Initial Environmental Examination

Project Number: 40253 - 023

May 2019

Cambodia: Greater Mekong Subregion Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Project – Additional Financing

Prepared by Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries and Ministry of Environment for the Royal Government of Cambodia and the Asian Development Bank.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

ABBREVIATIONS ADB Asian Development Bank AP Affected Persons BCC Biodiversity Conservation Corridors BOD Biological Oxygen Demand CEMP Contractor Environmental Management Plan CPA Community protected Area CQS Consultant’s Qualifications DDIS Detailed Design and Implementation Supervision EA Executing Agency EARF Environmental Assessment and Review Framework EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan FA Forestry Administration FGD Focus Group Discussions FS Feasibility Study GDANCP General Dept. of Admin. For Nature Conservation and Protection GDLC General Directorate of Local Community GIC Grant Implementation Consultants GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism GPS Geographic Information System GMS Greater Mekong Sub-region HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Def. Syndrome HH Household IA Implementing Agency IEE Initial Environmental Examination IEIA Initial Environment Impact Assessment IUCN International Union for Conservation and Nature KIIs Key Informant Interviews MOE Ministry of Environment NCDD National Committee for Sub-national Democratic Development NOL No Objection Letter NPA National Protected Area NCS National Steering Committee PAM Project Administration Manual PDOE Provincial Department of Environment PIC Project Implementation Consultant PIU Project Implementation Unit PPCR Pilot Program for Climate Resilience PPE Personnel protective Equipment PPIU Provincial Project Implementation Unit RGC Royal Government of Cambodia R-PPTA Regional Project Preparatory Technical Assistance SPS Safeguard Policy Statement ADB (2009) TA Technical Assistance ToR Terms of Reference TSP Total Suspended Particulates UXO Unexploded Ordinance NOTES: The Project refers to the PPCR grant funded additional project for Cambodia, "Promoting Climate Resilient Agriculture, Forestry, Water Supply and Coastal Resources in Koh Kong and Mondulkiri Province", which will be supplementary to the GMS Biodiversity Conservation Corridors (BCC) Project Government refers to the Royal Government of the Cambodia $ refers to US dollars.

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Currency Equivalent

(Official exchange rate of the National Bank of Cambodia as of May 2018)

Currency Unit - Riel (KHR) USD 1.00 = KHR 4,060

Weights and Measures 0C - Celsius/centigrade dBA - decibel audible Ha - hectare/s Km - Kilometer M - meter/s Mm - millimeter/s m/s - Meter/second

NOTES In the report, “$” refers to US dollars, unless otherwise stated.

This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is a document of the Borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB Board of Directors, Management, or staff and may be preliminary in nature. The IEE and its environmental management plans will be updated during project implementation.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

A. INTRODUCTION ...... iv B. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 4 C. DESCRIPTION OF ANDOUNG TUEK SUBPROJECT ...... 6 C.1 Background ...... 6 C.2 Design and Components...... 8 a) Improvement to existing dike ...... 8 b) Mangrove planting ...... 9 c) Agricultural support services ...... 9 d) Sea barrier embankment and drainage structure ...... 10 e) Construction activities ...... 10 f) Operation and Maintenance ...... 12 g) Implementation schedule ...... 12 D. DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT ...... 13 D.1 Physical resources ...... 13 a) Topography ...... 13 b) Soil and Agriculture ...... 13 c) Soil structure ...... 13 d) Climate ...... 14 e) Rainfall ...... 14 f) Temperature ...... 15 g) Hydrology and oceanography ...... 15 D.2 Biological ...... 16 a) Coastal ecosystem ...... 16 b) Fisheries: ...... 17 c) Fauna ...... 18 d) Protected eco-systems ...... 18 D.2. Economic development ...... 19 D.3 Social and cultural resources ...... 23 D.4 Physical and cultural resources ...... 24 E. SCREENING OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 25 E.1. Pre-construction phase ...... 25 a) Project site and engineering design ...... 25 b) Setting up construction camp ...... 26 E.2. Construction phase ...... 27 b) Impact on water quality ...... 27 iv

c) Dust Dispersion impacts ...... 27 d) Noise dispersion impacts ...... 28 e) Public and workers health and safety ...... 28 f) Material source and borrow area ...... 28 g) Generation of wastes ...... 29 h) Traffic congestion ...... 29 E.2 Operation phase ...... 30 a) Over use and application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides...... 30 F. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 30 G. COST ESTIMATES...... 42 H. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT AND RESPONSIBILITIES ...... 43 I. REPORTING ARRANGEMENTS ...... 48 J. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE ...... 49 J.1 Public involvement in subproject design ...... 51 J.2 Compliance to RCG requirements for public involvement & ADB policy . ………….52 K. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISMS ...... 52 L. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 55 L.1 Findings ...... 55 L.2 Recommendations ...... 56

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Figure 1: Subproject location map ...... 5 Figure 2: Layout Map of Andoung Tuek Sea Barrier ...... 5 Figure 3: Location of project site and villages ...... 8 Figure 4: Typical cross section of sea barrier ...... 9 Figure 5: Typical Ta Meakh sea barrier cross section ...... 10 Figure 6: Typical Ta Ok and Proteal sea barrier cross section ...... 10 Figure 7: Detail of route of proposed sea dikes ...... 11 Figure 8: Andoung Tuek sea barrier soil borings ...... 14 Figure 9: Monthly rainfall diagram, KKG recording station (2000 - 2016) ...... 15 Figure 10:Dike location and its current situation…………………………………………………14 Figure 11: Vegetation cover in Ta Maek village ...... 17 Figure 12: Map showing location of eco-walk in Ta Meak village ...... 17 Figure 13:Location within BNSP ...... 17 Figure 14: Freshwater fish species ...... 22 Figure 15: Marine fish species ...... 23 Figure 16: Population of subproject villages ...... 23 Figure 17: Domestic violence in subproject area (2008 - 2010) ...... 24 Figure 18: Organizational chat ……………………………………………………………………42 Figure 19: Grievance Redress Mechanism………………………………………………………48

Table 1: No. of household beneficiaries of Andoung Tuek sea barrier subproject...... 8 Table 2: Approximate length of dikes proposed ...... 8 Table 3: Construction activities at existing and proposed new sea barriers ...... 11 Table 5:Maximum temperature at KKG province ...... 15

Appendix 1 - Andoung Tuek Sea Barrier REA Checklist Appendix 2 - Meetings with Government Agency and NGO personnel Appendix 3 - Environmental Standards for Cambodia Appendix 4 - Sub-decree on Water Pollution Control Appendix 5 - Public Consultation Meeting for Andoung Tuek Sea Barrier subproject Appendix 6 - List of participants at public consultation meeting for Andoung Tuek Sea Barrier Appendix 7 - MoE Letter of Approval for Andoung Tuek Sea Barrier subproject Appendix 8 – A supported letter for building nine subprojects under the PPCR BCCP from MOE

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Biodiversity Conservation Corridors project (BCCP) commenced implementation in April 2010 and received Additional Financing (BCCP-AF) during 2014 to support supplementary livelihood and small-scale infrastructure activities through the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR). One of the small-scale infrastructure sub-projects is concerned with the construction of a bio-engineered sea barrier (dike) in Andoung Tuek commune located in Koh Kong province to reduce salt water intrusion and enable increased crop productivity in the area. The Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been prepared to assess and analyse the potential environmental impacts and to identify mechanisms to mitigate these potential impacts and to develop a management plan for their application and monitoring. The Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework is described including the ADB Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS, 2009) and the related legislation of the Royal Government of Cambodia (RCG). The Andoung Tuek sea barrier subproject is described in detail including information on location, design specifications, layout, the physical structures and the proposed schedule of implementation. There is a description of the physical environment including the physical resources (topography, soils/agriculture, soil structure), climate (rainfall, temperature), air quality, hydrology and oceanography, surface water quality, ecological resources, fisheries, fauna, protected eco-systems and protected areas in Cambodia. There is a description of economic development in the area (road networks and communications, irrigation systems, water supplies, land use, resources and livelihoods, solid waste management, agriculture, cropping patterns, agricultural practices, forest products, fishing) and a description of the social and cultural resources (population, poverty, gender issues, community health and safety). The detailed design together with the field validation and community consultation meetings identifies that the potential environmental impacts related to the sea barrier construction are relatively minor compared to the benefits resulting from the scheme operation. The potential environmental impacts were screened and assessed based on the engineering detailed design. The significance of potential adverse and beneficial effects was assessed based on subjective appraisal of magnitude, geographic extent, duration and frequency, reversibility of identified effects. Each environmental impact has been described followed by recommended mitigation measures for the different project phases: pre-construction, construction and operation. For the pre-construction phase, the most significant impact is the clearance of 15 coconut trees. Other requirements during the pre-construction phase are UXO clearance, access road, establishment of the construction camp and the Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM). There will also be some temporary impacts form the camp and construction facilities. For the construction phase, good practice mitigation measures will be adopted to minimise erosion and impact on water quality, dust dispersion, noise impact. Solid waste should be disposed of at a licenced facility. Areas of impact will be clearly demarcated and workers instructed to avoid damage to forest and hunting of wildlife. Appropriate measures will be adopted to protect environment/health and safety of public and workers. Construction materials will be purchased from licensed suppliers. For the operation phase the mitigation measures are specified in relation to fertiliser and pesticide use, maintenance of the sea barrier and associated structures, and illegal deforestation and hunting activities. An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been prepared to provide guidance for inspection, monitoring and mitigation measures for the Andoung Tuek sea Barrier subproject 2

during pre-construction or design, construction, and operation of the project. The EMP provides mitigation measures for each environmental impacts identified, institutional responsibilities for the implementation of the EMP and cost of implementing the mitigation and enhancement measures. The Environmental Monitoring Plan includes the location where the monitoring activities will be undertaken during the pre-construction, construction period, the parameters to be monitored and frequency, responsibilities for implementation and verification, and the estimated costs of implementation. An Environmental Monitoring Plan has also been prepared to indicate location, method or frequency and responsibilities of implementation of all aspects of the EMP including cost estimates for these activities which need to be included. The institutional arrangements are described for the subproject including the assigned responsibilities for each Executing Agency and Implementing Agency, as well as district coordinators, National Steering Committee, Financiers and other project implementing organisations. The schedule for the submission and review of environmental management and reporting reports is described for the pre-construction/ construction phases and during operation/maintenance. During the design of the subproject, a series of four public consultation were conducted to ensure full information disclosure and the outcome of all these discussions has been summarised. A GRM has been designed and as a general policy, the subproject will work proactively towards the prevention of grievances through the implementation of impact mitigation measures and community liaison activities during both construction and operation. The GRM is based upon an initial informal approach to achieve satisfactory resolution to the local level, together with a formal approach when the grievance can be elevated to higher authorities to intervene. The overall assessment indicated that the Andoung Tuek sea barrier subproject will not have significant adverse impacts on the environment and will have overriding benefits for the target beneficiaries in resolving existing environmental and socio-economic issues associated with the present condition and increasing resilience to climate change. Without the subproject, there will be continued pressure on forest resources, and fisheries as a relatively low income derived from agricultural production, which is exacerbated by cumulative effects of other human activities in the area, notably by improved access produced by the rehabilitated highway (NR48), immigration to the area and increased forest resource harvesting activities. With the subproject there will be reduced pressure on forest resources and mangrove resources through the promotion of higher income-generating activities. External pressures will continue to exist but assistance to the subproject provides an opportunity to increase community awareness of sustainable natural resources utilization. Based on the IEE, the subproject provides many benefits directly in terms of improved livelihood and health, with reduced risk to life and properties. During the construction phase, a number of temporary negative impacts (e.g. dust, noise, vibration, reduced air quality, road safety, worker’s safety, wastewater, solid waste, water contamination and traffic congestion) may occur. However, those impacts can be minimized by the implementation of the recommended mitigation measures of the EMP.

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A. INTRODUCTION

1. The Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Project (BCCP) commenced implementation in April 2010, and during 2014 Additional Financing (BCCP-AF) was provided to support supplementary livelihood and small-scale infrastructure activities through the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR). The BCCP is being implemented by two Executing Agencies (EAs), namely the Ministry of Environment (MoE)/General Directorate of Local Community (GDLC) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF)/Forestry Administration (FA). Each of the EAs has established a Project Implementation Unit (PIU) at national level and a Provincial Project Implementation Unit (PPIU) in each of the two target provinces of Koh Kong (KKG) and Mondulkiri (MDK). There are five service providers that have been contracted jointly by the EAs to support the implementation of a range of activities. 2. The intended impact of the Project is climate resilient, sustainable, forest ecosystems that provide income and employment to project households in the biodiversity corridors of Cambodia. The intended outcome is sustainably managed biodiversity corridors in Cambodia. The Project seeks to (i) empower communities to manage their forest resources through demarcation of boundaries, forest management planning and achieving legal approvals for Community Forests (CFs) or Community Protected Areas (CPAs); (ii) restore habitat and degraded forest lands by planting native tree species and agro-forestry that incorporates improved sources of non-timber forest products; (iii) improve livelihoods and income- enhancing small-scale infrastructure; and (iv) generate short-term employment for project households through project activities. 3. The Additional Financing (PPCR) support for the Project aims to strengthen the climate adaptation of the BCCP and under Output 3, which is concerned with Livelihoods Improvement and small-scale infrastructure, funds are provided for the investment in (i) rainwater harvesting ponds and climate resilient high value crop productivity; (ii) climate resilient irrigation and System of Rice Intensification (SRI); (iii) sea barriers (dikes) reducing salt water intrusion; and (iv) ecosystem- based adaptation in one catchment area. 4. Under the PPCR funded activities, Sub-project 3 is concerned with the construction of two bioengineered sea barriers in Koh Kong province, located in Kandoal and Andoung Tuek communes of Srae Ambel and Botum Sakor districts. The sea barriers, which consist of an earth bund, will prevent the incursion of salt water during the winter high tides between November and December, which affects the coastal and estuarine communes. In addition, support is being provided for the introduction of saline resistant crop varieties and production techniques to improve the incomes of the communities. Because of its vulnerability to climate change, and especially sea water intrusion, the commune of Andoung Tuek was included as an additional target commune to the Project. B. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

5. This section discusses the ADB’s requirements and national and local legal framework that guided assessment of the potential Project impacts. It also identifies relevant international environmental agreements to which Cambodia is a party. ADB Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS 2009)

6. The ADB’s SPS (2009) requires all ADB financed projects to undergo an assessment. The purpose is to identify potential environmental and social impacts and avoid, or when avoidance is not possible, minimize and mitigate adverse project impacts required to be taken into account. 7. In line with SPS (2009), the subproject has been evaluated using the Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist (Appendix A). The adverse environmental impacts associated with the Project are considered site-specific and reversible. Therefore, the Project has been classified as a Category B for environment. 4

Legislations of the Royal Government of Cambodia

8. Cambodia’s current Constitution, which was confirmed in 1993 by the Royal Government of Cambodia (RCG), identifies environmental issues that are to be considered during project development and implementation. Specifically, Article 59 of the Constitution states that: The state shall protect the environment and balance the abundant natural resources and establish a precise plan of management of land, water, air, wind, geology, ecological systems, mines, energy, petrol and gas, rock and sand, gems forests and forestry, products, wildlife, fish and aquatic resources. The Ministry of Environment was established to implement this provision. 9. The Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management (NS/RKM/1296/36), which was issued in 1996, is the primary law governing environmental management in Cambodia. The law requires the RCG to prepare national and regional environmental plans, which are expected to cover a wide range of issues, including environmental assessment, pollution prevention and control, public participation and project disclosure. 10. As required by the Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management, a National Environment Strategy and Action Plan (NESAP) is being developed. The NESAP will identify priority policy tools and financing options for sustainable natural resource management and environmental protection. It will guide government ministries, private sector, civil society, and development organizations to mainstream environmental considerations in policies, plans, and investments. The final draft NESAP is expected to be produced in late-2016 and will require endorsement by the National Council for Sustainable Development and then approval by the Council of Ministers. 11. Following the issuance of the Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management, the Ministry of Environment passed regulations (also referred to as sub- decrees) to provide further protection for the environment, including: • Sub-decree No.27 on water pollution control, issued on 6 April 1999; • Sub-decree No.36 solid waste management, issued on 27 April 1999; • Sub-decree No.42 on air pollution and noise disturbance, issued on 10 July 2000; • Sub-decree No.72 on environmental impact assessment process, issued on 11 August 1999; and • Law on the management and exploitation of mines resources, adopted on 13 July 2001. 12. For consideration of other applicable environmental standards and criteria, such as ambient air quality, vibration, noise, contaminated soil, and workplace and community safety the protocols of the Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines of the World Bank (2007) apply. 13. A range of national environmental policy documents also exist within Cambodia such as the National Environmental Action Plan (1998-2002) and the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) of 2002. 14. Law on Nature Reserves. The Royal Decree on Protected Natural Areas was issued in November 1993. The regulation provides protection for the environment, land, forests, wetlands and coastal zones. The regulation covers 23 natural protected areas in Cambodia, representing 18% of the total land area of the country or 2.2 million hectares. The Ministry of Environment is responsible for implementing this law. 15. In 2008, Cambodia introduced the Protected Area Law No. NS/RKM/0208/007 which defines the National Parks (IUCN Category II), Wildlife Sanctuaries (IUCN Category IV), Protected Landscapes (IUCN Category V), Multiple-Use Areas (IUCN Category VIII), and Ramsar sites which includes two sites in IUCN Categories IV and VIII. The 2008 Protected Areas Law defines the framework of management, conservation and development of 5

protected areas and aims to ensure the management, conservation of biodiversity, and sustainable use of natural resources in protected areas. The law reinforces the Ministry of Environment’s responsibility to administer and manage protected areas. 16. Law on Historical Monuments. All national monuments in Cambodia are protected by the Law on the Protection of Cultural and National Heritage, which was promulgated in 1996. This is supplemented by the “Decision on the Definition of 3 Zones to Protect Temple Surrounding Areas in All Provinces and Municipalities, Except Angkor Wat” (1996). The law protects a range of cultural heritage sites, including small temples and ancient structures in Cambodia. 17. The Labor Law was issued in March 1997 to govern relations between employers and workers. It governs all employment contracts to be performed within the territory of the Kingdom of Cambodia. 18. Law on social security schemes were issued in 2002. This law seeks to set-up a social security scheme. It includes references to: i) a pension scheme, which provides old age benefits, invalidity benefit and survivors' benefit; and ii) an occupational risk scheme, which is in charge of providing employment injury and occupational disease benefit. 19. Occupational Health and Safety. The First Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Master Plan (2009-2013) was developed by the Ministry of Labor and Vocational Training with technical support from the International Labor Organization (ILO). It contains the following priority areas: strengthening national OSH systems; improving safety and health inspections and compliance; promoting OSH activities by employers’ and workers’ organizations; implementing special programs for hazardous occupations; extending OSH protection to small enterprises, and informal and rural workplaces; and promoting collaborative actions with hazardous child labor and human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) projects and activities. C. DESCRIPTION OF ANDOUNG TUEK SUBPROJECT

C.1 Background 20. The Andoung Tuek sea barrier subproject is located in three villages (Ta Meakh, Ta Ok and Prateal villages) in Andoung Tuek Commune, geographical location (Figure 2 & 3) and is aimed at: (i) upgrading existing road (1.242 km) and (ii) construction of new dikes approximately 4.369 km of sea dikes to reduce coastal inundation by saline water associated with sea level rise, reducing risk of unsustainable mangrove forest exploitation by the local community, assisting the commune to plant 150 hectares of mangrove forest (only for Andoung Tuek under the BCCP work-plan for 2019); and provision of agricultural support services (see Figure 1). Koh Kong Province and Botum Sakor district authorities have identified three villages that have problems with saline water intrusion during high tides in Ta Meakh, Proteal and Ta Ok, that had problems of saline intrusion during high tides in the dry season. In addition, the commune has requested assistance with mangrove planting and melaleuca in an area north east of the three villages (Figure 1 & 2). The community is aware of the value of mangrove forests as a breeding ground for fish, prawn and crab stocks; the mangrove planting is planned for an area that is already designated as part of the community fishery. Additionally, the extra area of planted forest is expected to provide a resource for both timber and non-timber forest products which is anticipated to reduce exploitation pressure on the natural forests. 21. The subproject of Andoung Tuek sea barrier was proposed by the community and the RCG by constructing a new dike of and rehabilitation of the rural road within Ta Meakh village. Basically, the scope of works was provided by the MOE, and site surveyed on July 2017 when the initial result was: 155 beneficiary households among a total of 407 households (HHs) in the three villages of the project area. The assessment is based on actual measurement (based on boundary map).

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Figure 1: Subproject location map

Figure 2: Layout Map of Andoung Tuek Sea Barrier

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Table 1: No. of household beneficiaries of Andoung Tuek sea barrier subproject

Rice Land Potentially Number of HH Nº Name of Villages Total of HHs within the Subproject beneficiaries (ha) 1 Ta Meakh 192 50 41 2 Ta Ok 87 52 27 3 Proteal 128 53 78 Total 407 155 146 Source: Site surveyed on July 2017 C.2 Design and Components a) Improvement to existing sea dike 22. The existing sea dike would be increased in height, repaired where necessary and rolled prior to improvement works. The seaward side of the dike is to be planted with Lumnitzera plants that have been raised in a nursery. Table 2: Approximate length of dikes proposed

No Components Length (km) Location (village) 1 Upgrade of existing road 1.242 Ta Meakh 2 Proposed Dike 1 1.824 Ta Meakh 3 Proposed Dike 2 2.545 Ta Ok and Proteal Total 5.611

Figure 3: Location of project site and villages

Note: white = mangrove planting, grey line = existing dyke, red line = proposed route of project dyke, and yellow line = route of dyke requested by Commune Authority. (Background Image Google Earth).

23. In addition, the construction of a new dike in Ta Meakh and Ta Ok villages is proposed. The seaward sides of the new dykes are to be planted also with Mangrove and melaleuca plants that have been raised in a nursery, at a spacing of 1 plant per 0.5 meters. The variable nature of the existing ground surface means that the dimensions of the dyke will vary along its length. Figure 4 shows typical cross sections of each dike.

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- Ta Meakh Sea Barrier The proposed new dike that encloses Ta Meakh Village extends from the existing dike westward around the shore behind the houses and remaining mangroves then south along the eastern bank of a stream to join with the raised road from Proteal. - Ta Ok Sea Barrier The second dike is designed to enclose Ta Ok and starts in the same place as proposed by the Commune and extends along the eastern bank of the stream out to the coast. The dike then extends eastwards around the shore to enclose the rice fields of Ta Ok near the coast. Rather than continuing along the coast it is proposed that the dike extend south eastwards to join the raised road from Proteal. The route of this section is designed to follow the boundary between the existing Mangrove and Melaleuca forests and the wetlands at the edge of the rice fields. Figure 4: Typical cross section of sea barrier

Sea Barrier I Cross Section Sea Barrier II Cross Section Chainage (PK 0+985) Chainage (PK 0+435)

b) Mangrove planting 24. The Botum Sakor District has a plan to plant 150 ha of mangroves and melaleuca forest at least 5 years after completing construction in shallow water off the coast of existing mangrove forests (Figure 4). The area that is proposed makes up a 300-meter-wide belt along a 5.50 km stretch of coastline. The proposed subproject is included in the BCCP AWPB for 2019. 25. For the subproject seedling spacing of 2 meter is proposed. This will produce a relatively open forest and as a result the individual Rhizophora trees are expected to produce wider and stronger prop roots that would form a stronger barrier to typhoon or tsunami waves. In addition, natural recruitment of seedlings of other species would be facilitated by the open nature of the planted forest. c) Agricultural support services 26. System of Rice Intensification (SRI) rice production techniques combined with varietal improvement are proposed for introduction in Koh Kong as part of the subproject. Establishing a model production area in Andoung Tuek commune of Botum Sakor district would: (i) introduce climate resilient approaches to irrigated rice production to farmers and provincial authorities, (ii) improve rice productivity, and (iii) introduce low input pest and disease management techniques to prepare farmers for the anticipated changes in pathogen populations. The sub-project would be linked with the PPCR supported "Enhancing Resilience of Rice Commercialization in Cambodia". Associated activities would also address threat of climate change with initiatives designed to build capacity of the sector to accommodate such changes. SRI training initiatives include training to promote good agricultural practices that deal with water management and application of agricultural chemicals and support for farmer water user communities in understanding need for efficient water utilization through water scheduling and improved maintenance regimes, as well as SRI approaches to pest management.

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d) Sea barrier embankment and drainage structure 27. The main system of the proposed subproject is the dike and drainage structures equipped with stop logs and flap gates. The maximum discharge capacity of the drainage structure is calculated of peak discharge for 25 years. However, the dike is to be constructed of homogenous material. Slope analysis indicates that seepage line passes within the body of the Sea Barrier. Typical cross sections of Sea Barriers in shown below. Figure 5: Typical Ta Meakh sea barrier cross section

Figure 6: Typical Ta Ok and Proteal sea barrier cross section

e) Construction activities 28. Sea barriers: Construction activities for improvement of the dike (1) in Ta Meakh village and the proposed new dike (2) in Ta Ok and Proteal are summarized in the above

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Table. Where small streams are crossed by the sea dykes’ culverts are to be constructed with flap-gates. In the sub-project design, the typical structures have been changed a little, compared to the feasibility studies. Prior to construction, this sub-project requires detailed planning, engineering design, preparation of cost estimation, and preparation of bid documents, evaluation and award of bid. For these preparatory works, about six months’ time was required (during Design-Implementation). Similarly, as the sub-project area is located in a remote part of the country with limited accessibility, the expected construction period is 9 months, with the works starting in June 2018 and completing in March 2019. Transport of construction equipment and material to the subproject site requires improvements of an existing track to enable passage by larger vehicles; the track is approximately 3 km long from the residential area. 29. Mangrove planting is anticipated to be carried out over a three-year timeframe with 50 ha planted each year, at a density of 2,500 seedlings per ha which is equivalent to a seed spacing of 2 meters or 125,000 seeds per year. Community members will be paid to collect seeds from the local area. The area where will be used for planting the proposed mangrove and melaleuca forest is in front of the proposed sea dike at the sea site about 2 to 5 meters from the sea dike which will help protect from the dike from wave action and erosion. Figure 7: Detail of route of proposed sea dikes

Table 3: Construction activities at existing and proposed new sea barriers

Improvement to existing dike at Ta Meakh Proposed new dike

• New material for dyke sourced from local quarries. • Line of dyke completely cleared of vegetation and • After height is increased, dyke re-rolled prior to levelled and rolled prior to construction. topping with laterite • Dyke constructed from clay transported from nearby • Laterite topping rolled after application. quarries. • Seaward side of dyke planted with mangrove and • Any onsite material used for dyke excavated from melaleuca plants that have been raised in a landward side and NOT from seaward side. This nursery. applies to entire length of dyke.

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• 12 month settling period - after 12 month settling dyke filled where necessary and re-rolled prior to topping with laterite • Laterite topping rolled after application. • Seaward side of dyke planted with mangrove and melaleuca plants that have been raised in a nursery - spacing of 1 plant per 0.5 meters

30. Planting is recommended to start from the shoreline near Ta Ok village and proceed northwards. Planting is planned to extend out 100 m from the shore in the first year with this distance expanded in subsequent years. Use of bamboo stakes to support the seeds against currents and waves is proposed. The first year of planting will be used to test the success of the direct planting method, will give a good indication of the availability of the required quantity of seeds and will give an indication of the amount of area that can be planted given other time constraints of participating members of the community. If necessary, planting can be re- phased over five years. Avicennia which has rounded seeds is a robust genus that is able to withstand wave action and is usually the pioneer species in areas where mangroves are expanding and is the most common species in the front of the local mangrove belt. This genus likely will begin to appear due to natural recruitment; distribution of Avicennia is to be monitored after the first year and replanted from nursery if there is no evidence of natural recruitment. The nursery role can be carried out by households that are growing the Lumnitzera seedlings for planting along the sea dike. f) Operation and Maintenance 31. Sea barriers: Twice yearly maintenance of sea dikes is planned; the maintenance program should include: • Definition of rules and guidelines for dike maintenance program • Identification of changes in actual hydrological conditions in the area such as movement of stream channels or an increase in wave activity • Yearly observation of all existing structures after the monsoon season • Identification of eroded areas or weak points at end of the wet season • Identification of new low points during the dry season • Prioritization of repair • Repair of the dike at the end of the dry season 32. Andoung Tuek commune has a community fishery that appears to be working well with villagers from five separate villages sharing the resource. The commune head indicated that the area designated for mangrove planting is not currently heavily used for fishing and that the community understands the benefit of mangroves (which is the driver for the requested assistance) and he feels that provided there is community input into the planting effort then the planted area will be avoided by fishers and other resource harvesters. The new area of mangroves is anticipated to be effectively managed by the community; mangrove planting was proposed by the commune and is planned for an area that is already designated as part of the community fishery. g) Implementation schedule 33. The construction of the sea barrier project will be implemented over a nine (9) month periods (after signing the contract with the contractor onwards) (see section Executive Summary of the main report) but Mangrove planting is scheduled to take place at least five years depending on success of first year seeding to cover the length of the sea barrier. Agricultural extension services provision and capacity building of FWUGs will be undertaken in the early stages of the operation phase. Formation of the WUG should precede construction and the WUG will be consulted by IIRR.

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D. DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

D.1 Physical resources a) Topography 34. The actual site survey within the targeted area was conducted in 2017, the result found that highest elevation of command area of the subproject is around 2.800 m and is small hill or residential area. The lowest elevation of command area is (-0.620m) where is the rice field area. The proposed command area is quite flat land where water is easily distributed. 35. The terrain in the study area is quite flat land with general small slope. The level in the command area of reservoir varies from 1.240 m to 0.190 m with the land slope about 0.01 %. The land levelling is not steeply sloping that can be causing small velocity of flow and sedimentation occurring. All location structures were detail surveyed following to level of secondary and rice field. 36. Mainly, the topographic surveys were conducted more than two times for all proposed structures including the terrain of the field. Firstly, the terrain of the field, existing embankment and drainages; roads, stream are identified; horizontal and vertical points are taken with installation of benchmarks. Every point elevation on the rice field, especially in the reservoir are taken to draw up the counter line for sketch design. The Borehole Measures points are installed on the top of existing structure in according coordinate, (the detail in the main report). In addition, due to the field validation, the proposed subproject is located in the coastal areas and some parts of this commune located in floodplain, costal and the high land. b) Soil and Agriculture 37. Most soils located close to the coast are alluvial lithosols, red-yellow podzols, coastal complex soils and alumisols (ADB, 2010a); many coastal areas soils are acid lithosols (from TA-7459, FS Report, 2013). The soil was classified as having three layers including: (i) drak grey sandy clay with organic material (0.0 to 0.6m); (ii) grey silty clay with sand (0.6 to 3.5m); and (iii) grey sandy clay (3,5 to 5.0m). Based on CARDI classification for soil types, this shows that the subproject area includes the following soil types: (i) red-yellow podzols, (ii) cultural hydromorphic; (iii) alluvial lithosols; and (iv) brown alluvial soils. 38. For soil testing: 1) Agriculture: The soil in the command area is mostly deep poorly drained salty loams, salty clays with few very fine concretions from 40 cm down to 100 cm. These soil are highly suitable for intensive dry season irrigated rice development. Other soils found in this area are sandy-clay loams to sandy-clay over coarse abundant very hard concretion at 100-200 cm. These soils are highly to moderate suitable for the dry and wet season rice. c) Soil structure 39. Structure: The results from the soil tests in Ta Ok village (borehole 2), Ta Meakh village (borehole 2) and Proteal village (borehole 3) together with coordinates (X and Y) shown in Figure 8 were used for reviewing the stability of the foundation, analysis of settlement and stability due to consolidation of barrier structure; as well as identifying unsuitable soil to be removed and replaced. The soil was classified as having three layers including (i) dark grey sandy clay with organic (0.00 to 0.80m); (ii) Grey silty clay with sand (0.80 to 3.5 m); and (iii) grey sandy clay (3.5 to 5.0 m). Based on the CARDI Classification of Soil Types this shows that the subproject area includes the following soil types: (i) red-yellow podzols; (ii) cultural hydromorphic; (iii) alluvial lithosols; and (iv) brown alluvial soils.

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Figure 8: Andoung Tuek sea barrier soil borings

d) Climate 40. The tropical climate of Cambodia is determined by the south-western monsoon winds, bringing a pronounced rainy season from May to October, a cool and dry season from November to February, and two hot and dry months in March and April (ADB 2010a). In many places, the weather is affected by local conditions such as altitude and aspect. Rainfall intensity can be high, causing intense runoff and serious erosion and flooding. Albeit sheltered to some extent by the Annamites mountain range, the entire country is at risk of typhoons, which may cause flooding. The main typhoon season is from June to November. Rainfall in Cambodia varies considerably throughout the country, from more than 5,000 mm on the seaward slopes of the south-western highlands to about 1,200-1,400 mm in the central lowland region. Average temperatures in the country vary between 18-25°C as low and 28- 35°C as highs, with considerable local variation in function of altitude and aspect (ADB 2010a). 41. The typical monsoonal climate prevailing in Cambodia, and over a large region in other neighboring countries as well, is characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons. Based on the meteorological records at Koh Kong station, the wet season is likely started during April and ended during October. e) Rainfall 42. To appropriately design this project, recorded and real-time rainfall are quite important to appropriately design for hydrological. But the rainfall gauge in the study area is still limited. There is one station gauge taken from the Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology (PDOWRAM) in Koh Kong province. The historical rainfall data is available from year 2000-2016 given as the monthly average rainfall in table 4. Figure 9 illustrates the maximum, mean and minimum rainfall in millimeter where the rains were occurred from the begin month because the sub-project is close to the coastal area. The July is considered at the wettest month given the precipitation by 338mm as the highest intensity and the lowest precipitation is 36.5mm. These precipitations are higher than the other month in the year. Based on the following figure together with the community consultation meetings, it is indicated that annual rainfall in the proposed subproject has increased for the last two to three years (confirmed by the community people and local authorities.

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Figure 9: Monthly rainfall diagram, KKG recording station (2000 - 2016)

Monthly Rainfall at Koh Kong Gauge Station 2000-2016

350 300 250

200 t 150 100 50 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Maximum 153 83.4 69.6 148.8 160 193.3 338 187 257 153 107 286.4 Mean 27.1 31.8 37.0 50.5 76.1 118.2166.1113.3123.6 63.4 37.7 35.9 Minimum 0 0 13.5 15 29 33.4 36.3 35 28.5 11.4 0 0

f) Temperature 43. The temperature illustrates at Koh Kong has slightly changed for the whole year. The temperature ranged from 2012-2016 shown below. Based on the following figure and field validation, it is also shown that the temperature has increased slightly annually. Table 4:Maximum temperature at KKG province

g) Hydrology and oceanography 44. The subproject is located at the head of Kompong Som Bay near the mouths of two small low-gradient rivers, Preak Ta Ok and Preak Kon Tourt (Figure 11). The dyke component is located at the interface of a Mangrove and small Melaleuca forests and upland rice fields; several small ephemeral creeks flow into the Melaleuca forest and drain into the south side of the mouth of Preak Ta Ok. The nearby marine area is shallow adjoining the low relief mangrove fringe along the shoreline. Tidal variation is small, 1.4 meters at Sihanoukville Port located at the mouth of Kampong Som Bay. Flooding occurs every year in Andoung Tuek commune during the rainy season (it is about 0.80 m depth); rain water and sea water mix and flow over the low lying areas submerging and damaging the paddy fields. 45. Water quality: The immediate objectives of the subproject are to improve the use of water resources and to take advantage of the potential for irrigated agriculture such as rice and cultivation and animal raising. This hydrology section will describe the hydrological and water resource investigation that were carried out over the above-mentioned area. It aims to establish and quantify the climatic and hydrological aspects of the study region, by investigation of water level in the stream or main canal before after the system is flooded. The water level in the main canal is depended on water level in the reservoir and operating gates. The maximum water level will be 1.20 m from the ground level. In this case, the dike freeboard is 0.5 m. Besides water for irrigation, based on the field validation and community consultation meetings, it was found that there are three main water sources utilized by the local people for 15

drinking purposes in the area. The three most prominent sources are (i) ring wells/pump wells; (ii) ponds and (iii) rain water is the most prominent only in the wet season. There is no information on water quality of surface water within the project area. D.2 Biological a) Coastal ecosystem 46. Vegetation: According to the site visit by the GIC environment specialists (September 2018) together with the result of the community consultation for Andoung Tuek sea barrier subproject, it can be seen that major impacts will be the removal of a few crop trees, mainly 15 coconuts trees that need to be cleared and land acquisition is required (its size is about 5.2 ha for dike construction) and about three to five non-productive coconut trees will be cleared for improving access road. Furthermore, the small piece of land nearby the proposed subproject also requires to be used as a construction workers’ camp during the construction. Community consultations confirmed that there are some common bird species in the subproject area such as swallow, white heron, teal and dove. The land and some grasses and coconuts need be clear and converted as a dike shown in the following pictures. Figure 10: The dike location and its current situation

\

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Figure 11: Vegetation cover in Ta Maek village

Figure 12: Map showing location in Ta Meak village

b) Fisheries: 47. Fishing activities are conducted mainly around year (but dry season is the most) for sea fish at the sea. In addition, freshwater fishing activities are also conducted mainly during the rainy season when fish populations are high as reported by the members of the local community. Fisheries along Andoung Tuek sea barrier are limited to subsistence catches only. Fish catch (species) include the following: (i) Kranh (Anabas testudineus), (ii) Ros/Phtuk (Chana striata), (iii) Andaeng reung (Clarias batrachus), (iv) Andaeng toun (Clarias macrocephalus), (v) Chhpin prak (Barbonimus gonionotus), (vi) Chhpin (Hypsibarbus lagleri), and (vii) Slat (Notopterus notopterus). However, the sea fisherfolks have a Community Fishery that appears to be working well for the villagers of Proteal, Ta Meakh, and Ta Meakh villages. 17

Community consultee show that some species of freshwater fish will be increased in terms of quantity and its amount such as Kranh (Anabas testudineus); Ros or Phtuk (Chana striata), Andaeng reung (Clarias batrachus); Andaeng toun (Clarias macrocephalus), Chhpin prak (Barbonimus goniontus), Chhpin (Hypsibarbus lagleri) due to the proposed dike and some natural habitats within the rice field (confirmed during the community consultation in September 2018). c) Fauna 48. Based on the field validation together with the community consultation meeting conducted in September 2018, it was recorded that there are common wildlife species in the subproject area of influence including tiger-cat, money, crab, otter and snakes. But none of these species are protected or of particular conservation value. The subproject is located in the community development zone of Dong Peng wildlife sanctuary which is a disturbed area. However, a number of threatened species found in Botum Sakor National Park have been reported along Preak Ta Ok and Preak Kon Tourt (Figure 16), including the endangered dhole, Sunda pangolin, Indochinese silvered longur, pileated gibbon, fishing cat and Indochinese lutung and a number of vulnerable species such as the Irrawaddy dolphin, milky stork and green pea fowl (Royan 2010 and Royan et. al. 2010). However the proposed subproject is approximately 15 Km from the Botum Sakor National Park and 30 km from the Dong Peng Wildlife Sanctuary. 49. During community consultations conducted, it was reported that historically Andoung Tuek commune was rich in natural resources especially the large forest with many important species dependents on the forest. Local community people indicated that before Khmer Rouge time many large animals were in the area such as tigers and elephants together with other wildlife. After Khmer Rouge time (after 1979) people started to cut forest for paddy fields. In 1993 the forest cut was very strong, and later, in 2009-2010, the price of land was extremely high which encouraged cutting activities for sale of land. In 2011, the price of land decreased and some land owners left their land without any development. People said that currently they rarely see any big animals (elephant, fish-tiger) in the general area or in the forest within the Botum Sakor National Park. d) Protected eco-systems 50. The proposed sub-project is located within the community and multiple use zones of BSNP. The community zone means “the Management area(s) for socio-economic development of the local communities and indigenous ethnic minorities and may contain existing residential lands, paddy field and field garden or swidden agriculture (chamkar).” Botum Sakor National Park declared by the RGC through the Royal decree in 1993 and then due to the actual situation, some parts were declared by the MOE, the supporting letter from MOE in 2018 is in Annex 8 (for socio- economic development for the local communities) that contain paddy fields and crop fields including field gardens of Botum Sakor National Park (BSNP) which encompassed an area of 1,713 1,713. km2. Based on the protected areas Law 2008, MOE has divided the park into four management zones in below table.

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Figure 13: Location within BNSP

51. Based on the Protected Areas Law 2008, MOE divided the park into four management zones: Types of zone Description 1. Core zone Management area(s) of high conservation values containing threatened and critically endangered species, and fragile ecosystems. 2. Conservation Management area(s) of high conservation values containing natural zone resources, ecosystems, watershed areas, and natural landscape located adjacent to the core zone. 3. Sustainable use Management area(s) of high economic values for national economic zone development and management, and conservation of the protected area(s) itself thus contributing to the local community, and indigenous ethnic minorities’ livelihood improvement. 4. Community zone Management area(s) for socio-economic development of the local communities and indigenous ethnic minorities and may contain existing residential lands, paddy field and field garden or swidden agriculture (chamkar). Source: Cambodia National Protected Area Law, MoE (2008). 52. BSNP is one of Cambodia’s six staffed National Parks and spans the three districts of Kaoh Kong, Kiri Sakor and Botum Sakor (Royan et. al. 2010). The majority of Botum Sakor’s area comprises gently sloping lowland and flood plains. This area consists of lowland evergreen forest, Melaleuca woodland, grassland, mangrove forest and swamp forest with patches of Oncosperma palm. D.2. Economic development 53. Road network and communication. Some segments of existing roads are embankment roads that are extremely difficult to use during the wet season. They are generally passable in the dry season only. The mobile communication networks are good and all service provider networks can be connected in the subproject area. 54. Irrigation system network. Irrigation is dependent on the availability of the water from upstream and rainfall during the wet season. The drainage of excess water is through drainage structures with flap gates. Farmers are also be able to control the water levels in the rice fields by stop logs. 55. Water supplies. People in the commune use well water and ponds for drinking, washing and in the rainy season use rain water for drinking. Based on field validation and observation, water quality and quantity are affected during dry season (shortage and salty). However, monitoring of the volume and quality has not been undertaken in the project area. Interviewees indicated that tube wells for drinking water are needed in Ta Ok and Prateal as 19

the existing tube wells could no longer be used for drinking due to poor water quality, and a community pond is needed in Ta Meakh. The quality of water seems not secure for the people’s health since some wells water appear to have high iron content and some do not look clean. 56. Cropping patterns: Within the service area of the irrigation system, the rice is based cropping system that has involved continually to be dominated by the traditional wet season. Recession rice is to broadcast in the dry season when the water in the project area starts to sink down. The farmers start their activities from the first of January and finish it at the end of April. Under present situation the rice crop is largely to use rain fed due to the very restricted water supply from the river. The rice crop flowers in the late February to start March and is harvested in April. Production of crops other than rice is done on a very limited scale within the irrigated area due to deficiency of the water. Some household maintains a small home garden adjacent to the house. Within this area a wide range of crops are cultivated for home consumption. 57. Resources use and livelihood: Among the commune population, 70% are farmers, 30% are fishermen and 10% are government officers (Investment Program of Andoung Tuek commune, 2013). The FGDs in subproject villages indicated the following sources of household income: rice farming; long term crops such as rubber and cashew; fishing; collection and sale of non-timber forest products (NTFPs); labor and livestock farming. Fishing is the primary livelihood of the people in Ta Meak and Ta Ok; agriculture is the secondary livelihood, though soil quality is poor as a result of seawater intrusion, followed by use of forest resources to supplement daily food consumption. Other livelihood activities include collecting resources around mangrove forest, fishing in streams and occasionally hunting wildlife such as wild pig and deer in protected areas though suitable areas are far. 58. Solid waste management. Generally, solid waste is of many types that are generated from different sources such as domestic waste, industrial waste, and agricultural waste. The Sub-decree on Solid Waste Management, that is under responsibility of MoE, and construction contractors or project owners should ensure that the waste management in subproject area is well managed in accordance with the guideline, which was established by the MoE for disposal, collection, storage, recycling, transportation and dumping of waste. In addition, the RGC has developed a guideline jointly with the Ministry of Interior (MoI) and MoE which defines penalties for throwing garbage (waste) disorderly and establishment of dumping sites in cities and provinces. Regarding to solid waste management within the subproject area, no entity is responsible for this. However, the local residents normally do their own on-site disposal including burning or burying within their own compound. Thus, the solid waste in these communities is very poor managed and need to be improved. 59. Agriculture and livestock: Based on the FGDs in the three villages, rice is cultivated only in the floodplain area. Only one rice crop is grown during the wet rice season from early June until harvest time in December. Yields are reported to be low ranging from 1-1.5 tons per ha. In Ta Ok, the villagers produce rice once a year using local seed which is suitable to the quality of the land but which results in low yields. Rice production is carried out in an area of about 27 ha by about 20 families. The surveyed households in Ta Ok all had irrigated land on communal land whilst two households have other areas for other crops. Some 77% of the households cultivated small rice areas; on average, each household cultivated 1.19 ha. In Ta Meakh, only 63% of the surveyed households have irrigated rice land on communal land. Rice yields in Ta Meakh are very low - 1 ton per ha on average - due to the use of local rice seed, low usage of fertilizers and pesticides, and sea water intrusion. Other crops in the villages include rubber, cashew and vegetables for household consumption. Livestock is widely raised for farm work and for household consumption. Chickens and to a lesser extent, pigs, are widely raised by 73% and 46%, respectively, of total households surveyed in subproject villages. 60. Agricultural practice: The agricultural practices in this area were rice crop, some orchard, and vegetable growing. The farmers implemented agriculture activities depending on

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natural allowing circumstances. For rice crop, farmers practiced only one time a year and used animal power and small tractor for ploughing. The received benefit from the rice production is not enough to their needs; they produced only for eating and a bit selling and got very small compensation to compare with operation and return costs. Most of farmers, when they implemented rice cropping, used chemical fertilizer (18-46-0/DAP/Urea/Manure) and small amount of compost fertilizer. The rice land will be used only one time by one crop per year; it means that after rice is harvested, the field is not applied for other cropping because of lacking irrigation system and agricultural techniques. Cash crops in this sub-project such as soybean, cucumber, potato, sugarcane, and vegetable crops are not practiced. They grow up depending on natural circumstances, and the yield is not enough for market requirement. The income from cash crop is a little, because it lacks water supply and agricultural techniques. The yield is not enough for farmer's requirement and for selling on market. Anyway, requirement of the market is not balanced. The vegetable production in subproject area are not enough for local demand because of lacking agricultural techniques and labor. Therefore, it has to be imported from District market. Moreover, the expend cost for vegetable planting is very high because of oil price and pumps equipment is commonly expensive. In other side, the vegetable production cannot fulfil the requirement in wet season because the whole project area is flooded. Cereal crop in the proposed sub-project is planted with very small size of land; and it is cultivated by depending on natural circumstances. Cereal crops that farmers produced are corn and soybean. However, farmers produce in small quantity; and these could not support in the local market due to crop calendar is to short and the yield is very low. 61. Rice production: Ta Meak village had about 50 (26%) households with about 208 people of 192 total households with 827 people who had their own agricultural land in the subproject. Ta Ok village had about 52 (60%) households with about 208 people of 87 total households with about 395 people who had their own agricultural land in the subproject and Proteal village had about 53 (41%) households with 212 people of 128 households with 461 people who have their own agricultural land in the subproject. Ta Meak, Ta Ok and Proteal villages are situated along the seashore and usually getting annual salt-water intrusion. Within the two villages of Ta Meakh and Proteal there are about 120 ha of rice land. FGDs reported that the rice farming of Ta Meakh, Ta Ok and Proteal villagers is rainfed. The rice is cultivated only in the floodplain area. The wet rice crop is planted once time per year in wet seasons in Ta Meakh, Ta Ok and Proteal village. The wet rice is grown from early June and runs until harvest time in November or early December. The villagers produce rice crop traditional methods by using local saved seeds which is suitable to the quality of the land but the results in low yields ranging from 1-1.5 tons per ha. Some types of wet rice seeds are reported including Kramornsar rice, Romdul and Kraharm rice are traditional saved seeds are grown in June and harvesting in November or early December. Of these three subprojects villages also reported that about 70-80% of total households have come across the insufficient rice supply annually with some reasons including landlessness, small agricultural land, un-arable land, more eaters than earners, annual saltwater intrusion-agricultural land contaminated with saltwater, water shortage in some years and dependent nature-given resources such as fish getting declined. 62. Forest product and wildlife collection: NTFPs that are being collected include resin and honey which provide supplementary cash income to the households. Other wild products such as vegetables, wild fruits and wild animals are collected for home consumption. Resin and mushroom are major NTFPs harvested particularly in the northern part of the villages. Fuel wood collection and some charcoal production are also being carried out both for household use and for selling. 63. Fishing: Fishing is a significant economic activity in Andoung Tuek commune. Over the last two to three years, harvest of sea resources has declined considerably causing people to migrate to other areas to find work including going across the border to Thailand. Decline in fish production is attributed to commercial fishing methods without adequate control by government authorities. The commune has a community fishery that appears to be working 21

well with villagers from five separate villages sharing the resource. Community fisheries are groups that were formed as a result of the new community fisheries management policy embodied in the Fisheries Management and Administration Law. Since 2002, more than half of areas traditionally allocated to commercial fisheries have been re-allocated to small-scale “Community Fisheries” to support food security and livelihoods. “Community Fisheries” regulates access to fish in managed areas through local management plans agreed upon by co-management institutions. Some local people feel that establishment of the community fishery has not generally benefited all local people, with benefit mainly to a small group of people. 64. From the FGDs, approximately 75% of total households in Ta Ok village and 70% of total households in Ta Meakh village are involved in fishing. They mainly fish for various species of sea fish, crab, shrimp and mussels. The fishermen normally collect mussels from the sea but a few fishermen are also mussel farming in areas of 5 to 10 ha. Fishing is done using motorized boats, and with use of equipment such as nets for catching fish and crabs and tools for collecting mussels. Mussel farming by far generates the most significant income amongst the fisheries. During FGDs, common complaints expressed were that the fish catch has been declining as there seems to more fishermen who fish on commercial scale, and the mangrove areas are declining. 65. Most fishing income is from fish caught from the sea during the dry season at which time fishermen can get more fish to support their families and to sell to fish-buyers; in the rainy season they can find fish only from fresh water sources and only enough to support the daily demand of the family. 66. Fishing is of two types: (i) activities in shallow waters across the mangrove area, including rivers and streams, mainly carried out by fisher folks using small boats (engine and row boats) and those who fish by hand, particularly female or young gatherers (of snails, mussels and crabs), during low tide; (ii) activities in deeper, offshore areas away from the coastline, with fisherman fishing during night time using boats with larger big engines. Livelihood sources decrease during the wet season, since resources in the mangrove and at the low tide are less available due to higher amounts of fresh water influx resulting from heavy rainfall. Inshore fishing generates better catches with a better market value for the people in the areas, but fishermen complain about decline of marine resources attributed to use of modern fishing equipment. 67. In the dry season, fishermen are able to catch sufficient sea species for family income but in the rainy season, catch is much lower, attributed to the mix of salt and fresh water, and people are occupied with their paddy fields. Figure 14: Freshwater fish species

Order Family Scientific name Local name Osteoglossiformes Notopteridae Notopterus notopterus Trey Slat Hypsibarbus sp. Trey Chhpin Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Osteochilus hasselti Trey Kros Esomus longimanus Trey Changwa phlieng Clarias macrocephalus Trey Andaing Toun Clariidae Clarius batrachus Trey Andaing Roueng Siluriformes Bagridae Mystus multiradiatus Trey kanchos chhnoht Siluridae Ompok hypophthalmus Trey Ta aun Channa macropeltes Trey Chhdaur Channidae Channa striata Trey Phtuok/Raws channa Lucius Trey Khan Chorn Chey Perciformes Nandidae Pristolepis fasciata Trey Kantrawb Anabantidae Anabas testudineus Trey Kranh Belontiidae Trichogaster trichopterus Trey Kamphlieng Trichogaster pumila Trey Kroem tun Sai 22

Synbranchiformes Synbranchidae Ophisternon bengalense Antong Macrognathus siamensis Trey Chhlonh Source: Local interviews (2018)

Figure 15: Marine fish species

No Khmer Name Scientific name No Khmer Name Scientific name Trey Spung Sor Lutjanus 1 Trey Tok Ke Aethaloperca rogaa 10 Krorhorm argentinaculatus 2 Trey Ta-ok Arius sp 11 Trey Ang Keuy Lutjanus johnii 3 Trey Ta-ok Sor Carangoides sp 12 Trey Bos Tra Lutjanus russelli Trey Ta-ok Trey Kantuy 4 Caranx sp 13 Megalaspis cordyla Reoung Trey Kbok 5 Bobel Himantura sp 14 Mugil cephalus Kaoung Kang Lagocephalus Trey Chang 6 Kampot 15 Otolithes rubber spadiceus Koum Bei 7 Trey Spung Sor Lates calcarifer 16 Trey Kalang Scomberoides sp Trey Krorchok 8 Trey Krab Khnol Lethrinus nebulosus 17 Stolephorus indicus Krobei 18 Trey Sambou 9 Trey Kbork Liza waigiensis Gazza minuta Hea (Source: Local people interview, 2018) D.3 Social and cultural resources 68. Population. In 2016 statistics Ta Meakh village had 192 families (33 female head of families) with 827 people (421 females and 406 males). Ta Ok village had 87 families (9 female head of families) with 395 people (202 females and 193 males). Proteal village had 128 families (19 female head of families) with 461 people (229 females and 232 males). The average family size of Ta Meakh, Ta Ok and Proteal is four persons per family. Ta Meakh is the biggest of the three subproject villages in terms of households and population and Ta Ok village is the smallest. Figure 16: Population of subproject villages

Total No of Head No of No of Average Village Total pop families female females males family size Ta Meakh 192 33 406 421 827 4 Ta Ok 87 9 202 193 395 7 Proteal 128 19 229 232 461 4 Total 407 61 837 846 1,683

69. Poverty. PPTA focus group discussions (FGDs) provided recent estimates of poverty level in the three subproject villages. In Ta Meakh, the poor and very poor households (based on RGC criteria for poor and very poor households) comprised 55% of the total households. The FGD participants however claimed that the number of poor households has decreased over the past 10 years and that their standards of living have improved over time. The FGD participants perceived poverty as resulting from (i) drought; (ii) lack of savings and capital due to low income or indebtedness; (iii) spurious land sale; (iv) low level of education; (v) religious beliefs; (vi) poor financial management; and (vii) poor health. Local people also indicated land conflict between rich and poor, whereby poor people have relatively small plots for housing compared to richer people who have from 10 to 80 hectares of land for paddy and plantation. 70. There are several factors that contribute to poverty in the project area, including (i) lack of access to sufficient productive resources, e.g. land, livestock or alternative sources of

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employment, such as wage labor and off-farm income generating activities; (ii) lack of access to improved technology and reliance on enterprises with low productivity, e.g. single crop dry season rice cultivation, using traditional methods, scavenging livestock etc. and an absence of market oriented production; (iii) lack of basic health services, low levels of literacy and numeracy, poor access to markets, input supplies and a lack of technical, financial and marketing support services; and (iv) external shocks such as unusually severe floods and droughts, which can push people into poverty by destroying their productive assets. 71. Among this total, the project will target two main groups: (i) the poorest households who experience food shortages for 6-9 months a year, have little land, or even no land, few livestock and many dependents; and (ii) the poor who have slightly more resources but lack technology, knowledge and capital to improve their livelihood options. 72. Apart from there being more illiterate women than men in the three subproject villages, men have also achieved higher education than women. During FGDs, the view was expressed that women in the commune are mostly expected to do housework and to marry as soon as they find a prospective mate. Poverty was also cited as another reason why fewer women pursued higher education as well as distance. Families tended to invest more on educating male household members. Four key areas where gender roles are distinct are: (i) information technology - males are expected to be bearers of new knowledge or information; (ii) support services for production – where the women take over; (iii) community activities - women are expected to participate more than men; and, (iv) leadership positions – men are regarded to be leaders except in the Women’s Affairs group. In terms of accessing credit and buying assets, FGDs carried out at commune and village levels indicated that both men and women within families are involved in making the final decision. In terms of access to resources and decision-making, both men and women share access to land (including assignment of land titles) and forest resources, decision-making in crop production and resulting benefits from production, and social decisions such as schooling for children and anything to do with rituals and community celebrations. Figure 17: Domestic violence in subproject area (2008 - 2010)

Description 2008 2009 2010 Number of persons having domestic violence 74 families 28 families 35 families % families facing domestic violence 18% 7% 8% Domestic violence cases reported by village chiefs 36 cases 27 cases 23 cases Physical violence 12 cases 11 cases 8 cases Sexual violence 0 cases 0 cases 0 cases Where Mental violence 19 cases 11 cases 14 cases Household economic violence 5 cases 1 cases 1 cases # administrative decisions on domestic violence 31 cases 19 cases 17 cases % of administrative decisions on domestic violence 86% 70% 74%

73. Community health and safety. Villagers indicated that in the last few years’ children have faced many problems with dengue fever and some old people have had liver disease and diabetes. Sanitary latrines are in high demand amongst the villagers. Discussion with local people also indicated that there is no UXO in Ta Ok, Ta Meak and Proteal villages. Several unexploded weapons were found many years ago and were cleared by Cambodian Mine Action Centre. D.4 Physical and cultural resources 74. The subproject villages are largely Khmer and do not have indigenous communities. The proposed sea dyke routes are in areas currently used for rice cultivation or close to current 24

village dwellings. Important physical cultural resources in the villages or along the proposed sea dyke route were not identified during village interviews. E. SCREENING OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

75. Based on the detailed design together with the field validation and community consultation meetings, it is indicated that the potential environmental impacts related to the dike construction indicates that they are relatively minor when compared to the benefits resulting from the scheme operation. Environmental impacts are classified as they relate to three stages which are pre-construction, construction and operation stage. In this IEE, the potential impact had been screened for both negative and positive potential impact and mitigation are identified measures for each negative impact. 76. The potential environmental impacts have been screened and assessed based on the engineering design and location of the proposed alignment of the sea barrier. Fact finding in the field has been used to collect the information for the compilation of the REA. Based upon the results of the environmental and social field investigations, recommendations were presented to the relevant stakeholders and local communities in the subproject area on the potential environmental impacts that are exceeded to occur. The potential environmental impacts, mitigation measures for each impact which are recommended to reduce the impacts, are described in this chapter. 77. Potential impacts have been assessed by the initial identification of potential adverse and beneficial effects, identification of measures to mitigate potential adverse impacts, and determination of significance and likelihood of residual adverse effects after implementation of mitigation. The significance of potential adverse effects was based on subjective appraisal of magnitude, geographic extent, duration and frequency, reversibility of identified effects. Each environmental impact is described followed by recommended mitigation measures for the different project phases: pre-construction, construction and operation or implementation. E.1. Pre-construction phase 78. During the pre-construction or design stage, there is not significant impact on the environmental and social and cultural resources which is resulting from human activities. The activities related to the project alignment and research for preparing project design only. a) Project site and engineering design 79. The proposed dam site (Sea Barrier) is located on Coastal area in three villages, Ta meakh, Ta Ok and Proteal, Andoung Tuek commune, Botum Sakor districts, Koh Kong province. Even the project will not encroach on the agricultural land as well as residential area but it will be minor impact on the forest and wildlife habitat as well as fruit trees, due to land clearance for construction of dam, borrow pit, and other auxiliary components. 80. Mitigation measures: The dam height shall be minimized to reduce the flooded forest area and wildlife habitat of the Protected Forest for Biodiversity Conservation, and also flooding of existing rice field of the people in Andoung Tuek commune, Botum Sakor district, Koh Kong province. The alignment of the dike will be selected close to the existing dike or access road to reduce the disturbance impacts. This will also make it easy for maintenance. The protection of wildlife habitat and migration routes in the project area shall be included in the project engineering design such as shift the alignment and avoid flooded in the reservoir during the wet season through drainage structure. These drainage structures will be constructed as shown in the layout plan shown in the subproject description of this report. The subproject alignment has been altered to minimize impacts, the construction work will result in loss of 15 coconut tree. MOE will plant some grasses and trees (mangrove and melaleuca) along the dam embankment to stabilize the slopes and protect from erosion.

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b) Setting up construction camp 81. Construction site for workers’ camp and disposal sites will be temporarily created by the project contractor. The spoil materials from project preparation will also need temporary land. Contractors should check that the location for temporary premises will avoid farmland and forest area that all temporary locations have been restored or repaired at the end of construction. The construction staging areas, the setting up and operations of construction camps will have direct but short-term impacts on land use, water pollution, and worker and community health and safety. The occupation of land will have an indirect impact on and temporary change in land use. This impact will have low magnitude since it will be of short duration and will affect a limited land area. Worker accommodation and camps will generate wastewater from toilets, bathrooms and kitchen. Solid waste from the camp is another source of pollution and health hazard. Workers may also be at risk from malaria and dengue, unsanitary camp conditions, lack of clean water and sanitary facilities. 82. Mitigation measures: Developed or existing cleared private land should be preferred for temporary construction facilities and camps. For any private land, written agreement and appropriate compensation should be paid to landowners. This will eliminate the need for clearing. Camps should not be located on productive lands, at or near sensitive habitats and at least 300 m from local resident houses. Pollution prevention in construction camps will require the proper management of wastes by the contractor. This should include provision of septic tanks for wastewater effluents from toilets, bathroom and kitchen. The grey water from the septic tank should be treated in a settlement pond. . Discharge of wastewater into sewer or water body should conform with the standards set by the Sub-Decree on Water Pollution Control No. 27 ANRK.BK. Proper solid waste management should likewise be implemented. Waste bins for segregating waste should be provided within the camp with regular collection schedule. Waste should be segregated with recyclables sold to recyclers; organic wastes composted and non-recyclable wastes disposed in authorized disposal facilities or using local licensed solid waste service. Hazardous substances such as used oil and empty paint, busted lamps and spills from refueling and storage of oils will be segregated from the regular garbage and should be disposed through an authorized hazardous waste disposal facility. Oil spills and drips should be collected through an oil pit in the refueling and oil storage area. Protection of health and safety of workers in the camp is part of the contractors’ obligation. The contractor should provide safe, suitable and comfortable accommodation, kitchen, dining and sanitary facilities (toilet and bath); ample supply of clean water; first aid supplies and personal protected equipment (PPE) for workers. Camp surroundings should be kept clean to prevent breeding of insect vectors. A trained health and safety officer should be designated by the contractor to ensure the proper implementation of the environment, health and safety programs and induction and training of the workforce during the construction phase. For security and to maintain order in the camp and to avoid social conflicts with the local community, camp rules should be established and effectively disseminated to the workforce. These camp rules should address health, safety and security of workers and compliance with the EMP. The contractor should conduct training and orientation on environmental protection, grievance redress mechanism, Government’s environmental regulations and requirements, hygiene, health, first aid, safety and security. The Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) to be prepared by the contractor should present a detailed plan of the construction camp including the layout, the sanitary facilities, septic tank, drainage, access road, fuel storage, equipment yard and spill kits. The contractor should secure permits from the landowner, local government and other relevant agencies. All permits should be submitted with the CEMP to the MoE by the contractor prior to start of any construction activities. 83. Risk of land mine and UXO. The new Flap Gate and pipe culverts will be constructed in the new location however, the risks remain since there may be deep seated mines that could be exploded by heavy construction equipment. Consultation meetings with local communities are necessary to know clearly where there are risks of mines or UXO. Unsafe areas should be cleared before project implementation.

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84. Mitigation measures: De-mining shall be done before earth work, especially in construction site new access road and quarries. The project owner shall do good cooperation with local de-mining authority CMAC or other local de-mining agency to deal on this issue. E.2. Construction phase a) Soil erosion, sediment and access road 85. Soil erosion usually occurs during site clearing, embankment works and other earth moving works. When heavy rain comes, sediments are carried into ditches, culverts, nearby water bodies and adjacent lands. The contractor will be required to implement soil erosion control to minimize soil erosion and sedimentation of waterways. In addition to that, the accessed road to the project site is one of the major items to be considered for the arrangement of the project. Rehabilitation of the existing accessed road and bridges/culverts to the project sites need to be included in the engineering design of the project. The route for the existing accessed road to dam is about 1.242km. This existing road needs to be improved before dike construction for machinery movement. The impact resulting from the use of the access road will cause minor impacts to the natural resources (including land resources nearby the existing accessed road and about three to five non-productive coconut trees along the road while construction or machinery movement) due to the size and site selection based on the proposed accessed road size and alignment selection. 86. Mitigation measures: Construction activities shall be done during the dry season as far as possible to avoid potential soil erosion, Proper measures including compaction of soil, etc. will also be necessary to minimize soil erosion. Compacting and protecting exposed soil as much as possible and by replanting areas where the vegetation has been damaged. If needed, construction activities should be limited to the dry season. Removal of sediments (dredging) may be applied to maintain a certain water depth. Provide adequate cross drainage to avoid over flow or flooding and re-vegetation of erosion-prone areas. In addition to that, the existing accessed road will be used to reduce damage to existing trees and protective vegetation nearby this existing road as well as to avoid any risk to local people. The contractor will have to use good excavation machinery and other equipment with low pollutant emissions. There should be limited tree removal/cutting based on the engineering design. b) Impact on water quality 87. This impact is closely related to earth works mainly because of the excavated and backfill used as a material for construction and the excess soils dumped at disposal areas. The excavated and unsuitable soil will be dumped at proposed disposal area. The impact of the earth work on soil and water quality in small stream and downstream mangrove areas, however the impact is temporary. 88. Mitigation measures: The cutting of forest and earth works will be done in the dry season to reduce soil erosion and waste flushing into the water courses. If construction is not completed in dry season appropriate erosion and sediment control measures (retention pond and blue fine mesh cloth/plastic) shall be put in places to avoid sediment laden discharges from the site during the wet season. The project construction contractor will educate the workers not to dispose waste into the water course and provide adequate waste management facilities including sanitation latrines in the construction sites and camps. The contractor will make sure that all waste generated from humans and from construction activities will be properly collected and disposed in compliance with the solid waste management regulation or guideline of Cambodia. Water quality monitoring upstream and downstream of the small stream in the project site will be done regularly by visual (if necessary using turbidity meter) to ensure the quality of water during construction does not seriously impact on aquatic and terrestrial wildlife and human beings who use the water upstream of the project. c) Dust Dispersion impacts 89. Generation of dust is expected during earthworks and from hauling of construction materials to site. Dust pollution could be a nuisance to communities who live adjacent to the 27

site, especially during dry season. The dust will also affect aesthetics. 90. Mitigation measures: The Contractor will be required to formulate and implement a dust control program that includes spraying of water on access roads and work areas within villages close to the access road. Vehicles transporting materials will be covered with tarpaulin or similar material. Properly cover on the construction materials such as the cement, soil, and aggregate when transport it to the construction site. Control vehicle speed to less than 8 km/h in unpaved areas. Post the notice on the construction works and the speed limit sign in the construction site. d) Noise dispersion impacts 91. Similar to dust, operation of construction equipment and transporting materials will cause temporary noise and vibration. Communities close to work areas will be affected. The Contractor should consider proper scheduling of construction activities particularly in sensitive areas. Acoustic barriers or enclosures for working areas should be provided where required. 92. Mitigation measures: Vehicles and construction equipment have to be well maintained and checked for operational noise and vibration levels. Mufflers should be installed and maintained as necessary to meet these standards. The noise generated on site shall not be over the standard level of MOE, which is maximum 45 dB from 6am to 6pm,. If the noise is adversely affecting. of the surrounding development area, the contractor will take the opportunity to contact the Project Implementation Unit for consultation or solution. The construction and dredging activities in the urban area or near local resident should be limited to working hours and make good schedule for activities. The contractor has to make sure that the working schedule is already informed to local community prior commencement. Do not work during the nighttime and local communities will be informed for the construction schedule and provide noise protection to the driver where the noise level is excessively high. e) Public and workers health and safety 93. Construction staging areas for the workers’ camps, asphalt/concrete mixing stations and pre-casting yards, and spoil disposal sites will be set up by the project contractors. These construction staging areas will be temporarily set up during the construction phase. The contractor should see to it that sites for the temporary facilities will avoid farmland and that all temporary sites are restored or vegetated upon completion of the construction activities. 94. Mitigation measures: Prepare and adhere to safety management plan. The Contractor will follow all safety working standards. Tools and equipment will be provided to protect against any dangers to project staff/workers as well as to local people. Clean (treated) water supply will be provided to the workers and staffs to use for domestic consumption. Treatment and protection health affect will be provided, e.g. health facilities, medicines, and medicine/doctor for examination and treatment of workers and local people to avoid the spread of disease from one people to other people. Good collaboration with Kandoal health Center and Botum Sakor district, in Koh Kong province, and central levels to protect against any transmission of disease in and around the project area. Contractor will cooperate with police and local authorities to protect against drug use or, trafficking in and around the project area. The temporary housing, workshops and storage of materials should be proper managed and any disposal of petroleum products or other pollutions into ground water shall strictly be prohibited. The construction sites shall be properly delineated with warning signs to restrict/disallow unofficial and unnecessary access to the construction areas to prevent accidents and to prevent encroachment to areas outside the area of impact. The CEMP shall also include proper location of workers’ camp and provision of facilities for sanitation including latrine, clean water, wash area, kitchen and potable water among others. f) Material source and borrow area 95. Quarrying can have long term and permanent adverse impacts such as visual impairment (scarring), change in topography, consumption of resources, change in land use, increased susceptibility to erosion and siltation and alteration of natural drainage patterns. 28

Direct impact of borrow pits is clearance of vegetation, loss of soil resources and change in landform with indirect impacts of visual impairment, increased risk of erosion and siltation, threats to public safety, health hazards as accumulated water can serve as a breeding ground for insect vectors. 96. Mitigation measures: The selection of the aggregate material supplier should consider the legitimacy of the operations, i.e. licensed operator. Should the contractor opt to operate its own aggregate plant, reopening abandoned quarry sites or use the exiting quarry should be preferred over opening new quarry site. The contractor should include in the CEMP a material balance estimate for cut and fill material requirements and identify possible sources for fill materials and disposal sites for spoils. Only authorized or permitted sources of fill materials or quarries should be used as sources of these materials. In the event that a new quarry would be needed for fill materials, the contractor should submit a quarry development plan to the Project Implementation Consultant (PIC) together with the CEMP. g) Generation of wastes 97. During subproject construction, various wastes will be generated. Potential sources are wastes from construction workers, site clearing, excavation, dismantling of old structures and from other construction-related activities. If not properly managed, it will be affected the health and sanitation in the subproject area. Garbage dump area will serve as breeding ground for disease-carrying species. Waste may even clog the drainage system. Contractor should formulate and implement a Waste Management Plan where required as a result of construction and camp activities. 98. Mitigation measures: Contractor shall cooperate with MOE and local authorities within project site to organize and monitor the solid waste and wastewater, Contractor shall make/select an available dumpsite with appropriated location and number latrine for workers and staff should be suitable in accordance with waste management sub-degree. Provide sufficient garbage containers in the construction camps and at work site, regular disposal of wastes in an approved dumpsite or disposal site, provide sanitary facilities for workers which should be cleaned and maintained regularly. Upon completion of construction works, camps and work sites used should be restored to its original or better condition. h) Traffic congestion 99. Traffic congestion normally occurs during the transporting materials of project’s trucks and provide temporary access road for installing the drainage structures on major thoroughfares. Accidents inevitably happen also during construction. Some motorists drive at high speed and without lights at night time, construction equipment not properly park, construction wastes piled along roads and no warning signs on deep excavations. 100. Mitigation measures: The contractor should formulate Traffic Management Plan. This should include the following: (i) Install traffic/warning signs like “safety first” at the construction area including fences or enclosures (ii) orient drivers to drive at low speeds, especially in market, school, hospital, urban areas. (iii) keep the roadway or bypass accessible to commuters to avoid traffic jam (iv) park at designated area (v) Detour road should be provided and accessible to commuters (VI) Temporary access of equipment and trucks must be established and approved by the sub-district officials. i) Damage to forest and hunting of wildlife by contractor/workers 101. During construction when the construction workers are deployed at the site there is a risk that wildlife may be decimated by uncontrolled hunting of wildlife and also felling of trees for fuel-wood and construction of temporary shelters. 102. Mitigation measures: It is the responsibility of PPIU, PIU, provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology (PDWRAM), the community people and the local authorities to closely monitor the area during the construction period. Damage to forest and wildlife resources is prohibited and should be subject to penalties. and loss of employment. 29

E.2 Operation phase a) Over use and application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. 103. During the operation of the subproject excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides are anticipated in an effort to boost rice yields and to eliminate pests that inhibit rice production. The over use of these chemicals in the long term will be harmful to the physical and biological components of the environment as well as to the farmers and subproject beneficiaries. 104. Mitigation measures: The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) program aside from enhancing the resiliency of small-scale agriculture through introducing different high yielding drought variety of rice as well as flood, drought and salinity-tolerant crops also, will also include training on integrated pest management.

b) Deterioration of the dike and associated structures 105. During operational phase the dike through time is subjected to erosion and scouring during high rainfall events, sea level rise and river flooding. The most susceptive parts of the dike are the sea side embankment of the dike, box culverts and flap gates. 106. Mitigation measures: The proper management method needs to set up among the project beneficiaries under the evidence of local authorities and MOE/PIU/PPIU in order to operate and manage the dike in a sustainable and effective manner. The management committee will be established in line with the FWUC’s guideline of the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MOWRAM. c) Illegal deforestation and hinting activities resulting from access road improvement 107. The existing access road that will be used during the construction will be maintained or improved its condition same or better condition than before the subproject and this will permit local residents as well as outsiders to enter the areas adjacent to the dike more easily. These expected activities may pose a risk to increased deforestation (mangrove and melaleuca nearby the dike embankment) and hunting of wildlife resources (tiger-cat, money, otter) and harvesting of NTFPs (melaleuca and mangrove for firewood near the constructed sea dike). However, the existing access road will be used during the construction, which was built by previously by the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MOWRAM). 108. Mitigation measures: The community must closely monitor the natural resources within the Protected Area to detect any encroachment from improved access that is created to the area. Any violations by local residents must be acted on by the local commune authorities assisted by the MoE rangers and severe penalties imposed on those accused of these violations. In the case of the encroachment into the area by outsiders for any illegal harvesting of natural resources, then the local residents will immediately report this to the commune authorities/police who will seek assistance from rangers as well as district/provincial teams to arrest and apprehend the offenders and impose the full force of the law. Furthermore, signboards will be placed in the area as a warning to both local residents and outsiders of the severe penalties that will be imposed on any transgressions of the law. F. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

109. The environmental Management Plan (EMP) provides guidance for inspection, monitoring and mitigation measures for the Andoung Tuek sea barrier subproject during pre- construction/design, construction, and operation of the project. The EMP provides mitigation measures for each environmental impact identified, institutional responsibilities for the implementation of the EMP and cost of implementing the mitigation and enhancement measures. The Environmental Monitoring Plan includes the location where the monitoring activities will be undertaken during the pre-construction, construction period, the parameters to be monitored and frequency, responsibilities for implementation and verification, and the 30

estimated costs of implementation. 110. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) will be part of the technical specifications and therefore will take precedence in any conflict with the General Conditions and Contract. The EMP is a general guide for the contractor to follow. The successful Contractor shall update the Subproject EMP and prepare a Contractor’s Environmental Management Plan (CEMP). The CEMP shall include the among others include traffic management plan, workers’ camp and facilities, e.g. toilets and wash area, emergency response and first aid, public and workers’ environment, health and safety plan, specific details on the locations of storage facility for fuel, oil etc. construction materials the borrow areas, borrow roads, field office, parking area for heavy equipment. The CEMP must be submitted to the PIU-MOE for approval prior to commencement of construction works. 111. The EMP for the Andoung Tuek sea barrier subproject is summarized below. It presents the potential environmental impacts during the pre-construction, construction and operation of the subprojects, the corresponding mitigation/enhancement measures to reduce the negative impacts are recommended and the institutional responsibilities for the implementation and supervision as well as the costs of implementation are indicated. This is followed by the Environmental Monitoring Plan based upon the EMP.

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Table 10: Summary of EMP for Andoung Tuek sea barrier subproject

Institutional Responsibilities Cost Potential Project Activity Proposed Mitigation/enhancement Measures Estimates Environmental Impacts Implementing Supervising (USD) Pre-Construction  Prefer use of cleared land and avoid productive lands, at or near sensitive habitats  Provide comfortable accommodation, kitchen, dining and sanitary facilities (toilet and bath) with septic tank, ample supply of clean water, first aid supplies and PPE, solid waste management, and hazardous Camp will generate substances area. Setting up of waste from kitchen, toilet  Designate a trained health and safety officer Construction construction camp Contractor MOE/PPIU and fuel waste from  Conduct training for workers on environmental Cost construction materials. protection, grievance redress mechanism, Government’s environmental regulations and requirements, ADB requirements, hygiene, health, first aid, safety and security.  Camps area must be restored or cleaned to original condition after completed  Notify MoE about the project to ensure requirements are complete and required permits and clearances RGC approvals are secured prior to implementation. Consultant, EA MoE  Confirm approved IEE/IEIA report from MOE.

 The contractor(s) will develop a Contractor EMP that includes individual management sub-plans for: A. Spoil Site Management; B. Solid and Liquid Waste Management; Construction EMP C. Community and Occupational Environment, Construction Contractor MOE/PIU/PPIU (CEMP) Health and Safety and Emergency Response; cost D. Vehicles/trucks maintenance to reduce air pollution and oil leak; E. Construction Workers Camp Management (if required) 32

Institutional Responsibilities Cost Potential Project Activity Proposed Mitigation/enhancement Measures Estimates Environmental Impacts Implementing Supervising (USD)  The CEMP will include a map of each construction site, with copies held by the Contractor and PIU, showing as a minimum: a). storage areas for waste, b). Storage area for chemicals such as fuels, c) first aid kit and equipment used in emergency response, d) location of worker camps (if required).  De-mining shall be done before earth work, especially in construction site new access road and quarries. Risk to workers and UXO clearance  The project owner shall do good cooperation with local PIU/EA MoE Project Cost local people de-mining authority CMAC or other local de-mining agency to deal on this issue.  Establish the water quality prior to any construction Surface water Gather baseline works quality data on surface Surface water pollution PIU/EA MoE analysis water quality =200.00  Establish the air quality and noise levels prior to any Measurement Gather baseline construction works of air quality data on ambient air Air and noise pollution PIU/EA MoE and noise quality and noise levels levels =1,770.00 1. Establish GRM focal points within PIU and village Establishment and 2. Provide contractor with GRM contact details to be dissemination of used for : Contractor MoE/PIU Project cost GRM A. GRM sign boards B. GRM Contact Cards for Affected People

Land conflict with  Undertake full consultation with relevant Site selection PIC/PIU/EA MoE Project cost affected people authority and affected people to solve any land conflict issues. Construction  The access road alignments will be designed to Property damage and Construction Access road reduce damage or risk to natural resources such as Contractor MOE/PIU/PPIU trees lost cost shrubs, wildlife, aquatic fauna and flora, and to avoid

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Institutional Responsibilities Cost Potential Project Activity Proposed Mitigation/enhancement Measures Estimates Environmental Impacts Implementing Supervising (USD) any risk to local people as well as project worker’s health  The contractor will provide the drainage system, culvert and bridge when the access road across the natural creeks or stream  The contractor will plan to use good excavation machinery and trucks with low emission of pollutant.  Limited tree cut based on the cross-section design.  Replanting program for protecting dam  Construction activities shall be done during the dry season  Compacting and protecting exposed soil as much as possible and by replanting areas where the vegetation has been damaged. Soil erosion, sediment  Rip rap on erosion-prone area to prevent erosion Contractor Construction MOE/PIU/PPIU and tree lost  Removal of sediments (dredging) may be applied to cost maintain a certain water depth. Provide adequate cross drainage to avoid over flow or flooding and re- vegetation of erosion-prone areas.  Limited trees cut based on the detail design cross Clearing, grubbing section alignment and earth work  Minimize in-stream equipment use and entry of high- silt run-off during heavy rain from earthworks into streams; management protocols for handling and clean-up of fuels and other construction fluids.  The cutting of forest and earth works will be done in Construction Contractors the dry season. If construction is not completed in dry cost Reduced water quality season appropriate erosion and sediment control MOE/PIU/PPIU Water quality measures (retention pond and blue fine mesh analysis = cloth/plastic) shall be put in places. 400.00  Water quality monitoring upstream /downstream of the project site will be done regularly during construction.  Surface water quality analysis (bi-annual sampling)

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Institutional Responsibilities Cost Potential Project Activity Proposed Mitigation/enhancement Measures Estimates Environmental Impacts Implementing Supervising (USD)  Operate equipment based on timing agreed with Contractors nearby villagers Construction Village/ MOE/PIU/PPIU  Vehicles and construction equipment have to be well cost maintained and checked for operational noise levels, Commune vibration and gas emissions to meet standards,  Mufflers should be installed and maintained as necessary to meet these standards,  The noise generated on site shall not be over the standard level of MOE, which is maximum 45 dB from Increased noise level 6am to 6pm, and elevated air Construction  If the noise is adversely affecting of the surrounding pollution cost development area, the contractor will take the Contractors

opportunity to contact the Project Implementation Unit Village/ MOE/PIU/PPIU Measurement of noise and for consultation or solution, Commune  The construction and dredging activities should be air quality = limited to working hours (8:00 to 17:00 only). 3,540.00  Contractor will apply dust control program as spraying of water on access roads  Properly cover on the construction materials  Control vehicle speed to less than 8 km/h  Undertake measurement of air quality and noise levels  Contractor shall cooperate with MOE and local authorities within project site to organize and monitor the solid waste and wastewater,  Contractor shall make/select an available landfill with appropriated location and number latrine for workers Contractors Construction Generation of wastes and staff should be suitable in accordance with waste Village/ MOE/PIU/PPIU cost management sub-degree, Commune  Provide sufficient garbage containers in construction camps.  Camp should be restored to its original or better condition.

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Institutional Responsibilities Cost Potential Project Activity Proposed Mitigation/enhancement Measures Estimates Environmental Impacts Implementing Supervising (USD)  Prepare and adhere to safety management plan  The Contractor will follow all safety working standards. Tools and equipment will be provided to protect against any dangers to project staff/workers as well as to local people.  Clean (treated) water supply will be provided to the workers and staffs to use for domestic consumption.  Treatment and protection health affect will be Environment, Health and provided, e.g. health facilities, medicines, and Contractor Construction Safety of workers and medicine/doctor for examination and treatment of MOE/PIU/PPIU cost community members workers and local people to avoid the spread of disease from one people to other people.  Good collaboration with Andoung Teuk health Center and Botum Sakor district, in Koh Kong province, and central levels to protect against any transmission of disease in and around the project area.  Contractor will cooperate with police and local authorities to protect against drug use or, trafficking in and around the project area.  Install traffic/warning signs like “safety first” at the construction area including fences or enclosures  Orient drivers to drive at low speeds, especially in market, school, hospital, urban areas.  Keep the roadway or bypass accessible to commuters to avoid traffic jam Contractor Construction Traffic congestion MOE/PIU/PPIU  park at designated area cost  Detour road should be provided and accessible to commuters  Temporary access of equipment and trucks must be established and approved by the sub-district officials.  Provide flag men on the crossing road esp. NR 48. Removal of coconut  Funding will be provided to support for the replanting Contractor/ MOE/PIU/PPIU Project cost trees and some grasses of these trees and also revegetation. MOE/PIU/PPIU

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Institutional Responsibilities Cost Potential Project Activity Proposed Mitigation/enhancement Measures Estimates Environmental Impacts Implementing Supervising (USD)  Compensation will be provided following the market rates of ADB and governmental regulation. In case there is not compensation and contractor need to remove the coconut trees out of the original place. Construction Cultural resources  Actions defined in event of chance find Contractor MOE/PIU/PPIU cost  Collect from works or disposal and keep in approved disposal sites or give to community for reuse as firewood. Generation of waste  Gather waste cement packaging materials for such as wooden from recycling or disposal in approved disposal areas. works, cement Construction of  Prohibit burning of wastes. Construction packaging water from Contractor MOE/PIU/PPIU concrete structure cost transit mixers materials,  Prohibit the washing of cement transit mixer at the excess concrete from construction site including the disposal of excess transit mixers, and wash concrete into water bodies, canals or sewers.  Ensure compliance with the effluent standards under sub-decree on water pollution control No. 27 ANRK.BK 1999 prior to disposal of liquid wastes. The CEMP will include the following:  Ensure a safe place and good living environment…  Ensure adequate housing and waste disposal facilities including pit latrines and garbage cans.  A solid waste collection program must be established and implemented that maintains a clean worker camps.  The site where solid waste will be deposited must be Contractor Construction Workers’ Camp Solid and liquid waste MOE/PIU/PPIU agreed by DoE. If the working site has waste cost collection Company, the contractor should use this service.  Separate pit latrines for male and female workers away from worker living and eating area.  A clean-out or infill schedule for pit latrines must be established and implemented to ensure working latrines are available at all times. 37

Institutional Responsibilities Cost Potential Project Activity Proposed Mitigation/enhancement Measures Estimates Environmental Impacts Implementing Supervising (USD)  Worker camps must have adequate drainage.  Local food should be provided to worker camps. Guns and weapons not allowed in camps.  Use spoil disposal and borrow areas that are approved by Government  Locate borrow areas at least 300m from human settlement areas with a maximum depth of 2 meters. Operation of  Avoid quarries & spoil disposal sites that are Contractor Construction Borrow area and Dust, noise, soil runoff MOE/PIU/PPIU susceptible to soil erosion such as long and steep cost spoil disposal slopes and restore the spoil disposal sites within one month after closure.  The contractor should submit borrow area plan to MOE/PIU together with CEMP for approval Restoring areas  Contractor needs to restore areas used for temporary used for borrow Inadequate clean up facilities and return it bac to the community or local Construction Contractor MOE/PIU/PPIU areas and and rehabitation. authorities in pre-project condition. cost temporary facilities Operation Degraded water quality if  Avoidance of chemical fertilizers and pesticides as agrochemicals part of SRI protocols. (pesticides and  Implement community awareness programs on the Village/ fertilizers) are used detrimental effects of agrochemicals on the Operation Commune environment. costs  Encourage community to aware or apply organic fertilizers through integrated pest management training. Solid wastes may  Implement community awareness program on proper Village/ Operation become entrapped near solid waste management. costs the sea dikes. Commune Over use and application  Implement SIR and Capacity building on integrated Village/ Operation of chemical fertilizers pest management costs and pesticides. Commune

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Institutional Responsibilities Cost Potential Project Activity Proposed Mitigation/enhancement Measures Estimates Environmental Impacts Implementing Supervising (USD) Hunting wild animal and  Public awareness and patrol Village/ Operation encroachment on  Install signs indicating zones of protected areas and Commune costs forest/conservation area permitted uses.

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Table 11: Environmental Monitoring Plan

Responsibility Environmental Estimated Costs Location Method & Frequency Indicators Verification Implementation (USD) Pre-construction

Checking against mitigation Setting up construction Included in Camp site measures specified in this MOE/PPIU/PIU Contractor camp construction cost EMP and CEMP

Prior to commencement of CEMP MOE/PIU Contractor construction works Construction Phase Monthly checking against PPIU/PIU/ Included in mitigation measures specified NESS Surface water quality Construction sites Contractor construction cost = in this EMP, bi-annual surface 400.00 water quality analyses Construction sites Monthly checking against PPIU/PIU/ Contractor Included in mitigation measures specified NESS Air quality and noise construction cost = in this EMP, bi annual levels 3,540.00 measurement of air pollution and noise levels Construction sites Weekly checking against PPIU/PIU/ Contractor Included in Traffic mitigation measures specified NESS construction cost in this EMP Construction sites Monthly checking against PPIU/PIU/ Contractor Included in Solid and liquid waste mitigation measures specified NESS construction cost in this EMP Construction sites Monthly checking against PPIU/PIU/ Contractor Included in Biodiversity effects mitigation measures specified NESS construction cost in this EMP Implementation of Community Monthly checking against PPIU/PIU/ Contractor Worker and community Included in and Occupational Health and mitigation measures specified NESS health and safety construction cost Safety in this EMP

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Responsibility Environmental Estimated Costs Location Method & Frequency Indicators Verification Implementation (USD)

Contamination of water, Monthly checking against PPIU/PIU/ Contractor Included in soil, waste production Worker camp mitigation measures specified NESS construction cost and social issues in this EMP Damage on tree and Weekly checking against PPIU/PIU/ Contractor Included in hunting wild animal by Construction sites mitigation measures specified NESS construction cost workers/contractor in this EMP Operation Phase Over use and application Application of SIR methods PPIU/PIU/MoE/Village/ Contractor/DoE Included in the of chemical fertilizers and and integrated pest Commune implementation of pesticides management, bi-annual the SIR, Paddy and garden fields surface water quality analyses Water quality during the first year only analyses = 388.00

Deterioration of the sea Monitoring and management of PPIU/Village/ Subproject Dike and associated Included in the barrier the dike and associated Commune beneficiaries structures/facilities subproject operation facilities

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G. COST ESTIMATES

112. Costs of environmental mitigation/enhancement measures and monitoring activities proposed for the pre-construction/construction phase will form part of the contractor’s costs in his/her bid to undertake the construction of the subproject. Measures proposed in the operation and maintenance phase will be undertaken as part of the broader Project and be borne by the costs of implementation activities. 113. The estimated costs for staffing and mitigation/enhancement measures and monitoring activities during construction and operation presented in Table 16 below. The mitigation measures to be implemented during the construction and operation phase will be included in the construction contract of the contractor. Implementation of mitigation measures will be part of the construction costs and will be included in the Bill of Quantities (BOQ) as a monthly item for the implementation of the CEMP (see Table 16 below). Table 12: Cost Estimates for EMP and EMoP Implementation

Lab Cost Description Frequency Amount (USD) Total (USD) (USD) Pre-construction Baseline surface water one time 200 200 200 quality Baseline air quality and noise one time 1,770 1,770 1,770 levels Sub-Total 1,970 Construction Monitoring surface water Bi-annual quality (every 6 200 200 400 months) Monitoring air quality and Bi-annual noise level (every 6 1,770 1,770 3,540 months) Check to ensure that all safety prevention measures Monthly 0 and traffic signage are installed

Monitoring Fees for Visual inspection and check inspector all kind of material storage at 0 Monthly (1,800$/month x 9 16,200 construction sites and worker persons) camps. Visual inspection the solid waste disposal and waste Monthly management status, 0

biodiversity and forest effects, workers health. Sub-Total 20,140 Operation Monitoring water quality 2 (ground and surface) times/within 200 200 400 first year only Sub-Total 400 TOTAL 22,510

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H. Analysis of Alternative

114. During the demarcation activities carried out in September 2018 by the consultants, there were potential involuntary resettlement impacts on about five house structures and coconut trees located at the tail end of the proposed dyke in Ta Ok village (from PK2+441 to PK2+541), affected people (APs) requested realignment during the demarcation. 115. Further consultations were carried out, it was agreed that the conflicted subsection at chainage PK2+441 to PK2 + 541 in the red oval (in the Figure 18. There is no impact on villagers’ houses after the realignment. The villagers’ houses are approximately 15 to 25 m away from the proposed new dike. During the re-consultation, the participants confirmed that they strongly support the new proposed subproject and they hope to get benefit from the subproject through access road and the dike improvement. The appropriate re-consultation with clear alignment and demarcation at the proposed site was taken with right stakeholders particularly the APs then all conflicts can be solved and avoiding the impacts on people livelihood due to the affected private houses and land.

Figure 18: Layout of Andoung Teuk Sea Barrier Subproject

116. The following pictures shows the coconut trees and houses in the cancelled section and discussion between BCCP safeguards team and household owners in Ta Ok and Ta Meakh villages.

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I. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES

117. The overall responsibility for EMP implementation and compliance with loan assurances lies with the Executing Agency (EA), the Ministry of Environment (MoE) and Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (MAFF). The EA has established a Project Implementation Unit (PIU) based in Phnom Penh, responsible for general project implementation. The Implementing Agency in the province is the Provincial Department of Environment (PDoE). The EA in cooperation with the PDoE has established a Provincial Project Implementation Unit (PPIU) in each province, comprising relevant provincial government representatives as necessary including Provincial Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (PDAFF). 118. Summary of general responsibility of the key institution is in the Table 13. Table 13: Assigned authorities and responsibilities

Executing Agency Responsibility MoE will delegate its responsibility for day to day implementation to the General Department of Local Community (GDLC) as PIU. A PIU will be established under the GDLC, which will be responsible for: (i) technical oversight and policy guidance on implementation of project interventions in target communes with CPAs under its jurisdiction in Koh Kong province; Ministry of Environment (ii) administration of funds it receives for project activities at national level; (MoE) (iii) technical guidance to provinces on implementing the activities in CPAs and communes with CPAs; (iv) submitting technical and financial reports on project interventions that are implemented directly by GDLC establish and manage first generation imprest accounts; (v) jointly recruit GIC consultants with the GDLC. (vi) procure required contracts for subproject Management Roles and Responsibilities (i) Procure training services; (ii) Procure office equipment and vehicles; and Provide secretariat services to the NSC. (iii) Responsible for general project implementation, monitoirng and MoE Central Project reporting; Coordination (iv) Prepare and submit quarterly project progress report and semi- Unit (CPCU) annual safeguard report to ADB; (v) Establish GRM and report on GRM in periodic reports; (vi) GDLC will support the PPMUs in implementing GDLC activities in target communes and CPAs.

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Implementing Agency Responsibilities The PPIU (from environmental site) consists of three teams including the provincial GDLC Cantonment, provincial Protected Area (PA) and PPIU director's team. The PPIU implements project activities at provincial level through the GDLC Cantonment, provincial PA, and PPIU director's team. These include: Responsible for general implementation, monitoring and reporting ➢ for provincial subproject; Nominate person responsible for subproject environmental ➢ implementation, monitoring and support to PIU (Safeguard team) coordination and reporting on GRM; ➢ prepare community contracts ➢ develop CPA boundary marking Provincial Project ➢ develop CPA management plans Implementation ➢ implement and monitor on social safeguard, gender, and indigenous Units – PPIUs (PPIU for the ➢ environmental site) person activities monitor implementation of project activities ➢ report on progress of implementation; and ➢ liaise with the District Coordinators ➢

District Coordinators will be established within each participating District Coordinators district. The District Coordinators will assist in implementation at the district level. FA and MOE will appoint the two Co-Chairs of the NSC which will meet twice a year. The NSC will: National Steering review Project implementation progress; ➢ Committee (NSC) endorse Project annual work plans and budgets ➢ provide overall policy guidance on the implementation of the ➢ Project Financiers The PIUProvid provesid esfinan secretariatcing for the servi Projectce to costthe NSC. throug h an ADF Grant; ➢ Monitors project implementation arrangements, ➢ • Asian Development disbursement, procurement, consultant selection, and Bank reporting; Monitors schedules of activities, including funds flow ➢ Reviews compliance with agreed procurement procedures; ➢ Reviews compliance with Grant covenants; ➢ Monitors effectiveness of safeguard procedures. ➢ Project Implementation Management Roles and Responsibilities Organizations monitor project conformity with ADB anti-corruption policies; ➢ undertake a periodic review mission; and ➢ undertake midterm project review jointly with the Government. ➢

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Figure 18: Organisational structure for environmental management

ROYAL GOVERNMENT OF CAMBODIA

Ministry of Environment (MoE), Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and ADB Fisheries (MAFF)

Grant PIUs Implementation Consultants (GIC)

PPIUs

Stakeholders & Contractor Grievance Redress Committee

Beneficiary Communities

119. The detailed responsibility of the key institutions on environmental safeguards is shown in the below Table 14.

Institution During Pre-Construction During Construction During Operation  Ministry of Environment (MoE) and Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry (MAFF), responsible for ensuring the Executing implementation of the mitigation in the EMP and for ensuring compliance with loan covenants Agency  Good collaboration between the two ministries (the MoE & MAFF) for the Subproject’s compliance with the Government’s environmental safeguard requirements on IEIA and EMP implementation.  review Project implementation progress;  endorse Project annual work plans and budgets NSC  provide overall policy guidance on the implementation of the Project  Ensure coordinated and efficient project implementation including safeguard monitoring and EMP implementation.  Collaborate with PDAFF & Provincial Protected Area and relevant provincial agencies on matters PDoE concerning the environmental management of the Subproject. 46

 Work closely with EA and PPMU to ensure the efficient subproject implementation  Conduct inspections and spot checks to monitor the performance of the Contractor in  Update IEE & EMP implementing the C-EMP/EMP  Coordinate with Design Consultant to ensure the  Review & verify (through site incorporation of updated findings & mitigation visits) Monthly Environmental measures in design & bidding documents. Monitoring Reports (EMRs) of  Prepare the  Ensure EMP is part of the bidding documents, EMP Contractor Project’s Annual clauses are incorporated in bidding documents,  EMP implementation site visits EMR for contracts.  Review environmental quality submission to  Ensure MoE approval of IEIA Report has been monitoring results. ADB, until loan secured prior to awarding of civil works. closure or as PIU  Prepare the Project’s Semi-  Review contractor’s Construction EMP (C-EMP) Annual EMRs for submission to agreed. against ADB and IEIA requirements ADB.  Ensure all GRM  Establish GRM and making affected persons aware  Implement the GRM for complaints are of GRM focal points, contacts and procedures environmental issues closed out to  Conduct affected people consultation  Conduct appropriate affect person’s  Participate in training provided by the project consultation and monitoring of satisfaction implementation consultants (PIC) effect of construction on  Develop PIB and disseminate the PIB to all affected affected people people.  Participate in training provided by the project implementation consultants (PIC)

 Responsible for general implementation, monitoring and  Collate monthly EMRs of reporting for provincial subproject; Contractor, and submit to the PIU.  Nominate person responsible for subproject  Support reporting  Implement the GRM for environmental implementation, monitoring and requirements of environmental issues support to PIU (Safeguard team) PIU.  Conduct appropriate  Coordinate and collaborate relevant provincial  Ensure all GRM PPIU consultation and monitoring of agencies, as necessary complaints are effect of construction on closed out to  Support PIU-ESO (safeguard) affected people  Conduct affected people consultation  Participate in training provided affect person’s satisfaction  Establish health & safety baseline conditions in by PIC affected villages.  Spot checks to verify EMP  Establish GRM for Environmental Issues implementation  Participate in training provided by PIC  Provide technical  Provide technical advice/assistance to PIU and PPIU, advice/assistance on  Organize, prior to  Assist the PIU to update the IEE/EMP environmental requirement. project completion report  Review bidding documents, review C-EMP against  Assist PIU to prepare Semi- the EMP; confirm subproject readiness. Annual EMR for ADB, and (PCR) mission, a survey to assess  Ensure environmental considerations included in review of results of Detailed Design environmental effects community National satisfaction with  Environmental related training for PIU, PPIU, monitoring. Environment project contractors and other stakeholders  Environmental related training Consultant implementation for PIU, PPIU, contractors and (NEC)  Incorporate mitigation measures in design & bidding and EMP documents other stakeholders implementation  Incorporate EMP as part of bidding documents, EMP  Support PIU/PPIU with performance. appropriate consultation clauses in bidding documents, contracts Draft  Support PIU/PPIU with appropriate consultation  Site visits to check on environment  Assist the PIU to develop and disseminate the PIB to construction, EMP sections of the affected people and community. implementation and affected PCR. people, in collaboration with PIU  Review and clear updated IEE/EMP  Review Project EMRs. ADB  Review bidding documents and confirm readiness of  Carry out review missions subproject.  Appoint a qualified Environment Health and Safety (C-EHS) staff member to be responsible for EMP implementation and  Prepare a C-EMP that addresses as minimum the Contractor reporting requirements of the EMP.  Implement mitigation measures & conduct internal EMP implementation monitoring.  Prepare Monthly EMRs.

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J. REPORTING ARRANGEMENTS

120. The schedule for submission and review of environmental management and monitoring reports are: (i) During pre-construction/construction, there will be submission of weekly reports by contractor to the Provincial Project Implementation Unit (PPIU) safeguard monitoring entity, monthly reports from the PPIU monitoring entity to the PIU with the assistance of the Project NESS, quarterly progress report and semi-annual safeguard reports from the PIU to ADB. (ii) During operation and maintenance, the submission of annual monitoring reports by the commune to the PPIU and PIU safeguard monitoring entity with assistance of the NESS will continue and will focus on wildlife mortalities and health and safety incidences and outcomes. 121. Subproject monitoring results will be included in project semi-annual reports for submission to ADB. 122. Capacity Building and Training Program A training program is set out in below table which address the safeguard reporting and implementation requirements during construction. The engagement of a PIC will be critical to ensuring the capacity of the PIU and PPIU staff and to ensuring monitoring and reporting are managed effectively during implementation. This person will also work closely with the PIU Safeguard Officer (PIU-SO) in order to ensure safeguards are implemented and monitored. 123. The proposed training required for project implementation is set out in Table 15. Table 15: Capacity Building and Training Requirements

Subject/Content Participants Trainer Frequency Cost (US$)

EMP Development PIU, PPIU, PIC Once prior to and Implementation: Contractors construction

roles and responsibilities, monitoring,

supervision and reporting

Grievance Redress PIU, PPIU, PIC Once prior to Mechanism – roles Contractors, construction and responsibilities Commune

councils

Environmental PIU, PPIU, PIC Once during the Protection Pollution Contractors project control on construction construction sites (air, noise, wastewater, solid waste)

Environmental PIU, PPMU, PIC-ES Once prior to Monitoring – Contractors, construction monitoring methods, PMIC-Deputy data collection and Team Leader, processing, PMIC-CME reporting systems

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K. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE

124. Several public meetings and consultations were carried out at the provincial level and at the commune level with participation of the subproject beneficiaries of Andoung Tuek, and Kandoal communes. The 1st meeting was conducted on 22 June 2017 at the village compound (Ta Meakh village). Key persons of local authority, PIU and community chief and members were invited to participate in consultations. Key topics for FGD firmly focused on participants’ perception and understanding about the proposed subproject and its impact to their livelihood. There were 13 participants (1 female participant joined that consultation). 125. The second public consultation meeting was conducted on 4 July 2017 at Koh Kong provincial hall which is organized by MOE/PPIU/KKG. Forty-one (7 females) participants joined the consultation who included representatives from MoE/PIU and MoE/PPIU Koh Kong, KECC officers, provincial officials, Andoung Tuek commune officials, Botum Sakor CPA members and three villages’ residents. 126. The third consultation meeting was conducted on 3 August 2017 for KIIS at village compound. The consultant informed the purpose of the meeting to concerned stakeholders including seeking for socio-economic status, culture and sources of income. There were 27 representatives (13 female) from Andoung Tuek commune, Botumsakor CPA, Proteal, Ta Meakh and Ta Ok villages’ chief and beneficiary households participated in the KIIs. 127. Furthermore, the preparation of local community consultation should be continued for every stage of project design and implementation. Realistic impacts and issues will be updated and all impacts will be expediently mitigated. All such meetings encourage the full participation of the local communities. The name lists people met in line agencies, stakeholders and local authorities during the public meeting/consultation is attached as Annex 1. 128. The public consultations were conducted to inform the subproject beneficiaries and other stakeholders about the proposed subproject, detailed engineering design and the potential environmental and social impacts and issues during construction and during the operation and maintenance of the subproject. The consultation process was undertaken with recommendations, suggestions, and issues were gathered and incorporated into the EMP. The subproject beneficiaries were happy and welcome the project implementation. The results of the consultation/meeting activities are summarized in the table below. The detailed issues raised and approach to addressing these issues is summarized in below. Table 14: Summary of outcome of consultations

Issues raised including real and perceived Approach to addressing the issue as environmental issues suggestion - Strongly supports and very welcome the project - Provide all relevant data and information related and would like to see it implemented as soon as to rice production, land uses and water uses possible. within the project area. - Have been disseminated the Land Law, the - They are to minimize the impacts as much as right of registered land ownership and land possible within and nearby residential areas owner license around the project area (rice (mostly in and nearby markets, and if possible, field), there is need to access road for transporting the - Willingness to contribution and closely co- construction material on existing roads because operation with authorities and relevant there is have less than of paddy rice fields and stakeholders on providing land and trees along crops, etc. the project route within the project area, - Request to have enough of box culverts, pipe - At district, commune and village levels, they culverts and drainage structures due to in the believe that the impact on the social and past, there flooded existing in some places in environmental resources are small as this area, compared to potential benefits; - Closely cooperate with DOE on environmental - There will be impact on water quality at work pollution control and replanting of trees along the sites going downstream to the coastal area. alignment,

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Issues raised including real and perceived Approach to addressing the issue as environmental issues suggestion - Safety Plan will be developed by the contractor - No cutting of fruit trees and other nationally to avoid potential traffic accidents at road protected species of trees, crossing with National Road (NR) 48 and other - Contractor should closely cooperate with the road intersections to be used to transport local authorities to provide information about construction materials and construction wastes working place, project site and dike alignment, before commencement of works. workers’ camp and works schedule before - commencement of works to ensure the safety and security of the work area. - Regular watering to suppress dust dispersion during the dry periods.

129. On 11 September 2018, the 4th consultation meeting was conducted at the Ta OK pagoda located in Ta Ok village. This consultation meeting was organised by the PPIU, KECC and GIC safeguards team. There were 47 participants (18 women) including representatives from the MoE/PPIU, Andoung Tuek commune council member, chiefs of three mentioned villages, beneficiary households, the environmental and social safeguard specialist and engineering consultants. 130. On 5 October 2018, the 5th consultation or verification meeting was conducted at three segments of the dyke where the realignment have been done to avoid the impact of the project to their livelihoods. The participants were commune and village authorities, KECC, the GIC international environmental and national social safeguards specialist. As a result, all AP at the segments agreed with the new alignment under the evidence of local authorities. Under this evidence, those APs signed on the list (see annexes). 131. As a result, from above public consultation meetings, the sector stakeholders together with the project beneficiaries has understood and agreed on the following points as below: 1) Understanding the Andoung Tuek sea barrier subproject: The consultation participants understood the proposed subproject (the length of the dyke, its top and bottom widths, number of water gates and its culvers together with the land acquisition and some fruit trees need to be clear) and its potential benefits to their agricultural areas though description and explanation of proposed subproject and its detailed design by the GIC social safeguards specialist and KECC deputy team leader. However, 15% of participants still not clear about it, then they requested to see the demarcation. 2) Impact on the individual farming land: according to the map and its detailed design shown most of consultation participants together with local authorities (village chiefs and commune authorities) do confirm that the proposed subproject will be no impact to their individual farm-lands. Only 10 of consultation participants have indicated that it will be on their farm-land and their houses, therefore, they wish to see demarcation. 3) Field validation by the specialists and villagers: At the afternoon session, the project specialists together with local authorities and villagers conducted field validation based on the demarcation. As a result, most of villagers do confirm that there is no impact on their individual farm-lands due to the proposed subproject and then they are happy with the proposed subproject and they hope they will get benefits from the subproject such as the yield of agricultural production and yield of fresh water fish, but about 10 of consultation participants confirmed that their farm-land and their house will be lost due to the proposed subproject, so they do request to change the design. The following pictures shown the activities of public consultation and field validation in the Andoung Tuek sea barrier subproject. 4) Some challenges and potentials related to rice production: villagers and community people indicated that rice plant have been damaged by sea water influence for most of the years, so they wonder how the proposed sea dyke subproject can prevent the salinity. The expectation from the community people is that fresh water fish resources and rice production increase and then no sea water influencing. In addition, the mangrove tree around that area is maintained. 5) Specific norm or internal regulation for the Andoung Tuek Sea Dyke: Representatives of 50

national and provincial BCC project, KECC deputy team leader and GIC international environmental and national social safeguards specialists and local authorities did confirm that the specific norm or internal regulation is strongly required in order to operate and maintain the proposed subproject for a long-term use. This norm or internal regulation shall issue by the project (CPA) together with the local authorities in line with the regulation of Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MOWRAM) with allowing community people and villagers to operate and maintain the dyke in an effective and sustainable manner. The community consultation meeting has agreed that the specific norm or internal regulation shall establish, mainly for community people and villagers who normally have their farm land around the proposed subproject and furthermore this specific norm or internal regulation will accept by all stakeholders. 6) Management of the proposed subproject: The BCCP national manager, provincial coordinator, KECC deputy team leader and the GIC international environmental and national safeguards specialist and local authorities including commune and village level have raised the proposed subproject shall be managed by CPA in collaboration with the local authority in line with the specific norm towards avoiding clashes among beneficiaries. In this regard, the BCCP and local authorities together with the BCCP specialist need to assist in setting up the Farmer Water User Committee or Groups (FWUC/Gs) towards managing the proposed Sea Dyke. In addition, the BCCP also need to provide the training on FWUC/Gs roles and responsibilities to FWUC/Gs and villagers. This group will set up before the reconstruction of the Sea Dike. K.1 Public involvement in subproject design 132. Members of the consultant team visited Andoung Tuek commune in May and August 2013. Household surveys were also carried out in the three villages to capture socio-economic data on a sample of potential beneficiary households. Focus group discussions (FGDs) and community interviews were undertaken to support assessment of potential social, cultural and economic and environmental impacts of the subproject. Traditional representatives and local government officials including commune and village chiefs were consulted by safeguard specialists. Individuals met during site visits are listed below. Table 15: Individuals met in Andoung Tuek commune (May & August 2013)

Position Village M/F* Chief of commune Andoung Tuek M 1st Vice-chief of commune Andoung Tuek M 2nd Vice-chief of commune Andoung Tuek M Commune clerk Andoung Tuek M Commune council member Andoung Tuek F 3 Village leaders Ta Ok M Village Assistant Ta Ok M Chief of group Ta Ok M 7 Villagers Ta Ok F/M 4 Village leaders Prateal M 10 Villagers/farmers Prateal F/M 4 Village leaders Ta Meak M Village assistant Ta Meak F 6 Group leaders Ta Meak F 13 Villagers Ta Meak F/M

133. As Measures to further engage the community should include meetings early during implementation to gain public input into final designs, proposed construction activities and operation and maintenance and include activities to help ensure subproject benefits are shared

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by disadvantaged groups in the subproject area including the poor and very poor households, including female headed households. Participatory meetings should be held to ensure:  Further community input during construction and development of the dikes, such as direct employment of very poor and poor households in the village, including able women, and formation of a committee to be set up for operation and maintenance (O&M) of the sea dikes after construction with training provided to committee members on roles and responsibilities;  Beneficiary households, and village and commune authorities are encouraged to contribute to investment and operating costs, such as in-kind for poor households and in cash for better off households or a commitment of funds from annual village/commune budgets for major repairs or O&M work.  Women are encouraged to participate and even take up management roles in the committee that will be set up to manage the sea dykes as well as in O&M operations, with appropriate training provided either as part of the subproject investment costs or from the BCC Project.  Community input to mangrove planting, including establishment of a nursery, production of seedlings for planting along the sea dykes, and care and maintenance of the planted sites, through direct employment on paid labor basis of working-age members of very poor and poor households in the village, including women.  Protection of the proposed planted mangrove area by means of a commune-wide information, education and communication campaign to inform communities of subproject efforts and to dissuade any fishing or harvesting of trees.  Training and capacity-building under the subproject targets both men and women for activities such as O&M of constructed sea dykes and planted mangroves, nursery establishment and seedling production, improved rice and other crop production techniques.\ 134. Documents are to be disclosed to the affected community (subproject villages and Andoung Tuek commune), GDANCP, Provincial Project Implementation Unit (PPIU), environmental NGOs with an interest in the subproject and other national and sub-national entities that MOE and the PPIU feel ought to be included. 135. The following meetings in design-implementation stage, the stakeholders meeting at the provincial level, and public consultation meeting with villagers and local authorities were conducted. The stakeholders meeting was carried out in the provincial hall of Kog Kong, the meeting hold on o4 July 2017 (the meeting is also conducting together with RWHP selection in the community protected area). Furthermore, the consultation meeting was arranged at Andoung Teak commune. Local authorities with villagers in the three affected villages (ta Meah, Ta Ok, and Prateal) were invited to join this meeting, the meeting was hold on 01 August 2017 at Ta Meah village. K.2 Compliance to RCG requirements for public involvement and ADB consultation policy 136. Public involvement activities were undertaken in compliance with RGC and with the environmental and social safeguard requirements of and ADB. Public consultations and meetings were held at the commune level with the subproject beneficiaries and stakeholders to fulfill the ADB’s policy on public information and participation. L. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISMS

137. In Cambodia, there is currently no existing legally established system to resolve environmental concerns and complaints. The MoE and MAFF, as the EA of the BCC will establish the GRM. The setup shall be made before commencement of site works and have members from the PIU, Province, district authority and commune councils. Grievances can be filed in writing or verbally with any entry point of the GRM. The GRM contacts will be displayed on sign boards at the construction site, camp and in affected villages. The committee will have 15 days to respond with a resolution. The PIU’s Environment Safeguards Officer (at national level) will oversee the implementation of the mechanism with technical support by PIU’s environmental safeguard 52

consultants and will be responsible for keeping the PIU informed. The PPIU’s Environmental Safeguards Focal Point (at provincial level) will be responsible for ensuring GRM implementation at the sub-project level effectively. In addition, the environmental safeguards officer and focal point are appointed by the EAs.

138. The subproject grievance can be defined as an actual or perceived project-related problem that gives ground for complaint by an affected person (AP). As a general policy, all of the PPCR subprojects will work proactively toward preventing grievances through the implementation of impact mitigation measures and community liaison activities that anticipate and address potential issues before they become grievances. Nevertheless, during construction and operation it is possible that unanticipated impacts may occur if the mitigation measures are not properly implemented, or unforeseen issues occur. The GRM is a systematic process for receiving, evaluating and addressing project-related grievances voiced by APs. 139. Any person affected by the Andoung Teuk Sea Barrier subproject will be able to submit a grievance if they believe a subproject activity is having a detrimental impact on the community, the environment, or on their quality of life. The GRM will be made public throughout the public consultation process and will be maintained during operation and maintenance. 140. Informal Approach. Informally, an AP can lodge a complaint directly to the Contractor, during pre-construction and construction or the affected person can lodge complaint to village and commune authorities. Then the village and commune authorities organize the public meeting to resolve the complaints within the same day. The contractor will also immediately inform the MoE/PPIU of the complaint. If possible, the contractor will rectify the problem within one day of the complaint. If not, the AP can go to the district level or BCCP/PIMU. The MoE/PPIU/district will screen the complaint within one day of receipt. If the screening reveals the complaint as Project-related and valid, the Contractor will act within three days from confirmation that the complaint is valid, by PPIU, if the problem was not rectified immediately. For at least one week after confirmation of completion, the MoE/PPIU must monitor the effectiveness of the action/resolution taken. After which, MoE/PPIU will secure a written confirmation of satisfaction from the AP. 141. Formal Approach. In this case the GRM consists of four escalating levels, as shown below: • Village Level: A grievance is submitted by the AP to the relevant Village Head or Commune Head. The Village Head and Commune Head forwards the grievance to the relevant MoE/PPIU. The PPIU Coordinator records it in writing, investigates the validity of the complaint, identifies potential solutions with the relevant District Team, and informs the MoE/PPIU. The Village Head and Commune Head also investigate the complaint and then invites the AP and District Team to a meeting to attempt to resolve the grievance. In case of the complaint cannot address within 2 days, the AP can submit the complaint to the district level. • District Level: The District Administration investigates the complaint and then invites the AP, PPIU Coordinator and the District team to a meeting to attempt to resolve the grievance. If the complaint cannot be addressed within five days, the AP can lodge a complaint to the responsible provincial government agency which will generally be the MoE/PPIU. • Provincial Level: The MoE/PPIU will investigate the complaint and then invite the AP, National Project Director and Manager and PPIU Coordinator to a meeting to attempt to resolve the grievance. In any case that the complaint addressing is not accepted by the AP within 10 working days, then the AP can lodge the complaint to the national project management team called MoE/PIU.

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• National Level: The MoE/PIU investigates the complaint and then invites the AP, MoE/PPIU and contractors together with local authorities to a meeting to attempt to address the complaints within 15 working days. If the complaint cannot address within that time, the AP can submit the complaint to the judicial level. • Judicial Level: If the grievance remains unresolved the AP may advance the grievance to the judicial level for final resolution and settlement. All court fees will be borne by the Project. The AP may also choose to approach ADB under the Accountability Mechanism.1

1 The ADB Accountability Mechanism provides a forum where people adversely affected by ADB- assisted projects can voice and seek solutions to their problems and report alleged noncompliance of ADB's operational policies and procedures. It consists of two separate but complementary functions: consultation phase and compliance review phase. For more information see: https://www.adb.org/site/accountability-mechanism/main 54

Figure 19: Grievance Redress Mechanism - Formal Approach

Affected

Grievance

1. Village level (within 2 days) Redressed

Not redressed 2. District government level (within 5 days) Redressed

Not redressed

3. Provincial government level Redressed (within 15 days)

redressed Not

4a. Appeal to judicial level 4b. Appeal to ADB accountability mechanism

142. Grievance follow up: The relevant PPIU or PIU coordinators may contact the AP at a later stage to ensure that the activities continue to pose no further problems. IF there are remaining problems, the issue will be treated as a new grievance and re-enter the process. 143. Accountability mechanism of ADB: In addition, APs may always contact the Complaints Receiving Officer of ADB via the following address which wil be included in the subproject signboard: Complaints Receiving Officer, Accountability Mechanism Asian Development Bank ADB Headquarters, 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550, Metro Manila, Philippines (+632) 632-4444 loc. 70309/(+632) 636 2086 [email protected] 144. Confidentiality and Anonymity: An AP submitting a grievance may wish to Raise a concern in confidence. If the complainant asks the relevant PPIU or the PIU to protect his identity, it should not be disclosed without his/her consent. M. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

M.1 Findings 145. The Andoung Teuk sea barrier subproject in Koh Kong province is expected to have a positive impact and it will contribute to the economic growth within the project areas and in the whole province, especially in the Southern Coastal zone of Cambodia as well. However, some negative impacts will occur primarily during the construction and operation of the project, but for a short time only. There is no resettlement with any household need to move, there will also be provided an opportunity to improve the quality of life of these households.

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146. Significant benefits that will be generated from the project including, reducing the migration of the people to work outside, increasing rice production, vegetables and other cropping, and improving socio-economic condition in the project area. 147. Finally, all possible precaution procedure include appropriated mitigation measures will be taken account of in order to minimize negative impacts in which result from the construction and operation stage. The damage of soil and water quality and economic losses due to construction activities should be restored and properly compensated in accordance with the standard of development and agreement of the Government of Cambodia. Consequently, there is no detailed EIA study required and IEE report is regarded as the final environmental assessment report. M.2 Recommendations 148. Based on the site observation and assessment of the project area and potential impacts from project implementation, it is found that the project will provide many benefits directly in terms of improved livelihood and health, with reduced risk to life and properties. This subproject will be severing as agricultural purposes, however; the embankment of the dam it is available for the traveling of the commutes in the community, and with less travel time, after the project is completed. 149. During the construction phase, a number of temporary negative impacts (e.g. dust, noise, vibration, reduced air quality, road safety, worker’s safety, wastewater, solid waste, water contamination and traffic jam) will occur. However, those impacts can be minimized by the adoption of environmental control and mitigation measures. 150. To reduce impacts, the following approaches are recommended:  The environmental mitigation measures and environmental monitoring and management plan, as presented in the IEE report and the EMP enclosed in the bid documents must be implemented.  Good cooperation between all stakeholders, especially IA, EA and local authorities should be undertaken.  Consultation with the local community should be implemented so that IAs can update concerns and issues during project construction and operation.  Further investigations are needed with regard to developing a suitable design for the borrow pits so that these may provide a range of multiple uses for the villagers whose land has been excavated. The IEE has identified a range of potential impacts and determined suitable mitigation measures together with a monitoring program. Implementation of the proposed mitigation measures, the monitoring program and recommendation will avoid/reduce the impacts to acceptable levels. Hence no detailed EIA study is required for this project.

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REFERENCES Andoung Tuek Commune. 2012. Commune Statistics 2012. Andoung Tuek Commune. 2013. Investment Program 2013. ADB (Asian Development Bank) 2009. Safeguard Policy Statement. Policy Paper, June 2009. ADB (Asian Development Bank) 2009. Strategic Environmental Assessment of the Tourism Sector in Cambodia. Strengthening Sustainable Tourism. ADB GMS Environment Operations Center, Bangkok, Thailand. ADB (Asian Development Bank) 2010a. GMS Biodiversity Conservation Corridors (ADB R-PPTA 7459) Cambodia - Mondulkiri and Koh Kong Initial Environmental Examination 7 September 2010 APPENDIX 12. Draft Feasibility Report October 2010. ADB (Asian Development Bank) 2010b. Greater Mekong Sub-region Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Project (RRP REG 40253), Project Administration Manual, 5 November 2010. Bann, C. 1997. An Economic Analysis of Alternative Mangrove Management Strategies in Koh Kong Province, Cambodia. IDRC Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia, Research Reports. 58p. EB-MFF-Cam. 2013. Cambodia National Strategy And Action Plan 2014-2016. Executive Board of Mangroves for the Future Cambodia. EJF. 2006. Mangroves: Nature’s defense against Tsunamis— A report on the impact of mangrove loss and shrimp farm development on coastal defenses. Environmental Justice Foundation, London, UK. RGC (Royal Government of Cambodia) 1993. Royal Decree Protection of Natural Areas on 01-11-1993 RGC (Royal Government of Cambodia). 1996. Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management. RGC (Royal Government of Cambodia). 1999. Sub-decree 72.ANRK.BK Environmental Impact Assessment Process. RGC (Royal Government of Cambodia). 2002. Royal Decree Forestry Law 31-08-02 RGC (Royal Government of Cambodia). 2008. Natural Protected Areas Law 0208-007-08 M. Kosal. 2004. Biodiversity of Cambodia’s Wetlands. In Torell, M., AM Salamanca and BD Ratner (eds.) Wetlands Management in Cambodia: Socioeconomic, ecological, and policy perspectives. Worldfish center Technical Report 64. 55p. McIntosh, D., and E. Ashton 2004. Principles for a Code of Conduct for the Management and Sustainable use of Mangrove Ecosystems. World Bank, the International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems, Centre for Tropical Ecosystems Research Aarhus (2004). MoE (Ministry of Environment) and Danida. 2012. Environmental Management of the Coastal Zone Project Executive Summary Cambodia Shoreline Management Strategy Rizvi, A.R. and Singer, U. (2011). Cambodia Coastal Situation Analysis, Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 58 pp. Royan, A., Lyon, M., Irwin, R., Ward, E., Belle, E.M.S. & Fanning E. 2010. Fauna and flora diversity studies in Botum Sakor National Park, Cambodia: April 2005 - September 2009. Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research Report 4. The Society for Environmental Exploration UK and DNCP. USAID 2010. Cambodia MSME 2/BEE Project Wild Honey Bee Follow-up Survey in Koh Kong. USAID/DAI Contract No. EEM-I-00-07-00009-00/04. (Update) Commune Database in 2015 of Cambodia.

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ANNEXES

ANNEX: 1 Andoung Tuek Sea Barrier Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist

Instructions:

(i) The project team completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to the Environment and Safeguards Division (RSES), for endorsement by Director, RSES and for approval by the Chief Compliance Officer.

(ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and Indigenous Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and participation; and (d) gender checklists.

(iii) Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Country/Project Title: CAMBODIA-GMS Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Project-G0426-CAM-(SF)

Sector Division: Andoung Tuek Sea Barrier Subproject. Srae Ambel, Koh Kong Province

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks A. Project Siting Is the Project area adjacent to or within any of the following environmentally sensitive areas?

. Cultural heritage site  The sub-project is located within the community development zone, no . Legally protected Area (core zone or buffer zone)  wetlands and special area for protecting biodiversity. The proposed dike alignment . Wetland  runs parallel along the estuarine and small and medium (35cm to 50cm) coconut . Mangrove  frees were noted and need to cut.

. Estuarine Control of turbidity, silt and sediment  deposition included in the EMP of the subproject . Special area for protecting biodiversity 

B. Potential Environmental Impacts Will the Project cause…

. impairment of historical/cultural areas; disfiguration of landscape or potential loss/damage to physical cultural  resources?

. disturbance to precious ecology (e.g. sensitive or protected areas)? 

. alteration of surface water hydrology of waterways Mitigation measures are provided in the resulting in increased sediment in streams affected by  EMP of the subproject increased soil erosion at construction site?

. deterioration of surface water quality due to silt runoff Mitigation measures are provided in the and sanitary wastes from worker-based camps and  EMP of the subproject chemicals used in construction?

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Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . increased air pollution due to project construction and During the construction mitigation operation?  measures are provided in the EMP of the subproject . noise and vibration due to project construction or During the construction, Mitigation operation?  measures are provided in the EMP of the subproject . involuntary resettlement of people? (physical displacement and/or economic displacement) 

. disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable  groups?

. poor sanitation and solid waste disposal in construction Mitigation measures are provided in the camps and work sites, and possible transmission of  EMP of the subproject communicable diseases (such as STI's and HIV/AIDS) from workers to local populations?

. creation of temporary breeding habitats for diseases Mitigation measures are provided in the such as those transmitted by mosquitoes and rodents?  EMP of the subproject

. social conflicts if workers from other regions or Contractor shall prioritize hiring of workers countries are hired?  from the local commune

. large population influx during project construction and operation that causes increased burden on social infrastructure and services (such as water supply and  sanitation systems)?

. risks and vulnerabilities related to occupational health Contractor shall prepare the risks and and safety due to physical, chemical, biological, and vulnerabilities related to occupational radiological hazards during project construction and  health and safety plan and will be included operation? in the CEMP

. risks to community health and safety due to the Contractor shall prepare the community transport, storage, and use and/or disposal of materials  health and safety plan and will be included such as explosives, fuel and other chemicals during in the CEMP construction and operation?

. community safety risks due to both accidental and Contractor shall prepare the community natural causes, especially where the structural health and safety plan will be included in elements or components of the project are accessible to the CEMP members of the affected community or where their  failure could result in injury to the community throughout project construction, operation and decommissioning?

. generation of solid waste and/or hazardous waste? Contractor shall prepare a solid waste and  hazardous waste management plan will be included in the CEMP . use of chemicals?  Mitigation measures are provided in the EMP of the subproject . generation of wastewater during construction or Mitigation measures are provided in the operation? EMP of the subproject

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A Checklist for Preliminary Climate Risk Screening

Country/Project Title: CAMBODIA-GMS Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Project-G0426-CAM-(SF) Sector: Andoung Tuek Sea Barrier Subproject. Srae Ambel District, Koh Kong Province Subsector: Division/Department: MOE/PIU/PPIU

Screening Questions Score Remarks1 Location and Is siting and/or routing of the project (or its components) likely Design of to be affected by climate conditions including extreme 1 project weather related events such as floods, droughts, storms, landslides? Would the project design (e.g. the clearance for bridges) need to consider any hydro-meteorological parameters (e.g., sea- 1 level, peak river flow, reliable water level, peak wind speed etc)? Materials and Would weather, current and likely future climate conditions 0 Maintenance (e.g. prevailing humidity level, temperature contrast between hot summer days and cold winter days, exposure to wind and humidity hydro-meteorological parameters likely affect the selection of project inputs over the life of project outputs (e.g. construction material)? Would weather, current and likely future climate conditions, 0 and related extreme events likely affect the maintenance (scheduling and cost) of project output(s) ? Performance of Would weather/climate conditions, and related extreme 0 The projected climate change in project outputs events likely affect the performance (e.g. annual power Koh Kong Province include production) of project output(s) (e.g. hydro-power generation increase in rainfall events and facilities) throughout their design life time? flooding as well as prolonged periods of droughts Options for answers and corresponding score are provided below: Response Score Not Likely 0 Likely 1 Very Likely 2 Responses when added that provide a score of 0 will be considered low risk project. If adding all responses will result to a score of 1-4 and that no score of 2 was given to any single response, the project will be assigned a medium risk category. A total score of 5 or more (which include providing a score of 1 in all responses) or a 2 in any single response, will be categorized as high risk project. Result of Initial Screening (Low, Medium, High): Medium

Other Comments:______Prepared by:

Annex 2: Meetings with Government Agency and NGO personnel

1 If possible, provide details on the sensitivity of project components to climate conditions, such as how climate parameters are considered in design standards for infrastructure components, how changes in key climate parameters and sea level might affect the siting/routing of project, the selection of construction material and/or scheduling, performances and/or the maintenance cost/scheduling of project outputs. 51

Name Position Organization MENG Monirak National Program Coordinator: BCC Project Ministry of Environment MAR Vuthy Deputy Chief of Forest Resources Assessment & Forest Administration, MAFF Social and Economic Impact Center Dr. Sok Heng Director of Institute of Forest & Wildlife Research Forest Administration, MAFF & Development LEDECQ Thibault Conservation Program Manager WWF-Cambodia Mark Wright (Dr.) Eastern Plains Landscape Manager WWF-Cambodia Tom Clements Country Director WCS Cambodia Dr. Alex Diment Senior Technical Advisor WCS Cambodia Kong Kimsreng Senior Program Officer IUCN Cambodia Sun Kong Field Coordinator IUCN Cambodia Ouk Kunka Provincial Program Management Advisor NCDD Hiek Sophan District Program Management Advisor NCDD Huot Piseth Deputy Cluster MoE, Mondulkiri Kep Kat Director FA, Mondulkiri Keo Sopheak Chief of MPF FA, Mondulkiri Narong Field Coordinator WCS Cambodia

Field Environmental Assessment for project design (01.August.18) N0 Name Sex Position/Role Village Phone 01 Kheang Ying M Chief of Commune Andoung Tuek 016732773 02 Nork Ram M Community Fisheries Chief Ta Meakh 0712267878 03 Son Buthoeung M Village Vice Chief Ta Meakh 0717127272 04 Ou Hout M Member of village Ta Meakh 05 Brak Chhoeun F Villager Ta Meakh 06 Tin Chin M Member of community fisheries Ta Meakh 0967633069 07 Ty Lean F Villager Ta Meakh 097756631 08 Khoun Ny F Villager Ta Meakh 09 Rin Net F Villager Ta Meakh 088391259 10 Mao Y F Villager Ta Meakh 11 Gneab Chiv M Villager Ta Meakh 0885022624 12 Rin Kim F Villager Ta Meakh 13 Phat Min M Villager Ta Meakh 0977188791 14 Cheay Kao M Village Chief Ta Ok 0973355286 15 Net Eng M Member of village Ta Ok 16 Ky Than F Villager Ta Ok 17 Teing Bou M Villager Ta Ok 18 Som Phan M Village Chief Prateal 0889347788/0 15775797 19 Sat Vanna F Villager Prateal 20 Chea Bunly M Student Prateal 21 Roeun Samrang F Businesswoman Prateal 22 Thy Pit F Villager Prateal 23 Nheak Nou F Villager Prateal 24 Hearn Phok M Villager Prateal 0718253399 25 Nhea Nhek F Villager Prateal 26 Chhum Neiy F Villager Prateal 0889972375

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ANNEX 3: Environmental Standards for Cambodia

(1) Ambient Air Quality Standards

Source: Sub-decree No. 42 ANRK.BK on Air Pollution Control and Noise Disturbance, MoE 2000. Standard Parameter Averaging Period Unit Value Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 24 hours mg /m3 0.1 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 24 hours mg /m3 0.3 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 8 hours mg /m3 20 3 Ozone (O3) 1 hours mg /m 0.2 Lead (Pb) 24 hours mg /m3 0.005 TSP 24 hours mg /m3 0.33 PM 2.5 (use WHO value in Cambodia) 24 hours mg /m3 0.025 PM 10 (use WHO value in Cambodia) 24 hours mg /m3 0.05

(2) Ambient Noise Standards Source: Sub-decree No. 42 ANRK.BK on Air Pollution Control and Noise Disturbance, MoE , 2000 and WHO. Bold highlights most stringent standard to be followed. Standard Time Period Areas National Standard (24 hours) WHO Community Noise (dB(A)) (dB(A)) Day time RES: 55 (serious annoyance) RES: 60 (from 6:00am to RES: 50 (moderate annoyance) RES: Residential Area MIX: 75 6:00pm) I&C: 70 (hearing impairment) MIX: Mixed Residential Evening Time and Small Industries RES: 50 RES: 55 (moderate annoyance) (from 6:00pm to Area MIX: 70 I&C: 60 (hearing impairment) 10:00pm) I&C: Industrial and Night time Commercial RES: 45 RES: 45 (moderate annoyance) (from 10:00pm to MIX: 50 I&C: 60 (hearing impairment) 6:00am)

(3) Surface Water Quality Standard Referring to Sub-decree No. 27 ANRK.BK on Water Pollution Control, MoE, 1999, the standards of water quality are divided as follows:

Effluent standard for pollution sources discharging wastewater to public water areas or sewer Allowable limits for pollutant substance discharging to No Parameters Unit Protected public water area Public water area and sewer 1 Temperature 0C < 45 < 45 2 pH 6 – 9 5 - 9 3 BOD5 ( 5 days at 200 C ) mg/l < 30 < 80 4 COD mg/l < 50 < 100 5 Total Suspended Solids mg/l < 50 < 80 6 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l < 1000 < 2000 7 Grease and Oil mg/l < 5.0 < 15 8 Detergents mg/l < 5.0 < 15 9 Phenols mg/l < 0.1 < 1.2 10 Nitrate (NO3 ) mg/l < 10 < 20 11 Chlorine ( free ) mg/l < 1.0 < 2.0 12 Chloride ( ion ) mg/l < 500 < 700 13 Sulphate ( as SO4 ) mg/l < 300 < 500 14 Sulphide ( as Sulphur ) mg/l < 0.2 < 1.0 15 Phosphate ( PO4 ) mg/l < 3.0 < 6.0 16 Cyanide ( CN ) mg/l < 0.2 < 1.5 17 Barium ( Ba ) mg/l < 4.0 < 7.0 18 Arsenic ( As ) mg/l < 0.10 < 1.0 19 Tin ( Sn ) mg/l < 2.0 < 8.0 20 Iron ( Fe ) mg/l < 1.0 < 20 21 Boron ( B ) mg/l < 1.0 < 5.0 22 Manganese ( Mn ) mg/l < 1.0 < 5.0 23 Cadmium ( Cd ) mg/l < 0.1 < 0.5 53

24 Chromium ( Cr )+3 mg/l < 0.2 < 1.0 25 Chromium ( Cr )+6 mg/l < 0.05 < 0.5 26 Copper ( Cu ) mg/l < 0.2 < 1.0 27 Lead ( Pb ) mg/l < 0.1 < 1.0 28 Mercury (Hg ) mg/l < 0.002 < 0.05 29 Nickel ( Ni ) mg/l < 0.2 < 1.0 30 Selenium ( Se ) mg/l < 0.05 < 0.5 31 Silver ( Ag ) mg/l < 0.1 < 0.5 32 Zinc ( Zn ) mg/l < 1.0 < 3.0 33 Molybdenum ( Mo ) mg/l < 0.1 < 1.0 34 Ammonia ( NH3 ) mg/l < 5.0 < 7.0 35 DO mg/l >2.0 >1.0 36 Polychlorinated Byphemyl mg/l <0.003 <0.003 37 Calcium mg/l <150 <200 38 Magnesium mg/l <150 <200 39 Carbon tetrachloride mg/l <3 <3 40 Hexachloro benzene mg/l <2 <2 41 DTT mg/l <1.3 <1.3 42 Endrin mg/l <0.01 <0.01 43 Dieldrin mg/l <0.01 <0.01 44 Aldrin mg/l <0.01 <0.01 45 Isodrin mg/l <0.01 <0.01 46 Perchloro ethylene mg/l <2.5 <2.5 47 Hexachloro butadiene mg/l <3 <3 48 Chloroform mg/l <1 <1 49 1,2 Dichloro ethylene mg/l <2.5 <2.5 50 Trichloro ethylene mg/l <1 <1 51 Trichloro benzene mg/l <2 <2 52 Hexaxhloro cyclohexene mg/l <2 <2 Remark: The Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery shall collaborate to set up the standard of pesticides which discharged from pollution sources.

Annex 4 of Sub-decree on Water Pollution Control

(4) Water Quality Standard in public water areas for bio-diversity conservation Source: Sub-decree No. 42 ANRK.BK on Water Pollution Control, MOE, 1999. a) River Standard Parameter Unit Value pH mg/l 6.5 – 8.5 BOD5 mg/l 1 – 10 Suspended Solid mg/l 25 – 100 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 2.0 - 7.5 Coliform MPN/100ml < 5000 b) Lakes and Reservoirs Standard Parameter Unit Value pH mg/l 6.5 – 8.5 COD mg/l 1 – 8 Suspended Solid mg/l 1 – 15 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 2.0 - 7.5 Coliform MPN/100ml < 1000 Total Nitrogen mg/l 1.0 – 0.6 Total Phosphorus mg/l 0.005 – 0.05

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Annex 5: Public Consultation/meeting for Andoung Teuk Sea Barrier Subproject

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Annex 6: List of Participants of the Public Consultation/meeting for Andoung Teuk Sea Barrier Subproject

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Annex 7 - MoE Letter of Approval for Andoung Teuk Sea Barrier subproject

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Annex 8 - MoE Letter of Approval for Andoung Teuk Sea Barrier subproject

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