ARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT

toboggan held 16 persons. The inclined rail- Amusement Parks way was 80 feet high with a 50 percent grade to the surface of a large body of water. 1001. Carousel patent was granted on July 1006. Roller coaster with a loop-the-loop 25, 1871, to Willhelm Schneider of Davenport, was a centrifugal railway invented by Edwin IA. It was a two-story carousel and not very Prescott of Arlington, MA, who received a successful or practical. patent for it on August 16, 1898. It was known as Boyton’s Centrifugal Railway and was 1002. Roller coaster was invented by installed at the amusement park on Coney Lemarcus Adna Thompson, a former Sunday Island, NY (now part of New York City), in school teacher, and put in operation in June 1900. It had a 75-foot incline and a 1884 by the L.A. Thompson Scenic Railway 20-foot-wide loop. Company at Coney Island, NY (now part of New York City). It traveled along a wooden 1007. Skee-ball alley was built in 1914 by and steel track 450 feet long at a speed of six the National Skee-Ball Company of Coney miles per hour. The cars started from a peak Island, New York City, and the first battery and ran downgrade, the momentum carrying was operated by William A. Norwood in April the cars up an incline. The passengers got out, 1914 at the Coney Island amusement park. the attendants pushed the train over a switch 1008. Theme park was Santa Claus Land, to a higher point on a second track, and the a Christmas-themed park in Santa Claus, IN, passengers returned. The highest drop was founded by retired businessman Louis J. only 30 feet. Thompson obtained a patent on Koch. The park, which opened on August 3, January 20, 1885, on a roller-coasting struc- 1946, offered rides, food treats, an antique toy ture and another patent on December 22, collection, and a wax museum, as well as a 1885 on a gravity switchback railway. The Santa Claus impersonator. The name was first high-speed roller coaster was The changed to Holiday World in 1984. Cyclone, which opened at Coney Island on June 26, 1927. Its one-and-a-half minute ride hit speeds of up to 60 miles per hour. Art 1003. Mechanized shooting gallery that was fully automatic was invented in 1890 by 1009. Cave paintings known to have been Charles Wallace Parker of Abilene, KS, whose made in what is now the United States were first sale was made to Leon Brownie of Hous- painted in caves near the Pecos River in ton, TX. southwest Texas circa 1970 B.C.E. The caves had been inhabited for more than 3,000 years 1004. Ferris wheel was invented in 1892 when the paintings were made, and continued by George Washington Gale Ferris, a railroad to be inhabited until the arrival of the Span- and bridge engineer. It was erected on the ish in the 16th century. The date of the Midway at the World’s Columbian Exposition paintings was established using a technique in Chicago, IL, in 1893. It consisted of 36 cars, developed by Marvin Rowe, Marian Hyman, each capable of holding 60 passengers. The and Jon Russ of Texas A&M University that highest point of the wheel was 264 feet. The separates organic materials in the paint from total weight of the wheels and cars was 2,100 inorganic substances in the rock. tons, of the levers and machinery 2,200 tons, and of the passengers per trip 150 tons. 1010. Artist to come to America was Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues, a cartographer 1005. Shoot-the-chutes was built by Cap- attached to the French Huguenot expedition tain Paul Boyton and opened on July 6, 1895, to Florida under René Goulaine de Laudon- at the amusement park at Coney Island, NY nière. They sailed from Havre de Grace, (now part of New York City). Each passenger France, on April 20, 1564, and reached Flor-

1 1011–1021 Famous First Facts ida (then called New France) on June 22, mon, “The Blessed Hope,” published in remaining until September 20, 1565, when Boston, MA, in 1701 by Timothy Green for the Spanish destroyed their settlement and Nicholas Boone. killed its inhabitants. Le Moyne’s work con- sisted principally of scenic and historical 1016. Pastelist was Henrietta Johnston of views. Charlestown, SC, who was active between 1707 and 1720. She worked with colored 1011. Painting of an American scene by chalk. Her subjects were principally colonial a European painter was painted near what women of South Carolina. Her most cele- is now St. Augustine, FL, on June 27, 1564, by brated piece of work, done in 1718, was a Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues, a cartographer portrait entitled His Excellency Robert who accompanied the French Huguenot expe- Johnson Captain General, Governor and Com- mander-in-Chief in and over His Majesty’s dition to Florida under René Goulaine de Province of Carolina. Laudonnière. The work, titled Laudonnierus et Rex Athore ante Columnam a Praefecto 1017. Painter to obtain a public commis- Prima Navigatione Locatam Quamque Vener- sion was Gustavus Hesselius. His painting antur Floridenses, was painted in gouache The Last Supper, an oil on canvas, 117.5 and metallic pigments on vellum. It shows inches wide and 35 inches high, was commis- Laudonnière being welcomed by a party of sioned on September 5, 1721, by the Vestry of Native Americans led by Chief Athore. St. Barnabas’ Church, Queen Anne’s Parish, Prince Georges County, MD. It was put in 1012. Artist in the English colonies was place as an altarpiece on November 26, 1722. the English painter and cartographer John Hesselius was paid “£17 currt. money” for the White, who came to North Carolina in 1585 as painting and installation. It was also the first part of Sir Walter Raleigh’s expedition. He important commission in America for a paint- recorded Native American life in his paintings ing with more than one figure. and made maps of the coast as far south as Florida. He returned in 1587 as governor of 1018. Mezzotint engraving was a portrait Raleigh’s Roanoke colony, which disappeared of Cotton Mather about 13.5 by 10 inches, while White was back in England getting sup- made by Peter Pelham in 1727. plies. Among the vanished colonists was 1019. Artist of importance to be born in Virginia Dare, the first child of European America was John Singleton Copley, the descent known to have been born in America, great portraitist, who was born in Boston, who was White’s grandchild. MA, in 1738, and emigrated to England in 1774. He painted many of the prominent peo- 1013. Woodcut was a likeness of the ple of his era, including Samuel Adams, John Reverend Richard Mather, the leader of Con- Adams, John Quincy Adams, John Hancock, gregationalism in the Massachusetts Bay and the King and Queen of England. He is Colony, made just prior to his death in April credited with more than 269 oil paintings, 35 1669. The engraver, John Foster, cut away crayons, and 14 miniatures. from the surface of a flat wooden block those parts which were to appear white in the print, 1020. Historical print engraved in Amer- leaving the actual design in raised outline on ica was A Prospective Plan of the Battle the block. The print was 5 by 6 inches. Fought Near Lake George, which presented a bird’s-eye view showing the march of troops at 1014. Self-portrait from the English colo- the left, the camp and battle at the right, and nies known to exist was painted circa 1670 by Forts William Henry and Edward in the upper Captain Thomas Smith, a Puritan mariner of right-hand corner. It was a hand-colored line Boston, MA. The painting, in a style taken engraving by Thomas Johnston after a paint- from Dutch portraiture, shows Smith resting ing by Samuel Blodget, and was printed by his hand on a skull, which in turn rests on a Richard Draper in Boston, MA, in 1755. poem that discusses Smith’s own death. 1021. Caricature was Nathaniel Hurd’s The True Profile of the Notorious Doctor Seth Hud- 1015. Engraving of any artistic merit son, published in 1762 in Boston, MA. It was a line-engraving copperplate portrait of depicted Dr. Hudson in the pillory and Howe, Increase Mather, made in 1701 by Thomas his assistant, at the whipping post, in punish- Emmes. It was used as a frontispiece to a ser- ment for forging paper money.

2 Arts and Entertainment 1022–1034

1022. Commercial artist who was success- 1028. Lithograph was A Water Mill, by ful was Matthew Pratt, who painted Bass Otis of Philadelphia, PA, published July signboards in Philadelphia, PA, in 1768. From 1819 in the Analectic Magazine. 1764 to 1768 he had been an art student in London, where he studied under the American 1029. Painting movement was the Hudson expatriate artist Benjamin West. River School, a group of American landscape painters who were active between 1825 and 1023. Engraving to achieve popularity 1875. Their main subject was the Hudson River Valley and other grand vistas of the was The Bloody Massacre Perpetrated in King American landscape. Among the most impor- Street, Boston, on March 5, 1770, which was tant members of the school were Thomas Cole, engraved, printed, and sold by Paul Revere. It Albert Bierstadt, Asher Brown Durand, Sam- depicted the shooting of five Americans in uel Finley Breese Morse, and Frederic Edwin Boston, MA, by British troops—the famous Church. Boston Massacre—and has appeared in count- less children’s textbooks and general works on 1030. National organization of artists American history. was the National Academy of Design, whose first president was the inventor and artist 1024. Artist of American birth to head Samuel Finley Breese Morse. It was organized the Royal Academy of London was Ben- on January 18, 1826, by 15 members of the jamin West, who became president of the New York Drawing Association, which had Royal Academy on March 24, 1792, succeeding been formed on November 8, 1825, in New Sir Joshua Reynolds. Born on October 10, York City. 1738, near Springfield, PA, he went to Italy in 1760 for three years of study and afterward 1031. Etcher of skill was William Dunlap of settled in London, where he gained fame as a New York City, a painter who studied under painter of historical subjects. In 1772 he Benjamin West in London and whose success became historical painter to King George III. in 1830 inspired others to practice the art of etching. He was also a prominent playwright 1025. Professional illustrator was Alex- and historian. ander Anderson of New York City. A trained 1032. Marble statuary group was The physician, he was also a highly skilled wood Chanting Cherubs, designed in 1830 by Hora- engraver who illustrated hundreds of books, tio Greenough for James Fenimore Cooper. periodicals, and newspapers. The earliest The subject was suggested by a portion of a engravings of Anderson’s to be published Raphael painting but incurred hostility appeared in 1794 in Arnaud Berquin’s chil- because of the nudity of the figures. dren’s book The Looking-Glass for the Mind. Anderson’s engraving of Father Time 1033. Sculptor to obtain a federal com- appeared on the cover of the Farmer’s Alma- mission was John Frazee. A federal appropri- nac in various forms and re-engravings for ation of $400 was granted to him on March 2, 190 years. 1831, for a bust of John Jay for the Supreme Court, Washington, DC. 1026. Professional portrait painter who was African-American was Joshua 1034. Sculptor of renown was Hiram Pow- Johnson (or Johnston), a free man, possibly a ers of Vermont, who got his start as a sculptor former slave, who worked in Baltimore, MD, in a waxworks museum. His chief sculptures between 1795 and 1825. More than 80 of his were produced from 1835 to 1873. In addition portraits are known to exist, most of them to neoclassical statues entitled Eve Disconso- depicting individuals or families from the late, Greek Slave, Proserpine, Il Penseroso, A city’s mercantile elite. Californian, and An American, he made busts of George Washington for Louisiana, of John 1027. Landscape painter of renown was Caldwell Calhoun for South Carolina, and of Thomas Cole, born in 1801 in England and Daniel Webster for Boston. His busts of Ben- recognized as the founder of American land- jamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson were scape painting. The leader of the Hudson installed in the Capitol in Washington, D.C. Valley School of artists, Cole specialized in He also made busts of John Quincy Adams, painting the scenery of New York State. His Andrew Jackson, Chief Justice John Mar- later works were often done in a grandiose shall, Martin Van Buren, and other neoclassical style. distinguished Americans.

3 1035–1045 Famous First Facts

1035. Art magazine of merit was The Illus- 1041. Native American art exhibition of trated Magazine of Art, which contained importance was the Exposition of Indian “selections from the various departments of Tribal Arts, a traveling show assembled by painting, sculpture, architecture, history, artist John Sloan and writer Oliver La Farge biography, art-industry, manufactures, scien- in 1931. The highlight of the show was the col- tific inventions and discoveries, local and lection of Navajo textiles of the Classic Period, domestic scenes, ornamental works, etc.” It worth up to $1,000 apiece at the time. The was published by Alexander Montgomery in first major museum show of Native American New York City from January 1853 to Decem- art took place in 1940 at the Museum of Mod- ber 4, 1854. The first issue contained 60 ern Art, New York City. pages. 1042. Exhibition of the Mona Lisa in the 1036. Chromolithograph was made in United States took place on January 8, 1962, 1861 of John Banvard’s painting The Orison, in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, which depicted the interior of the St. Eustace DC. The painting, Leonardo da Vinci’s mas- convent in Italy. It was 16 by 24 inches and terpiece of 1506, was owned by the Louvre, in was chromolithographed by Sarony, Major Paris. The loan of the painting was arranged and Knapp. Proofs were $10, prints $5. by First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy and André Malraux, the French minister of culture. On 1037. Halftone engraving was made by the first day, 2,000 dignitaries were allowed to Stephen Henry Horgan and appeared in the view the painting. The exhibition was opened New York Daily Graphic on March 4, 1880. It to the public on January 9 and received was entitled Scene in Shantytown, NY. The 518,535 viewers during its three-week stay. basis of the invention was a screen gradated The Mona Lisa was then moved to the Metro- from transparency to opacity. politan Museum of Art in New York City, where it was seen by 1,077,051 visitors. 1038. Abstract paintings by a modern art- ist were the work of Arthur Dove, born in 1043. Major solo show of work by an Geneva, NY. In 1910, he created a series of six African-American artist was a 90-piece exi- paintings on linen, such as Nature Symbol- bition of the paintings of Henry Ossawa ized, No. 1, that took their inspiration from Tanner, co-sponsored by the National Collec- landscape but showed no clearly recognizable tion of Fine Arts and the Frederick Douglass representational forms. Institute. It opened in Washington, D.C., in 1969 and traveled to seven other major Amer- 1039. Modern art exhibition of importance ican museums. Tanner painted genre scenes opened at the 69th Regiment Armory in New depicting African-American life and scenes York City on February 17, 1913. The contro- from the Bible. versial exhibition, organized chiefly by the American modernist painter Arthur Bowen 1044. Light sculpture created with a cit- Davies, scandalized the public with such yscape was Night/Light, created by artist avant-garde works as Marcel Duchamp’s James Pelletier to commemorate the centen- Nude Descending a Spiral Staircase. More nial of the invention of the light bulb by than 250,000 visitors received their first look Thomas Edison. The sculpture involved a at paintings by Paul Cèzanne, Paul Gauguin, dozen office buildings along the East River Vincent van Gogh, Edward Hopper, Henri waterfront in lower Manhattan, each of which Matisse, John Marin, Charles Sheeler, and was provided with a pattern of windows to others. illuminate. The result, which lasted for three hours on the night of October 21, 1979, was a 1040. Cover of the Saturday Evening display of geometrical forms that were Post by Norman Rockwell appeared on the reflected in the river. issue dated May 20, 1916. It depicted a boy pushing a baby carriage past a group of jeer- 1045. Sale of an American painting at a ing pals. Rockwell, a native New Yorker who price comparable to that of European became famous for his anecdotal scenes of paintings took place at an auction at small-town American life, painted 319 more Sotheby’s, in New York City, on December 1, covers for the magazine. The last appeared in 1999. The painting was Polo Crowd, a 1910 1963. work by George Bellows. The buyer was

4 Arts and Entertainment 1046–1055

Microsoft founder Bill Gates, who paid to England, Germany, and, in 1905, Russia, $27,502,400, a record price for a painting by where she met her greatest success. Her only an American artist. important tour of the United States, in 1922, was a complete failure.

1051. Ballet choreographer of interna- Dance tional renown to work in the United States was George Balanchine, born Georgi Meilito- 1046. Ballet performed in the United novitch in 1904 in Russia. Balanchine States took place in Charleston, SC, in 1735. defected from the Soviet Union in 1924 to join An English dance company led by Henry Holt Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes. performed The Adventures of Harlequin and He settled in 1933 in New York City, where he Scaramouche and The Burgomaster Trick’d at cofounded the School of American Ballet with the Exchange Building. Lincoln Kirstein. In 1948 he became artistic director and principal choreographer of the 1047. Professional American dancer was New York City Ballet. Balanchine’s works, of John Durang of Lancaster, PA, a multi-tal- which there were more than 100, were noted ented entertainer renowned for his dancing, for their abstract themes and simplicity of acting, directing, stage managing, clowning, movement. puppeteering, and acrobatics. He began per- forming in 1784 in Philadelphia, PA, and 1052. Modern dance troupe that was traveled extensively with dance and theater all-male was Ted Shawn and His Men Danc- companies and circuses. His star turn was ers, founded by dance pioneer Ted Shawn in “Durang’s Hornpipe,” a dance to music writ- Becket, MA. The lead dancer was Barton ten by Franz Hoffmeister. Mumaw. Shawn was the choreographer. Their first performance took place in Boston, MA, in 1048. Ballerina in the United States was March 1933. Until 1940, when the group dis- Suzanne Vaillande, also known as Madame banded, they toured extensively in the United Placide. In 1792 she danced in a season of bal- States and overseas. lets and pantomimes staged by her lover, the impresario Alexandre Placide, at the John 1053. Ballet on an American theme by an Street Theatre in New York City. American choreographer that was set to American music and performed by an Ameri- 1049. Tap dancer of renown was William can ballet company was Billy the Kid, a work Henry Lane of Providence, RI, an Afri- depicting the violent career of the Western can-American entertainer who went by the folk hero. The choreographer was Eugene Lor- stage name Juba during the 1840s. Billed as ing of Milwaukee, WI. The music was “The Wonder of the World, Juba . . . the King composed by Aaron Copland. The ballet was of All Dancers,” Lane derived his tapping style first performed at the Chicago Civic Opera by combining fast steps from jigs and reels House on October 9, 1938, by Lincoln with West African giouba, a kind of Kirstein’s Ballet Caravan. step-dance. He was the first African-American to headline a troupe of white dancers. Bill 1054. Theater designed for dance “Bojangles” Robinson, born Luther Robinson performances was the Ted Shawn The- in Richmond, VA, in 1878, was the first atre, designed by Joseph Franz and built at dancer to bring tap into modern stage and Jacob’s Pillow, Shawn’s dance retreat in film entertainment. Becket, MA. It was built of pine with a smooth maple floor. The first performance was given 1050. Modern dancer was Isadora Duncan, there on July 9, 1942. born Angela Duncan in 1878 in San Francisco, CA. She trained in classical ballet, but 1055. Copyright registered for a choreo- rejected it in favor of a personal, freely inter- graphic score was presented on microfilm by pretive style, often based on Greek classical Hanya Holm, New York City, and registered art, that attempted to synthesize music, on February 25, 1952, as an unpublished dra- poetry, and natural imagery into a symbolism matic-musical composition. It was a complete of movement. She preferred to dance barefoot, score of her choreography for Cole Porter’s wearing a loose, flowing tunic and scarves. In musical comedy Kiss Me, Kate, which opened 1899 she left the United States and traveled on December 30, 1948, at the Century The-

5 1056–1061 Famous First Facts ater, New York City. The score was recorded Literature in Labanotation, the notation system invented by Rudolf Laban. 1058. Book written in America was A 1056. Ballet transmitted by satellite to be True Relation of Such Occurrences and Acci- dents of Noate as Hath Happened in Virginia shown in the United States was the Royal Since the First Planting of That Collony, Ballet’s “The Royal Ballet Salutes the U.S.A.,” printed for I. Tappe in 1608 in London. The hosted by Gene Kelly from Covent Garden, author was Captain John Smith, who used the London, and broadcast over WNEW-TV, New pseudonym Th. Watson. A plain, unadorned account of hardships, it is generally regarded York City, at 8 P.M. on July 22, 1978, and at 3 as more reliable than his later work A Gener- P.M. on July 23. The program was a Metrome- all Historie of Virginia (1624), which includes dia Television–British Broadcasting Company the romantic, and possibly fabricated, tale of his rescue by Pocahontas. television coproduction and was sponsored by the Irving Trust Company. 1059. Poetry translation prepared in America was made by George Sandys, trea- 1057. Powwow at the National Mall in surer of the Virginia Company, who made his Washington, DC, was held over the weekend translation while he was a member of the English colony at Jamestown, VA. His trans- of September 14–15, 2002, near the construc- lation of Ovid’s Metamorphoses was published tion site of the National Museum of the in 1626 in London as Ovid’s Metamorphoses American Indian. The event was a contest of Englished, Mytholized and Represented in Figures. A second edition was published in traditional dance, with more than 400 partici- 1632, to which was added a translation of Vir- pants of all ages competing in eight gil’s Aeneid. categories. Drumming accompaniment was 1060. Poetry collection by an American provided by Black Lodge (Blackfeet) and poet was Anne Dudley Bradstreet’s volume Cozad (Kiowa) drummers. The event was Several Poems compiled with great variety of organized by George Horse Capture, a curator Wit and Learning, full of delight; wherein especially is contained a compleat Discourse, at the museum. and Description of the Four Elements, Consti- tutions, Ages of Man, Seasons of the Year, together with an exact Epitome of the Three first Monarchyes, Viz. The Assyrian, Persian, Grecian, and beginning of the Romane Com- mon-wealth to the end of their last King: With diverse other pleasant & serious Poems. By a Gentlewoman in New-England. The book was published in Massachusetts in 1640. Brad- street was born in Northampton, England, circa 1612 and came in 1630 to Massachu- setts, where her husband later served as governor. 1061. Book published in America was the Bay Psalm Book, printed by Stephen Day of Cambridge, MA, the first colonial printer. Its full title was The Whole Booke of Psalmes, Faithfully Translated into English Metre whereunto is prefixed a Discourse declaring not only the lawfullness, but also the necessity of the heavenly ordinance of singing scripture psalmes in the Churches of God. The book, 5.5 by 7 inches, contained 296 pages and was pub- An Indian powwow. lished in July 1640. It was a new metrical

6 Arts and Entertainment 1062–1070 version of the psalms, a revision of those of 1066. Story serialized in a newspaper Sternhold and Hopkins. Seventeen hundred appeared in Samuel Keimer’s Pennsylvania copies were printed and sold for 20 pence Gazette in Philadelphia in 1729. It was enti- each, netting a profit of almost £80. This was tled “Religious Courtship” and was written by also the first hymn book published in Daniel Defoe, author of Robinson Crusoe. It America. was reprinted from his book of the same title, published in 1722 in London. 1062. Children’s book was John Cotton’s catechism Milk for Babes, Drawn out of the 1067. Translation of a classic was Marcus Breasts of Both Testaments, Chiefly for the Porcius Cato’s Moral Distichs Englished in Spiritual Nourishment of Boston Babes in Couplets, which was translated by James either England: But may be of like use for any Logan, president of the Council and chief jus- children, printed by Stephen Day in Cam- tice of the province of Philadelphia. It was bridge, MA, 1641–45. printed and sold in 1735 by Benjamin Frank- lin, Philadelphia, PA, for one shilling. It 1063. Book intended for circulation in consisted of 24 pages of precepts of morality the English colonies was Martin Luther’s and moral apothegms. An announcement in Little Catechism, translated into the Algonk- the pages of the Pennsylvania Gazette of ian Native American language in 1656 by December 11 and December 18, 1735, stated Johannes Campanius, a clergyman, who dedi- that it was “very proper to be put into the cated it to King Karl X Gustav of Sweden. It Hands of Young Persons.” contained 132 pages of text and 27 pages of dictionary. About 600 copies of the book were 1068. Poetry collection by an Afri- printed in 1696, 40 years later, in Stockholm, can-American writer was Poems on Various Sweden, by Thomas Campanius Holm, Cam- Subjects, Religious and Moral by Phillis panius’s grandson. The title was Lutheri Wheatley, published in London in 1773 and Cathechismus oswersatt pä American-Virgin- dedicated to the Countess of Huntingdon. iste Sprätet. It was intended for missionary Wheatley was born in Africa, possibly in Sene- work among the Native Americans in the col- gal, about 1753. She was kidnapped by slavers ony of New Sweden, in what is now New as a child and taken to Boston, MA, where she Jersey and Delaware, and also contained a became personal servant to the wife of tailor small vocabulary in the Algonkian language. John Wheatley. She began to write in English at the age of 13. Her first poem, “An Elegiac 1064. Poetry collection by an American Poem on the Death of George Whitefield,” was poet who was a man was New Englands published in 1770. Crisis, or a Brief Narrative of New Englands 1069. Novel by a writer born in America Lamentable Estate at present, compar’d with the former (but few) years of Prosperity. Occa- was The Life of Harriot Stuart, by Charlotte sioned by many unheard of Crueltyes practised Ramsay Lennox, published in two volumes in upon the Persons and Estates of its united Col- London in 1751. The author, whose father was onyes, without respect of Sex, Age or Quality of a British army officer, was born in 1720 in Persons, by the Barbarous Heathen thereof. New York State and moved to England at the The author was Benjamin Tompson, who was age of 15. This novel, her first, was a semiau- graduated from Harvard College, Cambridge, tobiographical romance. Samuel Johnson, the MA, in 1662. This work, a 31-page book of eminent English writer and lexicographer, poems about King Philip’s War, was published was a personal friend of hers, and celebrated in 1676 in Boston, MA. It was printed and sold the book’s publication by throwing an by John Foster. all-night party. 1070. Philosophy book printed in Amer- 1065. Poem to be printed in a newspaper ica was Elementa Philosophica: Containing was “The Seminary at Quebeck,” a Latin poem Chiefly, Noetica, or Things Relating to the published on December 24, 1705, in the Bos- Mind or Understanding: and Ethica, or ton News Letter. It was four lines long and Things Relating to the Moral Behaviour, by described a fire whose flames engulfed a Samuel Johnson. It contained 103 pages and church: Gallica crux aequam flammam sentive was printed in 1752 in Philadelphia, PA, by coacta est. Benjamin Franklin and D. Hall.

7 1071–1080 Famous First Facts

1071. Published literary work by an Afri- 1076. Bibliography of Americana in can-American was “An Evening Thought. English was Bibliotheca Americana; or a Salvation by Christ with Penitential Cries: Chronological Catalogue of the most curious Composed by Jupiter Hammon, a Negro and interesting books, pamphlets, state papers, belonging to Mr. Lloyd of Queen’s Village, on etc. upon the subject of North and South Amer- Long Island, the 25th of December, 1760,” ica, from the earliest period to the present in published as a broadside in 1761. Hammon, print, published in 1789 in London for J. though a slave, was educated by a minister, Debrett. It contained 271 pages and included Nehemiah Bull, and himself served as an introductory study on the state of litera- preacher. ture in North and South America.

1072. Work of satirical fiction was a 1077. Novel by an American writer to be 16-page pamphlet by Francis Hopkinson enti- published in America was The Power of tled A Pretty Story, Written in the Year of Our Sympathy or the Triumph of Nature Founded Lord 1774 by Peter Grievous, Esquire, in Truth, dedicated “to the young ladies of ABCDE. Velunti in Speculo. It was a political America.” It was printed in 1789 in Boston, satire on the administration of the British col- MA, by Isaiah Thomas and Company and sold onies in North America and the causes of the at the company’s bookstore, 45 Newbury American Revolution. It was printed in Will- Street. Publication was announced in the iamsburg, VA, in 1774 by John Pinkney, for Independent Chronicle of January 21, 1789. the benefit of Clementine Rind’s children. The novel appeared in two volumes of 138 and 158 pages. No author’s name appeared on the 1073. Novel by an American writer to first edition. Later editions bore the name of be translated into a foreign language Mrs. Sarah Wentworth Apthorp Morton, but was Adventures of Alonso: Containing Some literary scholars attribute the novel to Will- Striking Anecdotes of the Present Prime Minis- iam Hill Brown. Brown, the son of a Boston ter of Portugal (Sebastião José de Carvalho e clockmaker who had emigrated from England, Mello, Marquis de Pombal) by “A Native of was a friend of the Apthorp family and embar- Maryland, some years resident in Lisbon.” rassed them by including in his novel a thinly The work is attributed to Thomas Atwood Dig- disguised version of a real event, the seduc- ges of Warburton Manor, MD. The original tion and suicide of one of the daughters. edition consisted of two volumes, 148 pages 1078. Anthology of American literature and 129 pages, and was printed for John Bew was American Poems, Selected and Original, in London in 1775. It was published in 304 pages, compiled by Elihu Hubbard Smith, Leipzig, Germany, in 1787 by Schwickert as published in 1793 in Litchfield, CT, by [Tho- Alonzo’s Abenteur. mas] Collier and [David] Buel. An earlier anthology, Select Poems on Various Occasions, 1074. Travel writer was John Ledyard of Chiefly American, printed by S. Hall, Boston, Hartford, CT. After sailing through the Medi- MA, in 1787, contained English as well as terranean and the Caribbean as a seaman American poems. with the British Navy, he circumnavigated the globe as a marine under Captain James 1079. Fiction best-seller was Charlotte, a Cook; then, with the encouragement of Tho- Tale of Truth, by Susanna Haswell Rowson, mas Jefferson, he made his way on foot from an actress at the New Theatre, Philadelphia, London to Yakutsk, Siberia, taking notes as PA, and the author of several previous novels. he went. His last trip was an expedition to Charlotte was printed by D. Humphreys for Egypt. His Journal of Captain Cook’s Last M. Carey, Philadelphia, PA, in two volumes in Voyage to the Pacific Ocean was published in 1794. An English edition of Charlotte was 1783. printed in London in 1790. Later it was enti- tled Charlotte Temple. About 200 editions 1075. Professional writer who was a have been printed. woman was Hannah Adams, born in Med- field, MA, in 1755. Her income from this 1080. Writer whose livelihood was source was very limited. Her first book, obtained exclusively by writing was Alphabetical Compendium of the Various Charles Brockden Brown of New York and Sects which Have Appeared from the Begin- Philadelphia. His first book was Alcuin, a Dia- ning of the Christian Era to the Present Day, logue, one of the earliest known works by an appeared in 1784. American to champion the rights of women. It

8 Arts and Entertainment 1081–1089 was published anonymously and was first 1085. Novel about whaling was Miriam announced on April 28, 1798, by T. and J. Coffin; or, The Whale-Fishermen, by Massa- Swords, New York City. His first novel was chusetts author Joseph C. Hart, written in Wieland, or the Transformation, the first 1834. The novel was set in Nantucket and American example of the Gothic horror novel, New Bedford. which was published in New York City in 1798. 1086. Novel by an American to depict Native Americans in a realistic manner 1081. True-crime bestseller was Narra- was The Yemassee, written in 1835 by South tive of Patrick Lyon Who Suffered Three Carolina author William Gilmore Simms. Months Severe Imprisonment in Philadelphia Simms, a planter, politician, and leading Gaol on Merely a Vague Suspicion of Being secessionist, wrote more than 80 books, most Concerned in a Robbery of the Bank of Penn- of which concern some aspect of South Caro- sylvania With his Remarks Thereon, printed lina history and manners. The Yemassee by Francis and Robert Bailey in Philadelphia, describes the Yemassee rebellion of 1715–18. PA, in 1799. This was Lyon's account of his wrongful imprisonment for the sensational 1087. Transcendentalist literary work was robbery of the Bank of Pennsylvania on Sep- Nature, an essay by the philosopher Ralph tember 1, 1798. The book, written after he Waldo Emerson of Concord, MA, published was cleared by a grand jury, recounted the anonymously on September 9, 1836. story of the robbery as he had it from his own communications with the thieves. It was a popular success, portraying as it did the per- secution of a common citizen by the wealthy and powerful.

1082. Book on Americanisms was John Pickering’s A Vocabulary, or Collection of Words and Phrases Which Have Been Sup- posed to Be Peculiar to the United States of America; to which is prefixed an essay on the present state of the English language in the United States, a 206-page book published in 1816 by Cummings and Hilliard, Boston, MA.

1083. Historical novel was James Feni- more Cooper’s The Spy, the story of an itinerant peddler who spies for George Wash- ington during the Revolution. It was published in 1821. The New York–born author, then 32, wrote it after making a bet with his wife that he could pen a more excit- ing story than the English novel she was Ralph Waldo Emerson reading at the time.

1084. Rhyming dictionary was A Rhym- 1088. Detective story to achieve popularity ing Dictionary, containing all the perfect was Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Murders in the rhymes of a different orthography, and allow- Rue Morgue,” published in April 1841 in Gra- able rhymes of a different sound, throughout ham’s Magazine, Philadelphia, PA. the language, with authorities for the usage of them from our best poets, published in 1823 by 1089. Humor writer who was a woman F. and R. Lockwood, New York City. It was an was Frances Miriam Berry Whitcher, who American edition of John Walker’s A Dictio- contributed humorous pieces to Joseph Clay nary of the English language answering at Neal’s Saturday Gazette in 1846 under the once the purposes of rhyming, spelling and nom de plume “Frank.” Her “Widow Bedott” pronouncing on a plan not hitherto attempted, papers, republished in book form in 1855, sold first published in London in 1775. over 100,000 copies.

9 1090–1097 Famous First Facts

1090. Book to sell more than 1 million readings from his works. He was paid $3,000 copies was Uncle Tom’s Cabin; or, Life per reading, and his performances, which Among the Lowly, the antislavery novel by were wildly popular, stimulated sales of his Harriet Beecher Stowe. It had already books. He left in April 1868. appeared as a weekly serial in the National Era newspaper when it was published in book 1095. American poet honored in West- form in March 1852 by John P. Jewett & Co., minster Abbey in London, England, was Boston, MA. It became an instant and sold Henry Wadsworth Longellow, a descendant of almost 1.5 million copies worldwide, particu- English immigrants. Longellow died in 1882 larly in England, where there was a strong and was buried in Cambridge, MA. In 1884, a antislavery movement. white marble bust sculpted by Sir Thomas Brock was placed in the abbey’s Poets’ Corner 1091. Novel by an African-American “by the English admirers of an American writer was William Wells Brown’s Clotel, or poet,” as the inscription read. the President’s Daughter, a Narrative of Slave Life in the United States, the story of a slave 1096. Novel by a woman of Native Ameri- woman represented as the housekeeper of can descent was Wynema: A Child of the Thomas Jefferson. In the novel one of the Forest, by S. Alice Callahan, an Oklahoma woman’s two daughters drowns herself in the teacher who was the daughter of a Muscogee Potomac River to elude pursuing slavers. The (Creek) mother and an Irish-American father. book was published in London in 1853, and It was published in 1891. reprinted with slight changes in 1864 in Bos- 1097. Nonfiction best-seller other than a ton, MA, under the title of Clotelle, A Tale of textbook or purely theological work was In His the Southern States. It was published by Steps, or What Would Jesus Do? by the Rever- James Redpath, contained 104 pages, and sold end Charles Monroe Sheldon. It was written for 10 cents. in the winter of 1896 and was a utopian fan- 1092. Novel by an African-American tasy of what the world might be like if people woman is thought to have been The Bond- lived literally according to the teachings of woman’s Narrative, by Hannah Crafts, a Jesus. It was read by the author a chapter at a Fugitive Slave, Recently Escaped from North Carolina, apparently a work of fictionalized autobiography. The author used a pseudonym. Professor Henry Louis Gates, Jr., who located the manuscript in 2001, dated its composition to the period 1855–59. The book was pub- lished by Warner Books on April 2, 2002. If the dating of the manuscript proves to be incorrent, the first known novel would be Our Nig; or, Sketches from the life of a Free Black, in a two-storey white house, North. Showing that Slavery’s Shadows Fall Even There. It was written by Harriet E. Wilson and pub- lished by Geo. C. Rand & Avery in Boston, MA, in 1859. 1093. Poem to win national acclaim was Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s Song of Hia- watha, which was published in book form on November 10, 1855, by Ticknor and Fields, Boston, MA. In four weeks 10,000 copies were sold, and in 18 months, 30,000. 1094. Book tour of the United States by an author was made by the English writer Charles Dickens. He first visited the United States in 1842. On November 19, 1867, he arrived in Boston, MA, to begin a book tour in which he stopped at major cities to perform Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

10 Arts and Entertainment 1098–1106 time to his Sunday evening congregation in on their unusual superhero character. Super- the Central Congregational Church, Topeka, man was featured in the first volume of Action KS. He sold the story for $75 to the Chicago Comics, which appeared in June 1938. Advance and it was printed as a serial in 1897. As only parts of the serial were sent to Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster’s original the copyright office, the copyright was Superman was a superpowered villain. declared defective. Over 8 million copies in In 1933 they decided he would make various editions were published by different a better hero, so they created a comic publishers. strip for him. It was rejected by all the newspaper comics syndicates. 1098. Comic books were published in 1904 by Cupples and Leon, New York City. They were collections of cartoons that had previ- 1102. Batman comic book was Detective ously been published in newspapers. The Comics issue #27 (May 1939), published by books were 10 inches high and 15 inches long, Manhattan-based National Publications (later contained 40 pages, and retailed for 75 cents. DC Comics, acquired by Warner Communica- The titles of some of the books were Alphonse tions in 1976). Originally billed as “The and Gaston and Their Friend Leon and Happy Bat-Man,” the Caped Crusader was co-created Hooligan by Frederick Burr Opper, The by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger, Naughty Adventures of Vicious Mr. Jack by though only Kane received official credit. It James Swinnerton, and The Katzenjammer was Finger, however, who conceived of the bat Kids by Rudolph Dirks. The first comic book connection and who suggested the character’s cowled headgear and black cape. Batman’s containing original material was More Fun, sidekick, Robin (also the creation of Finger), published in 1935 by National Periodical Pub- did not appear until issue #38 (April 1940). By lications, which later became Detective 2005, a mint copy of Detective Comics #27 was Comics (DC). worth more than $300,000 to collectors. 1099. Book-of-the-Month Club selection 1103. Comic book versions of literary was Lolly Willowes, or the Loving Huntsman, works were created by Albert Kanter, by Sylvia Townsend Warner, published by founder of the Gilberton Company. In 1940, Viking Press, which was distributed to 4,750 Kanter began publishing Classic Comics, a members of the club on April 16, 1926. The line of great books in comic-book format that club was established in New York City in proved popular with GIs. The name was changed to Classics Illustrated in 1947. April 1926 by Harry Scherman, with Robert Among the works adapted were Moby-Dick, Haas as president. The original book judges Frankenstein, and Romeo and Juliet. were Dorothy Canfield, Heywood Broun, Henry Seidel Canby, William Allen White, 1104. Book censorship board established and Christopher Morley. by a state was appointed by Georgia in March 1953 under authority of an act 1100. Comics studio for the mass produc- approved on February 19, 1953, with the tion of comics was started in 1936 by Will power to make recommendations for prosecu- Eisner and Jerry Iger in New York City. Eis- tion. The first chairman of the three-member ner, the creator of “The Spirit,” mentored committee was James Wesberry. Newspapers other comic-book artists such as satirist Jules were not subject to review or censorship. Feiffer, Bob Kane, the creator of “Batman,” and Art Spiegelman, the author of Maus. 1105. Beat Generation literary event of note was a poetry reading at the Six Gallery 1101. Comic book hero with superpow- in San Francisco, CA, on October 7, 1955. Hosted by Kenneth Rexroth, it featured five ers was Superman, created by writer Jerry readers, including Allen Ginsberg, who elec- Siegel and artist Joe Shuster, childhood trified the crowd of about 150 listeners with friends from Cleveland, OH, who shared an his recitation of “Howl.” interest in science fiction. Both were on the staff of D.C. Comics in New York City, work- 1106. Spider-Man comic book was issue ing on other people’s comic strips, when the #15 (August 1962) of Amazing Fantasy (for- company’s publisher decided to take a chance merly Amazing Adventures, then Amazing

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