Summary Environmental Impact Assessment Nwfp Road

SUMMARY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

NWFP ROAD DEVELOPMENT SECTOR AND SUBREGIONAL

CONNECTIVITY PROJECT

PAKISTAN

June 2004

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 14 April 2004)

Currency Unit – Pakistan rupee/s (Pre/PRs) Pre1.00 = $0.0174 $1.00 = PRs57.475

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB – Asian Development Bank CAR – Central Asian Republic CWD – Communication and Works Department EIA – environmental impact assessment EMP – Environmental Management Plan EPA – Environmental Protection Agency ESL – environment/social/lands FD – Forest Department FHA – Frontier Highways Authority GOP – Government of Pakistan IEE – initial environmental examination km – kilometer NGO – nongovernment organization NOC – nonobjection certificate NPG – North West Frontier Province Provincial Government NHA – National Highway Authority NHAP – National Highway Authority (Peshawar) NHMP – National Highway and Motor Police NWFP – North West Frontier Province PMD – Planning and Monitoring Directorate SPM – suspended particulate matter VOC – vehicle operating cost WD – Wildlife Department WSD – Works and Services Department

NOTE

In this report, “$” refers to US dollars. CONTENTS

Page

MAP

I. INTRODUCTION 1

II. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 1

III. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 3 A. Physical Environment 3 B. Ecological Environment 4 C. Sociocultural and Economic Development 5

IV. ALTERNATIVES 6 A. No Action 6 B. Alternate Transport Mode 6 C. Alternative Alignment 7

V. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 8 A. Physical Environment 8 B. Ecological Environment 11 C. Sociocultural Environment 12

VI. ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT 15 A. Benefits 15 B. Costs 15 C. Economic Analysis of Environmental Impacts 15

VII. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 16 A. National Highway 16 B. Provincial Highways and Rural Roads 17 C. Environmental Assessment and Review Procedure for the Follow up Rural Roads 17

VIII. PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT AND DISCLOSURE 18

IX. CONCLUSIONS 19

APPENDIXES 1. Environmental Management Plan for National Highway 20 2. Environmental Management Plan for Provincial Highway and 25 Rural Roads 3. Environmental Impact Mitigation Costs 61

I. INTRODUCTION

1. The summary environmental impact assessment is based on the environmental assessment reports of the proposed North West Frontier Province Road Development Sector and Subregional Connectivity Project. The environmental assessment reports consist of two reports: (i) the environmental impact assessment (EIA) of the proposed rehabilitation and improvement of national highways as part of sub-regional connectivity roads located in the NWFP, which will be implemented by Pakistan’s National Highway Authority (NHA), and (ii) the initial environmental examination (IEE) of the proposed rehabilitation and improvement of the provincial and rural road, which will be implemented by NWFP’s Works and Service Department (WSD). The NHA improvement falls under category A, according to Asian Development Bank’s Environmental Assessment Guidelines, 2003. The improvement of the Peshawar-Torkham national highway involves significant realignment of the existing road, therefore an EIA was prepared covering all project components implemented by NHA. The improvement of provincial highways and rural roads fell under Category B, therefore only an IEE was prepared.

2. The Dainichi Consultant Inc., in association with Pacific Environmental Pte. Ltd. and Associated Consultancy Center (Pvt) Ltd., prepared these IEE and EIA reports on behalf of WSD and NHA. The studies were carried out from December 2003 to March 2004.

3. The environmental assessment reports were prepared according to the relevant laws and regulations of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan —in particular the Environment Assessment Procedure of 1997—and ADB’s Environmental Policy of 2002 and Environmental Assessment Guidelines of 2003.

II. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

4. The proposed project is located in NWFP, which is only about 74,500 square kilometers in area and the smallest of Pakistan’s four provinces. The population at the 1998 census was 17.7 million. The road network is approximately about 9,100 km, of which only 5,000 km is paved. The rural areas have only 41% paved road and 27% still lack of access by motorized vehicle.

5. The Project objectives are (i) to increase access of the rural population to social services and markets leading, to improved livelihood, (ii) enhance efficiency of the road networks and transport within the province, and (iii) improve sub-regional cooperation and trade by facilitating road transport to Afghanistan and Central Asian Republics.

6. The project will finance construction and improvement of (i) 334 km of national highways, (ii) 210 km of provincial highways and (iii) 700 km of rural roads. The upgrading and improvement of rural roads will be financed through sector loans. In this context, 5 rural roads were selected as a sample project.

7. The national highway component will involve widening one side of the existing road to meet the standard for national highways of 7.3 m pavement in width, 3-m-wide shoulders on each side, and minimum embankment height of 1 m. The rehabilitation of 2 provincial roads will involve a widening the pavement to 7.3 m, and the shoulders to 1 m each, and minimum embankment height of 1 m. Rural roads will be 3.65 m wide with 2- m shoulders and a minimum embankment height of 1 m. The summary of project activities is presented in the Table 1.

Table 1. Project Activities

Type of Road Name Length Project Activities Road (km) National Badabher–Darra Adam Khel 28 Improvement and widening Highways of northbound carriageway from the 6 m to 7.3 m (within the existing Right-of- Way) Peshawar–Torkham 46 Construction of new 2 lane road (only about 10% of the existing alignment will be utilized) Malana Junction–Sarai Gambia 118 Widening of the existing (D.I. Khan) road from 2 lanes to 4 lanes Sarai Gambia–Ghulam Khan 142 Widening and upgrading the existing road Provincial Khushal Garh–Kohat 24 Improvement and widening Highway within the RoW Kohat–Thall 104 Improvement and widening within the RoW Jehangira-Swabi 34 Improvement and widening within the RoW Charsadda–Mardan 28 Improvement and widening within the RoW Timargarha–Munda Qala 20 Improvement and widening within the RoW Rural Karak–Sabirabad 18 Upgrading by providing Road blacktop surface and widening Lahor–Baika–Jehangira 20 Upgrading by providing blacktop surface and widening Umerzai–Harichand 22 Upgrading by providing blacktop surface and widening Sar Qala–Martung 23 Upgrading by providing blacktop surface and widening Chuka Tang–Shringal 20 Upgrading by providing blacktop surface and widening

8. The Malana Junction-Sarai Gambia and Badabher-Dara Alam Khel are part of Indus Highway (NH 55). The Indus Highway was conceived in the mid-1970s, but its development has been slow. Once completed, it is expected to be the transit route between Punjab and Afghanistan. This road is planned to be a four–lane dual carriageways; however, at present some stretches, such as Malana Junction to Sarai Gambia are still single carriageways in poor condition. The 28-km stretch from Badabher to Dara Alam Khel is dual carriageway but the northbound carriageway is in the poor condition. Two other national highways — Peshawar–Torkham and Sarai Gambia–Ghulam Khan — link the Indus Highway to the Afghan border.

9. The project is expected to commence implementation in 2005 and the estimated completion date will be 30 June 2010. At present, most of the road projects are at the feasibility stage, and only a few of components have their engineering designs completed.

III. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

10. The project components are scattered across NWFP. This SEIA includes a general brief description of the environmental condition of NWFP, whereas, the EIA and IEE describe specific environmental conditions for each project area.

A. Physical Environment

1. Meteorology and Climate and Air Quality

11. NWFP covers nearly six degrees of latitude and diverse climactic conditions. In the mountainous north, summers are temperate and winters intensely cold. The project roads are in the central and southern parts of the province, where temperatures typically follow a continental weather pattern (hot summers and cold, brief winters). The air is generally dry and the daily and annual temperature variations are frequently large, ranging from zero to 40 degrees centigrade.

12. The roads pass through three main zones that are rainfall dependant: (i) the arid desert and transitional arid/semiarid desert, which has a mean annual rainfall of around 250 mm and where vegetation depends heavily on soil moisture (open woodlands grass occurs along stream beds and on piedmont slopes); (ii) the moderate productivity semiarid zone, which has more moisture and vegetation and the main land uses are livestock and agriculture; and (iii) the high productivity semiarid zone, which is more productive and it falls in the well-watered valleys, where land there is mostly covered by forests.

13. Baseline studies have shown that the main air quality issue is the high level of suspended particulate matter (SPM); primarily dust. Much of the dust occurs naturally as a consequence of the dry atmosphere and arid conditions. It is nevertheless exacerbated by human activity. Large amount of SPM is generated by vehicles driving on unpaved shoulders or on poorly maintained roads. Many trucks, buses, and passenger vehicles are diesel-fuelled. They are often poorly maintained, and kerosene is sometimes mixed with diesel to save on cost. This mixture results in exhaust smoke and high in SPM. The two-stroke engines of motorized rickshaws are supposed to have 4 lubricating oil, but this is often substituted by used engine sump oil, which is very high in carbon and gives off dense black smoke. Pakistani gasoline contains tetra-alkyl lead, which can result in lead attached to dust particles in the air.

14. The data collected for the EIA confirm data obtained from secondary sources. Previous studies in main cities, including Peshawar have found that pollutants were considerably in excess of international standards and posed a health threat to any persons with prolonged exposure (8 hours per day). Street vendors, traffic control policemen, transport managers, and, to a lesser extent, passengers and drivers were all found to be at risk. The main contributors to air pollution near to roads in Pakistan are: dust from stone crushers and unpaved roads; vehicle emissions; smoke from brick kilns which use wood, coal and even rubber tires doused in gasoline to initiate ignition; and outside food stalls which fry meat in oil, and use wood or charcoal stoves1.

2. Topography, Geology, and Soil Conditions

15. NWFP has three major geographical divisions: (i) the rugged mountainous regions on the north and west, (ii) the comparatively narrow strip of plain and plateau between the Indus River in the east and the hills in the west, and (iii) the Cis-Indus Division of Hazara. Two of the project roads (the Indus Highway sections) lie entirely within the second division. The other two have one end at the Afghan border in the mountainous division and the other in the plains. Descending from the hills are a series of very productive agricultural basins including the Peshawar, Kohat-Bannu, and Derajat basins. Most are fringed by hills, which are steep on the northern sides and with gentle slopes towards the south.

3. Water Resources

16. Rainfall in NWFP generally occurs in two distinct crop-growing seasons: rabbi (winters, December – March) and kharif (summers, June – September). The monsoon arrives in first or second weeks of June, and intermediate periods of April–May and October –November have almost no rain. There are two major river systems in NWFP: (i) the Indus River, which forms the boundary with Punjab and passes from Attock to Dera Ismail Khan in the south; and (ii) mountainous streams that flow down to join the Jhelum River.

B. Ecological Environment

17. NWFP is famous for hill coniferous forests, herbal plants, and large biodiversity. The national highways project road location has very sparse vegetation and mainly in the arid subtropical habitat. These vegetative zones are located around rocky and hilly areas from sea level up to about 900 m elevation. These areas are under slight monsoon influence, with regular winter frosts and dry, hot summers. The area is generally overgrazed, with a degraded vegetation of Acacia modesta, Olea cuspidate, shrubs like Dodonea viscose and Monotheca buxifola. This extends throughout most of lower areas of NWFP. Degraded scrub vegetation is typically Reptonia buxiflia, Olea cuspidate, Pistacia integerrima, Nannorhops ritchieananda and bromus spp.

1 IUCN. 1999. Environmental Profile. NWFP. 5

18. NWFP has a significant wildlife population. Chitral areas also have snow leopards. Some common mammal species are red monkeys (Macaca mulatto), foxes (Vulpes vulpes), jackals (Canus aureus), porcupines (Hystrix indica), and wild boars (Sus scrofa), where the populations are increasing. Some isolated and rare packs of wolves (Canis lupus pallipes) have also been reported in sparsely populated areas. Other mammals are grey gorals (Naemorhedus goral goral), common leopards (Panthera entellus), leopard cats (Felis Bengalensis), Himalayan Lynx (Felic lynx isabellina) and Pallas Cat (Felis manul). During the last few years, Afghan (Ibex) almost became extinct and the straight horn Kabul markhor (Capra falconi megaceros) is notified as highly endangered.

19. Amongst birds, many species of partridges (Franlinus spec) and Chakur (Alectoris chukor chukor) are commonly found in the area. Some transitory birds such as waterfowl, sakar falcons (Falco cherrug), perigrine falcons, and hobara bustards (Chlamydotis undulate macqueenii) are also found in early winter and late spring. The latter three species are highly endangered. Hunting for sport and food is quite common.

C. Sociocultural and Economic Development

20. The province has a population of 17.8 million, 13.4% of the country (1998 census). This provides a density of 238 persons per square km, as compared to 358 for Punjab Province, 216 for Sind Province and national average of 166. The density varies between districts from 21.5 persons per square kilometer in Chitral to 1,606 in Peshawar and 1,026 in Charsada districts. The population growth rate increased from 2.34% per annum during 1951–61 to 3.32% per annum during 1961–1981. It declined to 2.82% during 1981–98. The end-year growth rate works out to 2.5% per annum. As suming straight-line trend, the growth rate for 2003 would be 2.32% per annum, near the 1951– 61 level.

21. Some 83% of the population of the province is rural as compared to 69% in Punjab, 51% in Sind, and a national average of 67%. The rural population is spread across the province in 7,335 villages. The remaining 17% of the urban population is concentrated in 55 towns and cities, including 11 cantonments. The three main cities of Peshawar, Mardan, and Kohat account for more than 45% of the urban population

22. One third of the population are children under 10 years of age, 5% are over 65 and 9% are students. Of the remaining 53%, 33% (mostly women) perform household work. This leaves less than 20% economically active. More than half of those that are economically active are self-employed, nearly 20% is employed by the government or autonomous organizations, 21% work in private sector, and 2% are employers. The remaining 7% are unpaid family helpers. The proportion of self-employment is higher in rural areas for both males and females: 55.9% and 35.1%, as compared to 34.1% and 8.1% for male and female in urban areas respectively.

23. The province is regarded as the western border of the Indian Subcontinent, and has been a traditional route for invaders, merchants, and travelers from Central Asia and Europe to the Indian peninsula.

24. There are many artifacts and historical sites in the province but only two sites are near the roads: the Buddhist remains in the Khyber Pass and the archaeological site at Rehman Dheri. Despite the absence of known sites, it is important that contractors are 6 aware of the potential for finding historical remains and that they follow appropriate procedures.

25. Industrial activity in NWFP is modest. According to a government survey in 2000–01, industry provides employment to 7.3% of the labor force.2 There are 705 factories in the Province. Half are located in Peshawar and Haripur districts and another 38 in Nowshera, Mardan, Swabi, and Swat. The Peshawar-Torkham and Badabher- Darra roads provide access for workers to the industrial areas of Peshawar, but the roads themselves—and the other two project roads—are within the remaining 18 districts that between them have only 12% of the province’s total industrial units.

26. The water supply situation in NWFP is considered reasonable. More than 60% of the rural population has a piped water supply, considerably above the national average of 44%. However, sanitation is poor, with only 2% of the rural population having sanitation facilities compared with a national average of 12%. Men and children use open fields during the day, while women must wait until after dark.

IV. ALTERNATIVES

A. No Action

27. Without the project, the existing roads will continue to be the main transportation corridors in project areas. Road conditions will continue to deteriorate because of outdated bridges and culverts, as well as expensive maintenance. Traffic congestion is likely to increase and the people living in the project area will suffer from degraded transportation access.

B. Alternate Transport Mode

28. Pakistan Railway has not constructed any new routes since 1982. Although the track still exists, many railway routes have been discontinued because they are unprofitable. The main railway line connecting Karachi and Peshawar has lost its importance and competitiveness because of poor efficiency. Public demand for and confidence in railway services is low.

29. There is a railway line from Peshawar to Landi Kotal that is still functional, and the remaining track stretches as far as the border of Torkham. The line was built to move troops. Regular train services have never been operated, but weekly train was operating on recreational basis till 1980s; however, services discontinued because of Afghan war. The line would require substantial investment before any commercial Afghanistan-bound freight could be realized. The track beyond Landi Kotal is highly dilapidated after 70 years’ closure and requires major rehabilitation. The RoW beyond Landi Kotal has been taken over for market stalls and other activities. Rehabilitation is not a viable option in the near future.

30. Another railway line used to run alongside the Indus highway from Mari Indus Junction to Bannu and Tank. It was closed 25-30 years ago. In the subsequent years, the railway authority has auctioned the track metal and other removable infrastructure,

2 According to the 1998 census, the proportion of employment in industry is only 2.7%. 7 the remaining being salvaged by the local residents. Today some leftover bridges are the only remnants of the railway line. Restoring the railway for alternative transport along the Indus Highway is not feasible during the project life.

C. Alternative Alignment

31. Alternative routes have not been considered for Badabher-Darra Adam Khel. The Project involves upgrading one carriageway on the existing dual carriageway. In the case of Sarai Gambia-Ghulam Khan, the option chosen here has been to upgrade the existing road. Similarly for the provincial and rural roads, the option has been to improve and upgrade existing roads.

32. For Malana Junction-Sarai Gambia, three alternative alignments were considered. The D.I. Khan bypass is one of the alignments considered to improve the existing road, which runs through commercial areas. However, substantial widening would be required to provide a satisfactory level of road service. This would require more land acquisition and resettlement. The second alternative is to undertake realignment in the Pezu, primarily for engineering reasons. However, this would also require more land acquisition and resettlement. The alternative selected was to construct a second carriageway next to the current road for most of its length. Some parts of the existing alignment were deficient in terms of curvature and gradient, but this proposed alignment passes through mostly barren land and less land acquisition and resettlement are anticipated.

33. For Peshawar-Thorkam, the existing road has insufficient capacity for even the current traffic volume. An additional lane is highly desirable, particularly in the steeply graded section. The existing road was not constructed to modern geometric standards, and large vehicles have difficulty negotiating some stretches. There are resettlement problems at various locations on the existing alignment, and certain stretches are surrounded by built-up areas. The existing road cannot be widened because of resettlement concerns and poor geometric road conditions. A new alignment will provide an opportunity to improve horizontal and vertical alignments for modern vehicles. It would also avoid the problem of catering to existing traffic during construction.

V. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

A. Physical Environment

1. Topography, Geology, and Soils

a. Construction

34. The main impact-generating activities during construction will be clearing of rights-of-way, cutting and filling, blasting, and dismantling damaged pavements and borrow pits. The topography along the national highways will change to some extent because of filling and cutting of hills, filling and construction of project related structures. This type of impact will not occur in provincial highways because the project will not require extensive widening of its RoW. It might occur along some rural roads, particularly the rural roads in mountainous area. Nonetheless, leveling of road embankments will take place on all project roads. To avoid landslides, land stabilization has been included in the project design. Visual changes to the landscape will have no mitigation measures, but the project design should consider aesthetic concerns. Tree planting along the roadsides should be properly planned.

35. Blasting will occur only between Peshawar and Torkham especially Km 11–30 and Km 35–40. Blasting will generate short-term impacts such as noise and vibration, and long-term impact such as land stabilization. To minimize the short-term impacts, blasting should take place at predetermined times notified to communities and local residents. Blasting should also be conducted in accordance with best international standard practice, in which the explosive charges are controlled to minimize vibration and noise. To minimize the long-term impacts, geological and soil conditions will be carefully assessed to avoid blasting in sensitive locations.

36. The Project will require significant amounts of quarry materials. Although quarry operation is independent and regulated, the overall environmental impacts will be significant because of amount required. To minimize the impact associated with quarrying activities, the Project will re-evaluate to ensure that the design optimizes the net balance of cut and fill. A detailed material plan should be prepared as part of the initial design review. Subsequent to this, quarries areas should be identified, marked on engineering drawings, and specified in the tender/contract document. Only approved quarry areas should be used. Quarrying for filling should only take place at designated sites, and existing quarries should be used where possible. The requirement to rehabilitate borrows and quarry areas, as well as access roads, should be included in the contract.

b. Operation

37. No significant impact is predicted during the operation other than those resulting from neglected mitigation measures in disposing of spoiled materials, erosion and landslide prevention, tree planting along the road alignment, and rehabilitation of borrow and quarry areas. It is, therefore, necessary to undertake regular monitoring to ensure that all require mitigation measures are implemented.

1. Air Quality

a. Construction

38. Construction work involves breaking up, digging, crushing, transporting, and dumping large quantities of dry material. It will inevitably lead to an increase in SPM in and around the construction zones. This impact will occur in all project locations and on all types of project roads.

39. Spraying with water is the main way of controlling dust. Water is, in any case, required to be added to fill material during the construction of the road base. Spraying of road surfaces, including haul roads from borrow pits and quarries, should be undertaken regularly during construction, particularly in the vicinity of villages. As an additional precaution, the use of a temporary seal coat should be considered particularly in urban areas. Other precautions include:

(i) Wheel-washing facilities and “cattle grids” should be used to prevent mud carried onto the road.

(ii) Trucks carrying spoil materials should have tarpaulin covers to prevent spills during haulage.

(iii) Crushers should be fitted with dust suppression equipment.

(iv) SPM should be monitored at the main dust-creating sites such as crushers, and dust masks should be issued on request of workers and wherever SPM exceeds 200-mg/cubic meter.

40. Other sources of air pollution include asphalt plants, crushing plants, and mechanical plant such as trucks, graders, and draglines. Asphalt is made from bitumen, which is a long-chain hydrocarbon that contains solvent. Excessive exposure should be avoided; therefore, the asphalt and crushing plants should not be placed near residential areas or social infrastructure such as schools, clinics, or markets. At least 0.5-1 km should be placed between these facilities and residential areas or social infrastructure. It is also necessary to require the contractor to ensure that all equipment must be kept in good mechanical condition and operated pursuant to manufacturers’ guidelines.

b. Operation

41. SPM raised by passing vehicles will be a problem during operation. This can be reduced by sealing the road shoulders and lay-bys in rural areas, and by sealing the full width of the rights-of-way and using street sweeper/vacuum trucks in urban areas. In urban areas, material collected must be dumped in a controlled manner. This will leave vehicle emissions as the main concern for air quality.

42. Various national initiatives are being taken to reduce vehicle emissions. Fuel-related air pollution abatement measures include vehicle inspection programs, better fuel formulation, availability of unleaded and low sulphur fuels, and promotion/use of alternate fuels such as compressed natural gas (CNG), liquid natural gas (LNG), and liquid petroleum gas (LPG). These measures, if implemented as proposed, will reduce toxic and greenhouse gas emissions. A shift to gas will also reduce sulfur, lead, and 10

SPM from road transport. These national initiatives can be supported by specific enforcement activity on the project roads (and on other roads in the Province). Training and measuring equipment need to be provided to highway police to enable them to enforce smoke emission standards.

43. The new alignments on Peshawar, Torkham and Malana Junction–Sarai Gambila will allow for faster moving and freer flowing traffic. Higher engine speeds lead to more efficient combustion and so less emission of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxide (NOx). Higher speeds give more dispersion and so generate lower ambient levels of noxious gasses. The dust problem may increase, however.

3. Ground and Surface Water

a. Construction Period

44. Water is scarce in NWFP, particularly along the project roads. The construction will require water for road base formation. Significant amount of water will be required, and this will have to be tankered in from nearby tubewells. Water will also be required for construction camps. The Project is likely to employ some 20,000 people over a 3-year construction period. Actual numbers will depend on the way contractors manage the project. Assuming 70% of these are non-locals, the additional water requirement will be 1-1.5 million liters per day. This may place a strain on local water availability. To mitigate the impacts, it is necessary to ensure that installment of water supply system follows local government requirements. The contract for construction should indicate the scarcity of water and requirement for the contractor to carefully manage water use.

45. The baseline survey showed that the existing well water contains contaminants. Evidence of bacterial contamination was detected in the locally available water. The Project will need to dispose of approximately 80% of the water as sewerage. This will require the construction of septic tank systems. All sewage wastes will be managed according to controlled discharge standards. Where possible, any new water supply and sewerage systems should be designed for continued use by local residents on completion of the Project. Final payment to the contractor will be subject to decommissioning and clean-up of temporary sewage treatment sites.

46. All roads cross numerous water courses. The locations of these have been identified for the detailed design of the highway sections. Where natural drainage flows are to be impeded, construction may cause localized floods. These can damage crop lands, breed malarial mosquitoes, and damage the road embankment itself. Construction wastes and residues must be removed from water courses and dumped in a controlled area. Adequate drainage and crossing structures, as well as pumping, will be used to avoid flooding during construction.

47. Water is scarce, therefore, water courses have special significance within the tribal structure. Blocking or diverting watercourses, even when appropriate from an engineering viewpoint, may infringe on traditional tribal rights. Both hydrological and social impacts must be taken into account in determining appropriate cross drainage structures. For example, the Peshawar Torkham road alignment along the nullah between Bagyari Road and Shagai Fort lies at the foot of a hill and intersects the 11 village’s rainfall catchments area. The road design should be checked for sufficient drainage. As an offset, provision of a filtered piped water supply to the village should be considered.

48. The construction or rehabilitation of bridges and culverts could affect the flow and siltation in rivers. Rehabilitation and construction of bridges and culverts should be done during dry season as much as possible. Cast-in-place concrete pile should be used in bridge and culvert construction. When boring in the river is needed cofferdams will be installed to prevent silt from mixing with river water. When large amounts of boring slag are produced, this slag will be hauled to spoiled disposal areas.

b. Operation

49. The impact on traffic—which might be expected to show through the presence of oil and grease and heavy metals, including lead—appears minor. Comparative measurements of water quality on the Peshawar Torkham road between wells adjacent to the existing road and away from the road in the new alignment suggest that traffic effects are minimal. This is probably a consequence of the low rainfall. Nevertheless provision of water traps with sand filters could be considered to further reduce the risk of contamination.

50. Drainage is an important part of road maintenance. Unless road drainage is maintained properly, drains and culverts can block, causing localized flooding and damage to the road itself. A commitment to regular monitoring and maintenance will be a requirement under the Project.

4. Noise

51. A significant increase in noise is expected during construction. The main sources are heavy machinery such as bulldozers, excavators, stabilizers, concrete missing plant, drills, and stone crushers. Proper equipment maintenance and restricted operation between 0700 to 2000 hours will reduce noise. Other measures include locating heavy machinery operation at least 1 km from sensitive receptors.

52. During operation, passing vehicles will generate noise. In open areas, traffic noise will disperse and will create a minor impact

B. Ecological Environment

1. Sensitive Areas

53. None of the proposed project roads cross protected areas. The Kusnal Gargh– Kohat–Thall provincial highway will increase accessibility to some wildlife game reserves and parks. Some stretches of the Jehanghira–Swabi road are located along wetland areas. While the improvement of rural roads Lahor–Baika, Sar Gala–Martung, and Kalkot–Badgot will increase accessibility to wildlife habitats. With regard to the national highways, the stretch of Malina Junction–Sarai Gambia in Km 65 near Pezu passes the Shaikh Buddin National Park. Its boundary is about 3 km from the road alignment. During construction, there is no impact predicted on these ecologically sensitive areas. 12

However, it is necessary to require the contractors working for Malina Junction–Sarai Gambia to restrict their activities by not allowing worker camps, borrow pits, spoil tips, dumping overburden, haul roads, or laydown areas to the east of road alignment.

54. During road operation, it is likely that indirect impacts to these ecologically sensitive areas will occur. Improved access may lead to increased illegal hunting or traffic collision with wildlife. To minimize the impact, systematic monitoring needs to be carried out about 3 months after the completion of the road construction to observe impacts. If the predicted impacts occur, remedial actions such us underpasses need to be installed. Coordination with the Wildlife Department needs to be strengthened to control illegal hunting provision.

2. Animal Paths

55. The new alignments (Peshawar Torkham and Malana Jn-Sarai Gambila) will cut across routes used by people and animals. Where practicable, underpasses and (to a lesser extent) overpasses should be constructed along the natural line of movement. Where necessary, fences should be constructed to prevent crossing at inappropriate locations.

3. Tree Plantations

56. Tree planting is often used to enhance the appearance of roads and to provide a natural buffer between the road and adjoining land. If trees are selected without due consideration to the special needs of roads, they can generate safety and sustainability problems. Inappropriate species can cause environmental damage. Tree plantations on top of embankments and rights-of-way will serve as small forests and wood-lots for local residents, having tangible benefits in the form of timber, fuel wood, and fodder. Besides soil retention and erosion control, such plantations will also provide aesthetic and visual screens against sound, dust, wind, toxic emissions, night glare, and pollution of waterways.

57. Revegetating the roadsides and centre medians must consider the native species of trees, grasses, and shrubs. Preference must be accorded to indigenous varieties because of their better adaptability to the natural ecosystem. Eucalyptus trees should be avoided because they place a heavy water demand on the aquifer and have little commercial value. Planting should be structured to provide low bushy plants close to the carriageway to reduce impact resistance in the event of a vehicle leaving the carriageway. Verge and median plantings, can become a safety hazard if left untended. The trees need to be managed. A managed plantation will contribute to revenue generation and help meet the fuel needs of local communities.

C. Sociocultural Environment

1. Land Acquisition and Resettlement

58. The Project was developed with a view to minimizing the need for land acquisition and involuntary resettlement. However, 470 hectares of land will be required and about 1,650 people are likely to be affected by land acquisition. About 886 roadside vendors are likely to be affected during construction. The widening will affect 239 structures such as shops, businesses, houses, and cultural/community structures. The 13 estimated cost for land acquisition and compensation is $18.1 million. All resettlement will be undertaken in accordance with the ADB’s resettlement policy and guidelines for involuntary resettlement and will be consistent with local customs and practices. A resettlement plan has been prepared, the primary objective of which is to ensure that no one—not even encroachers or squatters on the RoW —are left worse off as a result of the Project.

2. Community Impacts

59. All the Project roads will be major undertakings, and will bring with them construction camps and itinerant workers. The construction process will take 2-3 years, with the result that the camps will take on a semipermanent appearance. The people and the changes they bring can have significant impacts on the local communities and social structures. There are some importance issues to be taken into account:

(i) Construction camps. Construction camps for workers, and storage of plant and materials may intrude on the lives of local residents. The contract must include provisions for safe and considerate construction camps. Education on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and sexually transmitted disease (STD) must be provided. Wherever possible, contractors must involve local communities in decisions on camp locations and resource sharing with construction workers. In this way, a sense of ownership will be inculcated in the locals, who will also protect the roads and their related resources. New workers—particularly foreign workers—may not be aware of local customs and history. Education about the local culture and observances, particularly towards women may be required. Sites of social, religious, or historical significance should be mapped and, if necessary, marked to avoid unwitting damage or desecration. Graveyard sites must be marked with flags, and due care and diligence in the use of construction equipment ensured to show respect. (ii) Hazardous materials. All hazardous and toxic materials used on site should be stored in locked, well-ventilated premises. Loading and transferring of fuels, solvents, and lubricants should be carried out on paved areas with curbs or bunds to control potential spills. The storage areas should have signs displayed with warnings for its potential fire and other hazards (iii) Other sociocultural importance. The Peshawar–Torkham road involves the construction of a new alignment that will block existing pathways, separating communities and restricting traditional access to grazing areas etc. Access can be retained by the construction of underpasses at frequent intervals, preferably in the line of natural pathways. In rural areas, underpasses can simply be large culverts that allow access by people and animals. (iv) The section of the Peshawar–Torkham road between Bagyari Road and Shagai Fort will pass above several villages. The local people in this area are very concerned about the privacy of their women and the safety of their children. Road users will be able to see down into the villages and this may be interpreted as an invasion of privacy. Planting or roadside 14

barriers should be constructed to shield the view of the village from passing vehicles. (v) Improved roads also increase the incidence of social problems such as drugs, prostitution, and HIV/AIDS. This is a particular problem with long-distance truck drivers. No specific mitigation measures are proposed as another project aimed at this problem is underway.

3. Archeological Sites

60. Construction work has the potential to irreparably damage archeological sites. The Peshawar–Torkham route passes over a historical underground hospital. This hospital was built about a century ago by the British authorities, and while not recorded as being of historical significance, efforts should be made to preserve it. There are no other known sites close enough to the Project roads of direct concern. All the roads pass through areas rich in history, and it is possible that the work will unearth sites of historical interest. An archeological inspection is therefore proposed prior to commencement of earthworks on each road. The construction company will be responsible for advising any findings.

4. Road Safety

61. The contractor is responsible for ensuring that all construction vehicles observe speed limits on the construction sites and on public roads. All vehicles should be fitted with audible warning devices when reversing. The safety of road users during construction shall be of paramount importance. Where road users are required to deviate from the existing road or lane, or face unexpected conditions (e.g. opposing flow on a dual carriageway), adequate warning must be provided, and visual reminders (e.g. cones) should be used to guide the traffic.

62. Badabher–Darra involves rehabilitating the existing northbound lane. This will require northbound vehicles to divert to the southbound carriageway where the northbound carriageway is out of service. Warning signs should be placed at the approach to the two-way sections from both directions. Within the temporary two-lane sections, the centre of the road must be marked with cones (if the diversion is less than one week in duration) or painted yellow lines. “No overtaking” signs should be placed at regular intervals. Temporary paint markings must be painted out once the section reverts to dual carriageway.

63. Malina Jn-Sarai Gambila involves the provision of a new lane west of the existing lane. If this lane is brought into use progressively, and the existing road is not taken out of service, motorists may become confused as to whether they are in a dual carriageway or a two-lane section. Barriers, cones and signs should be used to clearly designate which road or lane is to be used and the potential presence of opposing traffic.

64. The construction of a high-speed road can lead to severance issues. Residents must be able to cross the road safely and particular attention must be given to vulnerable groups such as children, the elderly, and animals. All vehicles should observe speed limits and load restriction. Road discipline should be enforced and extra resources devoted to the traffic police. Traffic signs should be installed in the right place.

65. Civic amenities such as foot-bridges and underpasses should be provided. Where possible, these should be located at existing crossing points and their location decided only after local consultations. Past experience has shown that underpasses are preferable to footbridges. If they are adopted, space in the underpass should be utilized for shops and vendors. They will provide a degree of security, lighting, and housekeeping that is normally lacking, making them more attractive to passersby. Ramps should be used instead of stairs, and the slope made gentle for the elderly, handcarts and animals.

VI. ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT

A. Benefits

66. The economic analysis carried out for the Project shows that the quantifiable benefits from the Project are saving on vehicle operating costs (VOC), including time saving for existing and generated traffic. The VOCs are made up of fuel savings and reduced repair and maintenance costs. There will also be benefits arising from improved access to markets, such as reduced agricultural input costs because of better transport facilities and improved access to social service facilities. These are expected to improve rural productivity.

B. Costs

67. The total environmental costs for improvement, rehabilitation, and construction of national highway—including environmental mitigation and monitoring costs—is Rs1,841 million, of which Rs1,798 million has been included in the design, construction, resettlement, and construction supervision costs (see Appendix 3). Therefore, the Project has allocated a separate environmental costs in the amount of Rs45 million, of which 2 million is for contingency.

68. For provincial and rural roads, the environmental mitigation cost including environmental monitoring and tree planting is about Rs30 million3.

C. Economic Analysis of Environmental Impacts

69. The only tangible environmental benefits from the project will be a marginal net reduction in the total vehicle emissions because of improved travel conditions, particularly between Peshawar and Torkham. Emission will drop along the existing alignment but increase along the new alignment, but the net result is a decrease. Noise will also decrease along the old alignment, whereas on the project road, noise will increase. Because noise response is logarithmic, the net effect is an increase in perceived noise area.

70. For the provincial and rural roads, the environmental benefits will come from lower dust levels due to sealing of local roads and from reduced vehicle emissions. Net vehicle emissions will drop and the air quality will improve because of better traffic flow. The investment in strengthening the NWFP’s capacity to address environmental

3 The costs to conduct awareness campaign has been included 16 problems related to road development will have cumulative benefits in raising the environmental management skills of Works and Services Department and local staff.

71. The benefits gained from recommended construction-and operation-related environmental expenditure is not significantly large compared to the overall project cost. However, without such expenditures the Project will generate significant environmental impacts, harming the environment and indirectly depressing the local economies.

VII. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

A. National Highway

72. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) attached in Appendix 1 will serve as a guideline for incorporating environmental measures to be carried out by the National Highway Authority, contractors, and other parties concerned for mitigating possible impacts associated with the national highway component. The EMP needs to be updated at the beginning of implementation; therefore, detailed locations and frequency of monitoring can be defined in more practical ways. The EMP will also need to be updated if the final engineering design generates significant changes to the project plan.

73. The NHA is responsible for ensuring that (i) all required mitigation measures that need to be incorporated into project design are passed on to the engineering consultant, (ii) the bidding document for contractors contains of all required mitigation measures to be implemented during the construction period and obligation for contractor to implement EMP at construction period, (iii) the NOC is obtained prior to granting any civil works contract, (iv) monitoring EMP implementation is undertaken on a regular basis as required, (v) semiannual reports on EMP implementation should be well documented and submitted routinely to ADB, (v) coordination with other parties and government agencies to effectively implement EMP at all Project stages takes place, (v) remedial actions are undertaken for unpredicted environmental impacts, and (vi) additional environmental assessment is undertaken if any change in alignment or project design takes place.

74. To ensure that contractors comply with the provisions of the EMP, the following specifications should be incorporated in all construction bidding procedures: (i) a set of environmental prequalification conditions for potential bidders, (ii) a list of environmental items budgeted by the bidders in their proposal, (iii) environmental evaluation factors for bid reviewers, (iv) environmental clauses for contract conditions and specifications, and (v) the full EIA report should be made available for potential bidders.

75. The General Manager Environment/Social/Lands (ESL)4 of NHA and particularly the Director Environment/Afforestation and its staff, will be responsible for implementing the EMP. The Regional Deputy Director Environment/Afforestation at the Peshawar Regional Office will be responsible for supervising contractors and consultants in implementing the EMP. The NHA may outsource the implementation of the EMP particularly monitoring of noise, air, and water quality.

4 The World Bank has included long-term development of NHS’s environmental capacity in its Highway Rehabilitation Project, approved November 2003. 17

B. Provincial Highways and Rural Roads

76. The EMP, as part of the environmental assessment report for provincial highway and rural roads attached in Appendix 2 will, serve as a guideline for incorporating environmental measures to be carried out by the WSD, contractors, and other parties concerned for mitigating possible impacts associated with the provincial highway and rural road components.

77. The WSD is responsible for ensuring that (i) all required mitigation measures that need to be incorporated in the project design are passed on to the engineering consultant; (ii) the bidding document for contractors contains all required mitigation measures and obligations for contractors to implement the EMP during construction; (iii) the nonobjection certificate is obtained before granting any civil work contracts; (iv) monitoring of EMP implementation is undertaken on a regular basis, as required, and the annual report on EMP implementation is well documented; (v) coordination with other parties such as NWFP’s EPA, and forest, and wildlife departments takes place to effectively implement EMP at all stages of the Project; (v) remedial actions would be undertaken to handle unforeseen environmental impacts; and (vi) additional environmental assessment will be undertaken if any change in alignment or project design take place.

78. To ensure that contractors will comply with the provision of the EMP, the following specification should be incorporated in all construction bidding procedures: (i) a set of environmental prequalification conditions for potential bidders, (ii) a list of environmental items to be budgeted by the bidders in their proposal, (iii) environmental evaluation factors for bid reviewers, (iv) environmental clauses for contract conditions and specifications, and (v) the environmental assessment (IEE) report should be made available for potential bidders.

79. The WSD should empower its Planning and Monitoring Directorate (PMD) to undertake a key role in implementing the EMP. A special training of PMD staff in environmental mitigation, monitoring, and reporting methods will be essential and is budgeted for in the EMP. Additional funding is also suggested for purchasing a portable equipment to monitor air and water quality as well as noise.

80. Monitoring of noise, air, and water quality could be contracted to NWFP’s EPA. The long-term environmental impacts related to illegal hunting of wildlife should be done in close coordination with the NWFP’s Wildlife Department. Tree planting should be done in close coordination with the NWFP’s Forest Department. The results of the environmental monitoring should be well documented by the NWFP’s WSD.

C. Environmental Assessment and Review Procedure for the Follow up Rural Roads

81. The rural road component is the only component of the Project using the sector approach modality. It was planned that the project would fund improvement and rehabilitation of about 700 km of rural roads. At present, only 5 rural roads with approximately 103 km are included at the preparation study as a sample subproject. Therefore, WSD will select another 600 km rural roads to be funded during implementation.

82. The selection of the rural roads to be funded by the Project should consider the following environmental criteria: (i) no new rural roads will be funded by the Project; (ii) no funding will be given for improvement or rehabilitation of rural roads that pass through or near protected areas; and (iii) only subprojects that meet the ADB and government environmental requirements will be financed by the Project.

83. The procedure for approving the IEE and its EMP is as follows: (i) the WSD has to prepare IEEs for each follow up subproject; (ii) the WSD has to submit the IEE report to NWFP’s EPA for seeking a NOC; (iii) the WSD has to send the IEE report and the NOC to ADB; (iv) the WSD will only grant civil works contracts after obtaining the NOC from NWFP’s EPA; and (v) the WSD has to ensure that recommendations from the IEE and EMP, as well as the NOC conditions, are fully implemented. The WSD also has to keep all environmental assessment documents as part of the project files and make them available to the public on request.

VIII. PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT AND DISCLOSURE

84. An extensive community consultation exercise was carried out during February and March 2004 as part of project preparation. The process included both semistructured interviews with small groups and more formal consultation meetings. For the national highway component, a public consultation will also be undertaken as part of the process of obtaining a NOC from the EPA.

85. With regard to the national highway component, participants in the small groups and the consultation meeting raised a number of concerns. The majority (81%) of the roadside-affected and beneficiary communities are aware of the upcoming Project. Almost all respondents support the Project, saying that currently traffic flow on the roads demanded speedy improvement. They believe that upgrading the roads will help them join the country’s mainstream socioeconomic development. With regard to the project impacts and resettlement, over one half of the respondents (56%) fear significant resettlement impacts, while rest are not clear whether the project would affect them.

86. The formal consultation meetings provide the following suggestions: (i) utilize the existing RoW as much as possible; (ii) the reduce “formation-width” of the road to its minimum possible in built-up areas, especially in the congested housing-cum- commercial reaches of the villages and towns; (iii) reduce the width of medians in both open and built-up areas; (iv) construct bypasses at congested towns, especially wherever there are frequent and/or prolonged traffic jams; (v) provide sufficient cross- drainage culverts to avoid flooding and ensure natural flow of fresh and wastewater; and (vi) provide 3-m-high louvers/walls wherever the road is higher than that of a village/town, to protect the women’s privacy, to ensure children’s and livestock’s safety, and to reduce noise and smoke pollution.

87. With regard to the environmental concerns, the consultation meetings recommend (i) native species of bushes/trees should be planted along the roads; (ii) excavation and blasting activities should be controlled, especially near populated areas; (iii) contractors must repair/reconstruct the structures damaged by the road construction works/activities; (iv) sites used for labor camps and quarrying of construction materials should be rehabilitated and/or leveled; (v) spoiled dumps should be leveled so that 19 adjacent community/farmers may use them for crops/tree planting; (vi) dust and noise pollution should be minimized during construction work; (vii) labor camps should not be established too close to local villages/towns; (viii) leftover construction materials must be disposed off before leaving; and (ix) underpasses or high-clearance culverts should be constructed near villages/towns so that the people can move easily to other villages, grazing areas, and water, fodder, and firewood collection points.

88. In the context of provincial and rural roads, local communities displayed positive attitudes and a strong desire to see the roads improved. They expressed concern about construction impacts such as loss of roadside trees, disruption of irrigation channels, increase dust and noise, congestion in construction areas, disruption of communication during construction of bridges, loss of land due to road expansion, inconvenience during construction, and potential increase of hunting wildlife. These concerns have been addressed through the project design as well as through environmental management and monitoring plan.

IX. CONCLUSIONS

89. Almost all of the project’s predicted adverse significant impacts occur during construction. The impacts are significant, short-term, and reversible. These impacts are manageable; most of them can be minimized through engineering solutions easily incorporated into project design. However, it is necessary to ensure that the EMP and monitoring plan are well implemented.

90. Since some of the Project roads have yet to be completed by the engineering design, continued monitoring needs to be carried out to examine whether remedial actions are required to deal with unforeseen impacts, if any. In addition, the EIA, IEE, and EMP need to be updated if the final engineering design leads to changes in the existing project plan. In this context, the revised EIA, IEE, and EMP need to be submitted to ADB for concurrence.

20 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR NATION AL HIGHWAY

Appendix 1 Activity Responsibility Potential Negative Impacts Mitigation Measure Implementing Supervision Preconstruction Land acquisition and clearing Land acquisition and Compensation of those NHAP NHA resettlement: people affected

Realignment of road to DC NHA reduce impact on dwellings Provide alternate market DC/NHAP NHA space If sites of special interest not Archeological inspection identified and flagged the identifying all sensitive contractors may inadvertently areas prior to EPA – cause damage. construction Planning material balance Avoidable loss of agricultural Prepare materials plan DC NHA and forest land for dump sites, borrow areas Avoid dumping spoiled materials on nearby water – – – bodies P–lanning site activities Construction causes anger to Prepare safety plan DC NHA workers, locals Construction Period Establishing construction site Friction with residents Prior consultation with local people CC/NHAP EPA Site construction to be supervised NHAP EPA Sanitary waste disposal, solid Provide septic tanks, waste (food) disposal, fuel hard standing areas with ADB =Asian Development Bank, AIDSleakage =Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome,berms CC =Construction Company, DC =design consultant, EPA =Environmental Protection Agency, NHA =National Highway Authority (head office), NHAP =National Highway Authority (Peshawar), NGO =Nongovernment organization, STDS =sexually transmitted diseases, WD =Wildlife Department.

Activity Responsibility Potential Negative Impacts Mitigation Measure Implementing Supervision leakage berms Setting up of complaints office, advertising ways CC/NHAP NHA/EPA to voice complaints Clearing existing RoWs Pollution from discarded Recycle or dump CC NHAP/EPA asphalt controlled fill General construction Dust from construction Water spraying to reduce CC NHAP/EPA activities dust General construction Dust from construction Haul roads to be dust CC NHAP/EPA activities controlled, all vehicles carrying loose friable material to be covered Dust emissions from crusher Crushers to be fitted with CC NHAP/EPA and screening plant dust suppression equipment Crusher plant should not be located near residential areas or social infrastructure (e.g. schools, clinics, markets, etc.) Emission of dust and fumes Plant to have CC NHAP/EPA from asphalt plant suppression equipment. Ensure workers use appropriate clothing

Hot mix plant should not

be located near Appe residential areas or – – social infrastructure (e.g. ndix 1 schools, clinics, markets,

ADB =Asian Development Bank, AIDS =Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, CC =Construction Company, DC =design consultant, 21

EPA =Environmental Protection Agency, NHA =National Highway Authority (head office), NHAP =National Highway Authority (Peshawar), NGO =Nongovernment organization, STDS =sexually transmitted diseases, WD =Wildlife Department.

Activity Responsibility 22 Potential Negative Impacts Mitigation Measure Implementing Supervision

etc.) Appendix 1 Noise from construction Equipment in good CC NHAP/EPA activities condition, fitted with silencers No work during night CC NHAP Blasting hard rock Noise and vibration from Use controlled blasting blasting techniques. Advise CC NHAP timing of blasts so as not to alarm locals Damage to buildings from Use controlled blasting CC NHAP blasting techniques Monitor sensitive sites EPA Construction near national park Construction activity such as Require contractor to CC WLD borrow pits, quarrying could restrict all activities to the impinge on national park west of the old road in vicinity of the park. Strictly forbiddin g – – workers from collecting firewood Use of borrow material Borrow pits collect water. Use only approved CC Malarial mosquitoes borrowed areas Regular Inspection of NHAP EPA sites Sourcing fill material and Excess transporting of Design to optimize cut DC NHA disposing of excess materials materials and fill net balance Quarrying material Cuts scar natural hillsides Use existing quarry sites CC NHAP Local flooding problems from ensure sufficient DC NHA/EPA fill drainage flow Constructing embankments Interrupting pathways Ensure adequate crossings ADB =Asian Development Bank, AIDS =Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, CC =Construction Company, DC =design consultant, EPA =Environmental Protection Agency, NHA =National Highway Authority, (head office), NHAP =National Highway Authority (Peshawar), NGO =Nongovernment organization, STDS =sexually transmitted disease, WD =Wildlife Department.

Activity Responsibility Potential Negative Impacts Mitigation Measure Implementing Supervision Construction of bridges DC NHAP or underpasses where required Laying pavement Runoff of hydrocarbons during Lay asphalt during dry DC EPA “curing” period periods Revegetation of RoWs Soil erosion if site not Revegetate where FD NHAP/EPA revegetated necessary Introduction of appropriate Use Forest Department FD NHA/EPA species to select appropriate plants. Require approved plan to be prepared and used Clearing site Damage not restored on Borrow roads made good CC NHAP/EPA departure on completion of the contract Supervise and enforce CC NHAP/EPA closure plan; monitor Operating Period Traffic effects Trees create safety hazard Planting scheme to FD NHAP include shrubs close to road as barrier Adverse effects on residents Vegetative barriers to FD NHAP/EPA from noise and dust lessen visual and other impacts

Traffic noise Noise protection work for CC NHAP/EPA Appendix 1 selected critical locations Increased air pollution Traffic enforcement to NHP NHA stop serious offenders Drinking water quality Provide check dams and CC NHAP/EPA

deteriorates soak pits to filter run -off 23

ADB =Asian Development Bank, AIDS =Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, CC =Construction Company, DC =design consultant, EPA =Environmental Protection Agency, NHA =National Highway Authority (head office), NHAP =National Highway Authority (Peshawar), NGO =Nongovernment organization, STDS =sexually transmitted diseases, WD =Wildlife Department.

Activity Responsibility 24 Potential Negative Impacts Mitigation Measure Implementing Supervision More accidents due to Provide enhanced signs CC NHAP Appendix 1 increased traffic speeds and markers Traffic enforcement Road surface quality declines Incorporate overweight NHA –

charges in toll regime Install weighbridges Animals crossing Accidents with animals Ensure provision of DC/CC NHAP adequate crossing points, fence boundary Activities of private road users Increased poaching and Train locals as voluntary impacts on wildlife wardens in association WD – with Wildlife Department Activities of truck drivers Social problems arising from STD /AIDS program NGO drugs, prostitution, STDs being undertaken in parallel Inadequate maintenance Localized flooding Adopt performance NHA ADB specified maintenance contracts Blocking of drains by Adopt performance NHA ADB accumulated dust; specified maintenance deterioration of shoulders; contracts landslips; road blockages AD B =Asian Development Bank, AIDS =Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, CC =Construction Company, DC =design consultant, EPA =Environmental Protection Agency, NHA =National Highway Authority (head office), NHAP =National Highway Authority (Peshawar), NGO =Nongovernment organization, STDS =sexually transmitted diseases, WD =Wildlife Department.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR PROVINCIAL HIGHWAY AND RURAL ROAD

Environmental Reference to Approximate Mitigation Issues and Remedial Measure Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision Design/Pre-construction Stage 1. Alignment Reduced Except Sar Qala – To be added Except these During To be Design WSD, FHA Templates in Martung and Kalkote in the relevant two RRs, all design, included in consultants and Settlements – Badgoi RRs, all parts of others roads contract and project WSD/FHA other roadways have contract have major tendering preparation significant documents for settlements, stage cost settlements where specific roads indicated in reduced formation Annex “E”, width is advised “Environment al Survey Forms”

Loss to Land - In areas of mosques To be added Entire project During To be Design WSD, FHA and Property and graveyards, in the relevant corridor, design, included on consultants and centerline may parts of particularly in contract and project WSD/FHA require some contract mountainous tendering preparation readjustments. documents for areas stage cost - Haulage and safe specific roads disposal of spoil and undesired materials have been advised.

Note: EIA = environmental impact assessment, EMP = environmental management plan, EPA = environmental protection agency, FD = forest department, FHA = frontier highways authority, km = kilometers, m = meters, mm = millimeters, NHA = national highways authority, PH = provincial highway, PMD = planning and monitoring directorate, RoW = right of way, RR = rural road, SC = supervision consultant, SPM = suspended particulate matter, WSD = works and services department. Appendix 2 Cd -cadmium; CO - carbon monoxide ; Cr - chromium; HC - hydrocarbon; NOx - nitrogen oxide; Pb - plumbum, (lead); RPM - respirable particulate matter; SO2 - sulfur dioxide; SPM - suspended particulate matter.

26 Appendix 2 Environmental Reference to Approximate Mitigation Issues and Remedial Measure Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision

- Free rolldown of spoil in hilly areas must be avoided. - Maximum waste cut to be used in fill. - Borrow and quarry areas are advised in waste and uninhibited lands. - Retaining structures have been proposed for limiting excavations. 2. Land Embankment For erosion control at Entire project During To be Design WSD/FHA Slopes critical slopes along all corridor, but design, included in consultants and the roadways more contract and project WSD/FHA - bench terracing will specifically in tendering preparation be done. plain areas stage cost - vegetative turf will be and box- provided. shaped cuts

Cd -cadmium; CO - carbon monoxide ; Cr - chromium; HC - hydrocarbon; NOx - nitrogen oxide; Pb - plumbum, (lead); RPM - respirable particulate matter; SO2 - sulfur dioxide; SPM - suspended particulate matter.

Environmental Reference Approximate Mitigation Issues and Remedial Measure to Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision Leveled Roads In plain canal-irrigated Such situation During To be Design WSD/FHA areas, 1.0-1.5 m is prevalent design, included in consultants and increase in the vertical upon; contract and project WSD/FHA elevation, with suitable - Kohat – tendering preparation cross drainage Thall, up to stage cost structures. km 41. - Jehangira – Swabi - Lahor-Baika - Charsadda – Mardan - Umerzai – Harichand Quarries and Maximum use of Borrow During To be Design WSD, FHA Borrow Areas existing quarries, materials may design, included in consultants and already in operations. be required on contract, project WSD/FHA the following and preparation Degraded and barren roads: tendering cost areas, riverbeds, and - Jehangira – stage wastelands to be used Swabi for borrowing materials. - Labor-Baika Use of productive lands - Charsadda – will be prohibited. Mardan Lands could be - Umerzai – selected through Harichand

Environmental Reference Appendix 2 Approximate Mitigation Issues and Remedial Measure to Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision Community consultation, and sites subsequently developed into fishponds or other productive purposes. 3. Water Water Sources The existing courses of All water During To be Design WSD/FHA rivers, canals, and resources are design and included in consultants and streams has been likely to be contract project WSD/FHA maintained at all impacted preparation locations. along the cost project Most of the bridges, corridor. except Kohat – Thall, have been retained. Some ponds for cattle exist New bridges will be along Kohat – constructed on additional Thall and carriageway of Karak – Charsadda – Mardan. Sabirabad roads. Protection of Water Bodies: Perennial community ponds for cattle will be protected with a 1.0-m high embankment.

Environmental Reference Approximate Mitigation Issues and Remedial Measure to Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision Rain Water Harvesting: Kohat – Thall and Karak – Sabirabad roads do not have enough perennial surface water bodies, where groundwater will be extracted for construction works. To minimize stress on groundwater, recharging through water harvesting structures along the project corridor will be considered. Drainage All perennial and non- All along the During To be Design WSD/FHA perennial drains will not project design and included in consultants and be obstructed. corridor contract project WSD/FHA preparation Provision for cross cost drainage structures of adequate size and number will be made.

Cd -cadmium; CO - carbon monoxide ; Cr - chromium; HC - hydrocarbon; NOx - nitrogen oxide; Pb - plumbum, (lead); RPM - respirable particulate matter; SO2 - sulfur Appendix 2 dioxide; SPM - suspended particulate matter.

Environmental Reference Appendix 2 Approximate Mitigation Issues and Remedial Measure to Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision Irrigation canals in the area will not be blocked. Wherever required, suitable alternatives will be provided for smooth flow. 4. Flora and Fauna Roadside Widening will be done on All along the During To be Design WSD/FHA Plantations one side, having project design and included in consultants and relatively thin trees. corridor contract project WSD/FHA preparation No trees will be removed cost without prior approval of FD.

Compensatory and additional plantation will be done under a planned program.

Indigenous tree species will be accorded priority over exotic species.

Environmental Reference Approximate Mitigation Issues and Remedial Measure to Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision Wildlife Cautionary signage will All along the During To be Design WSD/FHA be erected at suitable project design and included in consultants and places in consultation corridor contract project WSD/FHA with Wildlife Department. preparation cost Under passes will be constructed as per advice of Wildlife Department. 5. Environmental Quality Air Quality Road widening and All along the During To be Design WSD/FHA geometric improvements project design and included in consultants and will ensure smooth traffic corridor contract project WSD/FHA flow, thereby less toxic preparation emissions. cost

Linear and strip trees will be planted on both sides of the road, which will act as live vegetative screens against air pollutant concentrations and to attenuate noise.

Environmental Reference Appendix 2 Approximate Mitigation Issues and Remedial Measure to Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision Solid Waste Solid waste disposal All along the During To be Design WSD, FHA sites for contractors’ project design and included in consultants and camps will be properly corridor contract project WSD/FHA designed, disposal being preparation at least 250 m away from cost the RoW. Noise Levels Removal of slumps and All along the During To be Design WSD, FHA bottlenecks in built-up project design and included in consultants and areas, which will relieve corridor contract project WSD/FHA congestions design preparation improvements. cost

Design and improvement of junctions and intersections.

Clear delineations between slow and fast moving traffic.

Roadside plantations of mixed species will act as sound absorbers.

Environmental Reference Approximate Mitigation Issues and Remedial Measure to Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision Critical places like schools, hospitals and mosques etc. will be given special considerations where economical sound barriers like mud-bricks walls, along with vegetable buffers, will be erected. 6. Utilities Public Utilities All public utilities likely At various During To be Design WSD,FHA to be impacted, such locations design and included in consultants and as gas and/or water along the contract project WSD/FHA pipes, power and/or project preparation phone lines etc. must corridor cost be relocated to suitable places, in consultations with respective agencies. 7. Cultural Heritage Cultural Road alignments will At various During To be Design WSD,FHA Properties suitably be re-routed to locations design and included in consultants and avoid and/or minimize along the contract project WSD/FHA impacts upon religious project preparation and cultural property. corridor cost Note: EIA = environmental impact assessment, EMP = environmental management plan, EPA = environmental protection agency, FD = forest department, FHA = frontier highways authority, km = kilometers, m = meters, mm = millimeters, NHA = national highways authority, PH = provincial highway, PMD = planning and monitoring directorate, RoW = right of way, RR = rural road, SC = supervision consultant, SPM = suspended particulate matter, WSD = works and services department. Appendix 2 Cd -cadmium; CO - carbon monoxide ; Cr - chromium; HC - hydrocarbon; NOx - nitrogen oxide; Pb - plumbum, (lead); RPM - respirable particulate matter; SO2 - sulfur dioxide; SPM - suspended particulate matter.

Environmental Reference Appendix 2 Approximate Mitigation Issues and Remedial Measure to Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision Construction Stage 1. Soil Soil Erosion Steep embankments At various During To be Contractor’s EPA, PMD, will be provided with; locations, construction included in environment WSD, - Drains and chutes to particularly in bid cost by engineer FHA,SC minimize soil mountainous the erosion. areas contractor - Stone pitching - Masonry retaining structures in critical areas. - Vegetative turfs at embankments, planting of grasses and shrubs etc. - Borrow pit depths will be regulated with sides not steeper than 25%. - Formation of sediment basins and slope drains. Bench terracing for high cut areas. Note: EIA = environmental impact assessment, EMP = environmental management plan, EPA = environmental protection agency, FD = forest department, FHA = frontier highways authority, km = kilometers, m = meters, mm = millimeters, NHA = national highways authority, PH = provincial highway, PMD = planning and monitoring directorate, RoW = right of way, RR = rural road, SC = supervision consultant, SPM = suspended particulate matter, WSD = works and services department.

Environmental Reference Approximate Mitigation Issues and Remedial Measure to Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision Loss of Top Cultivable lands will At various During To be Contractor’s EPA, PMD, Soil not be used for borrow locations, construction included in environment WSD, FHA, materials, unless particularly bid cost by engineer SC requested by the along the the landowner. plains contractor

Borrow Soils No earth will be At various During To be Contractor’s EPA,PMD, borrowed from RoW. locations, construction included in environment WSD, FHA, particularly bid cost by engineer SC Borrowing may be along the the done from barren plains contractor areas, wastelands, and riverbeds.

In case of new borrow areas, all measures will be taken so that there will be no loss of productive soil, and all environmental considerations are to be met with.

Environmental Reference Appendix 2 Approximate Mitigation Issues and Remedial Measure to Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision Precautionary measures like tarpaulin vehicle coverings will be used to avoid any spilling of borrow materials. All borrow areas will be refilled, re-vegetated and landscaped. In case if it is not done, then such areas will be cordoned with barbed wire fence, with warning signs. Quarry Areas All quarry materials will Various During To be Contractor’s EPA,PMD, be obtained from quarrying construction included in environment WSD, previously operating sites bid cost by engineer FHA,SC sites with proper the licenses and contractor environmental clearances.

New quarries will only be opened without prior permission from respective authorities.

Environmental Reference Approximate Mitigation Issues and Remedial Measure to Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision Contamination Construction Various During To be Contractor’s EPA, PMD, of Soils equipment will be construction construction included in environment WSD,FHA, maintained and sites bid cost by engineer SC refueled ensuring no throughout the spillage contaminates project contractor the soil. corridor

Fuel storage and refueling will be kept away from water bodies and/or channels.

All spoils and wastes will be disposed of as per approved disposal plans in wastelands, in consultation with communities.

Scarified bituminous wastes will be disposed of at approved sites with impervious linings.

Water Bodies Immediate Various During To be Contractor’s EPA,PMD, and Water rehabilitation and construction construction included in environment WSD, FHA, Sources compensation of sites bid cost by engineer SC damaged or impacted throughout the water sources project contractor corridor Advance measures to prevent any damage to water bodies will be avoided at all costs.

Any community water source like wells and springs etc. if lost will be replaced with alternate sources. Drainage and Construction materials Various During To be Contractor’s EPA,PMD, Run-off at cross drainage construction construction included in environment WSD, FHA, structures will be sites bid cost by engineer SC removed in time so as throughout the not to block the water project contractor flow. corridor

Environmental Reference Approximate Mitigation Issues and Remedial Measure to Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision Water Construction work Various During To be Contractor’s EPA,PMD, Contamination close to streams or construction construction included in environment WSD,FHA, other water bodies will sites bid cost by engineer SC be avoided, especially throughout the during the monsoon project contractor period. corridor Adequate precautions will be taken to construct temporary devices for preventing water pollution due to increased siltation and turbidity.

Suitable measures will be taken to prevent earthworks and stone works from impeding rivers, streams, water canals, or drainage system.

Wastes materials must be collected, stored, and disposed at approved sites.

Cd -cadmium; CO - carbon monoxide ; Cr - chromium; HC - hydrocarbon; NOx - nitrogen oxide; Pb - plumbum, (lead); RPM - respirable particulate m atter; SO2 - sulfur dioxide; SPM - suspended particulate matter.

Appendix 2 Environmental Reference Approximate Mitigation Issues and Remedial Measure to Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision To avoid contamination from fuels and lubricants, all equipment will be properly maintained and refueled.

Traps will be provided at fuelling points to prevent water contamination.

Embankment slopes leading to water bodies will be modified and screened so that contaminants do not enter the water body.

Side drains in settlement areas will discharge through a primary settling tank.

Environmental Reference Approximate Mitigation Issues and Remedial Measure to Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision Waste petroleum products will be collected, stored, and disposed of at the approved sites as per Hazardous Waste Management Act.

Water quality will be monitored regularly at critical locations. Construction All construction camps Various During To be Contractor’s EPA, PMD, Camps will be located away construction construction included in environment WSD, FHA, Sanitation and from built-in areas, in camps bid cost by engineer SC Waste consultation with throughout the Disposal locals. project contractor corridor Camps will have sewage systems so that no water pollution takes place. Wherever required, temporary effluent treatment plants will be installed and workplaces will have medical and recreational facilities.

Environmental Reference Appendix 2 Approximate Mitigation Issues and Remedial Measure to Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision Water Use for In water scarcity areas, Various During To be Contractor’s EPA, PMD, Construction prior arrangements for construction construction included in environment WSD, FHA, construction sites bid cost by engineer SC requirements is done in throughout the a manner that project contractor communities remain corridor, unaffected. Karak – Sabribad in Some areas do not particular. have perennial water bodies, so ground water will have to be used for construction. Any over exploitation will be avoided and rain-water harvesting techniques may be employed.

Some project sites have brackish water, which will not be used for any construction work.

Environmental Reference Approximate Mitigation Issues and Remedial Measure to Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision 3. Air Emission from All static plants will Various During To be Contractor’s EPA, PMD, Construction be downwind of construction construction included environment WSD, FHA, Vehicles and human habitats. sites in bid cost engineer SC Equipments throughout by the Emission levels of all project contractor construction vehicles corridor and equipment will conform to the prescribed standards.

Pollutant parameters will regularly be monitored during construction.

Asphalt plants, crushers, and batching plants will be at least 1 km downwind from the nearest human settlement.

Cd -cadmium; CO - carbon monoxide ; Cr - chromium; HC - hydrocarbon; NOx - nitrogen oxide; Pb - plumbum, (lead); RPM - respirable particulate matter; SO2 - sulfur

dioxide; SPM - suspended particulate matter. Appendix 2

Environmental Reference Appendix 2 Approximate Mitigation Issues and Remedial Measure to Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision Dust All precautions to be Various During To be Contractor’s EPA, PMD, taken for reduction in construction construction included environment WSD, FHA, dust emissions from sites in bid cost engineer SC batching and/or hot throughout by the mix plants and project contractor crushers, etc. corridor

Batching and/or hot mix plants and crushers, etc. will be at least 1 km downwind from the nearest habitation. All will be fitted with dust extraction and suppression devices.

Regular water spraying will be ensured at all mixing sites and temporary service roads.

Environmental Reference Approximate Mitigation Issues and Remedial Measure to Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision

During and/or after compacting works, water spraying on all dirt surfaces will be a regular feature to prevent dust.

All delivery vehicles will be covered with tarpaulin. Mixing equipment will be sealed and equipped as per existing standards. 4. Noise Levels Noise from All construction Various During To be Contractor’s EPA, PMD, Vehicles, equipment and plants construction construction included environment WSD, FHA, Asphalt Plants will strictly conform to sites in bid cost engineer SC and NEQS noise throughout by the Equipment standards. project contractor corridor

Appendix 2

Industrial noise standards will be enforced to protect workers and residents from severe noise impacts.

Construction workers will be provided with earplugs. Noise level will be monitored during the construction.

Noise barriers/trees will be placed in urban locations. Blasting Noise All blasting works will i. Kohat – During To be Contractor’s EPA, PMD, be done in accordance Thall, construction included environment WSD, FHA, with Pakistan beyond Km in bid cost engineer SC Explosives Act. 16 by the contractor

Environmental Reference Approximate Mitigation Issues and Remedial Measure to Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision No blasting will be ii. Timargarha done between dusk – Munda, and dawn. all along the road Residents near iii. Sar Qala – blasting sites will be Martung, all informed well in along the advance about the road blasting times. iv. Kalkote – Badgoi, all Workers associated along the with blasting sites will road be provided with earplugs. Noise Barriers Insulation mud walls Sensitive During To be Contractor’s EPA, PMD, and live vegetation locations such construction included environment WSD, FHA, screens will be as schools, in bid cost engineer SC installed at critical hospitals etc. by the locations. contractor 5. Flora Vegetation All trees removal Various Just before To be Contractor’s FD, PMD, Losses areas will be construction start of included environment WSD, FHA, replanted according sites construction in bid cost engineer SC to Roadside throughout work by the Plantation Program. project contractor corridor

Note:

EIA = environmental impact assessment, EMP = environmental management plan, EPA = environmental protection agency, FD = forest department, FHA = frontier Appendix 2 highways authority, km = kilometers, m = meters, mm = millimeters, NHA = national highways authority, PH = provincial highway, PMD = planning and monitoring directorate, RoW = right of way, RR = rural road, SC = supervision consultant, SPM = suspended particulate matter, WSD = works and services department.

Soil All construction Various During To be Contractor’s FD, PMD, Compaction machinery and construction construction included environment WSD, FHA, equipment will be sites in bid cost engineer SC stationed in throughout by the designated areas to project contractor prevent vegetation corridor compaction outside RoW.

Any incidental damages like, soil trampling and damage to herbs, shrubs, and grasses will be kept to a minimum. 6. Fauna Loss, Damage, Education to Various During To be Contractor’s EPA, PMD, or Disruption construction workers construction construction included environment WSD, FHA, not to disrupt or sites in bid cost engineer SC, Wildlife damage the wildlife. throughout by the Department the project contractor corridor

All construction vehicles will ply specified routes to avoid accidents with cattle and wildlife. 7. Safety & Accident Risks Construction Safety signals will be Various During To be Contractor’s Police, Activities and installed on all construction construction included environment PMD, WSD, Accident Risks temporary routes sites in the bid engineer FHA, SC during construction. throughout cost by project the Strict enforcement of corridor contractor traffic rules and regulations.

All blasting sites will have warning and clearance signals. Site will be inspected before and after blasting. Blasting will be done during off- peak hours.

Note:

A readily available first aid unit, dressing materials, ambulance, and nursing staff will be ensured at critical locations.

Road safety education will be imparted to drivers of construction vehicles.

Traffic management will be ensured during construction periods.

Information dissemination through newspaper, radio and/or TV and banners etc. about project

Environmental Reference Approximate Mitigation Issues and Remedial Measure to Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision time frame, activities causing disruption and temporary arrangements for public relief must be ensured. Loss of Alternatives and Various During To be Contractor’s PMD, WSD, Access temporary accesses construction construction included environment FHA, SC will be provided at all sites in bid cost engineer interchanges, throughout by the bridges, and culverts, project contractor moreso in congested corridor areas. Such diversions will have proper drainage facilities. Health Issues Drainage, sanitation, Various During To be Contractor’s PMD, WSD, and waste disposal construction construction included environment FHA, SC facilities will be sites in bid cost engineer provided at work throughout by places. project contractor corridor Drainage will be maintained to avoid waterlogging, which leads to mosquitoes and disease.

Note: Appendix 2 EIA = environmental impact assessment, EMP = environmental management plan, EPA = environmental protection agency, FD = forest department, FHA = frontier highways authority, km = kilometers, m = meters, mm = millimeters, NHA = national highways authority, PH = provincial highway, PMD = planning and monitoring directorate, RoW = right of way, RR = rural road, SC = supervision consultant, SPM = suspended particulate matter, WSD = works and services department.

Cd -cadmium; CO - carbon monoxide ; Cr - chromium; HC - hydrocarbon; NOx - nitrogen oxide; Pb - plumbum, (lead); RPM - respirable particulate matter; SO2 - sulfur 51

dioxide; SPM - suspended particulate matter. Appendix 2 Environmental Reference Approximate Mitigation Issues and Remedial Measure to Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision Suitable sanitation and waste disposal facilities will be provided at camps by means of septic tanks and soakage pits, etc.

Sufficient water supply will be maintained at camps to avoid water-related diseases and to secure workers’ health.

Health education & preventive medical care will be provided to workers.

Routine medical checkup of workers to avoid communicable disease.

Environmental Reference Approximate Mitigation Issues and Remedial Measure to Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision 8. Cultural Properties Damages to If any valuable articles Various During To be Contractor’s PMD, WSD, Archeological, such as fabrics, coins, construction construction included environment FHA, SC, Religious, artifacts, structures, or sites in bid cost engineer Archaeology Cultural and other archaeological throughout by the Department Properties relics are discovered, the project contractor excavation will be corridor stopped and the archaeology departments will be informed.

Construction camps, blasting sites, and all allied construction activities will be away from cultural properties so they are not affected. 9. Environmental Enhancements Roadside Avenue plantation of Various During To be Contractor’s PMD, WSD, Landscape mixed specie aesthetics construction construction included environment FHA, SC Development trees, shrubs, and sites in bid cost engineer aromatic plants will be throughout by the carried out. project contractor corridor

Environmental Reference Appendix 2 Approximate Mitigation Issues and Remedial Measure to Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision In this context a detailed scheme will be prepared. Roadside Provision of bus Various During To be Contractor’s PMD, WSD, Amenities shelters, bus bays, construction construction included environment FHA, SC petrol pumps, sites in bid cost engineer restaurants, recovery throughout by the areas and truck stops project contractor as per detailed corridor design will be carried out.

Road furniture including footpaths, railings, traffic signs, speed zone signs, wildlife warning boards, etc. will be erected at suitable places. Cultural All cultural properties Various During To be Contractor, PMD, WSD, Properties will be enhanced and construction construction included district FHA, SC the access roads will sites in bid cost governments be provided, throughout by the wherever required. project contractor corridor

Environmental Reference Approximate Mitigation Issues and Remedial Measure to Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision Operational Stage Contamination An accident Various During road To be PMD, WSD, PMD, WSD, from Spills clearance construction operations included in FHA, district FHA contingency plan will sites engineering governments be prepared and throughout costs sites will be cleared project immediately. corridor

The soiled earth will be scraped into small lined, confined pits nearby, with the RoW. Dust Maintenance of Various During road To be PMD, WSD, EPA, PMD, Generation roadside plantations construction operations included in FHA, district WSD, FHA to act as live screens. sites engineering governments throughout costs New plantations will project be done at all blank corridor sites near the road. Air Pollution Emissions at critical At all PHs, During road Rs.100,000 PMD, WSD, EPA, PMD, places of pollutants except operations per year FHA, district WSD, FHA like SPM, RSPM, Timargarha- governments CO, SO2, Nox and Munda Pb will be monitored.

Environmental Reference Appendix 2 Approximate Mitigation Issues and Remedial Measure to Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision Maintenance of roadside plantations will be ensured Noise Noise levels will be Various During road Rs.50,000 PMD, WAS, EPA, PMD, Pollution monitored at critical construction operations per year FHA, district WSD, FHA locations, and use of sites governments sound barriers and/or throughout trees considered project where warranted. corridor

Warning signs will be placed at sensitive zones such as hospitals, and educational institutions, where horns and traffic speeds will be regulated.

Public awareness program will be launched.

Environmental Reference Approximate Mitigation Issues and Remedial Measure to Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision Water Regular cleaning of Various During road Rs.50,000 PMD, WAS, EPA, PMD, drainage systems will construction operations per year FHA, district WSD, FHA be ensured. sites governments throughout Water quality will be project monitored as per the corridor monitoring plan. Flora and Roadsides Various During road As per PMD, WAS, EPA, PMD, Fauna plantations will be construction operations plantation FHA, district WSD, FHA, strictly monitored and sites costs and governments FD & maintained. throughout plans. Wildlife project Department General education corridor and awareness for wildlife conservation. Soils Periodic monitoring Various sites During road Rs.50,000 PMD, WAS, EPA, PMD, of soil quality for Pb, of PHs operations per year FHA, district WSD, FHA Cr, and Cd. throughout governments project corridor

Appendix 2

Environmental Reference Appendix 2 Approximate Mitigation Issues and Remedial Measure to Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision Accidents New roads tempt for Various sites During road To be PMD, WAS, PMD, WSD, high speeds and of PHs operations included in FHA, district FHA, Traffic become more prone throughout engineering governments Police to accidents, which project costs must be controlled corridor through: - Enforcement of traffic laws. - Speed restrictions. - Safety measures at critical spots. - Under and/or overpasses and zebra crossings. - Contingency plans for accident recovery. Transportation Delivery of Throughout During road To be PMD, WSD, PMD, WSD, of Hazardous hazardous project operations included in FHA, district FHA, Traffic Materials substances must be corridor engineering governments Police done under costs certification by respective departments.

Environmental Reference Approximate Mitigation Issues and Remedial Measure to Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision Such vehicles must be marked with appropriate signs in block capitals with red paint, plying during off-peak traffic hours.

Any spillage will be reported to respective agency, who will be responsible for the contingency measures of cleaning the spill within shortest possible time. Safety Development of a Throughout During road To be PMD, WSD, PMD, WSD, Measures coordinated traffic project operations included in FHA, district FHA, Traffic management plan corridor engineering government Police along congested and costs critical locations.

Environmental Reference

Approximate Mitigation Appendix 2 Issues and Remedial Measure to Contract Timeframe Institutional Responsibility Location Cost Components Document Implementation Supervision Traffic control

measures, including speed limits, will be enforced strictly.

Further growth of encroachments, ribbon developments and squatting within the RoW will be discouraged.

No schools, hospitals, mosques, graves, or houses will be allowed within 200 m of the roadways.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MITIGATION COSTS

Impact Type Cost (in Pakistani Rs) Potential Negative Ghulam Incl. else Mitigation Measure Basis Badabher Torkham Malana Jn Impacts Khan where

Preconstruction Land acquisition and Compensation of those As per resettlement resettlement people affected plan 90,000 280 million 535 million 32,000 Yes Realignment of road to Design reduce impact on – – – – – dwellings Provide alternate market space 1 million per location 1 million 1 million 2 million 2 million Yes If sites of special interest Carrying archeological not identified and flagged inspection identifying all Periodic inspections 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 No the contractors may sensitive areas prior to inadvertently cause construction damage. Avoidable loss of Prepare materials plan Design cost, agricultural land for dump Rs50,000/contract 50,000 150,000 100,000 100,000 Yes sites, borrow areas Danger to workers, locals Prepare safety plan Design cost, Rs100,000/contract 100,000 100,000 200,000 200,000 No

Appendix 3 Construction Period Establishment of Prior consultation with Time for construction camps creates local people negotiations 20,000 20,000 40,000 40,000 No problems Site construction to be (cost per contract) supervised 61

Impact Type Cost (in Pakistani Rs) Appendix 3 Potential Negative Ghulam Incl. else Mitigation Measure Basis Badabher Torkham Malana Jn Impacts Khan where

Sanitary waste disposal, Provide septic tanks, solid waste (food) disposal, hard standing areas with Rs3.5M per contract 3.5 million 3.5 million 7 million 7 million Yes fuel leakage. berms Setting up of complaints Rs10,000 per month office, advertising ways per contract 180,000 360,000 480,000 480,000 No to voice complaints Pollution from discarded Recycle or dump in Rs1,000/hr for dump asphalt controlled fill truck 25,000 – – 54,000 Yes Dust from construction Water spraying to reduce activities dust Rs400/km/day 15,000 50,000 85,000 85,000 Yes Haul roads to be dust controlled, all vehicles 10% allowance for 1,500 5,000 8,500 8,500 Yes carrying loose friable haul roads material to be covered. Dust emissions from Crushers to be fitted with crusher and screening pant dust suppression Inspection cost 10,000 10,000 20,000 20,000 No equipment. Emission of dust and Plants to have fumes from asphalt plant; suppression equipment. Inspection cost 10,000 10,000 20,000 20,000 Yes Ensure workers use appropriate clothing Clothes 1000 pp 2 million 6 million 7 million 5 million Yes Noise from construction Equipment in good Inspection activities condition, fitted with Rs10,000/m 180,000 360,000 480,000 480,000 No silencers

Note: pp = per person

Impact Type Cost (in Pakistani Rs) Potential Negative Ghulam Incl. else Mitigation Measure Basis Badabher Torkham Malana Jn Impacts Khan where No work during night Indirect cost Yes hours

Noise and vibration from Use controlled blasting Indirect cost only – – – – Yes blasting techniques. Advising timing of blasts so as not to alarm locals. Damage to buildings from Use controlled blasting Indirect cost only – – – – Yes blasting techniques. Monitor sensitive sites Construction activity such Require contractor to Inspection cost as borrow pits, quarrying restrict all activities to the (random infrequent) – – 10,000 – No could impinge on national west of the old road in park vicinity of the park. Borrow pits collect water Use only approved Design cost Yes and breed malarial borrowed areas. mosquitoes Regular Inspection of Supervision cost 10,000 10,000 20,000 20,000 No sites Excess transporting of Design to optimize cut Design cost materials and fill net balance. (see above) – – – – Yes Cuts scar natural hillsides Use existing quarry sites Indirect cost – – – – No Local flooding problems ensure sufficient Design issue – – – – Yes from fill drainage flow Runoff of hydrocarbons Lay asphalt during dry No cost – – – – – Appendix 3 during “curing” period. periods. -Soil erosion if site not Revegetate where revegetated. necessary Rs300/tree 11,000 23,000 46,000 46,000 Yes 63

Impact Type Cost (in Pakistani Rs) Appendix 3 Potential Negative Ghulam Incl. else Mitigation Measure Basis Badabher Torkham Malana Jn Impacts Khan where

Introduction of appropriate Use Forest Department species to select appropriate

plants. Require approved plan to be prepared and Design 20,000 20,000 40,000 40,000 No used Damage not restored on Borrow roads made departure good on completion of 10,000 per road 30,000 40,000 100,000 100,000 Yes the contract. Supervise and enforce closure plan. Monitor. Supervision cost 10,000 10,000 20,000 20,000 No

Operating Period Lack of trees along the Planting scheme to highway include trees close to Rs50,000 per km 1.5 million 2.3 million 5.9 million 6.0 million No road as barrier through forest department Presence of road interrupts Ensure adequate 1M per bridge pathways crossings 1.5M underpass 10 million 20 million 90 million 90 million Yes Construction of bridges Included in design or underpasses where required Accidents with animals Ensure provision of adequate crossing 1 million per km 30 million 90 million 200 million 200 million Yes points, fence boundary Included in design Adverse effects on Vegetative barriers to residents from noise and lessen visual and other Included above – – – – Yes dust impacts Traffic noise Noise protection work for Rs3,500 per location 500,000 3.5 million 1.0 million 1.2 million No selected critical locations Localized flooding Adopt performance specified maintenance Indirect cost – – – – No contracts

Impact Type Cost (in Pakistani Rs) Potential Negative Ghulam Incl. else Mitigation Measure Basis Badabher Torkham Malana Jn Impacts Khan where contracts

Drinking water quality Provide check dams and deteriorates soak pits to filter run-off Rs4,500/km 130,000 200,000 525,000 530,000 No Increased poaching Train locals as voluntary activity; impacts on wildlife wardens in association – – 5 million 5 million – No with Wildlife Department More accidents due to Provide enhanced signs Included in design increased traffic speeds and markers for traffic signs 5 million 25 million 20 million 20 million Yes Traffic enforcement Yes More social problems: STDs /AIDS program Separate drugs, prostitution, STDs being undertaken in Program – – – – – parallel Blocking of drains by Adopt performance accumulated dust; specified maintenance Indirect cost only – – – – No deterioration of shoulders; contracts landslips; road blockages Monitoring of noise levels Check the monitoring of and air pollution noise and air pollution at Rs0.1 M per 5 km 500,000 1 million 2 million 2 million No intervals Surface quality declines Incorporate overweight 25M/bridge Included charges in toll regime in axle load control 25 million 25 million 25 million 50M Yes Install weighbridges Total Cost All items 78 million 464 million 913 million 386 million 1,841

million Appendix 3 Items included in the 75 million 451 million 897 million 375 million 1,798 construction costs or million else where Rs. Items required for the 3 million 13 million 16 million 11 million 43 million Mitigation Rs. 65