties. Fierce Mongol invaders led by Genghis Khan The most prominent of these were the Han, which attacked China during the 12th century. The governed until 220 AD; the Tang, from 618 to 907; Mongols captured Beijing in 1215. The grandson and the Sung, in control from 960 to 1279. During of Genghis, Kublai Khan, completed the Mongol the Tang dynasty, Chinese influence extended to the conquest of China. Eventually, the Mongol Empire borders of India and Persia and into Korea, Japan, spread from the Pacific Ocean to the Danube River and Southeast Asia. The Sung leadership created a in Europe. A system of roads enabled the Mongols unified state centuries before similar nation-states to establish regular contact with Arabs, Russians, were common in Europe. An efficient and well- and Europeans. Italian traders developed the most trained civil service developed during the latter two active trade with China. dynasties, although access to government jobs was Poor leadership by successors to Kublai Khan led limited. Only children from wealthy families could to a weakening of their dynasty. A Buddhist monk afford the education required to study for the civil organized opposition to the foreign Mongol rulers,

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During the Sung dynasty, the practice of binding women’s feet became common. It began among the royalty because they thought that tiny, delicate feet were beautiful. A girl’s feet were tightly bound soon after birth to keep them from growing. Court dancers were probably the first to have it done, but it spread to all classes because it was thought that having large feet might keep a girl from finding a husband. The process was painful and limited women to taking tiny steps. This 1902 photo shows a woman with bound feet on the right and a woman with unbound feet on the left. and in 1368 the Ming Dynasty began. It ruled saw themselves as the center of the world and thought China until 1644. The Mings restored Chinese they had all that they needed. The Chinese often saw culture and built a huge fleet of trading ships that Europeans as somewhat backward since they did not traveled to India, Arabia, and East Africa. However, have Chinese technology and the fine products of around 1433 the trading voyages ceased for reasons China such as silk and spices. The Chinese did not that are unclear to us. The Mings turned inward see the need of exchanging diplomats with European and limited their contact with outsiders. Foreign nations, since the Europeans did not have much that trade was only allowed in the city of Canton and the Chinese wanted. then only under tightly controlled conditions. A major exception to this general rule came Despite this inward orientation, China when British merchants began selling opium continued to be a highly prized target for aggression. from India and Turkey to the Chinese in the late Another wave of invaders, this time from Manchuria 18th century. This made some Chinese merchants to the northeast of China, seized control in 1644. wealthy, but the Manchu leadership was concerned The Manchu established their capital at Beijing about the growth of the harmful practice and about and ruled a strong and prosperous civilization until the drain of silver from the country that the opium 1911. Foreign trade was once again encouraged, trade caused. In 1839 Chinese agents destroyed but only under strict guidelines. millions of dollars worth of British opium at Canton. In response, the British seized Canton and European Influence attacked the nearby area. Britain defeated China in this Opium War. In the 1800s, internal problems led to external As a result of the war, China had to give pressures on China. The country’s rapidly growing Britain control of the port of Hong Kong (which population put pressure on its food supply; famines was near Canton) and compensate the British for became frequent. In addition, the leaders became the lost opium. The Chinese also had to agree to corrupt, as had often happened in China. To pay for loosen restrictions on trade with the British and to the costs of this corruption, the Manchu increased allow British subjects in China to be governed by taxes, which did not please the people. British law, not Chinese law. This meant that the Meanwhile, European nations began pressuring Chinese had little control over what the British did. China to relax trade restrictions. Foreign trade and Soon other European nations demanded similar influence were not valued by the Chinese, since they arrangements in what were called unequal treaties. Lesson 126 - China: From Dynasties to Communism 739

including reopening the opium trade and allowing foreign diplomats into Beijing. Foreign domination of China continued to increase throughout the 19th century. Russia seized a portion of northern China in 1860 and built the port of Vladivostok on the Pacific Ocean. Japan defeated China in a war in 1894 and gained control of the Korean peninsula, which China had previously governed. During the latter part of the 1800s, France, Germany, Russia, and Britain created what were 1841 British Map of Hong Kong called spheres of influence in different sections of China. Each country received trade concessions and recognition of their dominance in their After centuries of influence flowing out of China particular area. into Europe, now the Europeans were beginning The Europeans were permitted to invest in to influence the life, economy, and government of China. mines, factories, and railways in their spheres of An 1850 peasant uprising in China known as influence and could build military installations to the Taiping Rebellion sought to restore Chinese protect their interests. The United States did not try traditions and to bring about reforms in land to establish a sphere of influence. Instead, the U.S. ownership and taxation. European countries helped pressured China and the European countries with the weak Manchu ruler to quell the rebellion since interests there to follow what it called an Open Door they had lucrative trade agreements in place and Policy, giving all nations equal access to Chinese did not want to risk any changes. This enabled markets. The once proud and independent country the Europeans to demand and receive even more of China was now the subject of foreign political concessions from the Manchu government, and economic domination.

Regaining the Provincial Capital of Ruizhou by Wu Youru (Chinese, 1886) depicts a scene of the Taiping Rebellion. 740 Unit 26 - The Making of Modern Asia

This 1898 French political cartoon by Henri Meyer portrays China as a pie being carved up by other nations, represented by Victoria (United Kingdom), Wilhelm II (Germany), Nicholas II (Russia), Marianne (a national emblem of France), and a samurai warrior (Japan). An ethnically-stereotypical Chinese official watches in horror.

against the Manchu or the foreigners. Powerful warlords in the provinces capitalized on the unrest as an opportunity to begin fighting each other and looting the people in the countryside. A leading figure in the revolutionary movement was Dr. Sun Yat-sen, who had organized earlier uprisings against the Manchu but who was living outside of China when the 1911 revolt occurred. Sun quickly returned to China and was named president of the Chinese Republic. Sun was only president for a month before he was removed from office by an army general, but he continued to exert influence in the country. Unrest and Rebellion Sun established a base of operations in Canton. He helped found the Kuomintang or Nationalist Around the beginning of the 20th century, Party. Realizing that he would need an army to gain some Chinese undertook movements to restore control of all of China, Sun designated Chiang Kai- Chinese power and culture. The Fists of Righteous shek to organize and lead the Kuomintang forces. Harmony was a secret society formed in 1899. They After Sun died in 1925, Chiang led his forces on came to be called the Boxers by Europeans. Their a march north from Canton, and in 1928 the goal was to rid China of both the Manchu dynasty Kuomintang established firm control over the and the foreign traders and diplomats. Chinese Republic. In 1900 the Boxers laid siege to a compound in Beijing that housed foreign representatives. A coalition of forces from the foreign countries The Rise of the Communists represented in China defeated the Boxers and demanded from the Chinese government the right However, Chiang had to deal with another to maintain a military presence on Chinese soil growing power, the Communist Party. Chinese and in Chinese rivers and coastal waters. To many Communists had organized in 1921 and joined the Chinese, it appeared that they were hostages and Kuomintang in hopes of gaining control of the Party. victims in their own land. Chiang realized their hidden agenda and expelled Revolutionaries overthrew the Manchu dynasty them in 1927. The leader of the Communists, Mao in 1911 and proclaimed a republic. This move Zedong, organized his forces in remote southeast ushered in a period of intense turmoil and conflict China. The Nationalists battled the Communists within China. Not all of the fighting was directed in a civil war until 1934, when Chiang gained Lesson 126 - China: From Dynasties to Communism 741 the upper hand. Then about 90,000 Communist soldiers began what was called the Long March to a far northwest province to reorganize. Only about 7,000 of the troops reached their destination, due to death and desertion. During World War II, the Nationalists and the Communists stopped fighting each other to concentrate on the Japanese who had invaded the land. The United States gave assistance to Chiang, but Mao continued to build his army and to gain support among the people. By 1945 Mao controlled the north of China and Chiang controlled the south. The U.S. encouraged the two groups to form a single government, but neither side wanted to do this. Civil war broke out again in 1945, and this time the Communists gained the upper hand. In 1949 the Communists under Mao finally defeated the Nationalist forces led by Chiang. This photo of Chairman Mao playing table tennis was The Nationalists retreated to the island of Taiwan included in the book of his quotations that was widely off the coast of China; and Mao proclaimed the distributed in China. People’s Republic of China on October 1, 1949. Mao was devoted to what he understood to be the original Marxist-Leninist ideals. He introduced When the United Nations was founded after radical changes to Chinese politics, culture, and World War II, the UN recognized the Nationalist industry. After Stalin’s death in 1953, the Soviet government as the legitimate government of China. Union moved away from some of his policies. China received a permanent seat on the UN The Communists in China accused the Soviets of Security Council. After the Communist takeover having lost the original socialist vision. This was of China, the Nationalist government based in part of a cooling of diplomatic relations between Taiwan continued to control that seat in the United China and the Soviet Union. Nations. In 1971 the UN General Assembly voted to take representation away from Taiwan and give it to the People’s Republic of China (the Communist China hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. government on the mainland). This move was This photo is from the Opening Ceremony. supported by the other permanent members of the Security Council, except for the United States. In 1972 U.S. President Richard Nixon, a strong anti-Communist, made a ground-breaking visit to China. The move opened the door to easing relations between the U.S. and the Communist Chinese government. Over the next several decades, China responded to its economic needs by aggressively seeking trade with the West and encouraging steps toward capitalism. 742 Unit 26 - The Making of Modern Asia

The Church in China Three Self Church. These churches are self- governing, self-supporting, and self-propagating Tradition holds that Thomas, the disciple of (in other words, without any foreign involvement). Jesus, was the first person to preach the gospel in They teach many standard Christian doctrines China. We have already studied about the Nestorian but are tightly controlled by the government. A Stele, which describes Christianity in China from person can purchase a Bible in China—but only the 600s AD. Some Catholic missionaries went to at a Three Self Church bookstore. The Chinese China during and after the Middle Ages. Patriotic Catholic Association is also aligned with English Protestant missionary Hudson Taylor the Communist government. Its leadership does not led a major effort to reach the Chinese people in the recognize the authority of the pope. 1800s. The China Inland Mission (CIM) brought The dynamic spiritual power in China is found hundreds of missionaries into China, including in the thousands of house churches that are not single women. Gladys Aylward was rejected by CIM recognized by the government and do not rely on but managed to go to China on her own. Widespread foreign missionaries. The Communist government Chinese skepticism of anything foreign, coupled tolerates most house churches, but authorities with the chaos of civil war and the devastation of sometimes break up house churches and persecute two world wars, hindered the further spread of the and imprison church leaders. The inconsistent policy faith in the first half of the 20th century. is to some degree the result of how local government When China fell to the Communists after officials respond to the existence of house churches. World War II, the government expelled all foreign Estimates of the number of believers in China vary missionaries. Officially atheist, the government widely, from about twenty million to over one sanctions the Three Self Patriotic Movement or hundred million.

After these things I looked, and behold, a great multitude which no one could count, from every nation and all tribes and peoples and tongues, standing before the throne and before the Lamb . . . . Revelation 7:9

Assignments for Lesson 126

In Their Words Read the excerpt from A Tour in Mongolia (pages 314-316).

Literature Begin reading Bridge to the Sun. Plan to finish it by the end of Unit 27.

Student Review Optional: Answer the questions for Lesson 126. Street Cricket in India Lesson 127 India: A Clash of Cultures

uring the Gupta empire in the first inhabitants, completely wiping out the city of Delhi centuries AD, the Hindu faith spread and killing or enslaving the entire population of the throughout India. As we noted earlier, city. The only exceptions were artisans, who were DHinduism had absorbed elements of Buddhism. sent to build Tamerlane’s new capital at Samarkand Two other strong influences in India during this time (now in Uzbekistan). The Mongols did not stay were (1) the power of the Brahmans, the educated in India long but left to pursue further conquests. priestly class that preserved ancient traditions; and Muslims returned to power, though now somewhat (2) the strict caste system in society, that dictated weaker because of the experience. where people lived, what work they did, and whom The followers of Islam did not allow their they married. The lack of a single strong leader religion to be absorbed into Hinduism. The Muslims throughout all of India left it subject to foreign believed in one god, Allah; therefore, they abhorred invaders. The Huns from central Asia, for example, the multiplicity of Hindu gods and often destroyed invaded India in the fifth century AD. Hindu temples. Muslims valued the equality of believers while Hindus observed a regimented caste Muslims and Mongols system. Muslims insisted on following the teachings of the Qur’an, while Hindus were tolerant of many In the tenth century, Islamic Turks and Afghans different ideas. Muslims saw cows as merely a source invaded and conquered the Indus River valley and eventually ruled most of India. Muslim rulers, called of food while Hindus treated cows as sacred. Some sultans, established their capital at Delhi in 1206. Hindus in the north converted to Islam. The Muslims were motivated by desires to spread Another Mongol invasion, this one led by Babur, the religion of Islam and to acquire wealth from descended upon India in 1526. Babur claimed to be the land and people. The sultans set up a provincial a descendant of Genghis Khan and Tamerlane. The government system and lived in lavish style. Persian word for Mongol was Mogul, and Mogul was Mongols from central Asia invaded in 1398, led the word that became attached to this dynasty. The by Tamerlane. The Mongols showed no mercy to the Moguls ruled India for about three hundred years.

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This is a late 16th-century Mogul illustration of Mogul artists and calligraphers.

Though they were Muslims, Babur and his immediate successors promoted toleration of Hinduism. Wealthy Moguls built elaborate palaces and manicured gardens. The Mogul Jahan had a beautiful tomb built in 1632 for his wife Mumtaz Mahal. The structure became known as the Taj Mahal. Later Mogul leaders returned to the policy of persecuting the Hindus, which prompted a strong Hindu reaction. In-fighting among Muslim princes also weakened Mogul authority. During the Mogul ascendancy, traders from Europe arrived in India. Portugal opened the trade route, and other nations followed. Soon after the traders came Christian missionaries, but during the 1500s the Moguls strongly opposed Christian evangelistic work. In general, however, the Moguls did not feel threatened by the Europeans, who did not appear to live in the splendor and wealth that the Moguls enjoyed.

The Taj Mahal is part of a larger complex that includes a mosque (left), gardens, and other small tombs. Lesson 127 - India: A Clash of Cultures 745

The British Come to India

In 1600 British merchants formed the East India Company to finance and promote trade between Britain and India. As trade with Europeans was increasing, the Mogul dynasty was weakening from poor leadership and fighting among provincial princes. The British East India Company took on military and political roles in India on behalf of Great Britain. When the Seven Years’ War erupted in Europe in 1756, Robert Clive of the East India Company Rani Lakshmi Bai (1828-1858), queen of the Indian organized a military force and ousted the French state of Jhansi, was a leader in the 1857 rebellion. She from their trading posts in India. The company also died in battle against the British. Equestrian statues of pressured provincial Indian governments to give it Lakshmi Bai, such as this one in Solapur, India, often portray her with her son on her back. favorable treatment. Within a few years, the British East India Company was the strongest political and military force in India. It in effect ruled India The Opposition Grows unhindered until the mid-1800s. An 1857 uprising of Indian soldiers called sepoys who worked for the Indigenous opposition to British rule increased company drew the support of Hindu and Muslim the longer Britain remained in charge. This princes and of many poor farmers, but the British opposition was fed by a rising tide of nationalism prevailed. The incident led Parliament to assume among better-educated, middle-class Indians. This oversight of India as a British colony, removing the group formed the Indian National Congress Party East India Company from its position of power. in 1885. The goal of the Congress Party (as it was British rule brought technological advances to called) was merely home rule within the British India in the form of better health care and improved Empire at first, but later the party advocated travel and communication. Upper-caste Indian complete independence. Both Hindus and Muslims children attended British-run schools and became a new professional class in the country. Missionaries opposed British rule, but Britain depended on the spread the gospel in India, and millions were division between those groups to weaken the effect converted there. However, the British policy of of their opposition. imposing their culture had some harmful effects. During World War I, Britain made vague Britain sought to exploit India by extracting raw promises about lessening its control over India at some materials for use in manufacturing activity in Britain point in the future. This did not satisfy the Congress and by using it as a market for finished British goods. Party or other nationalist leaders, and unrest grew Indian artisans could not compete with lower-cost among the Indians. The response by Parliament to British goods. Indian farmers were encouraged to jail protesters without a trial only increased native grow cotton for sale instead of food to feed their frustrations. Limited reforms enacted after World families. This led to occasional famines. War I still did not mollify opposition to British rule. 746 Unit 26 - The Making of Modern Asia

The leader of the Congress party after the war was Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948), an attorney who had been educated in Britain and had earlier worked for greater civil rights for Indians in South Africa. Gandhi’s approach to the issue of British rule was to adopt an attitude of non-violent resistance. He urged a boycott of British business and encouraged a renewal of cottage industries. Gandhi himself lived a simple life in voluntary poverty. He encouraged Indians to take pride in their culture, although he opposed the caste system. Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) was a Bengali Indians recognized the power of his philosophy author and poet, the first non-European to win the and gave him the title of Mahatma, “Great Soul.” Nobel Prize in Literature (1913). He opposed the Britain extended more home rule powers to India British occupation of India. Tagore (left) and Gandhi in 1935, but by then the indigenous opposition met in 1940. would be satisfied with nothing less than complete independence. for partitioning the country into a Hindu state and Independence and Partition a Muslim state. In August of 1947, British rule ended and two new countries were created: India By the end of World War II, the British with a Hindu majority, and Pakistan with a Muslim government realized that it could no longer govern majority. India. However, the Hindu-Muslim conflict The political boundaries did not reflect where all Muslims and Hindus lived, however. As a result, ten threatened to destroy any advantages the country million people moved: Muslims in India moved to might gain by independence. Britain persuaded Pakistan, and Hindus in Pakistan moved to India. Gandhi and other Indian leaders to accept a plan Violence and rioting erupted in several places. About a half-million people were killed, and millions were Indira Gandhi met in 1969 with Nicolae Ceauşescu, left homeless in the transition. Gandhi himself was Communist leader of Romania. assassinated in 1948 by a Hindu fanatic who did not like Gandhi’s attempts to bring peace between Hindus and Muslims. India under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru in the 1950s and 1960s was marked by the growth of industry, the modernizing of agriculture, and a greater sense of Indian unity. However, the mushrooming population strained the nation’s resources. Opposition to the leadership of the Congress Party sometimes became violent. When Nehru’s daughter, Indira Gandhi (her husband was no relation to Mohandas Gandhi), was prime minister, she declared a state of emergency in 1975 and jailed some of her critics. She was voted out in Lesson 127 - India: A Clash of Cultures 747

1977 but was elected again in 1980 by promising to avoid some of the unpopular policies of her earlier administration. A major issue during her second tenure was an uprising of Sikh separatists. Indira Gandhi was assassinated in 1984 by two of her Sikh bodyguards. Her son replaced her as prime minister, but he was assassinated in 1991. Intense political and ethnic unrest have continued to result in violence from time to time.

Pakistan and Bangladesh The Faisal Mosque was the largest in the world when Pakistan initially functioned as a parliamentary it was completed in 1986. It is named after King Faisal of Saudi Arabia (1906-1975), who supported democracy, but the system did not work well. A its construction. Located in Pakistan’s capital of military dictatorship assumed power in 1958. Islamabad, it is the national mosque of the country. Government corruption and extremely poor living conditions have led to continued civil and political unrest. Millions of refugees tried to flee the fighting When it was formed, Pakistan consisted of two by crossing into India. India helped the East parts: the larger area to the northwest of India, and Pakistan rebels against the government of Pakistan. East Pakistan to the northeast of India, about 1,000 East Pakistan officially became the independent miles away. West Pakistan leaders dominated the country of Bangladesh in December of 1971. Pakistani government from the beginning. Many Natural disasters, government corruption, and few in East Pakistan demanded self-rule. Flooding opportunities for people to support themselves in East Pakistan in 1970 and a slow response by have combined to make life miserable for most the national government led to stronger calls for people in Bangladesh. separation. East Pakistanis won a majority of seats in the December 1970 election, but the military To the Present dictator threw out the results. Civil war erupted the next year. During the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, Pakistan aligned itself with the U.S. while India remained officially neutral. Almost half of Bangladeshis work in agriculture. Rice is Occasional issues, such as the Chinese invasion of the most important crop. Tibet in the early 1960s and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, have raised tensions in the region. Control of the Kashmir region has been a source of conflict ever since the end of British rule. Claimed by Pakistan and India, some local tribes favor independence for themselves. Since both India and Pakistan have developed nuclear weapons, the stakes of the confrontation between the two countries are high. 748 Unit 26 - The Making of Modern Asia

Too long has my soul had its dwelling With those who hate peace. I am for peace, but when I speak, They are for war. Psalm 120:6-7

Assignments for Lesson 127

In Their Words Read “A Living Sacrifice” (pages 317-321).

Literature Continue reading Bridge to the Sun.

Student Review Optional: Answer the questions for Lesson 127. Japanese Warriors (c. 1293) Lesson 128 Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia

Japan missionary Francis Xavier brought Christianity to the country in 1549. Shoguns did not like the fact About the third century AD, rulers from the that Catholics had to obey the pope, whom they Yamato plain on Japan’s largest island began to lead saw as a foreign ruler. As a result, Christianity was a central government for the entire country. They banned in 1639. All Europeans except the Dutch claimed to be descendants from the sun goddess, were also excluded from the country. whom they ranked first among the Shinto deities. Japan was re-unified in the late 1500s by Buddhism was introduced in the sixth century, but strong military leaders. From the early 1600s until interference by Buddhist priests in government 1868, the Tokugawa dynasty ruled Japan from matters led emperors to avoid that religion. Later their castle town of Edo, which is modern Tokyo. weak emperors led to the rise of local or tribal leaders who ruled smaller areas. Private armies of Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada (1579-1632) warriors called samurai developed to support these tribal leaders. In 1180 the Minamoto family revolted against the ruling dynasty and established the first military government, with leaders called shoguns. Military governors and land supervisors oversaw civil officials. The shogun system resisted two attempted Mongol invasions in the 13th century. Fighting and feuding among rival families continued, and for about fifty years in the 14th century two rival dynasties ruled at the same time. The first European traders that reached the country in the mid-1500s met a Japan characterized by local lords, vassals, and castle towns. The Catholic

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The isolationist policy that began in 1639 cut educational experts were recruited to come to Japan; Japan off from almost all contact with the outside and government missions went on study trips to world. In the 19th century, Japanese society other countries. entered a period of turmoil. Peasant uprisings In 1889 domestic political pressure resulted in became common, the despised merchant class a constitutional government. Only one percent of had gained economic power (the merchant class the people could vote, however, and the emperor was considered to be below the peasants), and the was still believed to be divine. Japan emerged as a shogun government was corrupt. world power after the 1894-95 war against China In 1854 U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry over control of Manchuria. Japan defeated China in arrived leading an American fleet. Perry demanded the war and also gained control of Korea. Ten years that Japan open its ports to foreign trade. The later, Japan defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese increasingly discredited Tokugawa regime signed War and added Sakhalin Island and other territory agreements with the U.S. and other foreign nations. to its empire. Uprisings by local samurai led to the resignation As one of the Allies against the Central Powers of the shogun in 1867 and to the creation of an in World War I, Japan seized German territories imperial government overseen by Emperor Meiji. in Asia, including areas in the German sphere of During the half-century of Meiji’s reign, Japan influence in China. When the war ended, Japan was transformed into an industrialized world demanded concessions from China that gave Japan power. However, Japan did it their way instead of power in Manchuria and Mongolia. Following having it forced upon them as a colony of a foreign the war, the Japanese government agreed to arms power. The emperor abolished feudalism, improved limitations as part of a world-wide effort to promote the efficiency of government, and replaced the peace. The Japanese military, however, believed samurai with an army of draftees, who were loyal that the government was giving away the country’s to the emperor. Foreign industrial, scientific, and national security.

Promulgation of the Constitution, Toyohara Chikanobu (Japanese, 1889) Lesson 128 - Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia 751

The military led the people of Japan into the horrors of World War II. After Japan’s defeat, the United States forced acceptance of a revised constitution. The emperor was allowed to remain as a ceremonial monarch, but a Western-style parliamentary system was created. Japan’s military capabilities were severely restricted, and large numbers of American military personnel have been stationed in Japan ever since. Japan prospered economically for many years after the war. Many Japanese companies that manufactured automobiles, motorcycles, and Access to this area in Japan was restricted after the engines became international brands, including 2011 nuclear disaster. Honda, Isuzu, Kawasaki, Mazda, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Subaru, Suzuki, Toyota, and Yamaha. Other major Japanese companies have diverse operations Koreans fought against many invasions over this in industries such as electronics and entertainment long period, usually by the Chinese or Mongols. technology. These include Casio, Fujifilm, Fujitsu, The country resisted opening its ports to western Hitachi, Nintendo, Ricoh, and Sony. traders in the 1800s. Korea became known as the Japan suffered a lengthy economic decline Hermit Kingdom for its refusal to have contact beginning in the 1990s. Though economic growth with the West. returned in the 2000s, the country had another Around 1900 China, Japan, and Russia all major setback in 2011. A major earthquake off the wanted to expand the territories they controlled; Japanese coast produced tsunami waves that killed and they all targeted Korea. Japan annexed Korea about 15,000 people and caused extensive damage. in 1910 and ruled with a firm hand until the end Equipment failures at the Fukushima Daiichi of World War II. The Japanese shipped many raw Nuclear Power Plant led to the release of radioactive materials from Korea back to Japan and required that the Japanese language be used in schools material. It was the largest nuclear disaster since the and newspapers. 1986 disaster at the Chernobyl plant in Ukraine. As the end of World War II neared, the United States agreed to let the Soviet Union take over the Korea northern part of Korea in return for Soviet help against Japan. The U.S. administered the southern The people of the peninsula of Korea are part of the peninsula. Each side hoped to unify the ethnically related to both the Chinese and the country on their own terms after the war. Elections Japanese. The first Koreans might have come from were held in South Korea in 1948, but the Soviets Mongolia. Because of Korea’s many mountain resisted allowing elections in the North. In 1950 ranges, small kingdoms and city-states were the North Korean soldiers invaded the South to try to norm on the peninsula. The Shilla Kingdom unified unify the country under Communism. the country in 668. About three hundred years later, After the Korean War, the North and South a powerful leader established the kingdom of Koryo. took very different paths. South Korea, after some This is the origin of the name Korea. The Choson struggles with military dictators, became a modern Dynasty ruled from 1392 until 1910. democratic-republic with a prosperous economy. 752 Unit 26 - The Making of Modern Asia

Southeast Asia

The region of Southeast Asia includes the area south of China and east of Bangladesh, as well as the Philippines, Indonesia, and other Pacific Islands. The region was strongly influenced by traders and explorers from China and India. Traders and Buddhist missionaries spread Chinese and Indian cultures and religions among the smaller people groups of Southeast Asia. Some parts of the region had powerful emperors while other places were ruled by local lords. Significant western contact began when Europeans opened the spice trade in the 1500s. Spain conquered the Philippine Islands in 1571 as a bridge between the spice islands and Spain’s American colonies. Otherwise, European countries This composite of multiple photos from space shows only operated trading posts in the region and did lights at night in and around the Korean peninsula. not pursue colonization at that time. National boundaries have been outlined. China is During the 1700s, Europeans began to create on the left of the image, Japan on the right, and some plantations in Southeast Asia to grow crops such as ships at sea are scattered. South Korea is in the middle, rice, coffee, and sugar. The Industrial Revolution with North Korea largely darkened above it. Electricity made Southeast Asian raw materials such as oil, supply is not reliable in North Korea, and is generally rubber, and tin attractive to European nations. shut off at night. The Netherlands brought their trading posts under one colonial government as the Dutch East Indies Christianity has grown significantly there, with a in the 1800s. Also, Britain and France began a large percentage of the population professing faith scramble to establish colonies in the region. Britain in Christ. North Korea, by contrast, has endured acquired Burma, Malaya, and Singapore, while harsh government control of the economy and France established French Indochina in what is now society. North Korea boasts a large military, but Vietnam. Both France and Britain hoped to use these political and religious persecution and shortages colonies to move more easily into southern China. of food and medical care have killed hundreds of Only Siam, now called Thailand, was not thousands of people. colonized by a European power. During the North and South Korea never signed a peace 1800s, Siamese rulers modernized their country treaty to end the Korean War, and tensions on the and welcomed European trade. The country was a peninsula remain high. The so-called Demilitarized neutral buffer between the British in Burma and the Zone (DMZ) between the two countries is actually French in Indochina. one of the most heavily-fortified borders in the A nationalist movement began in the world. The two sides have taken cautious steps Philippines in the late 1800s. These fighters helped toward more open communication. the United States against Spain in the Spanish- Lesson 128 - Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia 753

The Malaysian capital of Kuala Lampur is home to the Petronas Towers. These twin office buildings are each 1,483 feet tall. Petronas is the national Malaysian oil and gas company.

American War. However, when the United States did not give the islands independence, the nationalists turned on the Americans and began fighting them. Their efforts were unsuccessful at the time. The United States only granted independence to the Philippines after World War II, in 1946. European countries maintained a colonial presence in Southeast Asia until the Japanese took over most of the region before World War II. Countries in the region became independent after the war, but the area became a battleground in the Cold War between Communism and freedom, as we discussed in Unit 25. Malaysia is divided into two sections, one on Borneo. After gaining independence from Britain, the southeast tip of Asia and one on the island of the modern country of Malaysia formed in 1963. The British founded Singapore, on an island off the coast of Malaysia, as a trading outpost in 1819. It was briefly part of a federation with Malaysia, but it became independent in 1965. Singapore is one of the smallest countries in the world, and one of the most densely-populated. Indonesia is an archipelago consisting of over 17,000 islands. A former Dutch colony, it gained independence in 1949. Indonesia is the fourth most-populous country in the world, and the country with the largest Muslim population.

Aung San Suu Kyi (b. 1945) opposed the military regime that took over Myanmar (Burma) in 1988. She spent almost fifteen years as a political prisoner under house arrest. As the military relaxed its control on the country, Suu Kyi was released in 2010 and was elected to the national parliament. She received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991 and the Congressional Gold Medal in 2012. 754 Unit 26 - The Making of Modern Asia

Anna and the King

King Mongkut (or Rama IV) of Thailand reigned from 1851 to 1868. He invited Anna Leonowens, an Indian- born British woman, to teach his children and wives the English language and customs. Leonowens spent five years in Thailand. One of her pupils was Chulalongkorn, pictured below with his father the king in 1865. Leonowens composed two memoirs of her experiences. She eventually settled in Canada.

King Chulalongkorn (Rama V), who reigned from his father’s death until 1910, oversaw the abolition of slavery and helped Thailand become a modern state. Leonowens’ son, Louis, became an officer in the Thai army and founded a trading company there that still exists. Chulalongkorn met Anna Leonowens again in London in 1897.

American author Margaret Landon published an historical novel in 1944 called Anna and the King of Siam. This novel became the basis for the greatly fictionalized (but highly enjoyable) Broadway musical and movie The King and I. The film was banned in Thailand (along with a 1999 remake), because it portrayed the king in a negative light. Showing disrespect toward the Thai monarch is still illegal.

Those who go down to the sea in ships, Who do business on great waters; They have seen the works of the Lord, And His wonders in the deep. Psalm 107:23-24

Assignments for Lesson 128

In Their Words Read King Mongkut’s letter to the President of the United States and the President’s reply (pages 322-326).

Literature Continue reading Bridge to the Sun.

Student Review Optional: Answer the questions for Lesson 128. Missionaries Sent Out by China Inland Mission in 1887 Lesson 129 Christian Missionaries to Asia

hristian missionaries have gone by faith Bible into the language of the people with whom to remote parts of the globe, enduring he would be working. On the trip, he studied the difficult circumstances at great personal Greek New Testament and became convinced that sacrifice,C to share the message of Jesus with others. the Greek word for baptism means immersion. After Those who have gone to Asia have loved and taught landing in India, Judson and his wife were immersed people who had an entirely different worldview. by an English Baptist missionary. These snapshots of missionaries to Asia will help us appreciate what others have done in the name of Jesus. Adoniram Judson (1788-1850)

Adoniram Judson

The son of a Congregationalist minister, Adoniram Judson was born in Massachusetts in 1788. He entered Andover Seminary in 1808 during what was known as the Second Great Awakening in the United States. He and other Andover students developed a deep desire to spread the gospel to other lands. In response to the interest of these students, the Congregationalist Association of Massachusetts formed the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, which was the first body to send foreign missionaries from the United States. In 1812 Judson married Ann Hasseltine. Two weeks later, they left for India as Congregationalist missionaries. Judson had a desire to translate the

755 756 Unit 26 - The Making of Modern Asia

Judson felt duty bound to inform the a hero by Baptist churches, and his visit stimulated Congregationalist board of his change and to resign great interest in mission work. Judson married again from their sponsorship. He also contacted Baptists in 1846, and he and his wife Emily left for Burma a in America to see if they wanted to support his few weeks later. He devoted much energy in his later mission work. Judson’s interest (along with the years to a Burmese-English dictionary. However, encouragement of others) led to the formation of the Judson was plagued with poor health. He died in General Convention of the Baptist Denomination 1850 on an ocean voyage which had been prescribed in the United States for Foreign Missions, which as his only hope for getting better. He was buried at sponsored Judson’s work. sea in the Bay of Bengal. The Judsons had to leave India in 1813 because of pressure from the British East India Company, Amy Carmichael so they moved to Burma. There Judson translated the Bible into Burmese after first developing an Born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, in 1867, Amy alphabet, since Burmese was not a written language. Carmichael was the oldest of seven children. When Ann, an active partner in the mission work, died she was seventeen, she and her family were returning in 1826. In 1835 Judson married Sarah Boardman, home from church one wintry morning when she widow of another missionary. Sarah died in 1845, noticed an old woman, poorly dressed, laboring and shortly thereafter Judson returned to the United under a heavy burden. Amy and her two brothers States for his only furlough. He was welcomed as helped the woman, despite the fact that this was not the kind of thing that respectable people did. That afternoon, Amy spent time in private reflection and Judson Church is located on the campus of Yangon prayer and was convicted that God wanted her to University in Kamayut, Myanmar (Burma). die to herself and serve other people. Amy began reaching out to the shawlies. These were girls who worked in the textile mills and who were too poor to afford hats so they covered their heads with their shawls. Amy established a school for the girls and taught them about the Lord. She was eventually sent by the Church of England as a missionary to Japan. Amy stayed there about two years, then returned to Britain because of her health. Someone suggested to her that traveling to India might improve her health. There she found her life’s work. She helped to start the Dohnavur Mission to children. The children she is best known for helping were young girls who were sold by their parents to Buddhist temples at seven or eight years of age to be temple prostitutes. The Dohnavur Mission, still in operation, has helped thousands of children. During her fifty-three years in India, Carmichael wrote many books and poems. Injured in a fall in 1931, she spent the last twenty years of her life as Lesson 129 - Christian Missionaries to Asia 757 an invalid, but she continued to serve the needy children of the mission. She never married and was buried in an unmarked grave at Dohnavur. Once a girl who was thinking about becoming a missionary wrote to Amy to ask what missionary life was like. Amy replied, “Missionary life is a chance to die.”

Eric Liddell

The Flying Scotsman was born in 1902 to a Since many of the rescued children did not know Christian missionary family in China. He attended their birthdays, the Dohnavur community celebrated school in Scotland with his older brother while their Coming Day, as pictured above. parents served in China. Liddell grew up wanting to return to the mission field of China, but he was also an excellent runner. He attended Edinburgh Liddell was scheduled to compete in the 100-meter University and studied science because he knew that dash, his best event; but his preliminary heat was the Chinese needed better science education. scheduled for a Sunday. Liddell believed that the Before his return to China, however, Liddell had Lord’s Day should be devoted to the Lord and not the opportunity to compete in the 1924 Olympics. to games, so he refused to run and switched to the 400-meter race. This was all known and determined some months before the Olympics began. At the Eric and Florence Liddell married in Tianjin, China. Olympics, on the day he could have been running for a chance at the gold, Liddell preached at an English-speaking church in Paris. In the 400-meter race (a difficult event for a sprinter) Liddell set a world record in winning the gold medal. He also won a bronze medal in the 200-meter race. Liddell did not capitalize on his Olympic success for personal profit. After finishing his education two years later, Liddell went to China and taught science at an Anglo-Chinese school in Tientsin. He later went into full-time evangelistic work. Liddell was married in 1934 to a girl who had been one of his students, after she had completed nursing school in Canada. They had two daughters when the Japanese took control of China in 1937. Liddell insisted that his family go to Canada for safety, even though his wife was expecting their third child. He never saw his family again. 758 Unit 26 - The Making of Modern Asia

After Pearl Harbor, the situation in China teaching, and encouraging fellow prisoners. He worsened for foreign nationals; but Liddell refused developed terrible headaches but continued to smile to leave. The Japanese eventually imprisoned all and serve. He died in February of 1945 of a brain foreigners in China, including Liddell. The Olympic tumor and typhoid, just a few months before the champion spent the last two years of his life serving, end of World War II.

Do you not know that those who run in a race all run, but only one receives the prize? Run in such a way that you may win. 1 Corinthians 9:24

Assignments for Lesson 129

In Their Words Read Adoniram Judson’s Rules of Holy Living and the excerpt from Things As They Are (pages 327-330).

Literature Continue reading Bridge to the Sun.

Student Review Optional: Answer the questions for Lesson 129. Street in the Philippines Lesson 130 - Bible Study Helping the Poor

hristians are called to help others with their physical needs. This is an important and often challenging responsibility. CChristian missionaries around the world, including in Asia, have been confronted with widespread poverty among the people they seek to teach.

Old Testament Teaching

In the Law, God told the people of Israel to leave the gleanings in their fields for the needy and the stranger (Leviticus 19:9-10). The landowner did not need every last grape or stalk of grain. Instead, he was to remember that he (or his ancestor) was once a poor slave in Egypt. God promised that He would bless them in their work if they did this (Deuteronomy 24:19-22). The Law also commanded the Israelites to treat the poor justly in legal matters. They were not to prefer the rich in order to win favors from them (Deuteronomy 24:17-18). Several of the prophets denounced Israel’s failure to do this when they Feed My Starving Children is a Christian organization that works with local partners to distribute food in condemned Israel’s sins (for example, Isaiah 1:17 many countries around the world, such as Tajikistan. and Amos 4:1).

759 760 Unit 26 - The Making of Modern Asia

Starting in the 17th century, poor man statues (and an occasional poor woman) were placed outside churches in Sweden. Members could make donations to help the poor by placing coins in a slot in the chest. The statue at left is in Nurmo, Finland. (Finland was once controlled by Sweden but became an independent country in the 20th century.)

The dividing line between the sheep and the goats on the day of judgment, Jesus said, was that the sheep had helped people in need. In this way, they had served Jesus. The goats, on the other hand, had failed to help others and so had failed to serve Jesus (Matthew 25:31- 46). Even a cup of cold water given in the name of Jesus will not go unnoticed (Matthew 10:42). Shortly before Jesus was betrayed, arrested, and crucified, a woman anointed His head with expensive perfume. The disciples complained about her actions, saying that the perfume could have been sold and the money given to the poor rather than being wasted in this way. Jesus rebuked them for The Teaching of Jesus their thinking. She had done a beautiful deed for Him to prepare Him for burial. “You always have the poor with you,” Jesus said. You will always have Jesus had much to say about helping the needy. the opportunity to help the poor, if that is what you It is important to remember first of all that He really want to do (and talking about it is much easier Himself was poor. He had “nowhere to lay His than actually doing it). But there should be no price head” (Luke 9:58). When you give to the poor, ceiling on serving Jesus. Jesus said, you are not to call attention to yourself for your good deed. Instead, your help should be so Serving the poor and serving Jesus are not quiet and come so naturally from your heart that mutually exclusive. Jesus said that the woman’s your left hand does not know what your right hand loving, generous act would be told wherever the is doing. When we give secretly, God will reward us gospel is preached. The story of Jesus and the story (Matthew 6:2-4). of the woman’s generosity to One who was poor Instead of judging others, we are to give to Himself would go hand in hand (Matthew 26:6-13). others. This giving we are to do generously, “for by your standard of measure it will be measured to you Helping the Poor in the Early Church in return” (Luke 6:38). Jesus used the illustration of someone pouring into your cup so generously that Almost immediately after the church was the gift overflows into your lap. Such generosity formed, Christians began helping those in need. from God will come to us when we are generous Believers in Jerusalem sold property and gave the to others. proceeds to the apostles, and the money was then Lesson 130 - Bible Study: Helping the Poor 761

“distributed to each as any had need” (Acts 4:35). As ahead. Proverbs warns of the calamity that will come a result, “there was not a needy person among them” to the lazy person (Proverbs 24:30-34), but not all (4:34). The church undertook a daily distribution of poverty is the result of laziness. Perhaps it will always food to widows (Acts 6:1). Dorcas was remembered be a mystery hidden in the justice of God why some for her “deeds of kindness and charity” (Acts 9:36). are wealthy and some are poor. Our calling is not to When Agabus the prophet predicted a famine, wait until we figure it out but to do what we know believers in Antioch sent help to Christians in Judea we need to do according to God’s Word. (Acts 11:27-30). In addition to meeting real needs of real people, In the early part of Paul’s ministry, the leaders helping the poor is a way to make the gospel of the church in Jerusalem encouraged him to attractive to outsiders. Sometimes we may be taken remember the poor, something he was eagerly advantage of, but that is something the other person wanting to do anyway (Galatians 2:10). As an will have to explain to God. We don’t want to miss example of this, a major part of Paul’s third serving Him by trying to judge the worthiness of missionary journey involved a collection he someone who appears to need help. undertook among Gentile churches to help the poor saints from a Jewish background in Jerusalem (1 Corinthians 16:1-4, 2 Corinthians 8-9, Romans Feed My Starving Children Effort in Kenya 15:25-26). James said that pure and undefiled religion included giving assistance to widows and orphans in their difficulties (James 1:27). He rebuked those who discriminated against the poor in their assemblies (James 2:1-5). Those who are poor in things but rich in the Lord are in fact the rich in this life, but those who are materially wealthy are to be pitied if they are spiritually poor (James 2:5-7; see also Luke 6:20-21 and 24-25). Apparently the need to help the poor was a major issue in the early church. Many of the first Christians were from the lower economic strata (see 1 Corinthians 1:26-29). It has often been the case that the wealthy believe that they have more to give up, and thus they are relatively more reluctant to become Christians. “How hard it will be for those who are wealthy to enter the kingdom of God!” Jesus said (Mark 10:23).

Our Calling Today

Since ancient times, some people have been wealthy and others poor. Some wealthy people inherit their riches or get them by unscrupulous means, while many who labor hard never seem to get 762 Unit 26 - The Making of Modern Asia

We should prayerfully look for thoughtful and imaginative ways to help others. Some churches, for instance, have an annual giveaway of things the members no longer need. Rather than having a garage sale, the church blesses many people in the community by simply giving the items away on a designated day. Or, churches that are near a major hospital sometimes sponsor a motel room or apartment for family members of patients who are from out of town. Individual families helping those in need often makes a profound impact on the person being helped. In other words, helping others Love a Child is a ministry run by Christians that sends mobile medical clinics to remote villages in Haiti. does not have to be a church project. The best way to help others is always to do so from the heart.

For you know the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, that though He was rich, yet for your sake He became poor, so that you through His poverty might become rich. 2 Corinthians 8:9

Assignments for Lesson 130

Bible Recite or write Zechariah 7:9-10 from memory.

In Their Words Read Recollections of Eric Liddell (pages 331-334).

Literature Continue reading Bridge to the Sun.

Project Complete your project for the unit.

Student Review Optional: Answer the questions for Lesson 130 and take the quiz for Unit 26. Detail from Tahitian Women on the Beach, Paul Gauguin (French, 1891)

Credits

Images i Emmanuel Dyan / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 v José Porras / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-3.0 Images marked with one of these codes are used with the vi USAID Africa Bureau permission of a Creative Commons Attribution or Attribution- 437 Qypchak / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 Share Alike License. See the websites listed for details. 440 Sébastien Bertrand (tiseb) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 CC-BY-1.0 creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0/ CC-BY-2.0 creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ 441 Quistnix / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-1.0 CC-BY-2.5 creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ 443t Library of Congress CC-BY-3.0 creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ 444 hr.icio tomasz przechlewski / Wikimedia Commons CC-BY-3.0 DE creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/de/ 445 Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale CC-BY-SA-2.0 creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ University CC-BY-SA-2.0 DE creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/de/ 446t Willi Heidelbach / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- CC-BY-SA-2.5 creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/ SA-3.0 CC-BY-SA-2.5 BR creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/br/ CC-BY-SA-3.0 creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ 446b Notgrass Family Collection CC-BY-SA-3.0 BR creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/br/ 447 Aodhdubh / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 CC-BY-SA-3.0 DE creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/ 448 Ms. Tharpe / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 CC-BY-SA-3.0 LU creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/lu/ 451t John Allen (jalodrome) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 CC-BY-SA-3.0 NL creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/nl/ 452 Cross: Brooklyn Museum / Wikimedia Commons / The World Map used in the “What Else Was Happening?” CC-BY-3.0 sections is from the NASA Visible Earth Project / NASA 452 Easter Island: Arian Zwegers / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 Goddard Space Flight Center Image by Reto Stöckli (land 452 Porcelain: World Imaging / Wikimedia Commons / surface, shallow water, clouds). Enhancements by Robert CC-BY-SA-3.0 Simmon (ocean color, compositing, 3D globes, animation). 459 Library of Congress Data and technical support: MODIS Land Group; MODIS 460 Wasforgas / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 Science Data Support Team; MODIS Atmosphere Group; MODIS Ocean Group Additional data: USGS EROS Data 463 Atlas of Italian Art Center (topography); USGS Terrestrial Remote Sensing 473 GFreihalter / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 Flagstaff Field Center (Antarctica); Defense Meteorological 474 Nilington / Wikimedia Commons Satellite Program (city lights). 477 Rebecca Wilson (Saucy Salad) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 Uncredited images are in the public domain in the United 478 tomasz przechlewski (hr.icio) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 States, taken from Wikimedia Commons and other sources. 479 mahalie stackpole / Flickr / CC-BY-SA-2.0

875 876 Credits

481 Earl McGehee (ejmc) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 561l Mark Fosh (foshie) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 483 Hi540 / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 561r Philip Halling / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 485 Paul Keller / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 SA-2.0 488t Ralf Kayser (ralky) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 562t Bappah / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 491 Bundesarchiv (Bild 183-R0211-316) / CC-BY-SA-3.0 563 Library of Congress DE 564t Dbown100 / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-3.0 493 Library of Congress 564b Nathanael Shelley (nathanaels) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 497 Magallanes1 / Wikimedia Commons 566 Bjørn Christian Tørrissen / Wikimedia Commons / 499t AlejandroLinaresGarcia / Wikimedia Commons / CC- CC-BY-SA-3.0 BY-SA-3.0 567 Pistachios: Paolo Galli / Wikimedia Commons / CC- 502t ClarkSui / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 BY-SA-3.0 504 Michael L. Baird (Mike) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 567 Leeks: Björn König / Wikimedia Commons 509t Tony in Devon / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-3.0 567 Triclinium: Walters Art Gallery / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 509b Library of Congress 568t Takeaway / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 511 rockriver / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 568b Jean-Paul Barbier / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 512t Dmitry Denisenkov (ddenisen) / Flickr / CC-BY- SA-3.0 SA-2.0 569b Acroterion / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 513 Igloo: Clayoquot / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- SA-3.0 570 Hajime NAKANO (jetalone) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 513 Cliff Dwelling: (Luis sierra) / Wikimedia Commons / 571t Bryan Allison bryangeek / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 CC-BY-SA-3.0 513 Stilt Houses: 3coma14 / Wikimedia Commons / CC- 571b USAID / Cafe Bom Dia BY-SA-3.0 581 Library of Congress 515 Matthewjparker] / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 585 Marc Ryckaert (MJJR) / Wikimedia Commons / CC- SA-3.0 BY-3.0 517 James Emery (hoyasmeg) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 586 Library of Congress 519 Racklever / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 588 Bibliothèque Nationale de France See the map on page 793. Ethiopia, formerly known 591 I, Sailko / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 as Abyssinia, is the large gray area in East Africa. A large plateau covers over half of the country. Rivers and 593 User:Mattes / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 valleys cut through this plateau, which is bordered by 594b Webster / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 mountains and deserts. 597 Library of Congress 520 Library of Congress 599b Hahaha / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-2.5 523 National Library of Medicine 600 Hans Bernhard (Schnobby) / Wikimedia Commons / 527t NASA/SDO, AIA CC-BY-SA-3.0 528t Jim & Rhoda Morris, http://www.scitechantiques.com 602 Gilbert G. Groud / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- / Wikimedia Commons SA-2.0 DE 530 NASA / JPL-DLR 603 Jastrow / Wikimedia Commons 531t Paul Hermans / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 604 Horta-Guinardó District Administration / Wikimedia SA-3.0 Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 531b Hel-hama / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 605 Library of Congress 532t Spigget / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 606 Stacey Cavanagh, blogsession.co.uk / Flickr / CC- 534 Herry Lawford / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 BY-2.0 539t Australian Museum / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 607t Jialiang Gao (peace-on-earth.org) / Wikimedia SA-3.0 Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 539b Henry Rzepa / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-2.5 611 Nikonic (Lantro Photography) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 541 Notgrass Family 613 Athena Flickr - Athena’s Pix / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 547 Steinsky / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 615 Quist / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 Credits 877

619 CHeitz / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 679 Jean-Pol GRANDMONT / Wikimedia Commons / 620 AlanMc / Wikimedia Commons CC-BY-SA-3.0 621 Library of Congress 680 Library of Congress 623 Robert Cutts (pandrcutts) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 681t U.S. Army Signal Corps 681b National Archives (U.S.) 624 George Müller of Bristol / Kregel Publications 682r Daniel Ullrich, Threedots / Wikimedia Commons / 625t George Müller of Bristol / Kregel Publications CC-BY-SA-3.0 626b George Müller of Bristol / Kregel Publications 683 Imperial Household Agency 628 George Müller of Bristol / Kregel Publications 684 Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum London 629 taylorandayumi / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 685 National Archives (U.S.) 630 Sarah777 / Wikimedia Commons 686t Imperial War Museums 631t Daikrieg el Jevi / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 687 Finland: Seppo Palander / Wikimedia Commons 631b Vmenkov / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 687 Аркадий Зарубин / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 632t Photograph © Andrew Dunn, 5 November 2004. SA-3.0 Website: http://www.andrewdunnphoto.com/ 687 Singapore: Schristia / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 632b Colin Smith / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-2.0 687 Egypt: Farawayman / Wikimedia Commons / CC- 633b galio / Flickr / CC-BY-SA-2.0 BY-3.0 634b Marcin Cieślak (Saper) cc-by-25.jpg / Wikimedia 687 Japan: Chris Gladis (MShades) / Wikimedia Commons Commons / CC-BY-2.5 / CC-BY-2.0 635b Christian Kath / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 688 U.S. Army SA-3.0 689t Library of Congress 637 National Library of Ireland 689b Poul-Werner Dam / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 638 Compassion International 690t Imperial War Museums 642 The Corrie ten Boom Fellowship 690b Library of Congress 643t Bryce Edwards / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 691 National Archives (U.S.) 645 Adam Carr / Wikimedia Commons 693 663highland / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 646b Mohan / Wikimedia Commons 694 I, PHGCOM / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 649 Paul Krawczuk (p.j.k.) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 695 Leidenaartje / Wikimedia Commons 650b Tedgrant / Wikimedia Commons 696b Joi Ito / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 653 H. Raab (User:Vesta) / Wikimedia Commons / CC- 697 Joe Mabel / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 BY-SA-3.0 698 mrhayata / Flickr / CC-BY-SA-2.0 656t Prince Roy / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 699t liddybits / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 658t historicair / Wikimedia Commons 699b Shigeo Hayashi / Wikimedia Commons 659 Mike Peel (www.mikepeel.net) / Wikimedia Commons 700 Nepal: Prakaz wiki / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-2.5 700 Sri Lanka: Anton 17 / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 661 Dmitry A. Mottl / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- SA-3.0 SA-3.0 700 New York: Oosoom / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 662 Txo / Wikimedia Commons SA-3.0 700 India: Christopher Beland / Wikimedia Commons 669 Yogibear / Wikimedia Commons 700 England: Oosoom / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 671 Toni Frissell / Library of Congress SA-3.0 672 Kahjo-TZ / Wikimedia Commons 700 California: Debashis Pradhan / Wikimedia Commons 673 U.S. Department of Defense / CC-BY-SA-3.0 676b British Library 701 David Manyua / United Nations 677t Library of Congress 702 Library of Congress 677b Bibliothèque Nationale de France (four small images) 703 Eckhard Pecher / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-2.5 678 Library of Congress 705 Robert Knudsen / John F. Kennedy Library 878 Credits

707 U.S. Navy Lt. Morris 751 Abasaa / Wikimedia Commons 709b National Archives (U.S.) 752 NASA 710 U.S. Air Force SSGT Herman Kokojan 753t Shiva Kumar Khanal / Wikimedia Commons / CC- 711t RIA Novosti Archive, Image #859348 / Dmitryi BY-SA-3.0 Donskoy / CC-BY-SA-3.0 753b Htoo Tay Zar / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 711b Richardfabi / Wikimedia Commons 755b Library of Congress 713 NASA 756 Wagaung / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 714t NSSDC, NASA 757t Dohnavur Fellowship 715 NASA 759t Compassion International 716 Vatican: Lothar Wolleh / Wikimedia Commons / CC- 759b Feed My Starving Children (FMSC) / Flickr / CC- BY-SA-3.0 BY-2.0 716 Beatles: Ken & Nyetta / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 760 Honka-Ossi / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 716 Flag: Makaristos / Wikimedia Commons 761 Feed My Starving Children (FMSC) / Flickr / CC- 716 Books: McKay Savage / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 BY-2.0 717 NASA STS-132 762 Feed My Starving Children (FMSC) / Flickr / CC- BY-2.0 719 Reagan Library 763 Artyominc / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 720 Reagan Library 765 Liliana Amundaraín (arepa182) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 721 Reagan Library 766b Agência Brasil / CC-BY-SA-3.0 BR 723 User:Conscious / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- SA-3.0 767 National Archives (U.S.) 724 Notgrass Family Collection 768 U.S. Department of Defense 725 Notgrass Family Collection 769t National Museum of Health and Medicine / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 726 Jarekt / Wikimedia Commons 769b Museo Che Guevara 727 National Archives (U.S.) 770 Agência Brasil / CC-BY-SA-3.0 728t RIA Novosti Archive, Image #854874 / Anatoliy Garanin / CC-BY-SA-3.0 771 presidencia.gov.ar / CC-BY-SA-2.0 728b www.leningradschool.com / Leningradartist / CC-BY- 772t Uwebart / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 SA-3.0 772b Paige Morrison / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 729 Dutch National Archives / Harry Pot / CC-BY-SA-3.0 SA-2.5 NL 773 Enrique Dans (edans) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 733 Brooklyn Church 774t Nestor Lacle (Nestor’s Blurrylife) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 735 Jesse (jjcb) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 774b National Archives (U.S.) 737 Thomas.fanghaenel / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 775t Library of Congress SA-3.0 775b Gustavo Benítez / Presidencia de la República (Mexico) 738 Library of Congress 776 Zapata / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 741t People’s Republic of China 777t Erik Cleves Kristensen / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 741b U.S. Army (Tim Hipps, FMWRC) / Flickr / CC- 779 KANDU / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 BY-2.0 781t Markus Leupold-Löwenthal / Wikimedia Commons / 743 © Jorge Royan http://www.royan.com.ar / Wikimedia CC-BY-SA-3.0 Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 781b Agência Brasil / CC-BY-SA-3.0 BR 744b David Castor / Wikimedia Commons 783t Francisco Anzola / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 745 Dharmadhyaksha / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- SA-3.0 783b Valter Campanato, Agência Brasil / CC-BY-SA-3.0 BR 746b Romanian Communism Online Photo Collection 784t David Stanley (D-Stanley) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 747t Fraz.khalid1 / Wikimedia Commons 784b John Walker (j.o.h.n. walker) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 747b Balaram Mahalder / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 786t Congreso de la Republica del Perú / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 SA-3.0 786b John Seb Barber / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 Credits 879

787 Elena Hermosa, Trocaire / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 810b Stephen Neilson / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 788t Richie Diesterheft (puroticorico) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 SA-2.0 788b Gleilson Miranda, Secretaria de Comunicação do 811t Carol M. Highsmith Archive / Library of Congress Estado do Acre FUNAI / CC-BY-SA-2.5 BR 811b Meraj Chhaya / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 789 Alison McKellar / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 813 Einsamer Schütze / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- SA-3.0 791 Radio Okapi / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 814 walter callens retlaw (Snellac Photography) / Flickr / 793t Koloniales Bildarchiv CC-BY-2.0 793b Eric Gaba / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 815 Travcoa Travel / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 794b Franzfoto / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 817 U.S. Navy Photo by Mass Communication Specialist 796t Dominik Schwarz / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 2nd Class Justin Stumberg SA-3.0 819 IICD / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 797r Erik (HASH) Hersman (whiteafrican) / Flickr / CC- 820 Yosomono preetamrai / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 BY-2.0 821tl Al Jazeera English / Flickr / CC-BY-SA-2.0 797l Shealah Craighead / White House 821tm High Contrast / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-3.0 798 Oxfam East Africa / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 DE 799t Achilli Family [ Journeys / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 821tr Arian Zwegers / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 799b Alan (A.Davey) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 821m Ewloskalw / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 800t Hulivili / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-2.0 821bl Omaranabulsi / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 800b Tropenmuseum of the Royal Tropical Institute (KIT) / SA-3.0 CC-BY-SA-3.0 821bm Victorgrigas / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 801t Maria Dyveke Styve / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 821br Evelyn Proimos / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 SA-3.0 822 U.S. Navy / Chief Photographer’s Mate Eric J. Tilford 801b Ahron de Leeuw / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 823 Biberbaer / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 802 SKopp / Wikimedia Commons 824 James Gordon (james_gordon_losangeles) / Flickr / 803t William Warby (wwarby) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 CC-BY-2.0 803b Ganesh Raghunathan / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 825 Oregon State University Special Collections & Archives 804t Jerzy Strzelecki / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 826 Photography Department, Government Press Office, SA-3.0 State of Israel 805 Feet: Paul Shaffner / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 827 SAAR YAACOV GPO israel / Wikimedia Commons / 805 Cheetahs: Siddharth Maheshwari / Wikimedia CC-BY-SA-3.0 Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 829 U.S. Geological Survey / Map-It http://woodshole. 805 Elephants: Sumit.pamnani / Wikimedia Commons er.usgs.gov/mapit/ 805 Wildebeest: T. R. Shankar Raman / Wikimedia 831 Brad Voeller Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 832t Micklyn Le Feuvre http://www.redbubble.com/people/ 805 Giraffes: Maureen Didde (maureen lunn) / Flickr / micklyn CC-BY-2.0 832b Hebron Ministries / Juan Carlos Barahona 806 N. Feans / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 833t Mary Evelyn McCurdy 807t Simisa / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 833b Godfrey and Olga Kyazze 807b Hein waschefort / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 835 Andrea Schaffer / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 SA-3.0 836r Jonathan Bowen / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- 808b National Army Museum (UK) SA-3.0 809t Ullischnulli at the German language Wikipedia / 837t rob koopman (koopmanrob) / Flickr / CC-BY-SA-2.0 Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 837b Abhijeet Rane / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 809b Bundesarchiv (Bild 183-1986-0920-016) / CC-BY- 838t AlejandroLinaresGarcia / Wikimedia Commons / CC- SA-3.0 DE BY-SA-3.0 810t U.S. Navy Photo by Mass Communication Specialist 838b Central Intelligence Agency / Modifications by 2nd Class Jesse B. Awalt TimeZonesBoy / Wikimedia Commons 880 Credits

839t Pirkheimer / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 Bible Quotations in Lessons 84-85 840 Bug de l’an 2000 / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- SA-3.0 Scripture quotations marked TLB are taken from The Living 841 ARC - The Alliance of Religions and Conservation / Bible copyright © 1971. Used by permission of Tyndale House Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 Publishers, Inc., Carol Stream, Illinois 60188. All rights 842 Ann Wuyts (vintagedept) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 reserved. 843b Wycliffe Global Alliance / Heather Pubols Scripture quotations marked Amplified Bible are taken from the Amplified® Bible, Copyright © 1954, 1958, 1962, 1964, 844 Alan (A.Davey) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 1965, 1987 by The Lockman Foundation. Used by permission. 845 International Care Ministries / Feed My Starving (www.Lockman.org) Children (FMSC) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 Scripture quotations marked NIV are from THE HOLY 847 Jennifer Boyer (Anosmia) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 BIBLE, NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®, NIV® 849 P. León / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica, Inc.® Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide. 850 Joni and Friends International Disability Center Scripture quotations marked (NLT) are taken from the Holy 851 Dept of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT photo Bible, New Living Translation, copyright © 1996, 2004, 2007 library) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 by Tyndale House Foundation. Used by permission of Tyndale 852 Laura Dye / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 House Publishers, Inc., Carol Stream, Illinois 60188. All rights 853 Brian Gratwicke / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 reserved. 855 gadgetdude / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 Scripture taken from The Message. Copyright © 1993, 856 Noble36 / Wikimedia Commons 1994, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2001, 2002. Used by permission of NavPress Publishing Group. 858 National Archives (U.S.) The Hawai’i Pidgin translation is Copyright 2000, Wycliffe 860 SteveRwanda / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 Bible Translators. All rights reserved. 861 Christian Haugen / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 862 Library of Congress 863 Dilma Rousseff (Roberto Stuckert Filho / PR) / Flickr / CC-BY-SA-2.0 864 Sherwood Pictures 866 Apdency / Wikimedia Commons 867t User:Vmenkov / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- SA-3.0 867b (cc) David Berkowitz - www.about.me/dberkowitz / www.marketersstudio.com / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 868t Andrew Turner / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 868b Kay Adams (kayadams.com) / Flickr / CC-BY-2.0 869 SAT-7 (http://www.sat7usa.org) 871 Jwh / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 LU 872 Edal Anton Lefterov / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- SA-3.0 881 Josep Renalias / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY- SA-3.0 Joanina Library, University of Coimbra, Portugal (18th Century)

Index

Pages 1-434 are in Part 1. Pages 435-874 are in Part 2.

Abraham (Abram), 28, 35, 38-39, 55, 69, 75-91, 143, Argentina/Argentinian, iii, 208, 240, 617, 806, 769, 281, 284, 290, 303, 383-384, 455, 511, 566, 574, 778, 782, 821 603, 629, 661, 788, 813, 824-825 Aristotle, 222, 228-229, 386, 425-427, 521-523, 525, Adam and Eve, 28, 31-32, 42, 89, 535, 652, 654, 845 632, 662, 665 Afghanistan, 33, 240, 261, 720, 743, 747 Armada, see Spanish Armada Africa, 15, 37-38, 205-206, 261, 383-384, 401, 457, Armenia, 174, 401, 481 486, 496-497, 502-503, 512, 538, 562, 602, 611, Arms and armor, 52, 160, 200, 240, 332, 349, 397, 408, 649, 673, 682, 684, 687, 703, 791-816, 829, 832- 420, 422, 545, 577, 592, 596, 673, 676-678, 681, 833, 852, 855, 860, 869 709, 749, 775, 826, 828, 857, see also Battles in art Agriculture (and Farming), 7, 12, 37, 53, 56, 61, 148, 164, 193-194, 197, 201, 205, 207, 209, 220, 232, Art and architecture 237-239, 249-250, 367, 396-397, 437, 478, 568, African, 205-207, 261, 423, 452, 602, see also 571, 588, 591, 611-613, 620, 635, 673, 708, 723- Ethiopian 724, 728, 745-747, 775, 782-785, 795-796, 802, Bulgarian, 99, 285, 842 841 Byzantine, 222, 295, 380, 389 Aircraft, 71, 583, 634-635, 674, 684, 706 Chinese, 166, 185, 190, 193-203, 298, 452, 739 Alaska, 207, 589, 607, 694 Czech, 76, 403, 430 Alexander (the Great), 160, 162-163, 172, 191, 222-223, Danish, xvi, 103, 303, 396 230, 240, 253, 261, 279, 282, 495, 570, 632, 855 Dutch, 83, 96-97, 102, 106-107, 109-110, 116- Alfred (King), 389-390, 392 117, 142, 173, 179, 181-182, 300, 320, 324, Al-Qaeda, 822, see also September 11, 2001, Attacks 328, 333, 371, 400, 441, 462, 475, 500, 508, Algeria, 261, 795, 829, 862 527, 550, 555, 573 Ambassadors, see Diplomacy Egyptian, 34, 49, 57-61, 63, 422, 455 America, United States of, see United States of America English, 111, 177, 311, 392, 432, 439, 499, 507, Americas, The, 207-208, 270, 493, 496-497, 503, 607, see also North America and South America 533-534, 542, 548, 561, 564, 649, 659, 794, Anabaptists, 477-480 872 Anglican, see Church of England Ethiopian, 31, 82, 799-800 Antarctica, 276, 607, 674 European (ancient), 34, 36, 171, 209-210 Apartheid, 703, 809-812, 866 Flemish, 89, 96, 354, 601 Aqueducts, 247, 265 Frankish, 113, 145, 377

881 882 Index

Art and architecture (continued) Atlantic Ocean, 136, 251, 396, 495-497, 499, 502-504, French, 140, 210, 213, 215, 228, 252, 257, 327, 510, 582, 611, 617, 674, 677, 709, 714, 769, 853 353, 370, 379, 421, 456, 458, 528, 543, 548, Atomic bomb, see Nuclear weapons 556-558, 579, 601-603, 635, 657, 740 Australia, 71, 92, 209, 479, 611, 617, 649, 684, 687, German, 95, 127, 130, 141, 147, 153, 169, 174, 703 227, 282, 296, 299, 302, 321, 347, 399, 425, Austria, 132, 171, 213, 283, 458, 475, 507, 547, 558, 436, 459, 465, 473, 516, 594-595, 600-603, 568, 579, 581-585, 587, 591-595, 605, 656-658, 645, 663, 669 674-678, 683, 685, 774 Greek, 217, 219-220, 226, 232-233, 237, 242, 244- Austria-Hungary, see Austria and Hungary 245, 317, 599-601, 603 Aztecs, 207, 209, 423, 498, 782, 840 Hungarian, 75, 347 Banking, 417, 438-439, 497, 500, 555, 581, 768 Indian, iv, 32, 188-189, 486, 744-745 Baptists, 474, 479-480, 755-756, 843-844, 864 Irish, v, 619-620 Battles in art, 16, 70, 160, 222, 232-233, 240, 252, 347, Islamic, 15, 31, 33, 70, 207, 230, 836, 380, 382- 363, 405, 475, 499, 507-508, 548, 550, 557, 577, 388, 744, 747 579, 605, 739, 766, 800, see also Arms and armor Italian, 44-45, 77-79, 81-82, 129, 139, 163, 166, Beatles, The, 8, 716 178, 214, 225, 229, 243, 258, 269, 287, 291, Bede (English historian), 41, 211 315, 326, 334, 357, 362-363, 366, 402, 435, Bedouins, 86, 401 437, 438, 445, 449-451, 453-454, 461, 463, Belgium, 426, 449, 475, 508, 582, 585, 600, 613, 676, 527, 532, 582, 591, 600-601, 603-604, 633, 684, 793, 796 639 Ben-Gurion, David, 282 Japanese, 171, 290, 423, 495, 562, 693-697 Berlin Wall, 705, 711, 722, 734 Jewish, 80, 127, 132, 149, 282, 307, 352 (temple Bermuda, 447 treasures), 517 Bethlehem, 115-119, 139, 257, 281, 366 Korean, 148, 367 Bible manuscripts, 21, 155, 177, 223, 277, 294-295, Macedonian, 275, 380, 872 300, 311, 441, 447, 481, 575, 667 Native American, 34, 92, 120, 148, 171, 207-208, Bible translation, 112, 179, 211, 290, 339, 359, 371, 391, 423, 452, 781-783 401, 431-432, 441, 447, 454, 470, 481-485, 498, Pacific Islands, 34, 208, 452, 539, 867 607, 663, 755-756, 804, 843 Persian, 31, 95, 157, 159-160, 164, 167, 180, 383- Bismarck, Otto von, 591, 595-597, 605, 674, 678 384, 386, 632 Boats, see Ships Polish, 351, 359 Boer War, 689, 808 Roman, 165, 247, 249, 253, 255-256, 259, 264, Boers, 689, 807-809 266-267, 271, 320, 322, 346, 348-349, 352, Bohemia, see Czech 354, 364, 567 Bolivia, 778-784 Russian/Soviet, 18, 70, 179, 281, 284, 319, 336, Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 491, 685, 855 337, 378, 410, 486, 577, 589, 602, 607, 641, Brahe, Tycho, 521-522 647, 664, 687, 728, 731, 733, 839 Brazil/Brazilian, iii, 385, 486, 496, 504, 537, 571, 635, Southeast Asian, 295, 309, 452 763, 806, 770, 782-783, 785, 788, 842-843, 863 Spanish, 105, 134, 250, 306, 329, 410, 433, 445, Britain/British, see Great Britain 475, 505, 601-602, 662 British East India Company, 499, 745, 756 Swiss, 432, 602, 663 Buddhism, 189-192, 196, 198, 240, 367, 452, 486, 695- Viking, 393-396 697, 700, 737-738, 743, 749, 752, 756, 868 Other, 47, 92, 134-137, 174, 214, 289, 314, 486 Bulgaria, 711, 779, 842 see also Cathedrals and Church Buildings Burma (also Myanmar), 513, 611, 706, 752-753, 756 Arthur, King, 210 Byzantine Empire, 375, 379-381, 387, 405, 411, 419- Aryans, 187-190 420, 437, 440, 502, 570, 631, 825 Ashoka, 187, 191 Calvin, John, 471, 473-479, 852 Assyria/Assyrian, 16, 55, 58, 68-69, 131, 134, 137-138, Calvinists (Reformed), 479, 483, 508, 553 156, 159, 213-216, 292, 603, 814, 816, 824 Cambodia, 452, 710 Astronomy, 41, 62, 194, 196, 203, 261, 279, 289, 386, Canada, 11, 391, 397, 479, 498-499, 562, 611, 615, 455, 521-522, 527-530, 533, 631, 662-663, 836-837 617, 674, 687, 695, 703, 716, 754, 757, 770, 776, Athens, 218-219, 221-229, 232-239, 241-244 842 Index 883

Canary Islands, 289, 504 Congo (also Kongo), 38, 452, 796, 843 Caribbean, 503-505, 611, 633, 721, 765-766, 768-770, Copernicus, Nicolaus, 522-523, 528 796 Cranach, Lucas (the Elder), 31, 141, 282, 470, 663 Carmichael, Amy, 756-757 Creation, 22-23, 27-30, 40-41, 44, 47, 653-654, 660 Carthage (city/empire), 137, 148, 240, 251, 304, 347 Crete, 120, 218-219, 243, 601 Castles, 408, 414-415, 419, 437, 469, 554, 594, 697, Croatia, 22, 346, 853 749 Cromwell, Oliver, 548-549 Castro, Fidel, 769-770 Cuneiform writing, 53-54, 62 Catacombs, 271, 317, 360, 456, 600 Cyprus, 136, 321, 323, 331-334 Cathedrals, 31, 63, 267, 297, 346, 377, 403, 406, 410, Cyrus (the Great), 128, 132, 159-160, 162, 169-170, 426, 428, 474, 580, 600, 690, 784, 861 172, 177, 240 Catholic Church, see Roman Catholic Church Czech (also Bohemia and Czechoslovakia) people and Ceaușescu, Nicolae, 5, 746 nation, 403, 430, 432, 459, 587, 593, 650, 656, Celts/Celtic, 210, 406, 481 663, 683-684, 709, 711 Central America, 7, 101, 209, 367, 391, 497-498, 631, Da Vinci, Leonardo, see Leonardo 646, 721, 776, 781-782 Dance, 32, 99, 207, 225, 454-455, 571, 665, 696, 725, Cervantes, Miguel de, 445 738, 784-785, 800, 807, 852 Ceylon, see Sri Lanka Daniel, 69, 128, 162, 172-176 Chile, 240, 497, 537, 766-767, 778 Dante Alighieri, 416 China/Chinese, 13-14, 58, 92, 101, 120, 132, 166, 185, Danube River, 219, 737 190-204, 206, 240, 261, 298, 346, 367, 385-386, David, King, 42, 46, 79, 115, 119, 128, 130-131, 134- 391, 400, 401, 422, 424, 443-444, 452, 495-496, 135, 139-145, 156, 281, 283-284, 297, 303-304, 500, 503-504, 514, 538-539, 568, 570-571, 573, 384, 450-451, 454, 668, 682, 828, 857 607, 629-631, 633-634, 647-648, 664, 683-684, Dead Sea, 91, 280, 352, 358 688, 693, 695, 703, 709-710, 713, 716, 737-742, Democracy, 223, 233-234, 298, 552, 560, 681, 686, 750-752, 755, 757-758, 801-802, 844, 851, 867 708, 711, 737, 747, 751, 780, 824, 829, 852 Church buildings, 31, 237, 267, 275-276, 278, 296, Denmark/Danish, vi, 212, 389-397, 522, 551, 595, 684, 313, 330, 354, 356, 358, 360, 366-367, 369, 371, 782 373, 380, 391, 395, 397-399, 431, 441, 444, 473, Devil, see Satan 564, 619, 638, 756, 761, 772, 799, 821, 842, 844, Dickens, Charles, 297, 520, 615, 626, 819 847, 853, 855, 858, 867, 868, 871, 872, see also Diplomacy (also Ambassadors), 12, 71, 132, 222-223, Cathedrals 282, 333, 367, 424, 524, 555, 584, 592, 595, 736, Church of England/Anglican, 17, 40, 472, 475, 482, 738-741, 827, 830 484, 548, 550-551, 619-620, 649, 756, 810, 841, Dreyfuss Affair, 588 843, 851, 853, 855 Dunant, Henry, 702, 851 Churchill, Winston, 684, 689-692, 708 Dutch, see Netherlands, The Cicero, 258, 441, 445, 662 Easter Island, 452, 867 Clothing, 92, 202, 238, 262, 264, 376, 393, 438, 535- Eastern Orthodox, see Orthodox Churches 539, 562, 696-697, 781, 783-784, 803-804, 807 Ecuador, 766, 778-779, 781-783, 844 Coins, 159, 161, 192, 198-199, 206, 237, 257, 271, Egypt/Egyptians, 4, 15, 34-35, 47, 49, 53, 56-64, 86, 279, 303, 316, 364, 366, 390, 417, 533, 799 91, 94-98, 101-103, 105-113, 120, 122-123, 134, Cold War, 705-730, 747, 753 137, 146-147, 160, 166, 171, 187-188, 222, 224, Colombia, 765, 769, 771, 778-779 226, 245, 251, 253, 256, 275, 300, 358, 360, 364, Columbus, Christopher, 410, 496-497, 502-506, 515, 379, 386, 387, 401, 422, 443, 455, 512, 516, 533, 568 535, 538, 570, 579-580, 600, 603, 611, 618, 629, Communism, 16, 18, 594, 606, 643-648, 677, 679, 631-632, 664, 687, 779, 793, 795, 798-800, 813- 681-683, 685, 688, 706-716, 720-722, 728-730, 816, 821, 826-830, 836, 839 732, 740-742, 751, 753, 769-770, 801, 842 Einstein, Albert, 658 Computers, 446-447, 688, 729, 819-820, 840, 843 El Salvador, 770, 789 Concentration camps, 491, 642, 685, 808, 858-859 Elizabeth I, 483, 508-510 Confucius/Confucianism, 195-197, 664, 737 Elizabeth II, 692, 716 884 Index

England/English, 5, 9, 13, 17, 40, 101, 136, 209-212, Germany, 142, 188, 220, 344, 376-378, 386, 393, 395, 248, 267, 377, 389-392, 397, 399-400, 405-408, 399, 408-409, 411, 414, 417, 422, 431-432, 438, 412-416, 422-423, 425, 427, 430, 432, 436-438, 444, 456, 458-460, 467-472, 475, 477, 479, 482, 441, 445, 457-458, 471-472, 474, 479, 481-484, 491, 497, 507, 522, 525, 532, 537, 551, 568, 585, 497-500, 502-503, 507-510, 519-520, 522-525, 587-588, 591, 593-597, 600-601, 612-613, 627, 531-534, 538-539, 547-554, 556, 561-564, 569- 630, 634-635, 643-646, 652, 658, 663, 665, 668- 571, 581, 586, 592, 600, 611-630, 632-633, 669, 673-688, 690-691, 703 635, 644, 649-650, 657, 663, 665, 676-677, 684, Ghana, 206, 513, 819 689-690, 700, 706, 713, 716, 723, 742, 755, Gorbachev, Mikhail, 711, 721-722 808, 820, 837, 839, 841, 844, 852, 856, 867- Great Britain/British, 8, 12, 50, 70-71, 210-211, 363, 868, see also Great Britain and United Kingdom 378, 389-390, 395, 397, 399, 407, 457, 475, 479, English Channel, 408, 509, 684 499-500, 510, 520, 524, 548, 550-551, 558, 561, English Language, 12-13, 211, 223, 248, 259, 277, 386- 571, 579, 581-582, 584-585, 587, 597, 600, 607, 387, 390, 402, 406, 416-417, 420, 432, 454, 481- 609-639, 674-692, 706, 708, 720, 738-739, 745- 485, 533, 587, 644, 691, 754, 756-757, 807, 852 747, 752-757, 767, 774, 793-801, 804, 807-810, Ethiopia, 206, 315, 340, 571, 683, 791, 793, 795, 798- 824-829, 837, 839, 841, 843-844, 851, 856, see also 802, 814-815 England and United Kingdom Evangelicalism, 485, 720, 784, 841-842 Great War, The, see World War I Evolutionary Theory, 38, 41-42, 47, 52, 535, 649-655 Greece/Greeks, 52, 58, 101, 134, 148, 161-162, 169, Exodus, The, 62, 69, 98, 105-108, 114, 287, 813 172, 191, 209-210, 215, 217-246, 250, 261, 263, Falkland Islands, 617 267, 317, 324, 328-329, 338, 341, 380, 401, 437, 455-456, 500, 512, 521, 535, 568, 570, 585, 630- Farming, see Agriculture 631, 664, 678, 709, 799, 815, 824, 839, 842 Ferdinand of Aragon, 409-410, 496, 503-505, 507 Greek language, 22-23, 59, 78, 112, 123, 132, 136-137, Feudalism, 375, 379, 405, 407, 411-418, 420, 442, 548, 160, 163, 166, 202, 211, 261, 272, 277, 279, 287, 556, 580, 587 314, 319, 353, 356, 358, 361, 363, 365, 377, 381, Film, see Movies 406, 419, 440-441, 445, 477, 481-484, 489, 523, Finland, 687, 761 665, 755, 787, 836, 843 Flags, 594, 682, 711, 716, 791, 802 Greek philosophy, 228-231, 242-246, 267, 386, 662 Formosa, see Taiwan Greenland, 378, 391, 394, 396-397, 849 France/French, 8, 12, 18, 31, 34, 36, 209-211, 247, 266, Guatemala, 34, 208, 781, 783-784, 787, 832 347, 353, 354, 376, 378-379, 386, 397, 405-408, Guevera, Che, 769 412-414, 416-417, 421-422, 425, 428, 430-432, Gutenberg, Johann, 443-444 437, 441, 444-445, 450, 453, 471, 473, 475, 483, Hagar, 76, 83, 384, 824 485, 497, 498-499, 502, 508, 510, 523, 526, 536- Hagia Sophia, 330, 366, 373, 380, 438, 586 537, 539, 547, 549-550, 552-562, 564, 566, 568- Haiti, 17, 369, 765-767, 778, 817, 822 571, 579-588, 592-597, 601, 612-613, 618, 627, Hannibal, 240, 251 630, 632, 634-635, 665, 674-681, 683-684, 689- Hawaii, 539, 589, 684, 833 691, 702, 710, 739-740, 745, 752, 765, 767, 769, Hebrew language, 2, 34, 40-41, 58, 112, 115, 123, 125, 774, 779, 793, 795-796, 819-820, 825-826, 829- 128, 154, 170, 173, 177-178, 182-183, 211, 304, 830, 840, 842, 862 359, 386, 447, 481-485, 509, 651, 664, 787 French and Indian War, 499, 551, 555 Henry of Portugal, Prince, 496 French Revolution, 347, 354, 520, 523, 526, 545, 553- Henry VIII, 471-472, 482-483, 503, 508, 619 560, 591, 614, 772, 777 Herodotus, 161, 226, 235 Galileo Galilei, 522-523, 527-530, 837 Herzl, Theodor, 675, 682, 825 Gandhi, Indira, 746-747 Hieroglyphics, 58-59, 208 Gandhi, Mohandas (Mahatma), 700, 746 Hinduism, 32, 101, 120, 188-192, 664, 743-746, 851 Garden of Eden, 3, 28-29, 52, 535, 599, 661, 856 Hirohito, Emperor of Japan, 683, 703 Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 592-593 Hiroshima, 685, 699-700 Gautama Buddha, see Buddhism Hitler, Adolf, 188, 594, 681-685, 689-690, 855 Geneva Bible, 483, 490 Hittites, 55, 77, 87, 120, 122, 135, 138, 150, 187 Germanic tribes, 210, 212, 346-347, 375, 412 Holland, see Netherlands, The Index 885

Holy Roman Empire, 377-378, 409, 432, 439, 471, 496-497, 500, 502-503, 507, 522, 570-571, 579, 503, 507, 594 586, 591-593, 595, 600, 630, 633, 662, 665, 674, Homer, 220, 225, 249, 445 676, 679, 681, 683-686, 738, 793, 795, 800-801, Honduras, 7, 784 821, 829, 838 Hong Kong, 611, 738-739, 821, 845, 866 Jacob, 42, 69, 73, 76-79, 87-88, 94-98, 101, 105, 172, Houses, 51, 95, 185, 394, 414-415, 462, 511-514, 589, 280, 303, 454, 629 623-626, 637, 656, 804 Japan, 8, 13-16, 171, 240, 290, 423, 447, 479, 495, 503, Hungary/Hungarians, 206, 378, 385, 459, 587, 593, 511, 536, 562, 570-571, 589, 607, 614, 630-631, 636, 674-676, 678, 709, 711, 825 676, 683-687, 693-700, 703, 736, 739-741, 749- Hus, Jan, 430, 432-434, 469, 482 752, 756-758, 858 Iceland, vii, 378, 394, 397, 502, 835 Jefferson, Thomas, 17, 551, 557, 564 India/Indians (Asian), iv, 8, 12-13, 15, 41, 53, 101, 160, Jerusalem, 15, 69, 80, 126, 130-132, 141-143, 145, 149, 166-167, 187-192, 209, 215, 222, 240, 367, 382, 162, 169-170, 176, 239, 252, 282, 284, 287, 292, 385-387, 401, 422, 475, 495-496, 498-499, 505, 297, 299, 303-308, 313, 315-316, 318, 321-326, 536, 538, 570-571, 611, 618, 630, 632, 643, 664, 329-333, 336, 351-352, 366, 377, 381, 383, 391, 676, 687, 689, 700, 706, 737-738, 743-747, 752, 419, 421-422, 485, 573-574, 629, 675, 678, 690, 754-757, 788, 808-809, 821, 851, 856, 866-867 761, 814-815, 825-828 Indian Ocean, 25, 423, 495-496, 631, 649 Jews, 66, 70, 76-77, 108, 112, 126, 128, 132, 137, 162, Indians (American), 7, 68, 85, 499, 504-506, 569, 607, 164, 170, 175, 177-184, 188, 245, 252, 260-261, 620, 695, 765, 767, 772, 781-785, 787-788, 843 267, 279-283, 289, 292-293, 304-308, 313-337, Indonesia, 34, 209, 367, 385, 387, 530, 607, 752-753 351-354, 358, 382, 384, 410, 421, 426, 470, 496, Indulgences, 432, 467-469, 475 588-589, 617, 624, 642-643, 656, 658, 664, 675, Indus River Civilization, 92, 187 682, 685-686, 729, 800, 815, 824-828, 835, 840 Inquisition, 410, 427, 430, 432-433, 440, 475, 503, Joan of Arc, 408 509, 528-529 John the Baptist, 281, 287, 289, 292, 296, 298, 316, International expositions, 38, 614 384, 456 Iran, 34, 69-70, 157, 163, 167, 170, 260, 630, 689, 716, Jordan River, 90, 102, 108, 110, 149, 291, 824, 829 720, 770, 779, 828-829, see also Persia Jordan, 52, 71, 332, 345, 826-829 Iraq/Iraqi, 28, 52, 68-71, 341, 455, 680, 703, 716, 826, Joseph (husband of Mary), 257, 281, 284, 305, 360, 815 829 Joseph (son of Jacob), 56, 60, 62, 87, 94-98, 101, 384, Ireland/Irish, 210, 304, 389, 395, 398, 549-550, 600, 612, 619-622, 630, 637, 787 813, 859 Isaac, 69, 76-79, 82-83, 86-88, 303, 603 Joséphine (wife of Napoleon), 580-582 Isabella of Castille, 409-410, 496, 503-507 Josephus, 41, 252, 278 Ishmael, 76-77, 83 (image), 384, 824 Judson, Adoniram, 755-756 Islam/Muslims, 5, 9, 14-17, 70, 77, 170, 202, 206-207, Julius Caesar, 210, 252-253, 255-256, 345, 839, 855 241, 304, 308, 375-376, 378, 380, 382-388, 391, Justinian, 259, 380 401, 405, 409-410, 412, 419-423, 425-426, 437- Kant, Immanuel, 525 438, 440, 486, 496, 502, 509, 521, 562, 571, 674, Kenya, 803-805, 841, 868 729, 743-747, 753, 795-796, 798, 800-801, 824- Kongo, see Congo 825, 828-830, 832, 840, 844, 852, 855-856, 858, Koran, see Qur’an 868 Korea (North and South), 13, 148, 171, 367, [Part 2] i, Israel (ancient/medieval), 8-9, 13, 15, 66, 75, 78-79, 443-444, 570, 688, 694, 709-710, 737, 739, 750- 84, 99-156, 169-170, 261, 278-337, 352, 358, 366, 752, 831, 845 401, 419-422, 454, 511, 515-518, 567, 599, 629, Korean War, 709-710, 723, 751-752 662, 760, 787, 813-816 Latin America, 585, 763-790, 844, see also Mexico, Israel (modern), 14, 52, 91, 118, 135, 154, 177, 273, South America, and Caribbean 282, 288, 292, 515, 517, 589, 675, 682, 702, 716, Latin language, 21, 54, 142, 211, 249, 251, 259, 261, 720, 824-829, 840 268, 272, 333, 344, 358-359, 377, 386, 390, 406, Italy/Italian, 8, 45, 210, 240, 249-252, 255-258, 335, 416-417, 419, 428, 431-432, 440-441, 444-445, 337, 346-349, 358, 363, 375-376, 378, 380, 383, 456, 470, 481-484, 509, 533, 567, 652, 663-665, 386, 409, 412, 414, 416-417, 421-422, 426, 431, 716 438-441, 445, 449, 453, 456-458, 469, 471, 475, League of Nations, 679-680, 683, 801, 826 886 Index

Lebanon, 71, 136, 147, 149-150, 266, 631, 720, 824, Mesopotamia, 32, 52-55, 62, 65, 68-71, 75, 77, 103, 826, 829 135, 137, 187, 194, 222-223, 603, 631, 826 Lenin, Vladimir, 647, 707-708, 711 Methodism, 841 Leonardo, 449-453, 601, 634 Mexican War (with United States), 773-774 Liberation theology, 646 Mexico/Mexicans, 120, 208-209, 261, 367, 486, 498- Liberia, 793, 797 499, 513, 571, 581, 587, 630, 677, 715, 765, 772- Libya, 160, 322, 349, 721, 794-795, 814-815, 829-830 776, 781-782, 786, 838, 866 Liddell, Eric, 757-758 Michelangelo, 44, 119, 451 Literature, 54, 59, 128, 133, 188, 211, 224-226, 243, Middle East, 34, 37, 51, 76, 85-87, 119, 160-161, 168, 257, 359, 377, 380, 386-387, 399, 416, 423, 445, 202, 223, 230, 269, 282, 308, 375, 383, 386, 419- 520, 611, 644, 746, 754, 782, 862 422, 452, 502, 580, 586, 631, 680, 682, 813-814, Livingstone, David, 796 824-830, 836, 869, 872 London, 9, 210, 248, 268, 297, 405, 417, 479, 483, Military, see Arms and armor and Battles in art 548, 561, 571, 611, 614-615, 624, 633, 636, 644, Mining, 211, 438, 775, 808 659, 671, 692, 703, 754 Missionaries, 316, 323-324, 326, 333-334, 377, 381, Louis Philippe, King of France, 583, 586-588 395, 398-402, 447, 475, 498, 501, 507, 607, 617, Louis XIII, 553-554 624, 627, 686, 742, 744-745, 749, 755-759, 788, Louis XIV, 547, 554-555, 584, 856 794, 796-797, 800, 804, 841-845, 855, 869 Louis XVI, 555-557 Moguls, 743-745 Luther, Martin, 41, 434, 436, 441, 465-472, 477-478, Monarchy, 65, 223, 407, 549-550, 553, 556-558, 560, 482, 488, 594, 663, 852 586, 588, 644, 710 Lutheran Church, 456, 475, 479, 593, 623, 643, 685 Monasticism (also monasteries and monks), 72, 190, Maasai, 803-806 211, 279, 344, 358-359, 360, 369-371, 377, 379, Macedonia/Macedonians, 218, 222-223, 242, 275, 328- 389, 399, 405, 415, 430-432, 437, 441, 445, 468, 329, 341, 380, 856, 872 470, 472, 475, 481-482, 503, 507, 567, 571, 600, Magellan, Ferdinand, 497 664, 800, 837 Malaysia, 566, 753 Mongols/Mongolia, 70, 87-88, 194, 387, 411, 424, 486, Mali, 15 737-738, 743, 749-751, 825, 855, see also Mogul Mandela, Nelson, 809, 811 Monks, see Monasticism Maori, 29, 339, 513 Morocco, 85, 136, 261, 795, 829 Maps (historic), vi, 37, 199, 215, 227, 240, 305, 394, Moses, 37-41, 47, 64, 91, 101-102, 105-107, 109-114, 483, 493, 496, 502, 581, 584, 609, 621, 739 122-123, 287, 306, 383-384, 454, 515-517, 599, Maps (illustrations), 68, 138, 161, 191, 254, 383, 503, 629, 654, 668, 813-814, 873 672, 793, 829 Mosques, 15, 77, 207, 237, 380, 385-386, 388, 744, Marco Polo, 424, 495, 503 747, 828, 868 Marie Antoinette, 557-559 Mother Teresa, 856 Martyrs, 276, 353-354, 362, 408, 432, 480, 482, 733, Movies, 253, 719, 754, 804, 864 855, 859 Muhammad (founder of Islam), 382-385, 828 Marx, Karl, 643-646, 657, 730 Music, 36, 86, 92, 139-140, 175, 207, 225, 349, 360, Marxism, 643, 646-648, 707-710, 721, 741, 769 393, 449, 454-460, 588, 665, 695-696, 716, 726, Mary (mother of Jesus), 256, 281, 284, 289, 297-299, 728-729, 754, 784, 810, 844, 852, 863 305, 354, 358, 360, 365, 371, 384, 486, 505, 600, Muslims, see Islam 815 Mussolini, Benito, 593, 681-685, 801 Mayan Civilization, 101, 208-209, 391, 782, 784 Myanmar, see Burma Mecca, 304, 382-386, 828, 840 Nagasaki, 685, 687, 700 Medici Family, 438-439, 497, 530 Napoleon Bonaparte, 59, 410, 526, 553, 559-560, 579- Medicine, 15-16, 31, 45, 62-63, 120, 191, 202-203, 584, 594, 766, 777, 795, 855 208, 227-228, 384, 386, 417, 523-524, 561, 649, Napoleon III, 586-587, 592, 596, 774 657, 717, 727, 752, 821-822, 851 Native Americans, see Indians (American) Mediterranean Sea (and area), 54, 56, 75, 101, 136, 148, Naval history, see Ships 165, 168, 211, 213, 220, 223, 239, 251, 269, 279, Nepal, 661, 700 320, 331, 334, 337, 348, 380-381, 397, 422, 438, Netherlands, The (also Dutch and Holland), 344, 371, 496, 502, 538, 579, 631, 633, 795, 828 375, 378, 400, 412, 415, 438, 441, 462, 471, 475, Index 887

478-480, 498-500, 507-509, 514, 537-538, 550, Persian Gulf, 52, 136, 871 554-555, 558, 561-562, 568, 582, 585, 602, 632- Peru, 92, 171, 209, 423, 452, 538, 631, 646, 765-766, 633, 642, 663, 674, 677, 684, 687, 695, 749, 752- 778-779, 781-782, 784, 786 753, 793, 807, 837, 842, 866 Petrarch, 445 New Zealand, 29, 339, 513, 569, 611, 617, 649, 684, Philip II, King of Spain, 507-510 687, 703 Philippines, 15, 124, 148, 391, 497, 607, 686, 752-753, Newton, Isaac, 58, 149, 523, 531-534, 564 759, 768, 842, 844 Nile River, 15, 56-57, 59, 62, 101, 105-106, 110, 171, Philistines, 103, 134-135, 137-140, 143, 146, 154, 317, 358, 795 826 Nineveh, 69, 137, 213-215, 814 Phoenecians, 9, 101, 136-138, 148, 223, 251, 570, 631 Noah, i, 32-34, 37, 40, 51, 58, 66, 75, 111, 384, 652 Pilate, Pontius, 260, 269, 271, 310, 336, 358, 365, 734 Nobel Prizes, 702, 746, 753, 810-811, 827, 862 Planes, see Aircraft Nobel, Alfred, 702 Plato, 228-229, 386, 440-441, 662 Nomads, 36, 51-52, 85-88, 207, 210, 240, 382-383, Poland/Poles, 12, 23, 71, 142, 459, 478, 522, 562, 650, 803-804 678, 683-684, 685, 711 Normans, 210, 212, 378, 395, 405-406, 414, 619 Pompeii, 160, 263, 265 North America, 92, 120, 148, 261, 367, 391, 423, 457, Portugal/Portuguese, 452, 486, 495-498, 500, 502-505, 486, 495-499, 513, 562, see also Canada, Greenland, 562, 581, 584, 744, 765-766, 793, 796, 800, 807, Mexico, and United States of America 811, 857 North Korea, see Korea Post-modernism, 844, 861 Northern Ireland, 5, 611-612, 619-622, 756 Printing, 443-447, 456-457, 468, 481, 484, 538, 697, Norway, 87, 212, 389, 393-397, 405, 607, 631, 674, 737, 819-820 684, 861 Protestant Reformation, see Reformation, Protestant Nuclear weapons (atomic weapons), 71, 658, 685, 688, Prussia, 537, 547, 558, 582, 584, 587, 591, 593-596, 699, 709, 714, 721-722, 727, 729, 747, 829 605, 623-624, 643, 663, 674 Nuremberg Chronicle, 28, 90, 131, 211 Psalms, 128, 141-142, 360, 444, 454-455, 498, 625, Olmecs, 120, 208-209 668 Olympic Games, 148, 233, 455, 562, 604, 703, 741, Ptolemy, 163, 455, 521-522, 836 757, 767, 810 Punic Wars, 240, 251 Orthodox Churches, 276, 380-381, 410-411, 419, 438, Pyramids, 4, 15, 34, 58, 61-64, 92, 208, 391, 579, 814 588-589, 607, 706, 708, 729, 732-733, 840, 842 Ottoman Empire, 70, 380, 387, 437-438, 486, 502, Qur’an, 382, 384, 743, 828 537, 579-580, 585-586, 592, 617, 620, 674-676, Railroads (and Trains), 601, 611, 629-630, 633, 636, 678, 795, 824-826, 829, 856 675, 739, 767, 797, 808 Pacific Islands, 171, 452, 496, 535, 562, 631, 649, 686, Raphael, 163, 225, 243, 315, 334, 450, 601 752, 851 Reagan, Ronald, 711, 719-722, 731, 734, 770 Pacific Ocean, 497, 581, 588-589, 633, 649, 674, 684- Red Cross, International, 682, 702, 851 685, 693, 739, 768, 772 Reformation, Protestant, 395, 401, 430-432, 441-442, Pakistan, 92, 387, 629, 746-747, 855 467-480, 486, 507, 593, 665, 845, 852 Palestine, see Israel Rembrandt, 97, 173, 328, 573, 601 Palestinians, 154, 308, 827-829 Renaissance, 375, 435-442, 445, 449-453, 456-458, Panama Canal, 633, 769-770, 822 462-463, 467-468, 495, 591, 600-601, 604, 630, Panama, 769, 772, 778-779, 781, 783 665, 855 Parliament (development), 407, 550 Rhodes, Cecil, 808 Pascal, Blaise, 819-820 Rhodesia, see Zimbabwe Pax Romana, 253, 263 Roman Catholic Church, 5, 7, 16-17, 168, 297, 357- Pearl Harbor, 15-16, 684, 736, 758 360, 375, 379, 401, 406, 409-410, 414, 419, 422, Peloponnesian War, 226, 229, 232-236 425-434, 440-442, 456, 467-468, 470-472, 475, Pentecostalism, 784, 844 477-478, 481-482, 484, 488, 508, 521-522, 527- Pericles, 234-237 529, 550, 553, 557, 559, 581, 585-588, 593, 596, Persia, 31, 68-70, 72, 131, 157-184, 190, 206, 215, 222- 619, 646, 656, 664, 681, 685, 695, 716, 729, 742, 223, 226, 233-234, 282, 386-387, 401, 424, 452, 746, 749, 767, 774-775, 784, 786-789, 800, 839, 500, 536, 568, 630, 632, 743, 814, 828, see also Iran 842, 844, 853, 856-857 888 Index

Roman Empire (and Republic), 70, 165, 191, 210-211, Sistine Chapel, 119, 437, 451 223, 240, 242, 247-272, 279-280, 282-283, 292- Slavery, 17, 38, 52, 95, 97, 101, 118, 150, 199, 230, 293, 314, 316, 320, 325-327, 329-337, 343-356, 238-239, 250-252, 262-263, 315, 328, 345, 348- 363-366, 375, 412, 456, 481, 500, 512, 535, 567, 349, 393, 399, 422, 486, 497-499, 501, 506, 539, 599-600, 603, 630-631, 664, 681, 815, 824-825, 552, 562, 612, 616, 726, 733, 754, 765-767, 772, 836, 839, 842, 844, 849-854 777-778, 780, 796-798, 807, 813, 844, 850, 852 Roman roads, 263, 265, 325, 334, 337 Socrates, 228-230, 235, 441, 662 Romania, 5, 356, 711, 714, 746, 842 Sodom and Gomorrah, 82, 89-93 Romanov Dynasty (Russia), 547, 588-589 Somalia, 423, 829 Rome, City of, 70, 249, 256-257, 259, 263-264, 266- South Africa, 89, 208, 485, 611, 684, 687, 689, 703, 269, 271, 303, 314, 329-330, 347-348, 351-352, 717, 746, 807-812, 821, 832, 842, 855, 866 357, 361, 371, 376-377, 389, 394, 398, 409, 411, South America, 36, 171, 209, 240, 423, 486, 495-499, 440, 468, 528, 580, 592-593, 681, 684, see also 504-505, 611, 633, 649, 765-771, 777-785, 788, Roman Empire 842, see also Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Romero, Óscar, 789, 855 Ecuador, Uruguay, and Venezuela Roosevelt, Franklin, 689-691, 719, 770 South Korea, see Korea Rosetta Stone, 59 South Sudan, [Part 2] iv, 798 Russia/Russians, 132, 276, 338, 378, 380-381, 384, Soviet Union (also U.S.S.R.), 16, 18, 89, 538, 594, 635, 389, 397-398, 401, 410-412, 421, 459-460, 486, 641, 648, 680-684, 688, 690-691, 706-717, 720- 536, 538, 547, 581-582, 584, 587, 588-589, 592, 730, 741, 747, 751, 769-770, 801, 824, 826, 839, 594-595, 597, 607, 617-618, 647, 650, 664, 674- 842, see also Russia 679, 684, 687, 693-694, 706-708, 717, 732-733, Space Exploration, 1, 20, 46, 530, 635, 713-717 737, 739-740, 750-751, 825, 839, 842, 855, see also Spain/Spanish, 7-9, 16, 37, 202, 208-210, 240, 251- Soviet Union 252, 266, 346-347, 376, 380, 383, 386-387, 391, Rwanda, 860 397, 407, 409-410, 421-422, 431, 433, 441, 445, Saddam Hussein, 70-71 471, 475, 496-499, 502-510, 538, 552, 555, 558, Sahara Desert, 86, 495, 795 571, 581, 584-585, 587, 595, 601, 607, 630, 632, Saladin, 77, 421-422 650, 662, 683, 752, 765-768, 772-774, 777-782, Samaritans, 287, 292, 294-295, 306, 315, 570, 825 784, 788, 793, 842, 796 Sami people, 87, 536 Spanish Armada, 507-510, 617 Sarah (Abraham’s wife), 55, 75-77, 79, 81, 83, 87, 89 Spanish-American War, 768-769 Sarajevo, 675, 847 Sparta, 218, 221, 223, 232-235, 664 Satan (and Devil), 20-21, 32, 137, 143, 241, 295, 309, Sports, 148, 233, 367, 697, 703, 741, 743, 757, 765- 334, 432, 461-464, 489, 605, 608, 702, 733 766, 811 Saudi Arabia, 17, 369, 383, 716, 747, 828-830 Sputnik, 709, 714 Saxons, 210, 212, 389-390, 392, 395, 399-400, 405- Sri Lanka, 240, 500, 687, 700, 760, 842 406, 481 St. Peter’s Basilica, 268, 371, 377, 440, 451, 467-468 Scandinavia, 87, 378, 394-395, 402, 471, 475, 536, see Stalin, Josef, 689-691, 706, 708-709, 711, 733, 741, 855 also Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden Stamps, 396, 530, 709, 714 Scotland/Scottish, 106, 210, 267, 400, 406, 423, 457, Subways, 615, 636 471, 475, 483, 485, 508-509, 537, 548-549, 568, Sudan, 611, 689, 795, 798, 800, 803, 814, 829 612-613, 619, 630, 633, 636, 757-758, 796, 859 Sumer/Sumerians, 51-55, 57, 61-62, 68, 71, 122, 187, September 11, 2001, Attacks, 9, 14, 71, 89, 822 443, 599, 855 Shakespeare, William, 248, 445, 587 Sweden/Swedes, 278, 389, 393-395, 397, 588, 663, 761 Ships, 33, 136, 147, 192, 201, 213, 234, 334, 396, 422, Switzerland/Swiss, 130, 385, 471, 473-475, 477, 479, 438, 475, 495, 497, 499-500, 504-505, 507-510, 483, 523, 538, 553, 585, 623, 630, 663, 681, 702, 569, 607, 614, 631-633, 649, 674, 677, 738, 752, 839, 851 768, 796, 807, 822 Syria/Syrians, 47, 52, 68, 71, 137, 222, 316, 318, 322, Siam, see Thailand 331, 353, 358-359, 367, 379, 384, 419, 421, 454, Sicily, v, 234, 251, 376, 591-592 481, 512, 580, 600, 701, 799, 824, 826-827, 829- Sikhism, 486, 747 830 Simón Bolívar, 766-767, 777-780 Taiwan, 148, 171, 340, 741 Singapore, 123, 611, 687, 735, 752-753, 845 Tanzania, 803-805 Index 889

Taoism, 196, 697 460, 471, 474, 479, 484-485, 500, 509-510, 520, Tasmania, 607 537, 539, 550-555, 560-562, 564, 568-569, 581, Temple (Jerusalem), 105, 125-127, 132, 143, 145, 147, 587, 589, 597, 599, 601-602, 604, 607, 611-613, 149-150, 162, 170, 252, 280, 282-284, 293, 299, 617, 619-620, 630, 663, 665-666, 670, 673-674, 304-308, 314, 326, 330-331, 352, 661, 675, 825, 677, 679-681, 683-686, 688-691, 707-711, 713- 828 715, 717, 719-727, 729, 736, 739, 741, 747, 750- Temples, 53-54, 63, 135, 163, 170-171, 196, 209, 221, 753, 754-756, 767-770, 773-777, 796-797, 811, 227, 237, 244, 256, 265, 267, 330, 354, 561, 603, 820-821, 826, 828-833, 837, 839-844, 852, 855, 664, 695, 697, 743, 756, 849, 868 858, 866-868 Terrorism, 5, 9, 16, 71, 526, 620, 675, 702-703, 707, Uruguay, 765, 784, 786 721, 731, 838, 809, 822, 827, 829, 856-857 Ussher, James, 40, 58 Thailand (and Siam), 568, 752, 754 Vatican City, 425, 450, 528-529, 593, 716, 827 Thatcher, Margaret, 721, 856 Vedas, The, 120, 189 Thomas à Kempis, 344 Venezuela, 505, 716, 765, 771, 777-780 Thomas Aquinas, 44-45, 425-429, 440, 662, 665 Victoria, Queen, 50, 616, 740 Torah, 23, 122, 123, 664 Vietnam, 4, 148, 423, 570, 710-711, 752 Tower of Babel, 34, 38, 68, 75, 89, 215, 314 Vietnam War, 709-710 Trade, 9, 51, 53, 56, 60-61, 75, 87, 92, 95, 131, 136- Volcanoes (eruptions), 40, 261, 264, 562, 607, 693 137, 148, 171, 187, 191-192, 194, 198, 206, 220, Waldensians, 431-432, 469 223, 233, 250-251, 257, 265, 269, 325, 348, 384, Wales/Welsh, 209-210, 358, 406, 612-613, 630, 650 387, 393, 405, 408, 415-418, 422, 424, 437-438, Weapons, see Arms and armor 441-442, 444, 452, 495-498, 500, 505, 507-508, Wesley, Charles, 841 551, 554-555, 561-562, 613, 618, 675, 738-739, Wesley, John, 615, 841 741, 744-745, 749-752, 768, 776, 803, 808, 822 Westminster Abbey, 405, 483, 534, 548, 855 Trains, see Railroads Wilberforce, William, 616, 844 Transdniestria, 711 World Trade Center, 9, 822 Tristan da Cunha, 853 World War I (Great War), 38, 70, 210, 380, 551, 590, Trojan War/Troy, 101, 218-220, 225, 249 597, 621, 659, 673-682, 707, 745, 750, 774, 825- Tunisia, 86, 148, 207, 251, 401, 795, 824, 829 826, 829, 839 Turkey (modern), 55, 69-70, 85, 188, 219, 325, 330, World War II, 8-9, 450, 491, 594, 681-692, 699-700, 332, 334, 367, 373, 380, 386, 599, 676, 678, 826, 703, 713, 736, 741, 746, 751, 753, 757-758, 829, 869 855, 858 Turks, 87, 230, 419-421, 437-438, 502, 537, 743 World’s Fair, see International expositions Tyndale, William, 482, 484-485, 490 Wycliffe, John, 432-434, 469, 482, 484, 490, 843, 856, U.S.S.R., see Soviet Union 860 Uganda, 638, 833, 852, 855 Zarathustra, see Zoroastrianism Ukraine/Ukranians, 289, 292, 708, 711, 751 Zedong, Mao, 647, 709, 716, 740-741 United Arab Emirates, 571, 829-830, 836 Ziggurats, 34, 53, 62 United Nations, 71, 688, 701, 709, 741, 797, 801, 826- Zimbabwe (and Rhodesia), 206, 611, 808, 810 827, 829-830 Zionist Movement, 675, 682, 825-826 United States of America, 8-9, 12-13, 17-18, 38, 52, 70- Zoroastrianism, 163-168 71, 207-208, 238, 259, 267, 282, 341, 457, 459- Zulus, 807-808, 810 Also Available from Notgrass Company

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