U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

When we think about biological diversity, the plant and animal treasures hidden away in tropical rainforests or the unusual species that evolve on isolated islands readily come to mind. It may surprise many people that the March/April 2003 Vol. XXVIII No. 2 freshwater systems of the southeastern United States contain an extraordinary diversity of aquatic animals. The richest temperate freshwa- ter fish fauna in the world, for example, can be found in the Southeast. Even so,“new” species are still being de- scribed as scientists learn more about the complexity of the regions’ biological re- sources. At the same time, however, habitat alterations, water pollution, invasive nonnative species, and other problems threaten to turn this center of diversity into a center of extinction. Read inside about efforts to save “the jewels in our waters.” U.S.U.S. FishFish && WildlifeWildlife ServiceService

Corel Corp. photo

WASHINGTON D.C. OFFICE Washington, D.C. 20240

Steve Williams, Director Claire Cassel, Chief, Division of Partnerships and Outreach (703)358-2390 Gary Frazer, Assistant Director for Endangered Species Patrick Leonard, Chief, Division of Consultation, HCPs, Recovery, and State Grants Elizabeth H. Stevens, Deputy Assistant Director (703)358-2106 Chris L. Nolin, Chief, Division of Conservation and Classification (703)358-2105 Kathy Walker, Chief, Office of Program Support (703)358-2079 http://endangered.fws.gov/

PACIFIC REGION—REGION ONE Eastside Federal Complex, 911 N.E. 11th Ave, Portland OR 97232

California, Hawaii, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, David B. Allen, Regional Director (503)231-6118 Washington, American Samoa, Commonwealth Steve Thompson, Manager, California/Nevada Office (916) 414-6464 of the Northern Mariana Islands, http://pacific.fws.gov/ Guam and the Pacific Trust Territories

SOUTHWEST REGION—REGION TWO P.O. Box 1306, Albuquerque, NM 87103

Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas H. Dale Hall, Regional Director (505)248-6282 http://southwest.fws.gov/

MIDWEST REGION—REGION THREE Federal Bldg., Ft. Snelling, Twin Cities MN 55111

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Robyn Thorson, Regional Director (612)715-5301 Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin http://midwest.fws.gov/

SOUTHEAST REGION—REGION FOUR 1875 Century Blvd., Suite 200, Atlanta, GA 30345

Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Georgia, Kentucky, Sam Hamilton, Regional Director (404)679-7086 Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, http://southeast.fws.gov/ Tennessee, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands

NORTHEAST REGION—REGION FIVE 300 Westgate Center Drive, Hadley, MA 01035

Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Mamie Parker, Regional Director (413)253-8300 Massachusetts, New Hampshire, http://northeast.fws.gov/ New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia

MOUNTAIN-PRAIRIE REGION—REGION SIX P.O. Box 25486, Denver Federal Center, Denver CO 80225

Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, North Ralph O. Morgenweck, Regional Director (303)236-7920 Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming http://mountain-prairie.fws.gov/

ALASKA REGION—REGION SEVEN 1011 E. Tudor Rd., Anchorage, AK 99503

Alaska Rowan Gould, Regional Director (907)786-3542 http://alaska.fws.gov/ IN THIS ISSUE

4 Jewels in our Waters

6 Conservation and Recovery of Southeastern Imperiled Fishes

8 Releasing Mussels into Recovering Waters

Telephone: (703)358-2390 Contributors Fax: (703)358-1735 Sam D. Hamilton 10 Crayfish: An Overlooked Fauna E-mail: [email protected] Kelly Ann Bibb Shane D. Hanlon Editor Robert S. Butler Michael Bender Robert J. DiStefano 12 The Urban Life of Darters Guenter A. Schuster Associate Editor Daniel J. Drennen Susan D. Jewell Tyler Sykes Forty-One Tons Richie Kessler 14 Art Director J. Brent Harrel David Yeargin Ken Burton Richard L. Mayden Landowners Are Recognized for Subscriptions Manager Paul Hartfield 16 Germaine Kargbo Michel Kreger Conservation Work Patricia L. Ford

On the Cover In Memoriam: Tyler Alley Sykes Cambarus dubius, a 18 brilliantly colored species of crayfish, is part of the rich diversity of aquatic Down by the Green River wildlife native to the 20 Southeastern United States. Photo by Guenter Schuster 22 Sending Surrogates to the Rescue Opposite page The aquatic wildlife of the Southeast supports a variety of other animals, 24 Cryptic Biodiversity such as the raccoon. Corel Corp. photo 27 Sturgeon Surveys in the Lower Mississippi

Other News The Endangered Species Bulletin welcomes manuscripts on a wide range of topics related to endangered species. We are particularly interested in news about recovery, habitat conserva- 28 Chinese Biologists Compare tion plans, and cooperative ventures. Please contact the Editor before preparing a manuscript. Argali to Bighorn We cannot guarantee publication.

We also welcome your comments and ideas. Please e-mail them to us at [email protected]. Departments The Fish and Wildlife Service distributes the Bulletin primarily to Federal and State agencies, and official contacts of the Endangered Species Program. It also is reprinted by the University of Michigan as part of its own publication, the Endangered Species UPDATE. To subscribe, write 30 Regional News and the Endangered Species UPDATE, School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Recovery Updates Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1115; or call (734) 763-3243. 31 Listing Actions Printed with vegetable-based ink on recycled and recyclable paper. If you do not keep back issues, please recycle the paper, pass them along to an interested person, or Box Score donate them to a local school or library. 36 Jewels in our Waters by Sam D. Hamilton

At the crack of dawn, as you slice exploring a new area, or just having fun The rivers that run through the through the calm river with quiet paddle on a hot summer day. Everyone may not Southeast support a variety of life. Would strokes, your canoe glides upstream know, however, about the wealth of you be surprised to discover that hiding through a bank of fog that will slowly aquatic life hidden in our waters. in some of our southeastern rivers are burn off with each cast of your fishing rod. Therefore, it is my pleasure to introduce fish that rival in beauty those found on Why does everyone love our beautiful an edition of the Endangered Species coastal coral reefs? People generally are southern rivers, creeks, and lakes? I Bulletin devoted to the conservation of unaware of the vast biological diversity believe the answer is a personal one. For southeastern aquatic species and the contained within the rivers and streams some, it is relaxing. For others, it is ecosystems upon which they depend. of the southeastern United States. Many enjoying a day of fishing with your dad, scientists, however, are well aware of the treasures we have and are concerned This cypress swamp, below, part of Bond Swamp National Wildlife Refuge in Georgia, is home to a variety of about their future. freshwater and anadramous fishes, including the endangered shortnose sturgeon. USFWS photo by John and Karen Hollingsworth

4 ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 Total Area Listed Mussels Listed Fishes

Southeast: 34 elsewhere: 76 3, 251,871 sq. mi. (8,422,346 km2)

Southeast: 67 elsewhere: 5

542,212 sq. mi Constituting just 14.3% of the area of the United (1,404,329 km2) States, the southeastern states are home to 30.9% of its listed fishes, and 93% of its listed mussels.

The richest temperate freshwater fish impact of some of these threats. How- (3) We must make greater efforts to fauna in the world (approximately 530 ever, our aquatic species still face conserve species before they require taxa, or 66 percent of the freshwater increasing threats. As our nation’s cities federal protection. species of North America) occurs in the continue to grow, water demands (4) We must continue our efforts to southeastern states of Arkansas, Louisi- continue to skyrocket, destruction of support research and learn more about ana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, habitat continues, nonpoint source aquatic faunal groups, like crayfish, that Georgia, North and South Carolina, pollution (such as sedimentation) are not very well known. Virginia, and Kentucky1. Of the more increases, and impacts resulting from the (5) We must work more effectively to than 110 federally listed fishes, 34 taxa introduction of nonnative (or invasive) create consensus-based regional conser- (18 endangered, 16 threatened) are species continue to devastate native vation and recovery strategies for aquatic found in the Southeast. The situation is aquatic species. species across the Southeast. even worse for mussels: 72 species of How can we conserve southeastern (6) We must continue to secure mussels are federally listed nationwide, aquatic species and their habitats? funding and devote staff time to conserv- and 67 of these (59 endangered, 8 1) First, we must answer this ques- ing and recovering the jewels of our threatened) are in the Southeast. Overall, tion: how many aquatic species are southeastern waters. the largest concentration of freshwater hidden in our southeastern waters? I am very pleased that efforts we have biodiversity in North America is found in Through advances in both technology participated in, initiated, or helped fund, just four southeastern states: Alabama, and theory in systematic and evolution- with the strong support of so many of our Georgia, Tennessee, and Kentucky2. ary biology, scientists are beginning to partners, reach practically every major Although the Southeast is an epicen- discover the true extent of biodiversity in river system in the Southeast. In that ter of aquatic biodiversity, it is also an southeastern waters. (See “Cryptic spirit, I hope you’ll enjoy this issue of epicenter of imperilment and extinction. Biodiversity” in this edition of the the Endangered Species Bulletin devoted Historically, the causes for the decline of Bulletin, page 24.) to the conservation of southeastern southeastern aquatic species included (2) We must continue to work with aquatic species and their ecosystems. dam construction, dredging, our partners. With broad-based land- channelization, mining, deforestation, owner support, many hours of work Sam D. Hamilton is the Southeast and pollution. Today, actions by our from groups like The Nature Conser- Regional Director for the U.S. Fish and partners, such as the Tennessee Valley vancy and The World Wildlife Fund, Wildlife Service. Authority, are beginning to lessen the cooperation from local governments, and the technical expertise and assistance from state agencies like The Tennessee 1. Biggins, R., N. Burkhead, S. Walsh, V. Wildlife Resources Agency and groups Mudrak, and K. Bibb. 2000. Strategy for the like Conservation Fisheries, Inc., we have Conservation and Recovery of Southeastern Imperiled Fishes. 35 pp. been able to restore some essential habitat for aquatic species and, in certain 2. Johnson, P. D. 2001. Musseling in on cases, reintroduce or augment wild Biodiversity. National Wetlands Newsletter. populations.

ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 5 Conservation and by Kelly Ann Bibb Recovery of Southeastern Imperiled Fishes

Prompted by concern over the plight Basin. This river is a hotspot for imper- of southeastern fishes and a desire to iled species, but there is a high potential address their conservation, the Fish and for improvement to the watershed, Wildlife Service organized a meeting of especially with help from partners like more than 60 aquatic natural resources those in attendance at the summit (such experts in October 1999. Professionals as Georgia Department of Natural representing state and federal natural Resources, The Nature Conservancy, the Pygmy madtom Photo © Conservation Fisheries, Inc. resource management agencies, aca- local river alliances, and Conservation demic institutions, conservation organi- Fisheries, Inc.). zations, and industries agreed to create a The group that developed the strategy consensus-based action plan: the (The Southeastern Imperiled Fishes Team “Strategy for the Conservation and or SIFT) reconvened in January 2001 Recovery of Southeastern Imperiled with several new partners to reaffirm the Fishes.”1 The purpose of the strategy is goals, get commitments from new to provide direction and guidance for the members, and form the body that will conservation and recovery of these advance the strategy. The World Wildlife fishes and it’s the first of its kind nation- Fund, Tennessee Aquarium, the Service, wide. It is a collective road map built by other federal and state agencies, conser- a group of partners united around a vation organizations, industry, and common cause: the desire to shepherd academic institutions were elected or into the next century a healthy and volunteered as lead chairs or part of the productive network of southeastern SIFT steering committee. SIFT completed rivers and streams supporting a full the meeting by initiating a framework of diversity of aquatic life while providing how goals will be achieved within the resources to people. next year. A mission statement from SIFT This unique strategy assisted in highlights its approach: starting a watershed community-level “. . . advance conservation and conservation effort, the Upper Coosa recovery of southeastern imperiled fishes River Summit. The approach helped and their aquatic ecosystems for the partners outline and prioritize conserva- benefit of current and future generations tion actions desperately needed in the through scientific based research, Upper Coosa River, located in north management, communication, education Georgia at the top of the Mobile River and cooperation.” An example of how SIFT participants are working together under the strategy 1Biggins, R.G., N.M. Burkhead, S.J. Walsh, V.A. involved the pygmy madtom (Noturus Mudrak, and K.A. Bibb. 2000. Strategy for the Conservation and Recovery of Southeastern stanauli) release in May 2001. The Imperiled Fishes. 35 pp. pygmy madtom is one of the rarest fishes in North America; only about 50 specimens have ever been collected.

6 ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 Professor Rick Mayden and his students At right, top to bottom: A crowd from the University of Alabama initially gathers to watch the release of found two pygmy madtoms during pygmy madtoms into the Clinch River; Pat Rakes of sampling for other fish (luckily, one male Conservation Fisheries, Inc., and one female). J.R. Shute and Pat releases the captive-bred fish, Rakes at Conservation Fisheries, Inc., as David Sims of the Tennessee took these fish into captivity and were Wildlife Resources Agency able to propagate and raise 13 new films the event; the Clinch River pygmy madtoms—a first and a truly is a medium-sized river of eastern Tennessee. extraordinary achievement. With the Photos by Kelly Ann Bibb/USFWS support of Richard Kirk and the Tennes- see Wildlife Resources Agency, the World Wildlife Fund, and The Nature Conser- vancy, a reintroduction of these madtoms only in a small reach of was planned into the Clinch River in one tributary in the Black Tennessee. With the generosity of two Warrior River drainage in local landowners who support aquatic Alabama (protecting this conservation, access was allowed to a fish through captive site on the Clinch River, and 6 of the 13 propagation and simul- pygmy madtoms were released back into taneously working to re- their natural habitat. store its habitat will facili- In June 2001, the Service entered into tate its survival); and provided funding for a cooperative (3)begin a video library agreement with the National Fish and of native fish footage of Wildlife Foundation. This agreement many of our southeast- allows federal funds to be leveraged ern imperiled fishes in with funds from other sources to support their natural habitat or on-the-ground projects that benefit our up close in aquarium set- imperiled aquatic resources. Projects tings (will be an effective supported by the Foundation under this education tool for the agreement will focus on enhancing and general public and natu- Clinch River protecting freshwater and estuarine fish ral resource managers; resources, and could include conserva- still photographs can tion education, habitat protection and never capture what live restoration, and other resource manage- action film can); and ment projects that support the goals and (4)enhance the ongoing objectives outlined in the strategy. lake sturgeon reintroduc- A request for proposals related to this tion efforts in the Tennessee River ful implementation of this Strategy. The cooperative agreement was broadcast in System under the leadership of the Service is confident that this Strategy is October 2001. The first four projects to Tennessee Aquarium and Southeast the beginning of an effective model for be funded under this agreement and the Aquatic Research Institute (a long-term aquatic conservation. first of many to support the Strategy multi-partner effort, with agencies like include working to: the Tennessee Valley Authority, Tennes- Kelly Ann Bibb is a Listing and (1) incorporate southeastern imperiled see Wildlife Resources Agency, World Recovery Biologist in the Service’s fish photos into NatureServe (a former Wildlife Fund, and the Service, to benefit Regional Office in Atlanta, Georgia (404- branch of The Nature Conservancy), one and restore an important fish back to an 679-7132; [email protected]). Contact of the leading biological information area where it historically occurred). her for a copy of the report. databases on the web and a major A second request for proposals was educational tool that has a global reach; broadcast in summer 2002, and the (2) develop propagation techniques Service has received additional proposals for the vermilion darter (Etheostoma for work to support the Strategy. Work- chermocki), ultimately leading to captive ing with partners is a key to the Service’s propagation of this fish, which occurs mission and will be a key to the success-

ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 7 Releasing Mussels to by Shane D. Hanlon Recovering Waters

One of our nation’s biologi- mussels have been plagued by numerous cal hot spots, the 21,390 square human activities and are now considered miles (55,379 sq. kilometers) of the the most endangered faunal group in Upper Tennessee River Basin (UTRB) North America. Mussel populations have provides habitat for a remarkable been decimated by impoundments; diversity of aquatic life. More than poorly managed mining operations; toxic 85 of the approximately 300 spills; industrial, domestic, and agricul- described North American tural pollution; and silt-laden waters freshwater mussel species from eroding landscapes. The Fish and have been recorded here, Wildlife Service currently lists 30 mussel representing one of the most species of the UTRB under the Endan- diverse mussel assemblages gered Species Act (ESA) as endangered. in the world, with many Eleven species native to the basin in occurring nowhere else. Five historical times are believed to be major Tennessee River subbasins (the extinct. Only 26 of the nonlisted species Clinch/Powell, Holston, French Broad, are considered stable. Hiwassee, and Little Tennessee) contrib- Freshwater mussels provide us with ute to the UTRB, which stretches its important ecological benefits. They are a extensive network of tributaries through significant food source for many aquatic parts of Tennessee, Virginia, North and terrestrial animals. They filter Carolina, and Georgia. particulates and excess nutrients from A handful of 3-month-old juveniles of Prior to the industrial revolution, our rivers, thus improving water quality. the wavyrayed lampmussel freshwater mussels thrived in these Declining mussel populations signal (Lampsilis fasciola) propagated at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and waters. Over the past century, however, potentially serious environmental and State University and reared at the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries’ Aquatic Wildlife Research Center. Photo by Shane D. Hanlon

Site along the lower French Broad River, Tennessee, where common mussels are being released to test the suitability for the reintroduction of endangered mussels. Photo by Richard Biggins/USFWS

8 ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 public health problems. Because mussels program has collaborated with private mussels in 2001. More than 2,300 are long-lived and virtually immobile, landowners and other community juvenile mussels were released to the they cannot escape pollutants. Therefore, partners to conduct hundreds of stream Clinch River in Clinchport, including mussels have been referred to as “silent restoration projects on private lands in juveniles of the wavyrayed lampmussel sentinels” that indicate chronic impacts the UTRB. More than 50 miles (80 km) (Lampsilis fasciola) and two endangered to water quality. In addition, mussels’ of riparian corridor have been restored species, the Cumberlandian combshell lack of mobility renders them susceptible to benefit endangered mussels and a rich and oyster mussel. Researchers at the to massive die-offs from acute stresses, diversity of native fishes, snails, crayfish, Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife such as chemical spills. Without mussels, amphibians, and other aquatic organ- Research Unit developed the propaga- these spills might go unnoticed, because isms. Improving habitat for mussels also tion techniques and assisted in the more mobile aquatic fauna can exit or benefits sport fisheries, improves water release. Research is underway to develop drift downstream of an impacted area quality for people, and increases aes- propagation technologies for other before perishing, leaving no visible trace thetic value. endangered mussels and to identify of the harm that can be done to the For many endangered mussel species, additional stream reaches suitable for aquatic ecosystem. habitat improvement alone may not be augmentation. The Service and its Prior to the first ESA listings of enough to prevent extinction. Densities partners plan to produce and release freshwater mussels in 1976, declining have become so low that natural repro- juvenile mussels of several imperiled freshwater mussel populations were duction can no longer sustain the species to augment additional popula- largely ignored. Today, numerous population. With support from the tions within the Clinch/Powell and North federal, state, tribal, and local agencies; Service, TWRA, and VDGIF, researchers Fork Holston in Virginia. conservation groups; and local commu- from the USGS/Biological Resources Using an ecosystem approach, the nities are recognizing the value of these Division at Virginia Polytechnic Institute Service’s conservation initiatives and animals and are advocating mussel and State University have worked partnerships are fundamental to prevent conservation. In the UTRB, local water- diligently to develop captive propagation the extinction of many freshwater mussel shed groups are growing in number. In techniques for endangered and threat- species. Through these efforts, popula- the Virginia portion alone, more than 20 ened mussels. From 1998 through 2001, tions of imperiled species may once nongovernmental organizations and nearly 260,000 juvenile mussels of eight again be able to sustain themselves and coalitions have spearheaded the demand endangered species and one of special thrive in restored habitats, benefitting not for improved water quality for biological concern were propagated and released only one of the richest aquatic communi- diversity, as well as for human use. to two major river systems (Clinch/ ties in the nation, but ultimately the Given the large scale at which the Powell and Hiwassee River systems) to human communities that depend on UTRB watershed has been altered, it is a augment declining mussel populations. good water quality and the conservation daunting task to protect and restore it. These species include the fanshell of aquatic biodiversity. Nevertheless, agencies and conservation (Cyprogenia stegaria), dromedary groups are making significant accom- pearlymussel (Dromus dromas), Shane D. Hanlon is an Endangered plishments. Since the early 1980s, under Cumberlandian combshell (Epioblasma Species Recovery Biologist at the Service’s the leadership of the Service and with brevidens), oyster mussel (Epioblasma Southwestern Virginia Ecological Services the commitment of many partners, a capsaeformis), tan riffleshell (Epioblasma Field Office in Abingdon, Virginia; major mussel recovery program is florentina walkeri), snuffbox (Epioblasma (276)623-1233; [email protected]. underway. These partners include the triquetra), purple bean (Villosa Virginia Department of Game and Inland perpurpurea), birdwing pearlymussel Fisheries (VDGIF), U.S. Forest Service, (Lemiox rimosus=Conradilla caelata), and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Tennes- cracking pearlymussel (Hemistena lata). see Wildlife Resources Agency (TWRA), In 1998, the VDGIF established the Tennessee Valley Authority, Soil and Aquatic Wildlife Conservation Research Water Districts, Upper Tennessee River Center to expand propagation activities. Round Table, Nature Conservancy, and The facility, located at their Buller Fish Black Diamond Resource Conservation Culture Station near Marion, Virginia, has and Development, Inc. shown promising results in rearing Many streams throughout the UTRB juvenile mussels using water from the have been degraded by poor land nearby Holston River to simulate natural management practices. Since 1991, the river conditions. The VDGIF conducted Service’s Partners for Fish and Wildlife its first release of hatchery-reared

ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 9 Crayfish: by Robert S. Butler, Robert J. DiStefano, and Guenter A. Schuster An Overlooked Fauna

Whether you know them as mudbugs, ditch bugs, river lobsters, crawlybottoms, crawdads, or crawfish, anyone who has spent time in streams is familiar with crayfish. Chances are you’ve eaten them in southern restaurants or social gatherings, used them for fish bait, or played with them in streams. The probability is also high—even among aquatic biologists—that you know little about them, including the possibility that they may represent one of the continent’s most imperiled aquatic groups. But you are not alone. Many crayfish display surprisingly Crayfish are so poorly known that Crayfish thrive in creeks and rivers, brilliant hues of blue, green, orange, over half of them don’t have common lakes and ponds, swamps and ditches, red, and yellow, sometimes in names. The ones that do include fanciful even pine flatwoods and wet meadows. dazzling combinations. Others have names such as Cajun dwarf crayfish Stream forms are most diverse. Physi- spots or mottled patterns, bold stripes or bands, or are albino. Above is (Cambarellus shufeldtii), phantom cave ographic integrity—restriction to a Cambarus dubius, one of many crayfish (Procambarus pecki), bottlebrush particular province or subsection—is species with no common name. crayfish (Barbicambarus cornutus), displayed by many crayfish. Cambarus All photos by Guenter Schuster devil crawfish (Cambarus diogenes), species primarily occur in the Appala- ditch fencing crayfish (Faxonella chian Highlands, Orconectes species are clypeata), Piedmont blue burrower generally found on the Interior Low (Cambarus harti), and even the rusty Plateau, and Procambarus species are grave digger (Cambarus miltus). mostly Coastal Plain endemics. Many, Crayfish represent one of the largest primarily Coastal Plain crayfish, excavate aquatic faunal groups in North America burrows whose entrances are conspicu- north of Mexico, with approximately 353 ously marked by mud-ball “chimneys.” known species, or nearly two-thirds of About 40 troglobitic (cave-dwelling) the world’s crayfish fauna. Almost all species live in subterranean streams, and crayfish in the United States occur east have lost their eyes and pigments. of the Continental Divide and comprise Crayfish mate in fall through winter. A the family Cambaridae (335 taxa), male courts a female by touching her primarily in the genera Cambarus, with his antennae and chelae (claws). Procambarus, and Orconectes. Astonish- During copulation, he deposits sperm ingly, about 95 percent of the U.S. into her sperm receptacle and places a species occur in the Southeast, making plug in it, perhaps to retain his sperm or this region the global center of crayfish prevent other males from mating with diversity. Recognized biodiversity is her. After fertilization, she glues the eggs rapidly expanding; 45 species were to her swimmerets (swimming legs), then formally described between 1988 and sequesters herself in a safe place while 1996 alone (Taylor et al. 1996). Ultimate “in berry” (her egg mass resembles crayfish diversity may exceed 400 species. berries). Hatching takes place after a few

10 ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 These three specimens illustrate the morphological diversity of the group. From left to right: bottlebrush crayfish (Barbicambarus cornutus), Orconectes lancifer (no common name), and “Cambarus new species,” an as yet unnamed member of the genus Cambarus. weeks. Juveniles have three stages and stay Crayfish are susceptible to habitat hosting workshops focused on crayfish with mom for weeks before striking out. damage caused by impoundments, identification, distribution, ecology, and Sexually mature males have two stream channelization, pollution, and status. Some Fish and Wildlife Service annually cycling forms: the reproduc- sedimentation. Probably the biggest ecosystem teams are generating reports tively active Form I and sexually inactive threat is nonnative crayfish introduced as and considering management strategies Form II. Generally, males are in Form II fishing bait. Introduced crayfish may for potentially imperiled crayfish. These during the summer months. In late compete with natives for shelter, hybrid- efforts are making crayfish more of a summer or fall males molt into Form I, ize with them, and destroy vegetation consideration in the management, and actively pursue mating. Molting, or beds used by native crayfish and other restoration, and conservation of our the shedding of the carapace (exoskel- organisms for foraging, nesting, and Nation’s aquatic resources. eton) to allow for growth, is a critical shelter. One introduced species in time for crayfish due to increased particular, the rusty crayfish (Orconectes Robert S. Butler, an Aquatic Fauna vulnerability to predation and pollutants. rusticus), has displaced native species in Recovery Specialist, is in the Service’s North American crayfish 5 to 7 inches (12 to many areas. Asheville, North Carolina, Field Office; 17 centimeters) long are considered large. The degree of crayfish imperilment phone: 828/258-3939, ext. 235; email: They live 1.5 to 3.5 years, but troglobitic may exceed that of fishes, and is second [email protected]. Robert J. DiStefano crayfish species may live several decades. only to the most imperiled group in is a Resource Scientist with the Missouri Crayfish play many important roles in North America, freshwater mussels. Department of Conservation; phone 573/ their ecosystems. They are omnivorous, Conservation biologists estimate that 48 882-9880, ext. 3264; email: processing organic matter and transform- percent of our crayfish fauna deserve [email protected]. Guenter A. ing energy between different levels in conservation status. At present, however, Schuster is a Professor in the Department the food chain, and are eaten by more only four are listed under the Endan- of Biological Sciences at Eastern Ken- than 240 predators. gered Species Act: two cave crayfish tucky University; phone 859/622-1016; Long a favorite in Cajun cuisine, a (Cambarus aculabrum and C. email: [email protected]. commercial crayfish industry is centered zophonastes) in northern Arkansas with in Louisiana. Having an average annual no common names, the Nashville Reference value of $91 million, 87 million pounds crayfish (Orconectes shoupi) in central Taylor, C.A., M.L. Warren, Jr., J.F. are annually produced from pond Tennessee, and the Shasta crayfish Fitzpatrick, Jr., H.H. Hobbs, III, R.F. culture and wild harvested stock. (Pacifastacus fortis) in northern California. Jezerinac, W.L. Pflieger, and H.W. Crawfish festivals celebrating this delec- Taylor et al. (1996) played a major Robison. 1996. Conservation status of table decapod are well known in the role in highlighting the plight of this crayfishes of the United States and Deep South. A Crayfish Derby has been largely overlooked aquatic group. Canada. Fisheries 21(4):25-38. held in Columbia, Missouri, for 15 years. Conservation biologists are helping by

ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 11 The Urban Life of Darters by Daniel J. Drennen

Most people in the United States now live in ur- ban areas and suburbs, squeezed onto three percent of the nation’s land area. In turn, most of the water that enters our southeastern streams and lakes is affected by activities that occur on these developed lands, such as storm water drainage and the construction of build- Male (top, showing breeding colors) ings, houses, roads, and parking lots. In the Pinson and female vermilion darters. Illustrations © Joseph Tomelleri community of Jefferson County, Alabama, just north- east of Birmingham, three fish species are endangered by excessive sedimentation in urban streams. Too much sedimentation can affect waterways that have not been degraded the habitat of darters and associated fish by sediments. The rush and vermilion species by making urban streams and darters, however, have declined signifi- lakes unsuitable for feeding and repro- cantly throughout the Turkey Creek duction. Sediment abrades and suffo- watershed of the Locust Fork of the cates organisms that are attached to Black Warrior River. submerged substrates (such as rocks, The Fish and Wildlife Service is now sticks, and leaf litter), disrupts aquatic researching the rush darter to better insect natural processes like feeding and understand its natural history, locality, reproduction, and depresses fish growth, and population ecology within the survival, and reproduction. The species Turkey Creek watershed. Up to now, the that have evolved over thousands of rush darter, a species not described years in these waters are put at risk. until1999, had received little attention. The freshwater fish species—the Populations of rush darters are widely watercress darter (Etheostoma nuchali), separated from one another. Historically, listed as endangered in 1970; the rush rush darters were found in three water- darter (Etheostoma phytophilum), a sheds: the Clear Creek system in Win- listing candidate; and the vermilion ston County, the Tapawingo/Penny darter (Etheostoma chermocki), a species Springs area of the Turkey Creek system listed as endangered in 2001—have the in Jefferson County, and the Little Cove most restricted distributions of any Creek system in Etowah County. Cur- vertebrates in Alabama. The watercress rently, however, only two rush darter darter was transplanted in the populations remain in the Clear Creek Tapawingo/Penny Springs area of Turkey and Turkey Creek systems. Researchers Creek in 1988 and has endured, even at Auburn University estimated the though urbanization and sedimentation species’ total population at 500 individu- threaten its survival. A recent evaluation als or fewer throughout its entire range. of the watercress darter’s population The rush darter’s type locality is in a indicates that it has expanded through- roadside ditch on a highway through out the Tapawingo/Penny Springs Pinson and the Tapawingo/Penny

12 ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 Springs area. One catastrophic event Cahaba River Land Trust and the Service will also be able to address impacts of could easily destroy this important identified important lands within the storm water runoff, sewage effluent, road habitat. The vermilion darter is found watershed for possible acquisition by the maintenance, and construction of homes only in 7.2 miles (11.5 kilometers) of the Jefferson County Greenways Project. and businesses on the watershed, with main stem of Turkey Creek and the One such site, the Tapawingo/Penny the goal of conserving clean water for lowermost reaches of two tributaries Spring area, a clean water tributary of fish and people alike. within the Turkey Creek drainage. the creek and a spawning site for the Researchers at the University of Alabama vermilion and possibly rush darters, was Daniel J. Drennen is a biologist in the estimated the population of vermilion purchased by Jefferson County. It also Service’s Jackson, Mississippi, Field Office; darters as fewer than 3,500 individuals. contains a viable population of water- 601/321-1127; In 1998, a county jail was proposed for cress darters. This area has been restored [email protected]). construction on an area adjacent to with assistance from the Service. Turkey Creek, and it would have had In 2001, the Service signed a Memo- direct sedimentation impacts on the randum of Understanding with Jefferson vermilion darter and the watershed. This County that will alert us to any county concerned the local community and led projects that may affect the vermilion it to galvanize support for the protection darter’s habitat. In return, we exchange of Turkey Creek by forming START information about vermilion darter range Below: Vermilion darter habitat, Turkey Creek. Bottom (Society to Advance the Resources of locations and habitat requirements with left, Tapawingo Springs, home of the rush and Turkey Creek). Ultimately, after negotia- the county. watercress darters, surrounded by houses and a tions between Jefferson County and Threats to the three darter species are trailer park. Bottom right, construction site of a START, the jail site was changed to a mounting due to increased sedimenta- subdivision being developed on Turkey Creek location outside the watershed. Concur- tion of the Turkey Creek watershed vermilion darter sites. Photos by Daniel Drennen/USFWS rently, Jefferson County proposed the caused by urbanization. However, former 600-acre (240-hectare) jail site networking of stake- along Turkey Creek as a nature preserve, holders through meet- and plans have been made for a nature ings with the Service center and management of the acreage. has spotlighted the The Service met with stakeholders of importance of sedi- the watershed, including START and ment control in the Jefferson County, concerning the distri- watershed. By work- bution, threats, and status of the vermil- ing closely with its ion darter. To lessen threats to the partners, the Service vermilion darter, START participated in will not only be able several “Partners for Fish and Wildlife to more effectively re- Projects” aimed at minimizing nonpoint duce sediment loads source pollution within Turkey Creek. coming into these Additionally, the Black Warrior and darters’ streams, but

ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 13 Forty-One Tons by Tyler Sykes

The boulder darter, a member of the hy would 30 people volunteer to move large perch family, reaches a maximum W length of about 3 inches (7.5 boulders, by hand, into the Elk River on a hot day in centimeters). Photo by Richard Biggins/USFWS August? “In the hopes of providing new habitat for one Inset: After this truck dumped boulders at the river’s edge, of the rarest fishes in the Southeast,” replies Lee volunteers lugged them into place to Barclay, Supervisor of the Cookeville, Tennessee, Field enhance habitat for the endangered boulder darter. Office of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. He is talk- Photo by Tyler Sykes/USFWS ing about the boulder darter (Etheostoma wapiti) and the massive undertaking organized by the Lower Tennessee/Cumberland Ecosystem Team in August 2001 for this little fish.

14 ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 The boulder darter was first seen in see Valley Authority, CFI, International near the Town of Pulaski in Giles the Elk River drainage in 1891 and has Paper, and private citizens placed 41 County, Tennessee. Approximately 3.5 never been found in any other river. As a tons of rock into the Elk River at two tons of rock were placed at this location result, it was originally called the Elk locations: one near Fayetteville and the in the riffle areas above and below the River darter, but this changed when it other at an old mill dam near Dellrose. bridge crossing. Captive-reared boulder was discovered that the species spends Limestone boulders from a rock quarry darters were released at the site at that its entire life in close proximity to in Woodbury, Tennessee, were taken to time and the following year. Biologists boulders on the river bottom. This the two sites by personnel with Noland with CFI revisited the site soon after the habitat specificity is one of the reasons Stone Company in Nashville. second release to look for boulder the fish is now so rare. The two locations selected were darters in the area of the slabrocks. “Areas in the Elk River with these chosen because the surveys conducted Within a few hours of snorkeling, they boulders are hard to find,” notes Pat by Rakes and Shute indicated that discovered 16 boulder darters, most of Rakes, co-director of Conservation boulder darters were known, either them using the rocks that had been Fisheries, Inc. (CFI), a Knoxville-based historically or currently, from these sites placed the year before. This was and still nonprofit organization working to and that the limited habitat could be is the largest concentration of boulder protect and restore rare fishes to south- augmented with additional rock. As a darters ever found on the Elk River. The eastern rivers and streams. For years, this result, approximately 18 of the 41 tons rocks are being used not only by the limited habitat has been polluted by were placed into the river at Fayetteville boulder darters, but also by an assort- cities, industries, and farms along the and the remaining 23 tons went to ment of other fish. river. Water temperatures and levels also Hamilton Mill. “This work was not for Because water quality in the Elk River have changed due to construction of the faint of heart or back,” says Barclay. is improving, and because we have dams on the Elk and Tennessee rivers. Moving these boulders took several discovered ways to provide additional As a result, the numbers of boulder hours over a two-day period. After the habitat in the form of natural slabrocks, darters decreased over the years, leading rocks were set in place, captive-reared more areas in the Elk River are ready for the Service to list the boulder darter in boulder darters were released at both boulder darters. To give them a hand, 1988 as an endangered species. stream locations. several other people are getting involved Rakes and CFI co-director J.R. Shute The fish released were the young of in raising boulder darters for release to have spent many hours surveying the Elk boulder darters collected from the Elk the wild. The Dale Hollow and River and its tributaries for the boulder River by CFI during 1997-2000. Rakes Chattahoochee Forest National Fish darter and suitable habitat. Based on this and Shute have worked for years Hatcheries are helping CFI to raise more work, the boulder darter is currently learning how to breed rare fish in boulder darters for future releases. More believed to be limited to a 63-mile (101- captivity, and they have had great releases mean more rocks… calling all kilometer) stretch of the Elk River and a success doing so with a number of rare volunteers! few of its larger tributaries in southern fish, including the boulder darter. Their All of these efforts for a little fish? Tennessee and northern Alabama. Within work is aimed at producing fish that can Why? “Because the boulder darter plays this region, the species is found only in be returned to the wild to help bolster some role in the environment that we areas that have adequate boulder habitat. rare species. They produced 500 boulder may not yet understand, but we certainly Boulder darters use these rocks for darters that were released at the sites. don’t want to lose,” states Richard Kirk, spawning substrate and cover. Rakes Each fish was marked with a colored Endangered Species Coordinator with explains that “the female boulder darter tag that allows biologists to determine the Tennessee Wildlife Resources attaches her eggs to the bottom of these when and where particular boulder Agency. Barclay adds that, “…if efforts rocks and the male has the job of darters were released. “We will be able like these continue to prove successful, fertilizing them and then guarding them to tell how far the boulder darters are we may one day be able to remove the until they hatch.” Subsequently, lack of traveling up and down the river, how boulder darter from the endangered this habitat could result in the eventual long they live in the wild, and whether species list.” demise of the species. Members of the or not they are using the boulders we Lower Tennessee/Cumberland Ecosystem put in the river,” explains Shute. Team and other partners came up with Are these efforts effective? Past the idea of augmenting the existing attempts are encouraging. In the summer habitat with the limestone slabrocks of 1999, some of the same volunteers preferred by the boulder darter. that came together this time were Volunteers from the Service, Tennes- present for the placement of slabrock at see Wildlife Resources Agency, Tennes- the I-65 bridge crossing of the Elk River

ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 15 Landowners are by Tyler Sykes Recognized for Conservation Work

At a dinner held in April 2002, 20 pri- vate landowners from the Morrison-Viola area of middle Tennessee were recognized by the Barrens Topminnow Working Group for their efforts to restore and protect habi- tat for this extremely rare fish. The Barrens topmin- University, formed the Barrens Topmin- now (Fundulus julisia), now Working Group. The group seeks to a small fish that we address the topminnow’s decline through believe occurred the protection of the two remaining wild historically in spring populations, restoration of spring habitat, habitats throughout a captive propagation, and restocking of portion of south-central Tennessee, was Barrens topminnows throughout the Jewell Murphy accepts a framed until recently known to survive at only species’ historical range. Both of the print of the Barrens topminnow in two locations in the wild, both on current and all known historic locations appreciation for conserving the fish private land in Coffee County, Tennes- for this fish are on private property. As a on her property. Photo by Tyler Sykes see. The decline of this species in the result, the willingness of local landown- wild may be reversing, however, thanks ers to work with the group is the key to to the interest and efforts of private the success of this effort. landowners in the area. The group is working with willing The Barrens topminnow lives in private landowners to protect existing springs and spring runs that provide springs and restore suitable habitat cool, clear waters for the fish to feed and through the use of improved manage- reproduce. These areas were once ment practices on their property. These probably widespread, but conversion to practices have included the installation farm ponds, overuse by livestock, of livestock-exclusion fencing around the drought, and other factors have resulted springs and associated spring runs; in the loss of this habitat. As a result, construction of hardened feeding areas, numbers of Barrens topminnows have stream access, and crossings to reduce declined drastically. erosion in these areas; and installation of In an effort to reverse this trend, the watering tanks for cattle. These practices U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, in con- not only improve water quality for junction with the Tennessee Wildlife aquatic species like the topminnow, but Resources Agency; The Nature Conser- also for local citizens. vancy; Tennessee Valley Authority; The dinner last April was organized to Tennessee Aquarium; Conservation recognize those landowners who have Fisheries, Inc.; Tennessee Technological allowed for the rehabilitation and/or University; and Southeast Missouri State protection of suitable habitat and who,

16 ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 in some cases (six to be exact), have allowed the stocking of this rare fish on their property. These landowners were individually recog- nized by Brad Bingham, the Service’s representative on the Barrens

Topminnow Working Group. Other Barrens topminnow illustration © Joseph Tomelleri members of the group then presented the landowners with various tokens of appreciation, including passes to the Tennessee Aquarium and a framed print of the Barrens topminnow by Joe Tomellari, a renowned fish illustrator. Gary Moore of the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s Conservationist District for Grundy and Coffee counties, was also recognized by the group for his tireless efforts to work with the land- owners in these counties to protect and restore habitat for the topminnow. The entire project would not have been as successful without the trust and respect he has garnered from local landowners. In appreciation, the working group presented Mr. Moore a plaque for his At left, Barrens topminnow continuing efforts. habitat on private land. Above top left photo by Pat Rakes/ In addition to the guests of honor and Conservation Fisheries, Inc. their families, the dinner was well Above and left photos by Brad attended by members of the working Bingham/USFWS group, state agency personnel, and representatives from the offices of Congressmen Bart Gordon and Van Hilleary. All enjoyed a meal catered by Prater’s Barbeque and musical entertain- ment provided by the bluegrass and gospel group, the Buck Mountain Boys. We hope that more events such as this can be held in the future to recog- nize other landowners who participate in the project as efforts to conserve this rare fish and its habitat continue.

At right, scenes from the landowner appreciation dinner: landowners Tommy Murphy, Jewell Murphy, and Ida Ramsey; Brad Bingham addresses the group; and the Buck Mountain Boys provide musical entertainment. Photos by Tyler Sykes

ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 17 In Memoriam: Tyler Alley Sykes

Editor’s note: The following was see State Heritage Program, the City of providing walkways and parks for the provided by the Service’s Cookeville, Lebanon, and two private companies enjoyment of city residents. Tennessee, Field Office in tribute to the (Cracker Barrel and TRW) to protect the Like any fish and wildlife biologist, memory of Tyler Sykes, who tragically few known populations of this species. Tyler loved to be out in the field, passed away due to illness shortly after Tyler’s work with the Barrens topmin- working directly with partners to protect she wrote the preceding articles. now (Fundulus julisia) stands as a the rare species with which she was Tyler Sykes joined the Fish and shining example of her hard work and entrusted. She would walk the stream Wildlife Service in 1998 as the Endan- dedication to the protection and recov- bottoms in central Tennessee looking for gered Species Recovery Coordinator in ery of rare species. This spring-depen- Spring Creek bladderpod, walk high the Cookeville, Tennessee, Ecological dent fish is endemic to south-central clifflines to monitor populations of Services Field Office. She brought to her Tennessee; only two known populations Cumberland sandwort (Arenaria job a tremendous love for natural remain, both on private lands. Working cumberlandensis ), or stand in the river resources along with the dedication and with the office’s Partners Coordinator, a passing slab rocks down the line to determination to accomplish the objec- District Conservationist from the Natural improve habitat for the boulder darter tives she set. Tyler had boundless energy Resources Conservation Service, and (Etheostoma wapiti). No matter how wet and the persistence to stick with even landowners, Tyler developed a conserva- or muddy she got, there was always that the most difficult task, but she was tion plan for this species that involved beaming smile and words of encourage- always quick to smile and had a bright protection of the two known popula- ment for her colleagues. personality that lit up the office. Tyler tions, propagation and augmentation, The Service is diminished by the loss was outgoing and never failed to speak and reintroduction into historic sites. of Tyler Sykes. We will never know what out for the rare species she was en- Tyler’s ability to establish partnerships she would have accomplished had she trusted to protect, but her willingness to was instrumental in her development of been able to stay with us and reach her listen and work cooperatively gained her the first aquatic Habitat Conservation full potential. But we do know that she the respect of even the most adversarial Plan (HCP) in the Southeast. The was an inspiration to us. She showed us personnel. She was truly a rising star in Nashville crayfish (Orconectes shoupi), what hard work, dedication, and persis- the Service. Tyler accomplished tremen- an endangered species, is endemic to tence can achieve. She has left a perma- dous things in her short career and left the Mill Creek watershed, which is nent mark on the trust resources of lasting marks in the hearts of her located primarily within the boundaries Tennessee and Kentucky, and we know colleagues. Years from now, one will be of this rapidly growing city. Although it that the rare species she worked with are able to travel throughout Kentucky and continues to exist in Mill Creek and its better off for having been under her Tennessee and see testimonials to Tyler’s tributaries, the threats to this species are care. We will miss her. dedication and hard work in thriving many. Tyler managed to bring a devel- Tyler leaves behind a husband, populations of rare plants and animals. oper into partnership with the Service Robbie, two daughters, Chloe and Alley, Shortly after Tyler joined the Service, and metropolitan Nashville agencies to and a host of friends and colleagues she began working on recovery of the develop an HCP for protection of the who miss her sorely. To contribute to a Spring Creek bladderpod (Lesquerella Nashville crayfish. In addition to the trust fund established for the Sykes perforata), an endangered plant endemic HCP, Tyler worked with the City Parks children, you can send donations to: to central Tennessee. Through her Department on a Greenway develop- Sykes Children’s Trust Fund, AmSouth persistence, she pulled together a ment project that will further help Bank, 790 S. Jefferson Avenue, partnership among the Service, Tennes- protect the Nashville crayfish while Cookeville, Tennessee 38501.

18 ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 Tyler Alley Sykes September 15, 1971 – May 14, 2002 Photo by Robert Sykes

ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 19 Down by the Green River by Robert S. Butler, Richie Kessler, and J. Brent Harrel

Immortalized in John Prine’s song “Paradise,” the Green River flows lazily through west-central Kentucky before joining the Ohio River. Although Prine sings of the town of Paradise in Muhlenberg County, we think that true paradise lies many miles upstream. Above: a good example of riparian The upper Green River system historically harbored 66 mussel species, or 22 habitat, including a stand of native percent of North America’s mussel fauna, including the endemic Kentucky creekshell cane, near the mouth of Russell Creek. (Villosa ortmanni). Eight of these mussels and an endemic crustacean are listed under the Endangered Species Act. The river’s fauna also includes records for 150 Below: a relatively undisturbed bend of the Green River in Hart County. fishes, 8 of them system endemics. The Nature Conservancy (TNC) ranks the upper Green fourth nationally in number of imperiled aquatic species. Opposite page: Green River in Green Located in a vast karst landscape, the upper Green’s basin is dotted with at least County showing badly eroding banks. 1,000 sinkholes and caves. The 336-mile (540-kilometer) Mammoth Cave system is All photos by Richie Kessler the world’s largest. The endangered Mammoth Cave shrimp (Palaemonias ganteri) is only found in the area’s subterranean waters. Two endangered mammals, the gray bat (Myotis grisescens) and Indiana bat (M. sodalis), call caves in the region home. $110 Million Grant for The 100-mile (160-km) section of river between Green River Reservoir Dam Riparian Habitat (GRRD) and Mammoth Cave National Park is the focus for a major TNC community- based habitat restoration project. The primary goals of the Green River project, Representatives from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Kentucky Governor’s Office recently signed a Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP) grant agreement. It allocates $110 million of federal, state, and private funds to protect riparian areas in the upper Green River system. The USDA will provide $88 million for this 10-year project, while the state and TNC contribute the matching $22 million. Numerous agency and other partners, including staff from the Service’s Asheville Field Office, were involved in crafting the grant proposal.

Row crops and livestock are in some cases detrimental to water quality and associated habitats. The CREP program’s goal is to retire 100,000 acres

20 ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 which began in 1996, are to reduce and other funds. Clean Water Act grants nonpoint source pollution and eliminate help fund various restoration activities other stresses on aquatic habitats. A and other expenses. Habitat protection project director, hired in 1999 to work in programs of NRCS, such as the Environ- the mostly agricultural watershed, lives mental Quality Incentives Program and in the area and has become an accepted Conservation Reserve Enhancement member of the community. The Fish and Program (see sidebar article), are also Wildlife Service’s field offices in commonly used by farmers. Asheville, North Carolina; Cookeville, Scientific research activities in the Tennessee; and Frankfort, Kentucky, system are shedding light on how to coordinate with TNC on restoration better manage, conserve, and recover the activities. Together, the Service and TNC Green’s imperiled fauna. The Corps of are committed to the success of a long- Engineers has been contracted by TNC term project and are establishing to modify releases from GRRD to better partnerships with landowners and other meet the needs of aquatic resources. A stakeholders in the region. mussel propagation facility is being Typical habitat restoration activities considered by Mammoth Cave National include constructing fencing, providing Park. Research in the watershed being alternate livestock watering sources, conducted on imperiled fishes, crayfishes, stabilizing heavy use areas, installing and mussels not only furthers our erosion control structures, revegetating knowledge of these organisms and aids in streamsides, improving riparian buffers, their recovery, it helps partners identify and advocating improved agricultural stream reaches critical for protecting practices. Community-based activities and managing important habitats. include illegal dump cleanups, providing The community-based approach low-cost rental equipment to community proves that farming and natural resource farmers, and hosting informational conservation are compatible, economi- (40,400 hectares) of stream meetings. The eclectic approach to cally feasible, and highly desirable for all and sinkhole riparian areas conservation benefits aquatic organisms parties (and species) involved. Private from agricultural production. Private landowners in eight by reducing sedimentation, nutrients, landowner cooperation is the most counties may be involved. The and other pollution runoff while enhanc- crucial variable in the habitat protection ambitious, but voluntary, ing riparian habitats for foraging bats equation. Without broad-based land- incentive-based program pays and neotropical migratory birds. owner support, restoration efforts would eligible landowners bonuses Cooperators in the project include have little chance of success. With their of $140 to $150 per acre for federal agencies (Environmental Protec- support, we can improve and protect the signing 15-year buffer tion Agency, Army Corps of Engineers, stream and riparian habitats upon which agreements and annual payments of $80 to $150 per National Park Service, Geological Survey, the imperiled wildlife of the Green River acre for maintaining buffers, Department of Agriculture’s Natural fauna depends. while permanent easements Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) will earn landowners $400 per and Farm Services Agency), state Robert S. Butler is an Aquatic Fauna acre, funded by TNC. agencies (State Nature Preserves Com- Recovery Specialist in the Service’s mission, Department of Fish and Wildlife Asheville Field Office; phone: 828/258- Money from CREP will dovetail nicely with TNC’s Resources, and Divisions of Water, 3939 Ext. 235; email: Green River Bioreserve. TNC Conservation, and Forestry), private [email protected]. Richie Kessler is will continue to use Service landowners, and other stakeholders. Director of the Green River Bioreserve, and other restoration funds to The partners are tapping various Kentucky Chapter of The Nature Conser- continue riparian restoration funding sources for restoration activities. vancy; phone: 270/469-9796; email: work, while CREP funding will The Service’s Partners for Fish and [email protected]. J. Brent Harrel is the go only toward habitat Wildlife program is aiding private Service’s Kentucky Partners for Fish and protection. Together, the two funding sources should landowners in restoring riparian buffers Wildlife Coordinator; phone: 502/695- ensure that significant and related activities. TNC has an 0468; email: [email protected]. portions of Green River excellent track record in leveraging “seed riparian habitats are restored money” many times over with private and protected.

ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 21 Sending Surrogates by Ken Burton to the Rescue

It is reclusive, silent, and sedentary, but it’s also Mother Nature’s natural water filter and an indicator species to boot, and now a small group of scientists in the Southeast is putting in long hours in an attempt to rescue a single imperiled species of mussel. The road back, says Dr. Jim Layzer, of Survey and two U.S. Fish and Wildlife the Tennessee Cooperative Fishery Service fish hatcheries, Dale Hollow in Research Unit, means putting a mussel Tennessee and Wolf Creek in Kentucky— back in part of its historic range and is how to nurture juvenile mussels seeing it thrive, to the point where the beyond the critical first 2 to 4 months. species won’t have to remain on the “We need to grow them to maturity,” endangered species list. Layzer says, “and when we can get them “Recolonization is an extremely to that point, we can reintroduce them in delicate process,” says Layzer, who quantity.” Both hatcheries have encoun- spends a lot of his time working with tered problems keeping young mussels other researchers to find the key that will alive for prolonged periods, but survival get a mussel through its first growing after 60 days usually indicates that the season. Layzer says, with delight, “We are mussels are meeting their nutritional having great success.” requirements. Artificially-propagated juvenile Layzer’s efforts are aimed at reviving Layzer and his researchers have wavy-rayed lampmussels the population of endangered collected and reproduced the wavy- Photo by Richard Neves/U.S. Geological Cumberland bean (Villosa trabalis) rayed lampmussel (Lampsilis fasciola), Survey mussels, originally found in the Tennes- which is also found in the same river see and Cumberland River drainages. drainages as the Cumberland bean, and Like most other mussels in trouble, used it as a substitute for testing reintro- these can trace some of their problems duction techniques since it isn’t endan- back to the early twentieth century. gered. If the lampmussels survive Pollution played a role, and so did the reintroduction, then there is good hope effects of agriculture, logging, and dams. for the Cumberland bean. If the The plight of the freshwater mussel is lampmussels don’t survive, none of the neither a regional nor a small problem. endangered mussels have been lost. Seventy-two species of mussels through- “If the mussel population is in out the United States are already classi- trouble, that can be a signal that other fied as threatened or endangered, and things are wrong,” says Andrew Currie, dozens more species may be headed in who manages the Wolf Creek and Dale the same direction. Hollow hatcheries. Currie and Layzer A central piece of the puzzle, says both agree: a decline in the mussel Layzer—who is part of an effort sup- population could not only affect water ported by the state of Tennessee, quality—they are Mother Nature’s natural Tennessee Tech University, the Biological water filters—but their absence can also Research Division of the U.S.Geologic indicate that something more is amiss.

22 ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 Mussels are capable of ingesting pesti- “We’re destroying or wiping out cides or heavy metals, but only to a species before we know what their value point. Accumulated in heavy doses, might be,” Layzer says. “That in itself those toxins can then become threats to should justify the time and expense that other animals that depend on mussels as it takes to help them avert extinction. part of their diet. That can warn of Beyond that, we have an ethical obliga- danger to people who depend the rivers tion to all the species that share this for drinking water. planet.” Mussels can signal environmental When we lose anything we don’t fully changes in other ways. Many mussel understand, we’re really losing a figura- species depend on specific species of tive encyclopedia. And we might be fish to serve as hosts for mussel larvae, losing a page with enormous beneficial or glochidia. If dams reduce a fish’s effects for mankind.” habitat, a declining mussel population could be the result. Ken Burton is a Public Affairs Layzer believes that mussels are Specialist in the Service’s Washington, valuable but, because they are not fully D.C., Office; email [email protected], understood, no one is able to fully 202/208-5657. appreciate their ecological contributions to our world. Cumberland bean mussel Photo by Richard Biggins/USFWS

ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 23 Cryptic Biodiversity by Robert S. Butler and Richard L. Mayden

Just how many aquatic animal species do we have in the Southeast? We don’t have a final answer to this question yet, but through the collaborative efforts of agency biologists and scientists specializing in taxonomic classification, we are mov- ing in the right direction. We do know that the southeastern United States harbors the greatest level of temperate zone aquatic biodiversity in the world. For creatures such as freshwater mussels, the most highly imperiled animal group in the U.S., the level of diversity exceeds that of any other region globally. Researchers in systematic biology knowledge of diversity is not only evidence, whether it is genetic, morpho- continue to learn about the biological critical to scientists seeking to under- logical, behavioral, ecological, or diversity of this region, some of which is stand processes responsible for biologi- combinations thereof, is compiled into a referred to as “cryptic” or unknown cal diversification, but is equally critical formal species description for publica- biodiversity. The discovery of formerly to resource managers hoping to develop tion in a peer-reviewed scientific journal. unrecognized species has been made effective conservation programs. Several recent examples among the possible by the development of sophisti- Over the past decade or two, thor- fishes show how the use of genetic and cated analytical tools. Advances in both ough studies of the morphological, morphological data, combined with technology and theory in systematic and behavioral, ecological, and genetic phylogenetics (genetic relationships of evolutionary biology have permitted variation in species have resulted in the related organisms) systematics and a scientists to detect additional species “splitting” of several fairly well-known revolutionized theory of how species are diversity around the world on the basis polytypic (containing populations that determined, has improved our under- of divergences in genetic, morphological have different morphological traits) standing of diverse biological lineages. (body form), ecological, and behavioral species into numerous “new” species. The greenbreast darter (Etheostoma traits that were previously unknown. Two recent changes that have been jordani) was long thought to consist of a Most biologists with a knowledge of important in refining this science include single species found in most of the major aquatic organisms are familiar with the technological advances in molecular rivers of the highly rich Mobile Basin. A species “complexes.” Generally, a species genetics and a more pronounced thorough evaluation of the variation in complex describes a relatively wide- emphasis on field studies with the this species based on live and museum ranging species that has an unusual examination of live organisms. specimens revealed four distinct species, distribution or is highly variable across Historically, morphological data one of which, the Etowah darter its range in morphological characters, obtained from preserved museum (Etheostoma etowahae), is now listed as habitat preferences, or other aspects of specimens was the primary source of endangered. As its name indicates, this its anatomy, life history, or ecology. This characters used in differentiating new fish is endemic to the Etowah River in understanding is rapidly changing. taxa. Museum materials are essential, but the upper Coosa River Basin (see plate 1). Species are now considered evolutionary often they do not readily reveal impor- The speckled chub (Macrhybopsis lineages, and these lineages are identi- tant characteristics found in cryptic aestivalis) complex was long considered fied using a variety of heritable traits that species complexes. These types of traits a wide-ranging polytypic species with can have differing degrees of differentia- are best found by examining live six subspecies. Now, this “species” is tion within and between groups. Scien- specimens or by using other methods known to contain at least 10 genetically tists are incorporating various types of useful in identifying evolutionary and morphologically distinct species, data into their studies to reveal naturally lineages, such as genetic traits. Following some of which are likely imperiled (see occurring patterns of diversity. Accurate the identification of new taxa, all of the plate 2). Numerous other fish species

24 ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 complexes are known. In fact, a recent abundant rainfall and display a diverse Plate 1. Newly discovered and described species in compilation of the status of all native array of habitat types. Differentiation of the Etheostoma jordani complex. Clockwise from southern freshwater fishes led to an species also has been fostered by the upper left: Greenbreast darter (Etheostoma jordani), Tuskaloosa darter (Etheostoma douglasi), Lipstick estimate that approximately 10 percent Southeast’s stable geologic history. None darter (Etheostoma chuckwachattee), Etowah darter of the 662 known taxa are formally of the streams draining upland areas of (Etheostoma etowahae). undescribed (Warren et al. 2000). the Southeast were glaciated during Illustrations © Joseph Tomelleri High levels of cryptic biodiversity Pleistocene ice ages or inundated by probably also exist for certain other Cretaceous seas during interglacial system, or in the extreme from a single aquatic groups that warrant more periods. These upland areas have served spring. For instance, the pygmy sculpin thorough systematic evaluations. Few as the primary “spawning sites” for the (Cottus paulus) is known only from mollusk or crayfish biologists are evolution of various new aquatic species. Coldwater Spring, part of the Coosa systematists and taxonomists, making it Unlike birds and mammals, most River system of northeast Alabama. very difficult to know if our inventories freshwater organisms have physical Species with normally disjunct distribu- of understudied groups reflect natural barriers (e.g., waterfalls, relatively abrupt tions or widely separated populations diversity. But the number of taxa changes in water or substrate quality, may also indicate that more than one described in these poorly known groups marine waters) to their dispersal; taxonomic entity is represented. is considered artificially low by conser- therefore, they are often endemic to Another clue for potential cryptic vationists. Numerous additional taxa are discrete watersheds or regions. biodiversity may be when populations in presumed to occur in the Southeast. Plotting species distributions on one portion of a species’ range are doing The rich aquatic biodiversity of the drainage maps with GIS (geographic well while populations in another region southeastern U.S. is attributable to information systems) technology is are disappearing. The frecklebelly various geological and zoogeographic aiding researchers in identifying species madtom (Noturus munitus) complex, (geographic distribution of animals) that may represent complexes of diver- until recently considered a single factors. The Southeast is an ancient and sity. A characteristic distribution pattern species, represents an excellent example. highly diverse landscape over half a for many aquatic species complexes has The undescribed madtom species in the billion years in age and is composed of been physiographic integrity. Although upper Coosa River system is highly numerous physiographic provinces many currently recognized complexes imperiled and is disappearing from one (major land area classifications based on are found in several physiographic of the two major watersheds it occurs in, geology and geographic features). Each provinces, some forms are found to be whereas the lowland form of frecklebelly province has a distinct lithography, or endemic to a particular province, group madtom is relatively common in major mineral composition, which influences of provinces, or possibly to the transition river systems below the fall line where it the chemistry of surface and ground region between adjacent provinces. is endemic. The best pyramid pigtoe waters. Southeastern waters receive Others may be found in a single river (Pleurobema rubrum) populations

ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 25 remaining occur in Arkansas, while all populations and indicators of the state of By working together in innovative populations east of the Mississippi River our environment will be “circling the ways, elected officials, budgetary are highly imperiled. This mussel should drain,” inevitably spiraling toward administrators, resource conservation be investigated to determine if it repre- extinction. In some cases, these organ- managers, and researchers in academia sents a species complex. isms will not have been formally de- can turn the tide of increasing imperil- Some of the complexes of species scribed or even recognized as distinct ment and protect the vast richness of being sorted out taxonomically are before they disappear. Only through biodiversity hidden within our southeast- already relatively rare. In addition to the increased awareness by the public and ern waters. greenbreast darter example above, the governmental agencies and a propor- vermilion darter (Etheostoma chermocki) tional increase in resources can we curb Robert S. Butler, Aquatic Fauna group illustrates cryptic diversity and this loss of biodiversity. Recovery Specialist, works in the FWS disjunctions of imperiled taxa. When the Because of the forethought of Asheville, North Carolina, Field Office, vermilion darter, now a federally listed concerned academicians, agency biolo- 160 Zillicoa Street, Asheville NC 28801. species, was discovered a thorough gists, and others, there is a ray of hope. Phone: 828/258-3939 Ext. 235; FAX: 828/ analysis of presumed close relatives Recovery plans and recently penned 258-5330; email: [email protected]. revealed three undescribed and disjunct strategies to protect imperiled faunas— Dr. Richard L. Mayden, Chairman and relatives. One of these species was later specifically North American mussels and Endowed Chair of Natural Sciences, described as the Warrior darter (E. southeastern fishes—make the search for Department of Biology, 3507 Laclede bellator). The other two, both considered cryptic biodiversity a high priority task. Ave, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO imperiled by Warren et al. (2000), await Working groups, such as the Upper 63103-2010. Phone: 314/977-3494; FAX formal taxonomic description. Coosa River Basin Aquatics Summit, 314/977-3658; email: [email protected]. The general lack of critically needed meet regularly to discuss newly discov- resources needed to delineate new taxa ered taxa, their threats, and conservation Reference: continues to hamper species assessments strategies. Resource managers are Warren, M.L., Jr., B.M. Burr, S.J. Walsh, H.L. Bart, and listing activities. This has resulted in tackling the imperiled cryptic Jr., R.C. Cashner, D.A. Etnier, B.J. Freeman, various elements of biodiversity becom- biodiversity issue by allocating funding B.R. Kuhajda, R.L. Mayden, H.W. Robison, S.T. Ross, and W.C. Starnes. 2000. Diversity, distri- ing increasingly rare. Consequently, an for molecular genetic and morphometric bution, and conservation status of the native increasing number of aquatic organisms studies of presumed complexes. freshwater fishes of the southeastern United that serve as natural resources for human States. Fisheries 25(10): 7-29.

Plate 2. Five undescribed species of the Macrhybopsis aestivalis species complex found in rivers of the southeastern United States.

26 ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 Sturgeon Surveys in the Lower Mississippi River by Paul Hartfield

In September 2001, the Fish and Wildlife Service’s Jackson Field Office and the Mississippi Museum of Natural Science, with assistance from the Lower Mississippi River Conservation Commis- sion, initiated a multi-year program of trawl surveys for sturgeon in the lower Mississippi River. A trawl is a large fishing net that is towed along the bottom of the river. The trawl surveys are being used to identify pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) and shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus) habitat use over a range of river stages and conditions in the vicinity of Vicksburg, Mississippi. In 20 days during September-Novem- ber of 2001, we made 5 to 17 trawl pulls per day, with an average pull time of about 10 minutes. Eleven pallids (endan- gered) and 376 shovelnose (nonlisted) were collected. Extended high spring and early summer river stages limited with greater depths, ranging from 25 to Pallid sturgeon sampling in 2002 to 11 days, with 2 to 18 45 feet (7.5 to 14 m). Photo by Jim Rathert/USFWS pulls per day. This year, 5 pallids and The 2001 surveys were conducted by 239 shovelnose were collected. We hope Paul Hartfield of the Service’s Jackson to continue our surveys for at least Field Office (601/321-1125, another year. [email protected]); Daniel J. One of our objectives has been to Drennen, also of the Service’s Jackson determine the value and efficiency of Office (601/321-1127, trawl surveys for sampling sturgeon and [email protected]); Dr. Todd other big river fishes. Fortunately, we’ve Slack of the Mississippi Museum of found trawling to be effective for Natural Science in Jackson (601/354- Vicksburg sampling shovelnose and pallid sturgeon 7303, [email protected]); and in the lower Mississippi, although it is Ron Nassar of the Lower Mississippi somewhat limited at depths below 40 River Conservation Commission (601/ feet (12 m). All sturgeons captured have 629-6602, [email protected]). been associated with moderate to strong currents, depths of 13 to 45 feet (4 to 14 Paul Hartfield is ta wildlife Biologist m), a sand or sand and gravel substra- in the Service’s Jackson Field Office (601/ tum, and structure in the form of sand 321-1125, [email protected]) The Mississippi river, in the vacinity reefs, dunes, or secondary channels. of Vicksburg, Mississippi, was the site of sturgeon surveys. Pallid captures seem to be associated

ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 27 Chinese Biologists by Michael Kreger and Patricia L. Ford Compare Argali to Bighorn

“Stop the car!” cried Liu Chuguang through our interpreter, Julia Su. The minibus slid to a halt on the rocky washboard road. As the dust cleared, we made out a thin tawny figure picking its way around a field of boulders. Then, about 50 feet (15 meters) away, an adult female desert bighorn sheep, a yearling, and a lamb came into view. We were visiting the Hualapai Indian Reservation in northern Arizona at the base of the Grand Can- yon, a special place for us and for our colleagues from China. Seeing a desert bighorn sheep in the wild was as exciting for them as seeing the endangered argali (a large Asian bighorn sheep) had been for us when we had the opportunity to visit China the previous year.

The delegation from China was thrilled to see bighorn sheep (top and right) on their U.S. tour. USFWS photos above; photo at right by Corel Corp.

28 ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 The visit of five Chinese delegates Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep taxidermist who instructed them in the was coordinated by the Service’s Interna- populations in the contiguous United science of preserving lifelike specimens. tional Affairs program, which imple- States also declined by the early 1900s Of particular interest was a demonstra- ments the “Nature Conservation Protocol due to commercial exploitation, habitat tion that involved permanently marking Between the State Forestry Administra- loss, and competition and diseases from legally hunted trophy heads to discour- tion of the People’s Republic of China domestic livestock. Then, in the 1940s age poaching. and the Department of the Interior.” As and 1950s, state wildlife management Our visitors saw spectacular wildlife part of the agreement, the United States agencies began reintroducing bighorns and habitat, took copious notes, shot sent biologists to China in 2001 to learn to their historic range, using animals many rolls of film, and asked insightful about argali (Ovis ammon) management. from the remaining stocks and herds questions. They received information In return, we spent two weeks with the from Canada. Now, Rocky Mountain that may improve their ability to manage Chinese delegation, first in Arizona, bighorn sheep are widely distributed their own wild sheep populations. In home of the desert bighorn (Ovis throughout the Rocky Mountain states addition, U.S. and Chinese biologists canadensis arizonai), and then in and south into New Mexico, with an formed strong bonds of friendship that Montana, home of the Rocky Mountain estimated population of more than likely will benefit both nations. bighorn (Ovis canadensis). In both 19,000 in 1985. In Montana, the Chinese states, the Chinese delegation met with delegates learned about these animals Michael Kreger and Patricia L. Ford scientists, managers, and researchers from University of Montana researchers, are biologists with the Service’s Division who work together to manage these Forest Service and Fish and Wildlife of Scientific Authority in the Interna- marvelous animals at the federal, state, Service biologists, and staff from the tional Affairs program. and tribal levels. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife At their peak, desert bighorn sheep in and Parks, who described such tools as North America may have numbered prescribed fire and the more than 2 million animals, but compe- reintroduction of tition with livestock in the 1800s reduced bighorn sheep to the population to approximately 20,000, manage wildlife of which 4,500 are found in Arizona. resources. They Representatives from Arizona Game and learned about Fish Department, the Phoenix Zoo, and Montana’s the Hualapai Reservation introduced the hunting laws, as delegation to Arizona wildlife, discussed well as regula- methods of estimating population sizes, tions covering and provided information on predation, the sheep. In disease, and nutrition. The delegation addition, they also learned that, on occasion, when visited a bighorn from the reservation cross into Grand Canyon National Park, and vice versa, the three govern- ments coordinate material or technical assistance.

ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 29 REGIONAL NEWS & RECOVERY UPDATES

Maria Mitchell Natural History Museum, Massa- chusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, and the Service’s New England Field Office.

Lee County Cave Isopod (Lirceus usdagalun) On February 19, 2002, five staff from the Service and the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation’s Division of Natu- ral Heritage rediscovered the Lee County cave isopod in Thompson Cedar Cave, where the tiny crustacean was thought to be extirpated. The Lee Regional endangered species staffers have County cave isopod was listed as endangered in reported the following news: 1992 and is known from only the Thompson Ce- California clapper rail dar Cave type locality and one other cave and two Region 1 photo by Mike Boyland/USFWS springs located in the unique limestone karst topography of southwestern Virginia. Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge In April 2002, volunteers donated over 200 hours to The isopod population and the cave wildlife com- restore native plants at Ash Meadows National munity were thought to be extirpated from Th- Wildlife Refuge (NWR) in Nevada. By working to ompson Cedar Cave by 1988 due to leachate from revegetate the site, volunteers helped restore and a huge sawdust pile that was deposited in and recreate historical habitat in a system of springs around the cave entrance. In response to concern and outflows called Point of Rocks for the endan- from the Service and several state agencies, the gered Ash Meadows Amargosa pupfish sawmill operator voluntarily removed the saw- (Cyprinodon nevadensis mionectes) and the dust from the sinkhole surrounding the cave en- threatened Amargosa naucorid (Ambrysus trance and installed a clay berm to divert surface Salt marsh harvest mouse amargosus), an aquatic insect. Photo © B. Moose Peterson/WRP runoff from the sinkhole. According to an inven- tory conducted in late June by biologists from the Established in 1984, the refuge includes a total of to the Tolay Creek Unit of the refuge, a 435-acre Service and the state Division of Natural Heritage, 23,928 acres (9,683 hectares) of spring-fed wet- (177-ha) site restored to tidal action in December the Lee County cave isopod population in Thomp- lands and alkaline desert uplands. Ash Meadows 1998 for the same purposes. son Cedar Cave is growing and the remaining NWR provides habitat for at least 24 plants and ecological community of the cave seems to be animals that occur only within the boundaries of Region 5 thriving. We believe that the removal of the saw- the refuge. Twelve of those endemic species are dust from the sinkhole surrounding the cave en- listed as threatened or endangered under the En- American burying beetle (Nicrophorus trance and recent drought conditions have slowed dangered Species Act (ESA). americanus) Reintroduction of this carrion the release of leachate to the subterranean sys- beetle continues on Nantucket Island, off the coast tem, allowing the cave community to recover. The San Pablo Bay NWR The refuge began the of Massachusetts. The Roger Williams Park Zoo in Service and several partners are assisting the lum- restoration of 72 acres (29 ha) of low-yield Providence, Rhode Island, has reared beetles for ber company in removing the remaining sawdust. hayfields to tidal salt marsh last March by breach- release since 1994. Last June, the largest effort to ing a bayfront levee. The goal is to bring back date occurred with over 270 pairs released at the Piping plover (Charadrius melodus) U.S. native pickleweed-dominated vegetation, which Massachusetts Audubon Society’s Sesachacha Atlantic Coast piping plover abundance and pro- is habitat for the salt marsh harvest mouse Wildlife Sanctuary and Ram Pasture (owned by ductivity figures for the 2000 and 2001 breeding (Reithrodontomys raviventris) and California the Nantucket Conservation Foundation). Each seasons are now available on-line at “http:// clapper rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus), two pair was supplied a quail carcass to provide food pipingplover.fws.gov/status/index.html.” After a endangered species in the greater San Francisco for the adults and future larvae. National Public 3 percent decline between 1997 and 1999, the Bay estuary. The restoration site included lands Radio was on hand to obtain information for its estimate of breeding pairs on the U.S. Atlantic managed by the refuge under long-term lease “Living on Earth” program. Partners essential to Coast posted a 4 percent increase between 1999 from State of California Lands Commission. This the success of this work include the Zoo, Massa- and 2000, followed by a 6 percent gain in 2001. site is situated immediately east of and adjacent chusetts Audubon, Nantucket Conservation Fund, The total 2001 U.S. Atlantic count of 1,280 breed-

30 ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 REGIONAL NEWS LISTING ACTIONS

From February through October 2002, we Males may reach about eight inches (20 centime- published the following Endangered Spe- ters) in length; females are slightly shorter. They cies Act (ESA) rules in the Federal Regis- have white or pale yellow spots or bars on a black ter. The full text of each action can be background. Their undersides can vary from al- accessed through our website: most uniform white or pale yellow to a varying http://endangered.fws.gov. pattern of white or pale yellow and black.

Emergency Listing Rule California tiger salamanders make use of bur- rows created by small mammals, especially ground California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma squirrels and pocket gophers. Adult tiger sala- californiense) On July 22, due to an immi- manders spend an average of six to nine months Piping plover nent threat of habitat destruction, we listed the per year in the burrows, where they await the Photo © Richard Kuzminski Sonoma County distinct population segment of arrival of fall or winter rains. The loss of burrow the California tiger salamander as endangered systems is a significant threat to the survival of ing pairs is the highest since the species’ 1986 under the emergency provisions of the ESA. This the California tiger salamander. listing under the ESA. Increases occurred in all action gave temporary but immediate protection three U.S. Atlantic recovery units, with the largest to the salamander and its habitat. The emergency Proposed Listing Rules percentage gains in New York-New Jersey. The listing will remain in effect for 240 days, while we Atlantic Canada population also posted a 16-year make a final decision on a proposal to give the Gila chub (Gila intermedia) On August 9, high estimate of 245 pairs. Net change in the Sonoma County population of California tiger we proposed to list this southwestern fish as an entire Atlantic Coast population over the two years salamander long-term protection under the nor- endangered species. The Gila chub is a small, 2000-2001 was more than 9 percent, for a total of mal listing process. (This proposal also was pub- darkly colored fish that reaches a length of about 1525 pairs nesting between North Carolina and lished in the July 22 Federal Register.) 6 to 8 inches (15 to 20 cm). It was once found Newfoundland. throughout small streams, springs, and pools in the Gila River basin in southern Arizona, south- The Service’s Long Island Field Office (LIFO) western New Mexico, and northeastern Sonora, continues to make strides in protecting the piping Mexico, but it has been extirpated or reduced in plover on privately held lands and lands managed numbers and distribution in most of its historical by federal, state, and local governmental agen- range. We estimate that 85 to 90 percent of the cies. The LIFO has worked with these entities to Gila chub’s habitat has been degraded or de- promote and implement predator trapping, edu- stroyed. Where this fish still occurs, populations cation and outreach programs, training, and on- are often small, scattered, and at risk of extirpa- California tiger salamander the-ground technical and logistical assistance. Photo © B. Moose Peterson/WRP tion. The listing proposal included a proposal to Over the course of two weeks in June of this year, designate seven stream areas of about 208 miles the LIFO met with representatives from four com- Urban development is the primary and imminent (333 kilometers) in total length as critical habi- munities, the National Park Service, a local town, threat to the remaining seven breeding sites of the tat for the chub. four fire districts, two police districts, and mul- Sonoma County tiger salamander population. The tiple utility companies to draft a plan to protect animal now occurs in scattered and increasingly breeding plovers within the National Park Service’s isolated breeding sites within a small portion of Fire Island National Seashore from adverse im- its historic range in Sonoma County. Four breed- pacts due to off-road vehicles, pedestrians, pets, ing sites have been destroyed or significantly de- and fireworks. As part of this effort, the Service graded within the last 2 years. All of the remain- will provide training to local community mem- ing breeding sites are distributed in the city of bers interested in monitoring the plover nests and Santa Rosa and associated unincorporated areas chicks, technical assistance to the governing town on the Santa Rosa Plain. The Sonoma County in the drafting of local executive orders to protect population is geographically isolated and sepa- Gila chub USFWS photo plovers, and assistance to the National Park Ser- rate from other populations of this species vice during the ESA-section 7 consultation pro- Threats to the remaining populations include: 1) cess in developing the final plan to avoid adverse The California tiger salamander is a large and predation by, and competition with, nonnative impacts to the species. stocky amphibian with a broad, rounded snout. organisms, including other fish species, bullfrogs

ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 231 LISTING ACTIONS

(Rana catesbeiana), and crayfish (Orconectes proposed on July 22 to make permanent the pro- (Assiminea pecos), and Noel’s amphipod virilis); 2) disease; and 3) habitat alteration, visions of the emergency rule listing the Sonoma (Gammarus desperatus) as endangered species destruction, and fragmentation resulting from County distinct population segment of the Cali- and to designate their critical habitat. These spe- water diversions, dredging, recreation, roads, live- fornia tiger salamander as endangered. This popu- cies occur at sinkholes, springs, and associated stock grazing, changes in the natural flow pat- lation is currently known from only seven viable spring runs and wetland habitats. They are found tern, mining, degraded water quality (including breeding sites and associated uplands. at two sites in Chaves County, New Mexico, one contaminants from mining activities and exces- site in Pecos County, Texas, and one site in Reeves sive sedimentation), and groundwater pumping. Slickspot Peppergrass (Lepidium County, Texas. Pecos assiminea is also known papilliferum) On July 15, we proposed to list from one area in Coahuila, Mexico. Beluga Sturgeon (Huso huso) We proposed this rare plant, an annual or biennial in the on July 31 to list the beluga sturgeon as an endan- mustard family (Brassicaceae), as endangered. It These small aquatic animals have an exceedingly gered species. This large fish inhabits the Caspian occurs only in sagebrush-steppe habitats in south- limited distribution and are imperiled by local and Black Seas, and it spawns in the rivers that western Idaho, including the Snake River Plain, and regional groundwater depletion, surface and constitute the drainage basins of these seas. Loss Owyhee Plateau, and adjacent foothills. groundwater contamination, oil and gas extrac- tion activities within the supporting aquifer and The slickspot peppergrass ranges from 4 to 12 watershed, and direct loss of their habitat (e.g., inches (10 to 30 cm) in height. It has many tiny through burning or removing marsh vegetation, white flowers and most closely resembles the gar- cementing, or filling of habitat). den flower sweet alyssum. As its common name indicates, the slickspot peppergrass typically grows Roswell springsnail, Koster’s tryonia and Pecos in small areas known as “slick spots” that are assiminea are small aquatic snails, while the within large sagebrush areas. Slickspots are in- Noel’s amphipod is a freshwater shrimp. The spe- clusions of clay or alkaline soils within a larger cies coexist in small, geographically isolated matrix of saline soils. These smaller sites are springs at Bitter Lake National Wildlife Refuge in often lower than the surrounding areas, so they Chaves County in southeastern New Mexico. The

Beluga sturgeon retain water longer than the surrounding soil. Pecos assiminea snail also occurs at Diamond Y Photo by Hans-Jurgen Burkard/Bilderbert These areas may be as small as a square foot or as Springs in Pecos County and East Sandia Spring Photo courtesy of Caviar Emptor large as half a basketball court. They usually are in Reeves County, on land managed by the Nature surrounded by big sagebrush, native bunchgrasses, Conservancy of Texas. of habitat throughout historic spawning areas wildflowers, mosses, and lichens. due to dam construction and river-modification Final Listing Rules projects, overharvest for the international caviar Biologists have documented 70 occurrences of trade, widespread poaching and illegal trade to slickspot peppergrass in Ada, Canyon, Gem, Tumbling Creek Cavesnail (Antrobia supply the caviar market, and pollution imperil Elmore, Payette and Owyhee counties, but only culveri) We published a final rule on August the survival of this species. Due to continuing six of these areas are considered to be of high 14 listing this small aquatic snail as an endan- overharvest, the greatest threat, this species was quality. This species is no longer found in 18 gered species. It is known to occur only in one listed in Appendix II of the Convention on Inter- other historic sites. The remaining suitable habi- national Trade in Endangered Species of Wild tat to support this species is less than 12,400 acres Fauna and Flora (CITES) in 1998. Despite the (520 hectares). CITES listing, beluga sturgeon populations have continued to decline, and the population struc- All remaining populations of the slickspot pep- ture is increasingly skewed towards subadult fish, pergrass are potentially vulnerable to naturally with a critical lack of spawning-age adult female occurring events (such as wildfire), introduc- fish. If this species is listed as endangered under tions of exotic species, development, and other the ESA, commercial imports, exports, re-exports human activities. and interstate commerce of beluga sturgeon (in- cluding its caviar) would be prohibited. Three Southwestern Aquatic Invertebrates We proposed on February 12 to list the Roswell springsnail (Pyrgulopsis roswellensis), Koster’s California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma Tumbling Creek cavesnail californiense) As mentioned previously, we tryonia (Tryonia kosteri), Pecos assiminea USFWS photo

32 ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 LISTING ACTIONS cave in Missouri, and its distribution has de- Mountain in northern San Diego County to the Chiricahua Leopard Frog (Rana creased by 90 percent since 1974. Although San Gabriel Mountains in Los Angeles County. chiricahuensis) This species of frog as been cavesnail numbers fluctuated seasonally and an- eliminated from more than 75 percent of its his- nually between 1996 and 2000, the species was Although the exact causes of the California torical sites and numerous mountain ranges, val- not found in the monitored section of the cave population’s dramatic decline are not fully un- leys, and drainages within its former range. In stream during six surveys in 2001 and two surveys derstood, possible causes include predation from areas where it is still present, populations are in 2002. Small numbers of individuals continue bullfrogs and introduced trout, disease, contami- often small, widely scattered, and occupy mar- to exist in other portions of the cave stream. nants, and habitat alteration. Almost all of the ginal and dynamic habitats. Known threats in- Because the sudden population decline demon- remaining populations of mountain yellow-legged clude habitat alteration, destruction, and frag- strates a significant and imminent risk to the frogs in southern California are confined to a few mentation, predation by nonnative organisms, well-being of the Tumbling Creek cavesnail, we stream reaches within the boundaries of the An- and disease. The June 13 final listing rule will found that listing this species was necessary. geles and San Bernardino national forests. give federal protection to this species and provide funding for developing and implementing recov- Carson Wandering Skipper (Pseudo- San Diego Ambrosia (Ambrosia ery actions. Concurrently with publication of the copaeodes eunus obscurus) We listed this pumila) Also on July 2, we listed this rare final rule, we are publishing a special rule under small butterfly on August 7 as endangered. The plant in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), which section 4(d) of the ESA. Under the special rule, Carson wandering skipper is currently known from is found in southern California and northern Baja take of Chiricahua leopard frog caused by live- only two populations, one in Washoe County, Ne- California in Mexico, as endangered. stock use of, or maintenance activities at, live- vada, and one in Lassen County, California. The stock tanks located on private, state, or tribal subspecies is found in grassland habitats on alka- Once found on 40 distinct sites in San Diego and lands would be exempt from the “take” prohibi- line substrates. It is threatened by habitat de- Riverside counties, occurrences of San Diego tions in section 9 of the ESA. struction, degradation, and fragmentation due to ambrosia in the United States are now restricted urban and residential development, wetland habi- to 12 sites in San Diego County and three in Desert Yellowhead (Yermo xantho- tat modification, agricultural practices (such as Riverside County. The Service has worked for sev- cephalus) On March 14, we listed the desert excessive livestock grazing), gas and geothermal eral years prior to listing with the city and county yellowhead, a perennial herb in the sunflower development, and nonnative plant invasion. Other of San Diego and Riverside County to protect the family, as a threatened species. The only known threats include collecting, livestock trampling, San Diego ambrosia wherever it occurs. population, which included approximately 12,000 water exportation projects, road construction, plants according to surveys conducted in 2001, recreation, and pesticide drift. The species is threatened by 1) habitat loss, frag- exists on less than 50 acres (20 ha) of public mentation, and degradation from urban and rec- property administered by the Bureau of Land reational development; 2) highway construction Management (BLM) in southern Fremont County, and maintenance activities; 3) trampling and soil compaction from horses, humans, and ve- hicles; 4) maintenance of utility easements; and 5) introduction of non-native plants.

Carson wandering skipper USFWS photo

Mountain Yellow-legged Frog (Rana muscosa) The southern California distinct population segment of the mountain yellow- legged frog was listed July 2 as endangered. Seven small, isolated populations totaling fewer than 100 adult individuals are believed to exist within portions of the San Gabriel, San Bernardino, and San Jacinto Mountains. Historically, the southern California population was known from about 166 San Diego ambrosia Desert yellowhead documented localities ranging from Palomar USFWS photo Photo by Chuck Davis/USFWS

ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 33 LISTING ACTIONS

Wyoming. Its restricted range and small popula- The delisting rule includes a proposed 5-year tion size make this plant vulnerable to extinction monitoring plan, as required for species that are by natural and human-caused disturbance and delisted due to recovery. This plan will include environmental stress. Potential oil and gas field monitoring of population trends of both natural development on a 1,160-acre (470-ha) lease that and transplanted populations. includes the plant’s habitat is one threat to the species. Two large leases for oil and gas develop- Truckee Barberry (Berberis (=Mahonia) ment were issued in 1996 and 1997 that could sonnei) We proposed on September 3 to re- impact the plant and its habitat, with no specific move this plant, a small, colonial evergreen shrub stipulations included to protect the plant. The in the family Berberidaceae, from the list of Service is working with the BLM to develop a endangered and threatened species due to a taxo- conservation agreement. Showy stickseed nomic revision. At the time it was listed, this plant Photo by Ted Thomas/USFWS was considered to be a distinct species. The pre- Buena Vista Lake Shrew (Sorex ornatus vailing judgment among plant taxonomists is relictus) On March 6, we listed the Buena The stickseed is threatened primarily by collec- now that this plant is not a discrete taxonomic Vista Lake shrew, a tiny insect-eating mammal tors who desire the plant because of its rarity. It entity and therefore does not meet the definition native to California’s southern San Joaquin Val- grows on fine, loose granite slopes containing of a species as defined by section 2 of the ESA. ley, as endangered. This unique animal, which little organic matter, and, as a result, few nutri- Botanists have synonymized Berberis sonnei with consumes more than its weight in insects every ents. Several nonnative noxious weeds have in- Berberis repens, a common and widespread taxon day, is part of the San Joaquin Valley’s historic vaded stickseed habitat and threaten to out-com- with a distribution from California northward to ecosystem. With scientific surveys unearthing pete the stickseed for the available nutrients. Habi- British Columbia and Alberta, and eastward to the fewer than 30 of these animals at only four loca- tat disturbance also threatens the stickseed, as Great Plains. tions—the former Kern Lake Preserve, Cole Levee does competition from native and nonnative plant Ecological Preserve, the Kern Fan recharge area species caused by fire suppression, which leads to Critical Habitat and our own Kern National Wildlife Refuge vegetational succession. complex—we believe the species is perilously close Critical habitat, as defined in the ESA, is a term to extinction. Delisting Rules for a geographic area that is essential for the conservation of a listed species. Critical habitat Biologists believe the Buena Vista Lake shrew has Robbins’ Cinquefoil (Potentilla designations do not a establish a wildlife refuge, lost more than 95 percent of its historic habitat. robbinsiana) Celebrating the recovery of the wilderness area, or any other type of conservation The remaining populations are threatened pri- Robbins’ cinquefoil, a small alpine perennial herb reserve, nor do they affect actions of a purely marily by agricultural activities, modifications of in the rose family (Rosaceae), we published a private nature. They are intended to delineate local hydrology, uncertain water supply, possible final rule on August 27 removing this plant from areas in which federal agencies must consult with toxic effects from selenium poisoning, and natu- the list of endangered and threatened species. Its the Service to ensure that actions these agencies rally occurring catastrophic events such as drought main population contains more than 14,000 authorize, fund, or carry out do not adversely that could wipe out the remaining animals. Water plants, and the 2 transplant populations have modify the designated critical habitat. Within is a vital component of the shrew’s environment reached or surpassed their minimum viable popu- designated critical habitat boundaries, federal because of the moisture required to support the lation size. agencies are required to consult except in areas variety of insects that are its primary food source. that are specifically excluded, such as developed The Robbins’ cinquefoil is endemic to a harsh areas within the boundaries that no longer con- Showy Stickseed (Hackelia alpine environment in the White Mountain Na- tain suitable habitat. Maps and more specific venusta) Considered the state of Washington’s tional Forest of New Hampshire. Its recovery was information on critical habitats actions listed rarest plant, this species was listed on February 6 made possible through collaborative efforts of the below are contained in the specific Federal Reg- as endangered. The showy stickseed has a beauti- Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service, Ap- ister notice designating each area. For more in- ful, five-lobed, white flower and is known from palachian Mountain Club, and New England Wild formation on critical habitat designations in only one location in Chelan County on U.S. Forest Flower Society to reroute a hiking trail and grow general, go to the website for our Endangered Service land. Past surveys show the stickseed has plants for replanting into the wild. (See “An Al- Species Listing Program: http:// been moving steadily towards extinction, having pine Plant Comes Back” in Bulletin Vol. XXVII, endangered.fws.gov/listing/. declined from more than 1,200 individuals in the No. 3.) early 1980s to about 500 plants in 2001.

34 ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 LISTING ACTIONS

on June 6; • Rio Grande silvery minnow (Hybognathus amarus), a small fish that formerly occurred throughout most of the Rio Grande but now survives only from Cochiti Dam in Sandoval County downstream to the headwaters of El- ephant Butte Reservoir in Sierra County, New Mexico, on June 6; • 99 endemic plant species known historically from the Hawaiian island of O‘ahu, on May 28; • 47 plant species known historically from the Appalachian elktoe island of Hawai‘i, on May 28; Photo by Richard Biggins/USFWS •five plant species on the islands of Nihoa, Necker, and Laysan in the Northwestern Ha- September 27; waiian Islands, on May 14; • the northern Great Plains breeding popula- Gulf sturgeon Photo by Robert H. Pos/USFWS • 46 plant species known historically from the tion of the piping plover (Charadrius Hawaiian island of Moloka‘i, on April 5; melodus), on September 11; Proposed Critical Habitat Rules • 61 plant species known historically from the •Newcomb’s snail (Erinna newcombi), a fresh- Hawaiian islands of Maui and Kaho‘olawe, on water snail endemic to the Hawaiian island of In addition to the critical habitat proposals noted April 3; Kaua‘i, on August 20; above as part of the listing proposals, proposed • Kauai cave wolf spider (Adelocosa anops) and • Carolina heelsplitter (Lasmigona decorata), designations of critical habitat for previously listed Kauai cave amphipod (Spelaeorchestia a freshwater mussel found in North and South species have been published for the following: koloana), two invertebrates known only from Carolina, on July 2; •Ventura marsh milk-vetch (Astragalus the Hawaiian island of Kaua‘i, on March 27; • Monterey spineflower (Chorizanthe pungens pycnostachyus var. lanosissimus), a coastal • 32 plant species listed known historically from var. pungens), a central California plant, on plant from southern Oregon and central Cali- the Hawaiian island of Lana‘i, on March 4; and May 29; fornia, on October 9; •five plants species endemic to carbonate soils • Scotts Valley spineflower (Chorizanthe ro- •4 crustaceans and 11 plants found in vernal in the San Bernardino Mountains of southern busta var. hartwegii), a central California pools in California and southern Oregon, Sep- California, on February 12. plant, on May 28; tember 27; •robust spineflower (Chorizanthe robusta var. • nine invertebrates endemic to karst habitats Final Critical Habitat Rules robusta), a central California plant, on May 28; (such as caves, fissures, and sinkholes) in • San Bernardino kangaroo rat (Dipodomys Bexar County, Texas, on August 27; Final critical habitat rules have been published merriami parvus) a small hopping mammal •Preble’s meadow jumping mouse (Zapus in the Federal Register for the following species: in southern California, on April 23; and hudsonius preblei), a small mammal living •two southern California plants, the purple • Quino checkerspot butterfly (Euphydryas along rivers and streams in Colorado and amole (Chlorogalum purpureum var. editha quino) in southern California, on April 15. Wyoming, on July 17; purpureum) and Camatta Canyon amole •Keck’s checkermallow (Sidalcea keckii), a plant (Chlorogalum purpureum var. reductum), growing in central California, on June 19; on October 24; •two plants, Baker’s larkspur (Delphinium • Santa Cruz tarplant (Holocarpha bakeri) and the yellow larkspur (Delphinium macradenia) from central California, on Oc- luteum) from coastal northern California, on tober 16; June 18; • three species on Guam, two birds and a fruit • Blackburn’s sphinx moth (Manduca bat, on October 15; blackburni), an insect found on the Hawai- •a northern California plant, the Kneeland Prai- ian islands of Maui, Hawai‘i, Moloka‘i, and rie penny-cress (Thlaspi californicum), on Kaho‘olawe, on June 13; October 9; Quino checkerspot butterfly • Gulf sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi), • Appalachian elktoe (Alasmidonta Photo © B. Moose Peterson/WRP a fish currently found in rivers flowing into raveneliana), a freshwater mussel living in the Gulf of Mexico from Louisiana to Florida, streams in North Carolina and Tennessee, on

ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN MARCH/APRIL 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 2 35 BOX SCORE Listings and Recovery Plans as of March 31, 2003 ENDANGERED THREATENED TOTAL U.S. SPECIES GROUP U.S. FOREIGN U.S. FOREIGN LISTINGS W/ PLANS MAMMALS 65 251 9 17 342 52

BIRDS 78 175 14 6 273 77

REPTILES 14 64 22 15 115 32

AMPHIBIANS 12 8 9 1 30 14

FISHES 71 11 44 0 126 96

SNAILS 21 1 11 0 33 22

CLAMS 62 2 8 0 72 57

CRUSTACEANS 18 0 3 0 21 13

INSECTS 35 4 9 0 48 29

ARACHNIDS 12 0 0 0 12 5

ANIMAL SUBTOTAL 388 516 129 39 1,072 397

FLOWERING PLANTS 570 1 144 0 715 572

CONIFERS 201252

FERNS AND OTHERS 26 0 2 0 28 28

PLANT SUBTOTAL 598 1 147 2 748 602

GRAND TOTAL 986 517 276 41 1,820* 999

TOTAL U.S. ENDANGERED: 986 (388 animals, 598 plants) tern, green sea turtle, saltwater crocodile, and olive ridley sea turtle. TOTAL U.S. THREATENED: 276 (129 animals, 147 plants) For the purposes of the Endangered Species Act, the term “species” TOTAL U.S. LISTED: 1,262 (517 animals**, 745 plants) can mean a species, subspecies, or distinct vertebrate population. Several entries also represent entire genera or even families. * Separate populations of a species listed both as Endangered and Threatened are tallied once, for the endangered population only. Those species are the ** Nine animal species have dual status in the U.S. argali, chimpanzee, leopard, Stellar sea lion, gray wolf, piping plover, roseate

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