Streamflow-HydrographStreamflow-Hydrograph MethodsMethods forfor EstimatingEstimating Ground-WaterGround-Water RechargeRecharge

DennisDennis RisserRisser USGSUSGS NewNew Cumberland,Cumberland, PennsylvaniaPennsylvania GROUNDGROUNDGROUND-WATER--WATERWATER RECHARGERECHARGE

Recharge is the addition of water to the saturated zone.

It is difficult to measure directly. POPULARPOPULAR METHODSMETHODS FORFOR ESTIMATINGESTIMATING GWGW RECHARGERECHARGE

¾Water-Table Rise ¾Water Budget ¾Stream-Hydrograph Recharge WATERWATERWATER-TABLE--TABLETABLE RISERISE

Estimating

ground- WELL water recharge with wells.

WATER TABLE RISE Recharge = Rise x Sy WATERWATER BUDGETBUDGET METHODMETHOD

PPRECIPITATIONPRREECCIPIPITITAATTIOIONN EVAPOTRANSPIRATIONEVEVAPOAPOTTRRAANNSPOSPORRAATTIOIONN 41 IN 202 0IN INCHES 4141 NCHEI NCHEI SS 20 INCHES

STSTREAMFLOWSTRREAMFEAMFLLOOWW 21 IN 2121 INCHE INCHESS SURSFURFACE RU SURFAACCEE RUNONFOFF 8F I8N CIN RUNOFF 8 INCHHEESS

GROUND-WATER INFINFRECHILILTTRRAARGEATTIOIONN 1313 INCHE13 INCHE IN SS STREAMFLOWSTREAMFLOWSTREAMFLOW-HYDROGRAPH--HYDROGRAPHHYDROGRAPH METHODSMETHODS

PPRECIPITATIONPRREECCIPIPITITAATTIOIONN EVAPOTRANSPIRATIONEVEVAPOAPOTTRRAANNSPOSPORRAATTIOIONN 41 IN 202 0IN INCHES 4141 NCHEI NCHEI SS 20 INCHES

STSTREAMFLOWSTRREAMFEAMFLLOOWW 21 IN 2121 INCHE INCHESS SURSFURFACE RU SURFAACCEE RUNONFOFF 8F I8N CIN RUNOFF 8 INCHHEESS

GROUND-WATER INFINFRECHILILTTRRAARGEATTIOIONN 1313 INCHE13 INCHE IN SS ETET FROMFROM GROUNDGROUND WATERWATER

4.6 8AM WELL LN2044

4.7

4.8 9PM

4.9 0 1440 2880 4320 5760 7200 8640 10080 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 DEPTH TO WATER IN FEET DEPTH TO JUNE, 1999 1,6001,600 STREAMFLOWSTREAMFLOW GAGESGAGES STORMSTORM HYDROGRAPHHYDROGRAPH

No direct runoff. Hydrograph reflects discharge from ground water.

End of direct runoff? E G R

Beginning of direct runoff DISCHA

TIME BASEFLOWBASEFLOW SEPARATIONSEPARATION

N days

N= Area0.2

End of Direct Runoff E G R DISCHA

TIME COMPLEXCOMPLEX HYDROGRAPHSHYDROGRAPHS

3000

) 2500 S 2000 (CF E 1500 HARG

C 1000 S

DI 500

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 DAYS AUTOMATEDAUTOMATED BFBF SEPARATIONSEPARATION PARTPART PROGRAMPROGRAM

3000

2500 STREAMFLOW

) BASE FLOW S F

C 2000 ( , E 1500 HARG

C 1000 S DI 500

0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN

YEAR 2000 FOURFOUR AUTOMATEDAUTOMATED BASEBASE--FLOWFLOW METHODSMETHODS COMPAREDCOMPARED ATAT ONEONE SITESITE

WE-38

,

E 1968-2001

G

AR

H

S

C

E

E

H

R

C

R

N 13.1 13.1 12.3

I

O

N

W 10.2

I

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L

F

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AS

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HYSEP PART HYSEP HYSEP LOCAL SLIDE FIXED TWOTWO AUTOMATEDAUTOMATED BASEBASEBASE-FLOW--FLOWFLOW METHODSMETHODS COMPAREDCOMPARED ATAT 150150 SITESSITES

30 150 GAGES IN PA 25 N) I 20 ( D O H

T 15 E

M PART = HYSEP

ART 10 P

5

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 HYSEP LOCAL MIN METHOD (IN) STREAMFLOWSTREAMFLOW--RECESSIONRECESSION-- DISPLACEMENTDISPLACEMENT METHODMETHOD

WATER-TABLE RISE CAUSED BY RECHAGE

Ground-Water Discharge STREAMFLOWSTREAMFLOW--RECESSIONRECESSION-- DISPLACEMENTDISPLACEMENT METHODMETHOD

9Instantaneous Recharge 9Diffuse Areal Recharge 9Idealized Aquifer 9Ground-Water Discharge to Stream 9Negligible Diversions or Regulation STREAMFLOWSTREAMFLOW--RECESSIONRECESSION-- DISPLACEMENTDISPLACEMENT METHODMETHOD STREAM HYDROGRAPH 1000

FS) Tc = .21K Days C

Q2 100 Q1

SCHARGE ( RECH = 2 (Q2-Q1) K

DI K =43 2.306 Days 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 DAY RECHARGERECHARGE ANDAND BASEFLOWBASEFLOW ESTIMATESESTIMATES ---- 150150 STREAMSSTREAMS

35 ) N I 30 y = 1.07x + 1.94

RA ( 2 25 R = 0.95 RO

M 20 O R F , 15 LINE OF EQUIVALENCE E

10

CHARG 5 RE 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 BASE FLOW FROM PART (IN) COMPARISONCOMPARISON OFOF METHODSMETHODS ATAT ONEONE SITESITE

‰ Stream Hydrograph Methods ¾HYSEP ¾PART ¾RORA

‰ Lysimeters ‰ Ground-Water Levels ‰ Water Budget COMPARISONCOMPARISON OFOF BASEBASE FLOWFLOW ANDAND RECHARGERECHARGE METHODSMETHODS

2525 BASEFLOW RECHARGE 2020 METHODS METHODS

1515

1010

55

00 G S L S R A D L D E R A T DE E E U ANNUAL BASEFLOW OR RECHARGE (IN) ANNUAL BASEFLOW OR RECHARGE C R I X B T O O A L I V E R L P S F E R M L E I T S W A Y G L W EstimatesEstimates of of Ground-Water Ground-Water Re Rechargecharge in in Penns Pennsyylvlvaanniaia bbyy Streamflo Streamfloww-H-Hyyddrographrograph Methods Methods For a description of the methods, click here Select a station from the map below: SELECTSELECT COUNTYCOUNTY OFOF INTERESTINTEREST

SELECT LYCOMING COUNTY FROM MAP LYCOMINGLYCOMING CREEKCREEK WATERSHEDWATERSHED

SELECT LYCOMING CREEK FROM MAP

LAND COVER RECHARGERECHARGE ANDAND BASEFLOWBASEFLOW ESTIMATESESTIMATES FORFOR LYCOMINGLYCOMING CRCR

Available Opt ions Data Deta iled Sta tion Land Use Geolog y Back to Back to state Main Gra phs Tables Information Map Map count y map map Page Mean -An nual Rech arg e Estimates f or Period of Record, in inches From Rece ssion Curve Displa cement (RORA) Method 18.7 From H ydro graph S eparation of Baseflow (PART) Me thod 14.7 Basin Char acteristic s Dra inage Area (square miles) 173 Period of Record Used for Es timating R echarge 1914-20 01 Land Cover (show m ap) (Forest/Agricultur e/Dev elope d/Othe r) as % of Ar ea 85.2/13.9/0.5/0.5 Rock Types (show ma p) (Sandstone and Shale/Carbona te/Crystalline /Unc onsolida ted 100/0/0/0 Sediments) a s % of Are a

TIMETIME SERIESSERIES OFOF ANNUALANNUAL RECHARGERECHARGE ANDAND BASEBASE FLOWFLOW MEANMEANMEAN-MONTHY--MONTHYMONTHY RECHARGERECHARGE LYCOMINGLYCOMING CREEKCREEK MONTHLYMONTHLY RECHARGERECHARGE FORFOR PAPA

5 PRECIPITATION (1971-2000) 4

3 S E H C IN 2 RECHARGE (RORA)

1

0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC SPATIALSPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONDISTRIBUTION OFOF GROUNDGROUND WATERWATER RECHARGERECHARGE

MICHIGAN