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I[M]~~} (C(Q)@~1T@~~Mjwdu(Q)Mjmru@Mj1t@~~U(Q)~D~@ I J ! I (Q)~~D[Jjj~@~(Q)[J@ 't, f, \\ ,~ v' (\,<1" SH , \, 207 TR4 4*21 e.1 i[M]~~} (C(Q)@~1t@~~mJWDU(Q)mJmru@mJ1t@~~U(Q)~D~@ I j ! I (Q)~~D[jjJ~@~(Q)[j@ . Chia Un Sien, Habibullah Khan and Chou Loke Ming .. '.. .I The Coastal Environmental Profile of Singapore c/ The Coastal Environmental Profile of Singapore Chi Lin Sien H ullah Khan Chou Loke Ming Association of Southeast Asian Nations1 United States Coastal Resources Management Project Technical Publications Series 3 SH d-03 TR,t w c.1 FED 1 3 1888 The Coastal Environmental Profile of Singapore Published by the: lnternational Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management on behalf of the Association of Southeast Asian NationslUnited States Coastal Resources Management Project Printed in Manila, Philippines Chia, L.S.. K. Habibullah and L.M. Chou. 1988. The coastal environmental profile of Singapore. ICLARM Technical Reports 21, 92 p. International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines. Cover: (Clockwise) In Singapore: waterfront vessels; floating cage farm in Johor Strait; inshore palisade trap (kelong) integrated with floating cages in Johor Strait; and waterfront skyline. All photos by Chou Loke Ming. (Middle) Processed SPOT image of Singapore by Dr. Lim Hock and the Laboratory for Image and Signal Processing, Science Faculty, National University of Singapore. ISSN 01 15-5547 ISBN 971 -1022-48-6 ICLARM Contribution No. 499 Contents List of Tables vii List af Figures List of Acronyms and Abbreviations Preface xii Foreword xiv Chapter 1. Introduction Definitions Population Development Background Chapter 2. Coastal Land and Offshore Islands Climate Coastal Landforms Drainage Coastal Features Chapter 3. Coastal Waters Territorial Waters Seabed Configuration Characteristics of Coastal Waters Biological Aspects Chapter 4. Physical Resource Endowments Location and Space as Resources Economic Resources Noneconomic Resources Chapter 5. Coastal Resources Utilization and Development Port and Shipping Services Manufacturing Industries Power Generation Fisheries and Aquaculture Retail Business Sector Residential Uses Recreation and Tourism Development Use of Offshore Islands Chapter 6. Coastal Pollution Nature and Extent Control of Pollution of Inland Waters Control of Pollution of Coastal Waters Chapter 7. Management of Singapore's Coastal Area The Role of the Government The Planning Framework The Institutional Framework Multiple and Integrated Use of Coastal Resources Developing a Coastal Area Management Plan References List of Tables Coastal population in 1980. Occupational structure of the coastal population, 1980. Population in offshore islands, 1957. Population in off shore islands, 1980. Percentage distribution of GDP by industry at 1968 factor cost. Tidal range of spring and neap tides (m). Diurnal range of tropic tide (m). Abundance of the main fish groups (expressed as percentage of total sample) in Johor Strait. Diatom cell counts expressed as percentages of monthly averages (196511966) in Johor Strait. Diatom cell counts expressed as percentages of monthly totals in Singapore Strait. Land use in Singapore, 1965-1985 (in km2). Maximum storage capacity of reservoirs in Singapore. Increase in the total land area as a result of reclamation in Singapore (including offshore islands) since 1965. Land (ha) reclamation on offshore islands in Singapore. Cargo (in ft) handled by the port of Singapore. Arrivals and departures of vessels (over 75 GRT). Ships registered in Singapore and their aggregate tonnage, 1975-1985. Type distribution of ships as of 31 December 1985. Revenue breakdown of marine industry by sectors, 1972-1985 (in $ million). Yearly changes in marine industry revenue, 1972-1985. Dry docks in Singapore as of 30 June 1983. Yearly changes in shiprepairing revenue, 1972-1985. Vessels launched from Singapore shipyards, 1978-1982. Yearly changes in shipbuilding revenue, 1972-1985. Rigs completed by Singapore rigbuilders, 1970-1985. Yearly changes in rigbuilding revenue, 1974-1985. Refineries in Singapore: ownership, capacity, sources of crude and major products as of 1978. Contribution of petroleum industry to Singapore's manufacturing output, 1974-1985 ($ million). Value added by the petroleum industry as compared to the manufacturing sector, 1974-1985 ($ million). Net investment commitments in petroleum industry ($ million), 1975-1985 (excluding petrochemicals). Trade statistics for petroleum and petroleum products ($ million), 1974-1985. Percentage share of Singapore's main sources of petroleum imports, 1980-1985. Major importers of Singapore's petroleum products, 1980-1985 (%). vii Domestic demand for petroleum and petroleum products ($ million), 1974-1985. Electricity production and sales, 1975-1985. Fresh fish supply and auctioned (t). Singapore's fish trade, 1985 (in $ thousand). Fishing vessels and fishermen, Singapore, 1974-1983. New towns in Singapore as of 1985. Housing estates under development in Singapore as of 1985. Coastal recreational and tourist facilities in Singapore. Offshore islands used for various economic purposes. Quality of water (mgll) in some Singapore rivers and canals. Quality of town water (value as of 1979), Singapore. Quality of industrial water (value as of 1979), Singapore. Concentration of various heavy metals in Singapore's coastal water and bottom sediments. Permissible limits for trade effluent discharge. Changes in land uselactivity in the coastal area of Singapore. viii List of Figures Singapore and its surrounding areas. Singapore's census districts, 1980. Singapore's census districts in city center. Annual and seasonal windroses, Singapore. Diurnal and seasonal variations of wind speeds, Singapore. Mean annual rainfall (cm) of Singapore. Geology of Singapore. Relief map of Singapore. Drainage (rivers, boundaries of catchment areas and reservoirs) of Singapore. Seabed configuration of the coastal waters of Singapore. Tide observation stations. Tides at various stations in Singapore. Seasonal and annual changes of sea level at Keppel Harbour, Singapore, 1966-1984. General ocean surface currents of the waters around Singapore. Fringing and patch reefs in the Southern Islands of Singapore. Expansion of built-up areas in Singapore, 1819-1985. Seaports and use of seaspace for port and navigational purposes in Singapore. Reclamation in Singapore. Industries and power generation plants in Singapore. Distribution of kelong in mid-1960s in Singapore. Mangrove areas and shrirnplfish ponds in Singapore. Public housing estates and residential areas in Singapore. Open spaces and recreational facilities in Singapore. Southern Islands, Singapore. List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations BOD Biological oxygen demand bPd Barrels per day Bt. Bukit (meaning mountain or hill) CAAS Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore CBD Central Business District CRM Coastal resources management CRMP Coastal Resources Management Project DBS Development Bank of Singapore DOS Department of Statistics dwt Deadweight ton EDB Economic Development Board EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone ft Freight ton GDS Geographically Disadvantaged State GNP Gross National Product GRT Gross registered ton HDB Housing and Development Board HUDC Housing and Urban Development Corporation ICLARM International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management IGMC Inter-Governmental Maritime Committee JTC Jurong Town Corporation Kg. Karnpong (meaning village) KWH Kilowatt hour MD Marine Department M EAP Marine Emergency Action Procedures MNOC Multinational oil company MOCl Ministry of Communications and Information MOD Ministry of Defense MOE Ministry of the Environment MOND Ministry of National Development msl Mean sea level NIC Newly Industrializing Countries nm Nautical mile NMB National Maritime Board NUS National University of Singapore P. Pulau (meaning island) PCS Petrochemical Corporation of Singapore Pte Ltd PD Planning Department PMD Port ,Master's Department PPD Primary Production Department PPm Parts per million PRD Parks and Recreation Department PROC People's Republic of China PSA Port of Singapore Authority PUB Public Utilities Board ROV Registry of Vehicles S. Sungei (meaning river) SASAR Singapore Association of Shipbuilders and Repairers SDC Sentosa Development Corporation SHB Singapore Harbour Board SIT Singapore Improvement Trust SMS Singapore Meteorological Services SSC Singapore Science Council TAS Telecommunications Authority of Singapore Tg. Tanjong (meaning cape) UNCLOS United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea URA Urban Redevelopment Authority USAlD United States Agency for International Development VLCC(s) Very large crude carrier(s) WHO World Health Organization Preface The Coastal Environmental Profile of Singapore is intended to serve the following purposes: To provide policymakers and researchers with a ready source of information, including a detailed listing of source materials; To describe the coastal changes that have taken place and to suggest factors that have brought about such changes; To highlight the interrelations among the many aspects of coastal zone, including possible conflicts; To raise issues relating to the management of the coastal zone with the intention that the zone be used more optimally; and To eventually help formulate a coastal area management plan for the country. Initially, the profile was produced as a background document for the first National Workshop of the Singapore component of the ASEAN-US CRMP. The workshop was organized in late 1986 to provide a forum for discussions among representatives
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