S Raju et. al. / JPBMS, 2011, 8 (07)

Available online at www.jpbms.info ISSN NO- 2230 - 7885 Review Article

JPBMS

JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES

Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth (): Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology *Raju S1, Kavimani S 2, Uma Maheshwara rao V3, Sreeramulu Reddy K4 1Assistant Professor, Vijaya College of Pharmacy, Munaganoor, Ranga Reddy Dist, Andhra Pradesh, India-505511. 2Mother Theresa Post Graduate Institute of Health Sciences, Gorimedu, Puducherry, India. 3Nalla Narsimha Reddy College of Pharmacy, Korremula, Ranga Reddy Dist, Andhra Pradesh. 4Assistant manager –Clinical R&D, Shantha Biotechnics Limited, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh. India- 500004.

Abstract:- Many herbal remedies have so far been employed for the treatment and management of various ailments since the beginning of human civilization. Juss. (Bignoniaceae) is a widely distributed in and frequently used for the treatment of Diabetes mellitus symptomatology. The aim of this review was to collect all available scientific literature published and combine it into this review. The present review comprises the ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and therapeutic potential of Tecoma stans. The present review includes 43 references compiled from major databases as Chemical Abstracts, Science Direct, SciFinder, PubMed, Dr. Dukes Phytochemical and Ethnobotany. An exhaustive survey of literature revealed that alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, steroids, anthraquinones and tannins, terpenes, phytosterols and glycosides constitute major classes of phytoconstituents of this plant. Pharmacological reports revealed that it is having antidiabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, antispasmodic, antimicrobial, and antifungal, properties, and extensively used in the treatment of diabetes. Tecoma stans seems to hold great potential for in-depth investigation for various biological activities, Through this review, the authors hope to attract the attention of natural product researchers throughout the world to focus on the unexplored potential of Tecoma stans, and it may be useful in developing new formulations with more therapeutic value.

Key Words:- Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Antidiabetic, Tecoma.

Introduction: The use of natural products with therapeutic properties is However, a number of temperate also grow in as ancient as human civilization and, for a long time, North America and East Asia. Although the family is small, mineral, plant and animal products were the main sources the Bignoniaceae are important for their reported of drugs. In recent years, there has been growing interest bio-active constituents and diverse pharmacological in alternative therapies and the therapeutic use of natural activities. Bignoniaceae family plants are also widely used products, especially those derived from plants. This in traditional medicinal systems of a number of countries, interest in drugs of plant origin is due to several reasons, where folk and tribal medicinal practitioners use a namely, conventional medicine can be inefficient (e.g. side number of species for treatment of diverse ailments. The effects and ineffective therapy), abusive and/or incorrect seven species of Bignoniaceae family plants in use were use of synthetic drugs results in side effects and other Crescentia cujete, Heterophragma adenophyllum, Oroxylum problems. [1] indicum, suaveolens, argentea, [3] The Indian subcontinent The Indian sub-continent Tecoma gaudichaudi, and Tecoma stans. comprising of the countries India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh is the site of one of the oldest civilizations, and This review aims at describing the traditional uses, it has seen the development of many traditional health pharmacognostical, phytochemical profiles and care systems. Their development was supported by the therapeutic potential of various parts of Tecoma stans (L.) great biodiversity in flora and fauna due to variations in Juss. ex Kunth, which has been used in traditional practice geography and climate. [2] for many years in Mexico as the main remedy in the The Bignoniaceae family comprising of about 110 genera treatment of diabetes. and 650 species is a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the Trumpet Creeper family, Jacaranda family, Classification: Bignonia family, or the Catalpa family. Plant species • Domain: Eukaryota belonging to this family are distributed worldwide, but • Kingdom: Plantae most of them occur in the tropical and sub-tropical • Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae countries. • Phylum: Tracheophyta

1 Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences (JPBMS), Vol. 08, Issue 08 S Raju et. al. / JPBMS, 2011, 8 (07) • Subphylum: Euphyllophytina • Infraphylum: Radiatopses • Class: Magnoliopsida • Subclass: Lamiidae • Superorder: Lamianae • Order: Scrophulariales • Family: Bignoniaceae

• Tribe: Tecomeae

• : Tecoma -

• Specific epithet: stans - (L.) Juss. ex Kunth

• Botanical name: - Tecoma stans

Description of Tecoma stans: Tecoma stans is a promising species in the trumpet vine new phenylethanoid, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) ethyl-2-O-[ family, Bignoniaceae that is native to the with 6-deoxy-alpha-L- mannopyranosyl- 4- (3, 4 many synonyms and common names. Synonyms include dihydroxyphenyl) -2-propenoate]-beta-Dglucopyranoside, Bignonia stans L., Gelseminum stans(L.) Kuntze, and a novel monoterpene alkaloid, 5-hydroxy-skytanthine Stenolobium stans(L.) Seem and Common names, Yellow hydrochloride, along with eleven known compounds in the Trumpet bush, Yellow Bells, Yellow Elder, Ginger-Thomas, fruits and flowers was established in Tecoma stans.[40] and Esperanza. Tecoma stans is the official flower of the Virgin Islands and the national flower of The Bahamas. It is a flowering perennial shrub or small tree, 5- Pharmacological screening: 7.6 m in height. Bark is pale brown to grey and roughens Antidiabetic and Hypoglycemic activity with age. Leaves are opposite, compound and Several groups published reports on its hypoglycemic imparipinnate with 2 to 5 pairs of leaflets and a larger effects on different animal models under acute single terminal leaflet. Leaflets are lanceolate, up to 10 cm administration.[23-27] Initially, the antidiabetic effect was long, with serrated margins, mid-green above and soft to attributed to alkaloids denominated tecomine and the touch. Flowers occur in clusters at the ends of the tecostanine.[16,18,28] whereas, Costantino et al., did not branches and are trumpet shaped with 5 rounded lobes, 6 succeed in observing the hypoglycemic effect of four cm long, pale to bright yellow, with faint orange stripes at purified alkaloids from Tecoma stans on db/db mice, the throat. Fruits are narrow, slightly flattened to pointed including tecomine and tecostanine. [29, 30] On the other capsules, up to 20 cm long, containing many winged seeds; hand, it has been reported that chlorogenic acid (CGA), a green when young, pale brown on ripening and remain on phenilpropanoid present in Tecoma stans, possess the tree in untidy clusters for many months. [4, 5] therapeutic properties, such as hypoglycemic effect by diminution of both, intestinal index of glucose absorption Ethnobotany: and postprandial hyperglycemia peak, as well as decrease [31-33] Tecoma stans leaves bark, and roots contain many cholesterol and triglycerides levels. On the other biologically active chemicals, and extracts from those hand, it has been reported sub chronic acute tissues have been used in traditional folk medicine to treat administration of the alkaloid Tecomine diminished many diseases and conditions. [6] Leaves are used plasmatic cholesterol and triglycerides levels without throughout Mexico and for diabetes and modifying fasting glucose; - urinary disorder control. [7-9] Roots are used as diuretic, glucosidase inhibition by decreasing the postprandial [34] vermifuge. [10] hyper-glycaemia peak. In inanother addition, it has intestinalbeen reported α that Tecoma stans aqueous extract of leaves exert its Phytochemistry: antidiabetic effects by stimulating glucose uptake in both Chemical constituents of this botanical species are well insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant murine and human known; numerous monoterpenic alkaloids have been adipocytes without significant proadipogenic or antiadipogenic side effects. [35] identified [11-15] and among them, tecomanine and tecostanine possess hypoglycemic effects according to observations performed in animals [16-18] The Anti-Inflammatory, Lipoxygenase, Xanthine biosynthesis of these monoterpene alkaloids in callus Oxidase and Acetycholinesterase Inhibitory tissues of Tecoma stans has been studied, together with Activity: [36] the identification of the presence of lapachol and other Three different extracts ethanol, methanol and water of primary and secondary plant metabolites such as: sugars Tecoma stans were tested for anti-inflammatory activity, (glucose, fructose, sucrose and xylose), triterpenoids lipoxygenase, xanthine oxidase and acetycholinesterase (u -amyrine), p-sitosterol inhibitory activity. The methanol, ethanol and water and phenolics (chlorogenic, caffeic, vanillic, o-cumaric and extracts showed in vitro anti-inflammatory activity by sinapicnacids).rsolic and oleanolic All of these acids compounds and α have already been inhibiting the heat induced albumin denaturation and red identified in the whole plant at different blood cells membrane stabilization. Proteinase activity concentrations.[19,20] Recently the presence of iridoid was also significantly inhibited by the methanol, ethanol glycosides, [21] indolic compounds [22] in the leaves and a and water. In addition, the methanol and ethanol extracts showed anti-lipoxygenase activity and methanol and ethanol fractions exhibited a moderate xanthine oxidase

2 Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences (JPBMS), Vol. 08, Issue 08 S Raju et. al. / JPBMS, 2011, 8 (07) inhibitory activity comparatively to the peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals. Unlike 4, which potentially acetylcholinestearse which was weakly inhibited by the induced NO generation in bacterial lipopolysaccharide- tested extracts. stimulated raw murine macrophage (RAW 264.7), the extract, 1, 2, and 8 significantly inhibited the NO 1.Wound Healing Potential: [37] generation. The extract, 2 and 4 exhibited a cytotoxic The methanolic extract of Tecoma stans Linn (METS) leaf effect on human hepatocarcinoma cells (Hep-G2), while was evaluated for its wound healing potential in two the extract, 2 and 8 were potent growth inhibitors of different types of wound models viz., incision and excision human breast carcinoma cells (MCF-7). 1 and 2 were at dose levels 100 and 200mg/kg. It exhibited marked remarkable growth inducers of human lymphoblastic reduction in the wound area when compared to controls leukemia cells (1301), whereas the extract, 2, and 8 and this activity is attributed to presence of stimulated the macrophage proliferation rate. Taken phytoconstituents like phytosterols, triterpenes, together, the novel compound 8 is effective as anti- glycosides, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. proliferative agent against MCF-7 cells and as NO inhibitor, whereas 2 exhibited multi-functional properties as 2.Antispasmodic effect: [38] antioxidant and anti-proliferative agent against both solid The Antispasmodic effect of Tecoma stans hydroalcoholic tumor cell lines Hep-G2 and MCF-7 cells. On other hand leaf extract (TLE) (0.125–2 mg/ml) was evaluated by the ethanol, methanol and water extracts of Tecoma stans using distal segment of ileum (2 cm) from male wistar rat leaf possessed strong radical scavenging activity from which was mounted in an organ bath containing Tyrode FRAP and DPPH. solution (10 ml, pH 7, 37 °C) and pre-contracted by Ca2+-free 5.Cytotoxic activity: [42] Tyrode solution with high K+, cumulative concentrations The cytotoxicity of water extracts from Tecoma stans in ofcarbachol CaCl2 induced (CCh, 10contractions μM) or by were KCl (60inhibited mM). by In TLE dose- human hepatoblastoma (HepG2) was evaluated by dependently which indicate that, the calcium channels are incubating the cells up to 72-h with varying involved in this spasmolytic effect. concentrations of herbal extracts (60-100%). Toxic effects of Tecoma stans were found to be concentration and 3.Antimicrobial activity: [39,40] time-dependent in the presence and absence of fetal Three different extracts ethanol, methanol and water of bovine serum (FBS). Cytotoxicity was determined Tecoma stans leaf was tested on bacteria (Pseudomonas spectrophotometrically by MTT and reported in terms of fluorescens, Clavibacter michiganensis sub sp. % cell viability. For IC50 assay (24 h exposure), cytotoxicity michiganensis, Xanthomonas axanopodis pv. malvacearum, was found at concentration of 60-100%. Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia) and was found to be effective . 6.Antifungal activity: [36,43,44] Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, Subcutaneous mycoses are chronic infections caused by flavonoids, saponins, phenols, steroids, anthraquinones slow growing environmental fungi. The organic extract of and tannins. The three extract fractions have showed Tecoma stans was tested against two species of highest total Phenolic content (177-216 mg gallic acid subcutaneous fungi: Sporothrix schenckii and Fonsecaea equivalent/g) which may be attributed to its antimicrobial pedrosoi by the agar dilution method at a concentration of activity. In another it has been reported that Tecoma stans 100 µ/mL. Tecoma stans, showed effective activity against was effective against Helicobacter pylori. The anti-H. F. pedrosoi at MIC 12.5 µg/mL. In another studies the pylori activity of methanolic extracts of the plants was antiyeast and antifungal activities were tested by the drop determined by using the broth microdilution method. diffusion method. Tecoma stans found to give the best zone of inhibition against the fungal species tested (all 4.Anti-proliferative and Antioxidant activity: [36,41] species of Aspergillus and Alternaria). Phytochemical investigation of Tecoma stans fruits and flowers resulted in the isolation of a new phenylethanoid, Conclusion: 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl-2-O-[6-deoxy-alpha-L- Tecoma stans is a Mexican plant and a wealth of mannopyranosyl-4-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoate]- indigenous knowledge and traditional uses have been beta-D-glucopyranoside (3), and a novel monoterpene documented for this species. While this review has alkaloid, 5-hydroxy-skytanthine hydrochloride (8), along attempted to unite the relevant information for this with eleven known compounds; 4-O-E-caffeoyl-alpha-L- species the data clearly suggests future research priorities. rhamnopyranosyl-(1',3)-alpha/beta-D-glucopyranose (1), Convincing ethnopharmacological evidence is presented E/Z-acetoside (2), isoacetoside (4), rutin (5), luteolin 7-O- alluding to the extensive use of Tecoma stans as an beta-D-neohespridoside (6), luteolin 7-O-beta-D- antidiabetic. It is interesting to note that the earlier glucopyranoside (7) and sucrose (9) were isolated from scientific investigations of this plant, Tecoma stans, the fruits, while luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucuronopyranoside showed the crude extracts exhibited antitumor, (10), diosmetin 7-O-beta-D-glucuronopyranoside (11), antioxidant, antimicrobial, hypoglycemic, free radical anti- diosmetin 7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (12), diosmetin 7- inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties. Monoterpenes, O-beta-D-glucuronopyranoside methyl ester (13) and Polyphenols, saponins, tannins and flavonoids are well acetoside (2) were isolated from the flowers. Their known for their biological properties and although a suite chemical structures have been determined on the basis of of compounds belonging to this class of phytochemicals chemical and spectroscopic evidences. Biological have been isolated, very few have been subjected to investigations of a Tecoma stans fruits extract and pharmacological assays. 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Corresponding Author:- Raju S., Assistant Professor, Vijaya College of Pharmacy, Munaganoor, Ranga Reddy Dist, Andhra Pradesh, India-505511 Contact no:- +91 9966164766.

Conflict of Interest: - None

5 Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences (JPBMS), Vol. 08, Issue 08