DOCSLIB.ORG

VOL 8.1 Copy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
VOL 8.1 Copy Repeated measure ANOVA showed that there external rotation and shoulder internal rotation over were statistically significant increase in degree of the 3-4 weeks after the operation (p-value < 0.001) shoulder flexion, shoulder abduction, shoulder DISCUSSION early weeks and months after surgery are of intense 2002;73(5):479. 2002;75(1):51-64. ORIGINAL ARTICLE among Iranians 8.34 ± 2.37 ml 3 among Nigerians8.55 history, past history, medical and drug history which importance for females who must be provided with 11. Buragadda S, Alhusaini AA, Melam GR, Arora N. 15. Mondry TE, Riffenburgh RH, Johnstone PA. ± 1.82ml4, among Danish 11.9-13.6ml6 and among was noted in proforma. Physical examination of TG The findings of present study suggested that home optimal medical and physical therapy care 7. This Effect of complete decongestive therapy and a Prospective trial of complete decongestive therapy Turkish subjects was 12.98±2.53 mL.14 was performed and sign and symptoms of thyroid based decongestive lymphatic therapy following will reduce the occurrence of complications like home program for patients with post mastectomy for upper extremity lymphedema after breast QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THYROID diseases were noted. axillary lymph node dissection had significant secondary lymphedema and decrease in range of lymphedema. J Phys Ther Sci 2015;27(9):2743-8. cancer therapy. Cancer J 2004;10(1):42-8. In our neighboring country Iran, Moghadam RN effects on range of motion of shoulder joint includ- motion of shoulder and arm17. 12. Fiets W, Van Helvoirt R, Nortier J, Van der Tweel I, 16. Kim S, Yi C, Kwon O. Effect of complex decon- GLAND VOLUME AMONG THE ETHNIC reported mean TGV of 8.34±2.37ml in 314 healthy The study included apparently healthy subject’s ing shoulder flexion, abduction, external rotation Struikmans H. Acute toxicity of concurrent adjuvant gestive therapy and the quality of life in breast euthyroid adults of Yzad Iran3, Abidi et al. in 2008 age 21 years and above. Euthyroid, subjects were and internal rotation among patients of breast Despite profuse amount of literature, effectiveness radiotherapy and chemotherapy (CMF or AC) in cancer patients with unilateral lymphedema. GROUPS OF KARACHI POPULATION reported mean TGV of 9.53 ± 3.68 ml among the 200 recruited with serum TSH level falling within the cancer surgery. The results of the present study are of lymphatic drainage is still under debate and breast cancer patients: a prospective, compara- Lymphology 2007;40(3):143-51. healthy adults of Isphan Iran15. Ahidjo et al. in 2002 normal range b/w 0.23 to 4.0 µlU/mL (as recom- consistent with a previous study which concluded further evaluations are needed18. Future studies are tive, non-randomised study. Eur J Cancer 17. Beurskens CH, van Uden CJ, Strobbe LJ, Oosten- Mahrukh Kamran1, Iffat Raza2, Maria Mohiuddin3, Nausheen Adnan4, Sadaf Saheen5 and Rabia Rehan6 reported mean TGV of about 8.55cm3 ±1.82 in mended by laboratory). that significant improvements were observed also recommended to evaluate the long term 2003;39(8):1081-8. dorp RA, Wobbes T. The efficacy of physiotherapy 1Department of Anatomy, Dow University of Health Sciences,2Karachi Institute of Medical Sciences,3Humdard Medical Maiduguri, North-Eastern Nigeria4 and Alazigha N in 4 5 among patients receiving home exercise plan. effects of home based decongestive therapy. 13. Clark B, Sitzia J, Harlow W. Incidence and risk of upon shoulder function following axillary dissection and Dental College, Karachi Institute of Medical Sciences, Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Medical College, 2015 reported The mean TGV 6.81+2.18cm3 in South Exclusion criteria of the study include subjects taking 6Dow University of Health Sciences. Decongestive therapy showed significant reduction arm oedema following treatment for breast cancer: in breast cancer, a randomized controlled study. geopolitical zone of Nigeria16. Ertan et al in 2015 drugs causing goiter especially lithium, carbamaze- in terms of pain and lymphedema11. a three-year follow-up study. QJM 2005;98(5):343-8. BMC Cancer 2007;7(1):166. reported mean TGV of 12.98±2.53 mL in subjects of pine, phenytoin and oral contraceptive, individual CONCLUSION 14. Box RC, Reul-Hirche HM, Bullock-Saxton JE, Furni- 18. Feldman J, Stout N, Wanchai A, Stewart B, Corm- ABSTRACT Tekirdag city Turkey14. Seker et al. reported mean with palpable or visibly enlarged TG, palpable Previous literatures have identified that the provision val CM. Physiotherapy after breast cancer surgery: ier J, Armer J. Intermittent pneumatic compression TGV of 13±6.27 ml in Turkish population of Ankara17. thyroid nodules on physical examination. Exclusion of radiotherapy significantly increases the risk of Home based lymphatic decongestive therapy results of a randomised controlled study to minimise therapy: a systematic review. Lymphology Objectives: Thyroid gland volume varies from population to population. In this study mean thyroid gland Authors suggested the influence of genetic and criteria of the study also included previous or current edema. Multiple authors have reported the adverse proved to be effective in improving shoulder range lymphoedema. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012;45(1):13. volume among the ethnic groups in Karachi population was determined. environmental factors especially daily iodine intake history of thyroid disease or thyroid surgery, preg- effect of breast edema as well as secondary lymph- of motion and reducing lymphedema post breast levels that accounts most for the regional variations nancy, lactation and females with history of delivery edema, fibrosis and dermatitis12. The literature also cancer surgery. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out in the Radiology Department of Ziauddin in TGV. during the last 12 months as hormonal changes vary supported prevention of lymphedema through University Hospital Clifton Karachi, from January 2013 to in May 2014. Healthy subjects aged 21 years and TGV. Subjects in whom thyroid nodule, heterogene- particular techniques to decrease deterioration of above were recruited through convenient sampling. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone was evaluated in Karachi is largest cosmopolitan city of Pakistan. ity, agenesis or any other anomaly of thyroid gland 13 axillary system . No evidence is present which REFERENCES order to recruit euthyroid subjects. Ultrasonography of 416 euthyroid subjects was performed to determine People from all over the Pakistan reside here for was discovered during ultrasonography were also focuses on the home based management of better jobs and business opportunities, lifestyle mod- omitted from the study. the thyroid gland volume. lymphedema. Manual lymphatic drainage has 1. Kärki A, Simonen R, Mälkiä E, Selfe J. Impairments, ification, medical facilities, education facilities and been proved to be effective but the self manage- activity limitations and participation restrictions 6 so on18, 19. Reference range of normal TGV among Ultrasonography of thyroid was performed by single Results: Mean thyroid volumes reported were as follow: In Urdu speaking it was reported to be 5.47± 2.29 ml, ment at home has not been targeted yet. and 12 months after breast cancer operation. J euthyroids has been established worldwide. Region- sonologist. Length, width and depth of each lobe of Rehabilit Med 2005;37(3):180-8. in Sindhi 6.44 ± 3.23ml, in Pathan 6.52 ± 3.07ml, in Punjabi 7.02 ± 4.28ml, in Hazarah 7.05 ±3.91ml and in al variations in TGV within the same country are also thyroid gland were taken. Volume of TG was calcu- Box et al determined the treatment strategies to 2. Badger CM, Peacock JL, Mortimer PS. A random- Balochi7.56 ± 4.52ml. Mean thyroid volumes were significantly different among all the ethnic groups (P-Value a very well documented. lated by WHO recommended formula: Volume of reduce post operative lymphedema after removal ized, controlled, parallel‐group clinical trial compar- 0.015). each lobe (ml) = Length (cm) x Width (cm) x Depth of nodes resulting from breast cancer and highlight- ing multilayer bandaging followed by hosiery versus To the best of our knowledge so far no study (cm) x 0.479 (0.479 = correction factor) Total volume ed that rehabilitation plan focusing exercises and hosiery alone in the treatment of patients with Conclusion: Mean total thyroid gland volumes, right and left lobe volumes were found to be significantly conducted that determine the reference range of was the sum of two thyroid lobes. Isthmus dimen- counseling methods may decrease the complica- lymphedema of the limb. Cancer different among the ethnic groups that exist in Karachi population. Long term variations in the level of intake TGV among the different ethnic groups that exists in sions were not included in TGV as approved by tion of lymphedema almost 2 years post surgery14. In a multiethnic Karachi population. Objectives of this W.H.O20. Data was analyzed on SPSS version 21. 2000;88(12):2832-7. of iodine among the ethnic groups may have resulted alterations in genotype that probably has resulted in the current study girth measurement was not signifi- study were to determine mean TGV among the Means and standard deviations were derived by 3. Erickson VS, Pearson ML, Ganz PA, Adams J, Kahn significant variation in the mean TGV among the ethnic groups. cantly improved after home based decongestive KL. Arm edema in breast cancer patients. J Natl different ethnic groups that exists in Karachi popula- descriptive stats. Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was lymphatic therapy. However previous study has Cancer Inst 2001;93(2):96-111. tion and to determine whether the changes in applied to check the normality. As the data fulfills shown that complete decongestive therapy plan 4. Ozaslan C, Kuru B. Lymphedema after treatment KEYWORDS: Ethnic Groups, Reference Values, Thyroid Gland, Thyrotropin, Ultrasonography. mean TGV among the ethnic groups are significant. the normality assumptions ANOVA was applied to along with home program had significant effects on of breast cancer.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Preparatory Survey Report on the Project for Construction and Rehabilitation of National Highway N-5 in Karachi City in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
    The Islamic Republic of Pakistan Karachi Metropolitan Corporation PREPARATORY SURVEY REPORT ON THE PROJECT FOR CONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION OF NATIONAL HIGHWAY N-5 IN KARACHI CITY IN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN JANUARY 2017 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY INGÉROSEC CORPORATION EIGHT-JAPAN ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS INC. EI JR 17-0 PREFACE Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) decided to conduct the preparatory survey and entrust the survey to the consortium of INGÉROSEC Corporation and Eight-Japan Engineering Consultants Inc. The survey team held a series of discussions with the officials concerned of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, and conducted field investigations. As a result of further studies in Japan and the explanation of survey result in Pakistan, the present report was finalized. I hope that this report will contribute to the promotion of the project and to the enhancement of friendly relations between our two countries. Finally, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the officials concerned of the Government of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste for their close cooperation extended to the survey team. January, 2017 Akira Nakamura Director General, Infrastructure and Peacebuilding Department Japan International Cooperation Agency SUMMARY SUMMARY (1) Outline of the Country The Islamic Republic of Pakistan (hereinafter referred to as Pakistan) is a large country in the South Asia having land of 796 thousand km2 that is almost double of Japan and 177 million populations that is 6th in the world. In 2050, the population in Pakistan is expected to exceed Brazil and Indonesia and to be 335 million which is 4th in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Muttahida Qaumi Movement in Sindhi-Muhajir Controversy in Pakistan
    ISSN: 2664-8148 (Online) Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) https://doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/1.1.2 Vol. 1, No. 1, (January-June) 2017, 71-82 https://www.ideapublishers.org/lassij __________________________________________________________________ The Role of Muttahida Qaumi Movement in Sindhi-Muhajir Controversy in Pakistan Syed Mukarram Shah Gilani1*, Asif Salim1-2 and Noor Ullah Khan1-3 1. Department of Political Science, University of Peshawar, Peshawar Pakistan. 2. Department of Political Science, Emory University Atlanta, Georgia USA. 3. Department of Civics-cum-History, FG College Nowshera Cantt., Pakistan. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Abstract The partition of Indian sub-continent in 1947 was a historic event surrounded by many controversies and issues. Some of those ended up with the passage of time while others were kept alive and orchestrated. Besides numerous problems for the newly born state of Pakistan, one such controversy was about the Muhajirs (immigrants) who were settled in Karachi. The paper analyses the factors that brought the relation between the native Sindhis and Muhajirs to such an impasse which resulted in the growth of conspiracy theories, division among Sindhis; subsequently to the demand of Muhajir Suba (Province); target killings, extortion; and eventually to military clean-up operation in Karachi. The paper also throws light on the twin simmering problems of native Sindhis and Muhajirs. Besides, the paper attempts to answer the question as to why the immigrants could not merge in the native Sindhis despite living together for so long and why the native Sindhis remained backward and deprived. Finally, the paper aims at bringing to limelight the role of Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM).
    [Show full text]
  • Identity and Action for Change
    Identity and Action for Change. Kausar S Khan, Ayesha Aziz, Sheila Ali. June 16 2009 Identity and action for change1 Comparison of two ethnic groups in Karachi, a mega city of Pakistan by Kausar S Khan (lead resercher), Ayesha Aziz (research coordinator) , Sheila Ali (mental health professional) (Research Programme Consortium on ‘Women’s Empowerment in Muslim Contexts: Gender, Poverty and Democratisation from the Inside Out’, Aga Khan University) Karachi is the only mega city in Pakistan with a population of nearly 12 million. More than 50 per cent of Karachi’s population lives in katchi abadis, a local term for squatter settlements. Included in this category are the old villages in the land area of the city. Some of these villages are on the coastal belt (outskirts of Karachi) and some are found within the metropolitan city engulfed by the squatter settlements that emerged after 1947, when Pakistan was created, and which saw a large influx of migration into the city. These migrants were from up-country, especially from the province with a majority of Pakhtun population, during the late ’50s when industrial development was occurring in Pakistan. Today, Pakhtoons constitute a large portion of Karachi’s population, and the city often witnesses conflict between them and members of MQM, a political party that mostly consists of members who were migrants from India after the creation of Pakistan. Some major riots in Karachi have been the result of clashes between these two groups. The indigenous populations of Karachi are the Sindhis, Baluch, Katchi and Gujarati speaking people. Thus the land mass of what is now Karachi is inhabited by sub-groups with varying ethnic and linguistic backgrounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Brief Proposal
    Brief Proposal Improvement of Quality Education in the Government Schools of Bin Qasim Town, Karachi Submitted By: Rotary Club, Gulshan-e-Hadeed, Karachi, Pakistan January 2009 Introduction: Rotary is a worldwide organization of more than 1.2 million business, professional, and community leaders. Members of Rotary clubs, known as Rotarians, provide humanitarian service, encourage high ethical standards in all vocations, and help build goodwill and peace in the world. There are 33,000 Rotary clubs in more than 200 countries and geographical areas. Clubs are nonpolitical, nonreligious, and open to all cultures, races, and creeds. As signified by the motto Service, Above Self, Rotary’s main objective is service — in the community, in the workplace, and throughout the world. (Source: http://www.rotary.org). Rotary’s Gulshan-e-Hadeed Club is a recently established member of Rotary’s District 3270 (Pakistan and Afghanistan). Gulshan-e-Hadeed is a well built area (union council) of Bin Qasim Town of City District Givernment Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 1 There are several ethnic groups living in Gulshan-e-Hadeed including Sindhis constituting majority,Punjabis, Muhajir, Kashmiris, Seraikis, Pakhtuns, Balochis, Memons, Bohras and Ismailis. It is located on the edge of the National Highway. Gulshan-e-Hadeed is at 30 minutes drive from Karachi’s Jinnah International Airport. The neighbor areas of Gulshan-e-Hadeed include Steel Town, Pipri and Shah Latif Town. Gulshan-e-Hadeed is divided in two phases (Phase-I and Phase-II). (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulshan-e-Hadeed) Background: Bin Qasim Town is a town located in the southeastern part of Karachi along the Arabian Sea and the Indus River delta.
    [Show full text]
  • Space As a Tool in Ethnic Conflicts in the Context of Karachi
    1 Space as a Tool in Ethnic Conflicts in the Context of Karachi Mohsin Yar Khan Yousufi 2 Abstract Ethnicity has played a contentious yet major role in shaping the urban fabric of Karachi, where ethnicity has become a ground for violence and conflict. This paper attempts to explore the relationship of how spaces were used for ethnic purposes in the city. The paper raises the questions as to how ethnicity and spaces became intertwined and eventually developed a deeply linked relationship which eventually resulted in a city divided on ethnic lines. This complex relationship can be understood better by tracing historically the formation of an ‘ethnic identity’ and what were the ideological and social underpinning which gave ethnicity a major role in the city. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were employed in order to investigate the question at hand. The qualitative methods used were interviews of politicians and journalists, while reviewing socio-political theories on ethnicity in Karachi from both local and international authors. Survey-based quantitative method was then employed to assess the current trends in general public in regards to ethnicity and ethnically dominated areas. 3 Table of Contents 1. Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. Literature Review -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. Research Methodology -------------------------------------------------------------------- 4. Findings and Analysis --------------------------------------------------------------------
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) of BQPS-III 900 MW RLNG Based Combined Cycle Power Plant Karachi, Pakistan
    K-Electric Limited Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) of BQPS-III 900 MW RLNG Based Combined Cycle Power Project (BQPS-III RLNG CCPP). Final Report Environmental and June, 2017 Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) of BQPS-III 900 MW RING Based Combined Cycle Power Plant Global Environmental Management Services (Pvt.) Ltd. Z"“1 Floor, Aiwan-e-Sanat, ST-4/2, Sector 23, Korangi Industrial Area, Karachi (BQPS-III RLNG CCPP). GEMS Ph: (92-21) 35113804-5; Fax: (92-21) 35113806; Email: [email protected] Global Environmental Management Services (Pvt.) Ltd. 2nd Floor, Aiwan-e-Sanat, ST-4/2, Sector 23, Korangi Industrial Area, Karachi GEMS Rh: (92-21) 35113804-5; Fax: (92-21) 35113806; Email; [email protected] Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) of BQPS-III 900 MW RLNG Based Combined Cycle Power Plant Karachi, Pakistan ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANT'S PROFILE AND INTRODUCTION ES Global Environmental Management Services (Pvt.) Ltd. (GEMS) is an Environmental EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Consultancy which provides broad range of Environmental Solutions which are and not GEMS limited to Environmental Audits, Initial Environmental Examinations (IEE), Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIA), Baseline studies and Training & Capacity building. GEMS is one of the few environmental firm having its own renowned ISO 17025 OVERVIEW Certified Environmental Laboratory by the name of Global Environmental Laboratory (Pvt) Ltd. Study Type BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND NEED ASSESSMENT OF THE PROPOSED Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA). PROJECT Study Title ESIA of BQPS-III 900 MW RLNG Based Combined Cycle Power Project Pakistan is in the midst of a severe energy crisis that largely stemmed from mismanagement of natural (BQPS-III RING CCPP).
    [Show full text]
  • Framing Rioting and Ethnic Violence in Karachi – a Case Study
    ‘The Misdeeds and Follies of Morally Bankrupt Elite’? Framing Rioting and Ethnic Violence in Karachi – A Case Study Yaar Muhammad and Peter Brett Abstract This study is based on an analysis of the different arguments utilized in the Pakistani news media in relation to the riots in Karachi after a bomb blast in the Ashura procession on 29 December 2009. From a framing analysis of the related columns and editorials written in The News International for a month after the incident, the article argues that the columnists and editorials articulated opinions and arguments based upon a variety of different interpretations of the causes of ethnic violence. However, there was some consensus around instrumentalist interpretations in the opinion and editorial columns, which emphasized the role of elites and governmental inadequacies in triggering the ethnic mobilization and conflict. The article concludes that any explanation of ethnic violence must combine insights from a variety of perspectives to explain riots. An enhanced understanding of the driving forces behind ethnic violence might lead to richer understandings about how to circumvent or prevent it. Keywords: Karachi, riots, media, framing, case study 2 Introduction The history of analyses of rioting and crowd uprisings, from popular disturbances in Britain and France in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries and up to and including present day riots, is essentially the history of newspaper reporters’ perceptions of the crowd. There is a seminal historical literature on the psychology of the crowd and factors that might trigger riotous behaviour as well as nuanced studies of cities that were especially prone to popular disturbances such as Bristol in the south west of England .
    [Show full text]
  • %Otcti Room 14-0551 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139 Ph: 617.253.2800 Mitlibries Email: [email protected] Document Services
    THE "PRESENT" OF THE PAST: Persistence of Ethnicity in Built Form by KHADIJA JAMAL Bachelor of Architecture NED University of Engineering and Technology Karachi, Pakistan January 1986 Submitted to the Department of Architecture in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree Master of Science in Architecture Studies at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY June 1989 @ Khadija Jamal 1989 All rights reserved The author hereby grants to M.I.T. permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signature of author Khadija Jamal Department of Architecture May 12, 1989 Certified by Ronald B. Lewcock Professor of Architecture and Aga Khan Professor of Design for Islamic Societies Thesis Supervisor Accepted by IJ \,j Julian Beinart Chairman, Department Committee for Graduate Students nASSA~IUSETTS INSTiUM OF TECHNOLOGY JUN 0 2 1989 UBMC %otcti Room 14-0551 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139 Ph: 617.253.2800 MITLibries Email: [email protected] Document Services http://libraries.mit.edu/docs DISCLAIMER OF QUALITY Due to the condition of the original material, there are unavoidable flaws in this reproduction. We have made every effort possible to provide you with the best copy available. If you are dissatisfied with this product and find it unusable, please contact Document Services as soon as possible. Thank you. The images contained in this document are of the best quality available. THE "PRESENT" OF THE PAST: Persistence of Ethnicity In Built Form by KHADIJA JAMAL Submitted to the Department of Architecture on May 12, 1989 in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Master of Science in Architecture Studies ABSTRACT The subject of this thesis was generated by the prevailing social situation in the city of Karachi, where many communities and ethnic groups co-exist in ethnically defined areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Superstitions Regarding Health Problems in Different Ethnic Groups in Karachi
    Superstitions regarding Health Problems in different Ethnic Groups in Karachi S.S.1. Bukhari,A. Pardhan,A. Ahmed,F.J. Choudiy,K. Pardhan,K. Nayeem,M. Khan ( Final Year Medical Students, Baqai Medical University, Karachi. ) A.S. Khan ( Associate Professor, Director PHC and Administration, Faculty of Health Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi. Email: [email protected]. ) Abstract Objective: To find out the superstitions regarding health problems in different ethnic groups, their implications over the socio-economic development of that group and to what extent can those superstitions be related to their level of literacy. Methods: The study was a questionnaire-based survey, 20 subjects from each ethnic group were selected by cluster sampling of residential areas where that particular group has its highest concentration, making a total of 100 subjects. Results: It was found that most people (73%) do have some superstitious beliefs. Fifty percent of people believe in them as a part of culture and tradition, another 25% got them from their elders. No significant difference was found between different racial groups (p value =0.9). According to literacy rate, 73.5% of literate community and 94.1% illiterate community were found to have superstitions. The occupation of the breadwinner of family didn’t have a significant impact over the belief in superstitions (p value=0.6). Conclusion: Majority of our population believes in superstitions, which are more common in illiterates. These superstitions not only predict health seeking behaviour of a person but also play a major role in shaping the response of a community to any health intervention program.
    [Show full text]
  • Conflict Transformation from Ethnic Movement to Terrorist Movement
    Conflict Transformation from Ethnic Movement to Terrorist Movement: Case Studies of Tamils in Sri Lanka and Urban Sindh in Pakistan Arshi Saleem Hashmi Research Analyst Institute of Regional Studies Islamabad Case studies of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and Mohajir Quami Movement (MQM, National Refugee Movement), now Muttahid Quami Movement (United National Movement). 1 Contents Introduction 0 1 Conceptual Framework 0 2 The Genesis of Conflict and its Violent Transformation 00 3 Shift From Small Dispute to Large-Scale Conflict: Case Study of Urban Sindh 00 4 Inter- and Intra-State Conflict: Case Study of Tamil–Sinhala Conflict 00 5 Conflict Management Before its Violent Transformation 00 Conclusion 00 Appendix 1 000 Appendix 2 000 Bibliography 000 2 Introduction One way of defining conflict transformation is as the process of moving from conflict-habituated systems to peace systems. But there is another dimension: not always do conflicts get transformed successfully into peace systems. Mostly, they are transformed into more violent and terrorist movements. Conflict transformation can take the following forms, as explained by Vayrynen.1 (1) Actor transformation: internal transformation in major conflict parties or the emergence and recognition of new actors. (2) Issue transformation: a change in the political agenda of the conflict, downplaying the importance of original conflict issues and emphasizing shared concern for new issues. (3) Rule transformation: a redefinition of the norms actors are expected to observe when dealing with each other. (4) Structural transformation: profound changes relating to the entire structure of inter- actor relations. The circumstances that lead to such a situation and how their prevention from further aggravation clearly needs to be studied.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. Introduction ON SEPTEMBER 26, 2001—fifteen days after the suicidal attacks on the Twin Towers and Pentagon—a large public gathering was held in Karachi, Pakistan, to demonstrate the city’s solidarity with the thousands of victims in the United States and to offer sympathy and support for the United States-led campaign against terrorism that would soon lead to the bomb- ing of Taliban and Al Qaeda targets in Afghanistan. In the early days after September 11, when international television networks were quick to broadcast any public articulation of anti-American or pro-Taliban feelings, this huge gathering, reportedly two hundred thousand people large, was a rare sign of public support for the pro-United States stance of the Pakistani government led by General Musharraf. A two-minute silence was observed out of respect for the victims in the United States, followed by speeches proclaiming Karachi a liberal-minded city with no place for jihadi groups. A resolution was issued stating that the people of Pakistan in general, and of the southern province of Sindh in particular, believe in religious harmony and condemn any kind of religious extremism. Although this “rally against terrorism” failed to make headlines in the international press, it was remarkable for two reasons. First, it was held in Liaqatabad, an inner-city neighborhood of Karachi, which flaunts a reputa- tion for its hard-boiled anti-state militancy.
    [Show full text]
  • MQM Exposed 1986-96
    CONTENTS Year-wise Details of MQM’s Atrocities (Crimes of Muttahida Qaumi Movement: MQM) .. .. .. 2 Mohajir Qaumi Movement Fact Sheet .. .. .. .. .. 40 Arrests & Arms Recovery From Mqm Workers During December 1998 To February 1999 .. .. .. 59 MQM’s New Drama and The Real Cause of MQM-PML Hostility .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 75 Nazeer Naji Confesses PMLN & Shareef Brethren Helped MQM in 1992 .. .. .. .. .. .. 78 Jinnah Pur & MQM: Major Nadeem Dar also Reveals Stunning Facts .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 80 Where PPP, PML-N and MQM Stood on Jinnahpur in 1992 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 83 MQM killed 650+ Sind Police Officers .. .. .. .. .. 88 Judge orders deportation of Pakistani party chief .. .. .. 92 PTI’s white paper: MQM accused of killing thousands .. .. .. 94 Running Karachi - from London .. .. .. .. .. .. 95 The Mohajir Qaumi Movement (MQM) In Karachi January 1995-April 1996 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 98 1 Year-wise Details of MQM’s Atrocities (Crimes of Muttahida Qaumi Movement: MQM) All this were based on newspapers dailies Jang, Jasarat, The News , The Muslim, Nawa-I-Waqt, Frontier Post , The Nation, Dawn , Jang, Pakistan Times and others. 1986 MQM’s first-ever public meeting at Karachi’s Nishtar park on August 8, 1986, was marked by heavy aerial firing from the; pistols and rifles which the party activists were carrying on them. On that day, windowpanes of a traffic police kiosk opposite Quaid-e-Azam’s mausoleum were broken, and stones were pelted on petrol pump near Gurumandir. Addressing the rally, Altaf Hussain said: “Karachi is no more mini-Pakistan. We will accept help no matter where it comes from, from east or west, north or south” ( dailies Jang, Jasarat and other newspapers of August 9, 1986 ).
    [Show full text]