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OREGEO-01160; No of Pages 17 Ore Geology Reviews xxx (2014) xxx–xxx

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Ore Geology Reviews

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Early Cretaceous magma ﬂare-up and its implications on gold mineralization in the Jiaodong Peninsula, China

Qiong-Yan Yang, M. Santosh ⁎

School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences Beijing, No. 29 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, China article info abstract

Article history: The gold deposits of the Jiaodong Peninsula in the eastern part of the North China Craton constitute one of the Received 6 December 2013 richest gold reserves in the world and also deﬁne a unique class of gold mineralization. Previous studies correlated Received in revised form 13 January 2014 the gold mineralization in Jiaodong to Mesozoic magmatic intrusives, particularly granitoids derived from mixed Accepted 15 January 2014 sources of reworked Paleoproterozoic basement rocks, or Early Cretaceous dykes. Here we evaluate the Available online xxxx geochemical characteristics of the major magmatic suites in the region as well as the timings of the

Keywords: magma pulses with respect to that of gold metallogeny. It is revealed that the peak of gold mineralization – Gold metallogeny at ca. 120 125 Ma coincides with the major volcanic activity in Jiaodong as represented by the extrusion Magma flare-up of basaltic trachyandesites. The magma flare-up was accompanied by a transient fluid influx through an Cretaceous enriched and metasomatised mantle with gold and sulfur predominantly scavenged from subducted Pacific Plate subduction sediments over the downgoing paleo-Pacific Plate. The remarkable structural control of the gold-bearing Geodynamics quartz veins and the proximity of the larger gold deposits in Jiaodong to the major Tan–Lu Fault clearly indicate Jiaodong Peninsula that fluids channeled along structural pathways were the major contributor to the gold mineralization in the area. The asthenospheric upwelling and decompression melting triggered extensive magmatism and crustal recycling aided by the development of deep extensional fractures possibly associated with major stress field changes during plate re-orientation in the Early Cretaceous. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction basements rocks that are at least 2 billion years older (e.g., Yang et al., 2013a) than the gold mineralization, or with the Mesozoic magmatic As the current largest gold producer in the world, Chinese gold intrusions (Goldfarb and Santosh, 2013). reserves are distributed widely along the margins of the craton, at the The ca. 125 to 120 Ma Au deposits in Jiaodong Peninsula in eastern junctions of the microblocks that built the cratonic architecture, and NCC are one of the major ore fields for gold in East Asia (Goldfarb within some of the reactivated paleo-suture zones (Li and Santosh, et al., 2014), and constitute the largest gold province in China with an 2014; Zhai and Santosh, 2013)(Fig. 1). The gold deposits range in size overall endowment estimated as N3000 t Au (Goldfarb and Santosh, from small (b5 t Au), medium (5 to 20 t Au) large (N20 t Au) and to 2013; Guo et al., 2013). This accounts for more than 25% of China's super-large (exceeding 100 t Au) (Goldfarb and Santosh, 2013,and gold reserves. The gold mineralization in this region has been broadly references therein). Among these, the gold mineralization in the North classified into two types: (1) Linglong-type that occurs as extensional China Craton are spatially, and in some cases temporally, associated massive gold–quartz–pyrite veins, and (2) Jiaojia-type that occurs as with the voluminous Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous magmatism that disseminated veinlets and wallrock disseminations (Goldfarb and destroyed the fundamental cratonic architecture of the NCC and caused Santosh, 2013; Li and Santosh, 2014; Qiu et al., 2002a,b). Among extensive and differential lithospheric erosion and thinning (Li et al., these, the Zhao–Ye belt in the western part of the Jiaodong gold 2013; Yang et al., 2013a; Zhang et al., 2013). Recent evaluations reveal province carries more than 95% of the gold resource (Qiu et al., that the peak of gold metallogeny is restricted to a relatively short peri- 2002a,b; Wang et al., 1998; Zhou and Lv, 2000). The Linglong and od at around 120–125 Ma (Goldfarb and Santosh, 2013). Despite the Jiaojia types of vein and disseminated ores are principally hosted scenario that the gold mineralization is hosted by Jurassic–Cretaceous by NE- to NNE-trending brittle normal faults that parallel the margins magmatic intrusions generated by both recycling of older crustal base- of the Jurassic and Cretaceous granitoids, with the larger orebodies ment and through input from juvenile mantle components (Yang et al., associated with dilational jogs (Goldfarb and Santosh, 2013). The tecton- 2013a), the ore source and genesis appear to be unrelated to either the ic setting and ore genesis of the Jiaodong gold deposits have remained equivocal with debates surrounding their classification into traditional models of orogenic gold (Goldfarb et al., 2014) versus a unique class “ ” ⁎ Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 10 82323117. of Jiaodong-type gold deposits associated with intraplate processes E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Santosh). (Li and Santosh, 2014; Zhai and Santosh, 2013; Zhai et al., 2004a,b,c).

Fig. 1. Generalized tectonic framework of the North China Craton showing the major crustal blocks and intervening sutures. The present study area in Jiaodong Peninsula illustrated in Fig. 2 is marked by box. After Zhao et al. (2005), Santosh (2010) and Zhang et al. (2013).

In this paper, we present an overview of the age and geodynamics of In a recent study, Zhang et al. (2013) evaluated the U–Pb geo- magmatism and gold mineralization in Jiaodong. We evaluate the chronology and Hf isotope data on zircons from granulite/pyroxenite Mesozoic magmatic pulses in the Jiaodong Peninsula and investigate xenoliths occurring within Phanerozoic magmatic rocks and the possible relationship between magma flare-up, transient fluid flux inherited xenocrysts from the associated lower crust rocks in various and gold metallogeny. We also address the possible tectonic milieu domains of the NCC. Their study emphasized that the late Mesozoic associated with the Early Cretaceous magmatism and its implications. (ca. 120 Ma) marks a major event of widespread magmatism throughout the NCC which they correlated with the ‘giant south Pacific mantle plume’. The widespread and episodic magmatism and rejuvena- 2. Geological background tion of the ancient lower crust beneath the NCC witnessed addition of juvenile materials from mantle to lower crust, and mixing of the old 2.1. Geological setting crust with these melts. The process is also considered to have resulted in the transformation of the refractory lithospheric mantle to a fertile The NCC preserves the rock records of a prolonged history of crust one. building and recycling events during the early Precambrian, with the The Jiaodong Peninsula in eastern Shandong Province along the final cratonization during late Paleoproterozoic through double-sided eastern margin of the NCC is bordered by the Tan–Lu Fault to the west subduction and amalgamation of the two major crustal blocks — the and the Su–Lu ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic belt to the east unified Western Block comprising the Yinshan and Ordos Blocks, and (Fig. 2). The Precambrian basement in this region is dominantly com- the Eastern Block (Santosh, 2010; Geng et al., 2012; Zhai and Santosh, posed of Neoarchean–Paleoproterozoic TTG (tonalite–trondhjemite– 2011, 2013; Zhao and Zhai, 2013,amongothers)(Fig. 1). The major granodiorite) gneisses, felsic and mafic volcanics and volcano- tectonic events associated with the evolution of the NCC have been sedimentary successions, all metamorphosed under upper amphibolite summarized in previous studies as follows (Zhai and Santosh, 2011; to granulite facies conditions and variously reworked during the Zhang et al., 2012). (1) Crustal growth and stabilization during Mesozoic orogeny (Qiu, 1989; Wang et al., 1998; Yang et al., 2003, Neoarchean; (2) rifting–subduction–accretion–collision from early to late 2013a). The Mesozoic intrusions have been classified into three Paleoproterozoic; (3) multistage rifting during Late Paleoproterozoic– suites: the Linglong, Kunyushan and Guojialing. The Linglong and Neoproterozoic; (4) craton margin orogenesis during Paleozoic and Kunyushan suites are represented by medium grained metaluminous (5) Mesozoic extensional tectonics associated with lithosphere thin- to slightly peraluminous biotite granite with ages of 160 to 156 Ma. ning and decratonization. The secular changes in tectonic regimes The Guojialing suite is composed of porphyritic hornblende–biotite were also accompanied by the formation of at least five major granodiorite ranging in age from 130 to 126 Ma (Guan et al., 1998; metallogenic systems: Archean Banded Iron Formation (BIF), Wang et al., 1998; Zhang et al., 2003a,b). Numerous Cretaceous mafic- Paleoproterozoic Cu–Pb–Zn and Mg–B, Mesoproterozoic REE–Fe–Pb– intermediate dikes are widespread in Jiaodong Peninsula. In the west- Zn, Paleozoic orogenic Cu–Mo, and Mesozoic intracontinental Au and ern Shandong domain, to the west of the Tan–Lu Fault, the correspond- Ag–Pb–Zn and Mo (Zhai and Santosh, 2013). Among these, the large- ing magmatism is represented by gabbro, diorite, granodiorite, scale Mesozoic magmatism and the associated gold mineralization pro- monzonite and syenite, intruding into the basement and Paleozoic vide important insights into mantle dynamics and crust–mantle inter- strata (e.g., Chen, 2001; Yang et al., 2003). The available geologic action during lithospheric thinning and craton destruction. and geochronologic data clearly indicate that a major magmatic

Fig. 2. The eastern side of the North China block and part of the South China block showing the major fault zones and gold deposits. The majority of the deposits are hosted by NNE-trending faults on the western side of the Jiaodong fault zone. Modiﬁed after Guo et al. (2013) and Goldfarb and Santosh (2013).

event took place during Early Cretaceous in the Jiaodong Peninsula (pyrite dominant), quartz–pyrite (pyrite subordinate) and polymetallic (Wu et al., 2005). Importantly, the Cretaceous volcanic rocks constitute sulfide veinlets. The ore minerals are similar to those of the Linglong one of voluminous rock types (Fig. 3), mostly distributed towards south type gold deposits. and southeast of the major gold fields in this region. Our field investigations in the Jiaodong area on both surface exposures and underground mine workings at various levels confirm 2.2. Gold mineralization in Jiaodong Peninsula the two principal types of gold mineralization. We show representative field photographs of the Linglong type in Fig. 4a and b from under- Previous studies broadly classified the gold mineralization in ground workings in the Linglong mine, and the Jiaojia type in Fig. 4c Jiaodong into two types: the Linglong-type and the Jiaojia-type and d from the Canzhuang mine. The Linglong type of gold-bearing (Goldfarb and Santosh, 2013 and references therein). The Linglong- quartz veins shows locally lenticular shape. Our studies confirm the pre- type is typically represented in the Linglong, Jinqingding and viously established four stages (from oldest to youngest) of pyrite– Denggezhuang deposits (Yang et al., 2003). Although these deposits quartz, gold–quartz–pyrite, gold–quartz–base metal sulfides and have been correlated to the Mesozoic intrusions, detailed investigations quartz–calcite. The common wall-rock alteration styles in the Linglong have shown that these ore bodies are prominently controlled by vertical gold deposits include silicification, sericitization, K-feldspar alteration to sub-vertical faults with dip angles greater than 65° with multiple and carbonation of the surrounding granitoids, confirming fluid–rock structural features from transpression to transtension (Goldfarb and interaction with higher intensity in the domain close to ore mineraliza- Santosh, 2013). The hydrothermal mineralization has been divided tion (e.g., Chen et al., 1989; Lv and Kong, 1993; Qiu et al., 2002a,b; Yang into four main stages: pyrite–quartz (where pyrite is dominant), et al., 2013b; Zhai et al., 2001; Zhang et al., 2002). The width of the ore quartz–pyrite (where pyrite is subordinate), poly-metallic sulfide and veins ranges from several centimeters up to several meters. The ore quartz–carbonate (Yang et al., 2003). The ore bodies display banded minerals are mainly pyrites with some chalcopyrite and minor galena and massive structures with gold grade ranging from 3 to 20 g/t with and sphalerite (Fig. 4b), as also noted in previous studies (e.g., Liu, an average of about 6 to 9 g/t. The ore minerals are mainly pyrite, 2011; Ma, 2011). Gold is commonly included in pyrite or distributed chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, native gold, native silver, and various along the boundaries of the pyrite grains (Yang et al., 2013b). The Jiaojia telluride minerals. type gold deposits show disseminated- and stockwork-style occurrence The Jiaojia type disseminated mineralization is mostly developed in in the absence of quartz veins, occurring along the first-order regional the north-western Jiaodong region, together with some Linglong type faults surrounded by broad and intense alteration halos. The faults (Li and Santosh, 2014). These types of gold deposits are also found in show cataclastic deformation (Qiu et al., 2002a,b; Yang et al., 2003), the Xiaoqingling and the Luoning–Songxian regions in the southern and the ore mineralization is controlled by these tectonic zones margin of the NCC. The ore bodies generally exhibit lower dip angles (Fig. 4c). Although dominantly concentrated in the footwall of the (b45°) as compared to those of the Linglong type gold deposits. The fault zones, the mineralization also occurs in the hanging wall of the hydrothermal mineralization and alternation in this case are character- fault zone at depth. Outward from the main fault, the alteration zones ized by pyrite–quartz-sericitization superposed with pyrite–quartz comprise reddish K-feldspar and greenish sericite alterations. The

Fig. 3. Geological and structural map of the Zhao–Lai gold belt. Note the large volume of Cretaceous volcanic rocks in the area. The gold deposits are hosted mainly in NE- to NNE brittle fractures. The east–west ductile shears and regional folds are older Mesozoic features related to initial collision between the North and South China blocks. Modiﬁed after Lu et al. (2007).

width of the ore bodies ranges from several meters up to dozens of also identified that the opening of these fractures led to decompression meters. The ore minerals are mainly pyrites with some chalcopyrite and fluid boiling, resulting in copious precipitation of the Linglong-type and minor galena and sphalerite, similar to the Linglong type of gold vein gold mineralization. deposits. Pyrites and other sulfide minerals occur as veinlets and Several previous studies have addressed the nature and composition stockworks (Fig. 4d). Gold occurs in pyrites and is also distributed of fluids associated with the Mesozoic gold mineralization in the North along the boundaries of pyrite grains or within tiny fractures (Yu, 2011). China Craton with particular reference to the Jiaodong gold deposits Wen et al. (submitted for publication) summarized the distinct dif- based on fluid inclusion and stable isotope studies (see reviews by ference between the Linglong-type and Jiaojia-type gold deposits with Guo et al., 2013; Li and Santosh, 2014; Goldfarb and Santosh, 2013 regard to the ore-forming structures. The first-order faults in Jiaodong and references therein). In a recent study, Wen et al. (submitted for were identified as the main pathways of migration of ore-forming fluids publication) performed a detailed analysis of the fluid inclusion charac- for the Jiaojia-type. These faults were subjected to multi-stage reactiva- teristics of the two major types of gold mineralization in Jiaodong — the tion and cataclasis of the wall rocks and according to Wen et al. Linglong-type and Jiaojia-type — by studying two representative (submitted for publication), the passage of high-temperature fluids examples: the Linglong mine and the Dongfeng mine (Fig. 3). They re- along these resulted in disseminated and stockwork type of gold miner- ported that the mineralization at Dongfeng occurs as disseminated alization. The fluid–rock interaction and hydrothermal alteration along ores and sulfide stockworks, typically enveloped by broad alteration these zones were more intense as compared to those in the Linglong- selvages. In contrast, the mineralization in Linglong is characterized by type. On the other hand, the faults underwent less reactivation and massive auriferous quartz veins with narrow alteration halos. Wen low degree of fluid–rock interaction serving as open conduits for fluid et al. (submitted for publication) identified four types of fluid inclusions migration and gold deposition. Wen et al. (submitted for publication) in these deposits: (1) pure CO2 fluid inclusions (type I), (2) H2OCO2

Fig. 4. Representative ﬁeld photographs from underground mine workings showing the two major types of gold deposits in Jiaodong. (a) and (b) Linglong-type, Linglong mine. (c) and (d) Jiaojia-type, Canzhuang mine. See text for detailed discussion.

NaCl fluid inclusions (type II), (3) H2O NaCl fluid inclusions (type III), 155 Ma) in terms of geochemistry. The Early Cretaceous suite shows and (4) daughter mineral-bearing or multiphase fluid inclusions (type high CaO, Fe2O3 and MgO, and is dominantly metaluminous, with en- IV). Based on detailed fluid inclusion petrography, microthermometry richment in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and large-ion lithophile and laser Raman spectroscopy, combined with a careful analysis of the elements (LILEs), and depletion in HFSEs. These rocks also display paragenesis of ore mineralization in the two deposits, Wen et al. higher Sr/Y ratios, and higher εNd(t) and εHf(t) values as compared to (submitted for publication) linked the gold formation in Dongfeng to the Late Jurassic granitoids, with a broadly adakitic composition (see re- 87 86 intense water–rock interaction between the H2OCO2 NaCl fluids and view in Guo et al., 2013). However, their high initial Sr/ Sr and nega- wallrocks in the first-order fault. On the other hand, precipitation of tive εNd(t) values are different from those of typical adakites, and the gold occurred through unmixing or boiling of the H2OCO2 NaCl fluids εNd(t) values of the granodiorites are comparable with those of the in response to pressure and temperature fluctuations in open secondary mafic dykes in the Jiaodong terrane (Yang et al., 2003). Therefore, the faults within the Linglong gold deposit. The fluid unmixing model of involvement of some mantle source components has been invoked for Wen et al. (submitted for publication) is also consistent with our field the formation of these rocks (e.g., Yang et al., 2013a and references observations on the common occurrence of late calcite veins in the therein). gold bearing zones. 3.2. Mafic, intermediate and alkaline dykes 3. Petrological and geochemical features of the Mesozoic magmatism Mesozoic mafic dikes (not shown in Fig. 3 due to their small size) occur widely in the Jiaodong and Luxi regions of the Shandong Peninsula The Mesozoic magmatic suites in Jiaodong have been investigated in (e.g., Guo et al., 2013; Yang et al., 2013a). Their magma generation has several previous studies (e.g., Miao et al., 2002; Nie, 1997; Qiu et al., been correlated to partial melting of metasomatized subcontinental lith- 2002a,b; Wang et al., 1998; Yang et al., 2003). The major Mesozoic in- ospheric mantle, with the removal of the enriched lithospheric mantle trusions include a wide compositional range from monzogabbroic, and the generation of the mafic dikes correlated to the convective over- through monzonitic to monzogranitic, and locally to syenitic (Chen turn accompanying Jurassic–Cretaceous subduction of the paleo-Pacific et al., 2007). Some of these plutons contain mafic enclaves of diorite. Plate (also termed in literature as the Izanagi plate). Mafic and intermediate dykes and volcanics rocks are also widely Several studies considered that the Cretaceous dikes in the Jiaodong distributed in the region. We summarize below the salient petrological Peninsula are genetically related to gold deposits (e.g., Tan et al., 2007). and geochemical features of the various magmatic suites. Many of these dikes are medium-K, subalkaline to shoshonitic rocks

characterized by a wide range of SiO2 (48.98–71.38%) and MgO (0.63– 3.1. Granitoid rocks 10.02%), and markedly high Al2O3 (14.32–16.06%). These rocks are characterized by strong depletion in HFSEs, enrichment in LREEs, highly 87 86 The late Mesozoic granitoids widely distributed in the northwestern variable Th/U ratios, high initial ( Sr/ Sr)i (0.7050–0.7099) and nega- Jiaodong terrane have attracted several investigations as important tive εNd(t) values (−6.0 to −17.6) (Liu et al., 2006 and others). Tan markers of cratonic destruction and lithospheric thinning of the eastern et al. (2007) considered these features to indicate magma generation NCC (e.g., Yang et al., 2013a and references therein, among others). A by partial melting of an ancient enriched lithospheric mantle with inter- clear distinction exists between the Early Cretaceous granodiorites action of melt and/or ﬂuid generated from the subducted crust of the (e.g., Guojialing granodiorites with ages in the range of 120 Ma to Yangtze craton and/or the paleo-Paciﬁc oceanic crust. According to 130 Ma) and the Late Jurassic granitoids (Linglong granite, 160 to them, the dikes were generated in a back-arc extensional environment.

Another study showed that the late Mesozoic K-rich melanocratic source (Liu et al., 2009a). The adakitic trachyandesites from Jiaodong dykes, including lamprophyres, andesite porphyrites and dacite- have comparable range of isotopic compositions with those of the late porphyries in the Jiaodong gold field belong to ultrapotassic, shoshonitic Mesozoic intermediate-felsic rocks from the Sulu belt (e.g., Guo et al., and high potassic calc-alkaline series (Sun et al., 2001a). The relatively 2004). Their Pb isotopic characteristics are consistent with those of 87 86 high whole rock initial strontium ratios ( Sr/ Sr)i (0.70895–0.71140) Mesozoic igneous rocks from the NCC and Dabie orogen with a 143 144 and low ( Nd/ Nd)i ratios (varying from 0.51135 to 0.51231) with proposed affinity to EM1 type (Xie et al., 2007). Similar voluminous 18 δ OSMOW values ranging from +5.8 to +10.6‰ have been taken as volcanic rocks also erupted along the margins of the NCC during Early evidence for magma formation from an enriched mantle wedge in a Cretaceous. back-arc spreading regime, similar to the proposal by Tan et al. (2007). Liu et al. (2004a,b) carried out C–O and Sr–Nd isotopic studies on 3.3.2. Western Shandong Province Cretaceous carbonatites, basalts, and lamprophyres of Jiaodong. The dis- 40Ar–39Ar dating of the K-rich volcanic rocks and lamprophyres in tinct C–O isotopic composition among the three different rock suites has western Shandong Province by Qiu et al. (2002a,b) shows ages in the been interpreted to indicate mantle sources partially contaminated range of 114.7–124.3 Ma, and 119.6 Ma respectively. The potassic volca- 87 86 with organic carbon-bearing crustal components. These Cretaceous nic rocks show relatively high ( Sr/ Sr)i ratios (0.708715–0.711418) rocks are characterized by uniform Sr–Nd isotopic composition similar and distinctly negative εNd(t)values(− 11.47 to − 17.54), with to EMII-type, with mantle sources affected by recycled crustal materials enrichment in radiogenic lead (206Pb/204Pb = 17.341–17.622, (Liu et al., 2004a). 207Pb/204Pb = 15.525–15.538, 208Pb/204Pb = 37.563–37.684). The lamprophyres display low εNd(t)values(− 11.57 to − 19.64). 3.3. Volcanic rocks The consistent Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic compositions of the K-rich volcanic rocks and their clinopyroxene separates, and the volcanic The Mesozoic basalts have been one of the keys for probing the na- suite and the lamprophyres in western Shandong Province were con- ture of the lithospheric mantle beneath the NCC (e.g., Zhang and Sun, sidered as products of partial melting of enriched mantle contaminated 2002; Zhang et al., 2013). Early Cretaceous calc-alkaline basalts and and metasomatised by subducted continental crustal components. mafic dikes are widespread in several regions of the southeastern part of the NCC including those of the Fangcheng, Mengyin, Jimo, and 3.3.3. Sulu orogenic belt Jiaodong regions. Those distributed in the Jiaolai Basin and its margins The early Cretaceous volcanism along the Sulu orogenic belt in (Fig. 3) are dominantly high-K calc-alkaline series, dominated by alkali east Shandong Province shows bimodal signature (e.g., Fan et al., basalt, basaltic trachyandesite, latite and trachyte (Fan et al., 2001; Liu 2001). The volcanic rocks show geochemical features typical of et al., 2009a). These rocks show high SiO2 and moderate MgO, CaO, high-K alkaline series and are dominated by alkali basalt, basaltic and Al2O3. They are enriched in LREE ((Ce/Yb)N N 10) and LILE (Rb, Ba, trachyandesite, latite and trachyte. These rocks display enrichment U, Th) and show depletion in HFSE (Ti and Nb). They also display in LILE and LREE but depletion of HFSE depletion. Their Sr–Nd isotopic 87 86 87 86 enriched Sr–Nd isotopes (( Sr/ Sr)i N 0.7072, εNd(t) = −11.5 to ratios (( Sr/ Sr)i = 0.70724 to 0.70750 and εNd(t) = −17.0 to −17.5) and depleted in Pb isotopes (206Pb/204Pb b 17.6, 207Pb/204Pb −15.9) suggest derivation from an enriched lithospheric mantle that b 15.6, 208Pb/204Pb b 38.1) (Zhang et al., 2013). The geochemical might have witnessed metasomatism by fluids or mixing with conti- features of the basalts and mafic dikes are consistent with derivation nental detritus. The contribution from continental crust is also evident from a lithospheric mantle enriched by subduction-related components. from the negative Nb anomalies and other crustal signatures. The felsic Mesozoic volcanic suites occur widely in different regions of the rocks show Sr–Nd isotopic features (initial 87Sr/86Sr = 0.70814 to NCC, and have important significance as flagships of possible magma 0.70961 and εNd(t) = −18.9 to −17.0) similar to those of post- flare-up as discussed in a later section. Below we provide a summary collisional granitic plutons, and are thought to have been derived by of the salient features of these suites from not only the Jiaodong melting of lower or middle crust through heat input from underplated Peninsula, but also some of the adjacent regions with a view to empha- basaltic magma. size their wide occurrence and possible significance as markers of a major mantle upwelling event, and as the trigger for transient heat 3.3.4. Western Liaoning and fluids. Among the four distinct pulses of Mesozoic magmatism identified in the western Liaoning Province within the northeastern NCC (Yang and 3.3.1. Jiaodong Peninsula Li, 2008), the Xinglonggou lavas are high-Mg# adakites possessing The volcanic suite in the Jiaodong Peninsula is dominantly rep- arc-like Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions. The Lanqi basalts and basaltic resented by trachyandesites. According to Liu et al. (2009a),they andesites show low Mg, Ni and Cr, as well as low ɛNd(t), moderate 87 86 show SiO2 contents ranging from 59 to 62 wt.% and Al2O3 ranging ( Sr/ Sr)i, and highly non-radiogenic Pb isotopes suggesting the from 14 to 16 wt.%. Their K2O (3.1 to 3.9 wt.%) and Na2O(4.2to involvement of lower crust materials during magma genesis (Yang 4.9 wt.%) ranges suggest alkaline K-rich composition, similar to and Li, 2008). The high-Mg Yixian adakitic rocks possess lower-crustal some of the adakitic rocks formed under subduction settings. The mark- Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions. The Zhanglaogongtun lavas are alkaline edly high Mg# (46–52), Th (17.8–20.6 ppm), Cr (93.4–274 ppm), and basalts with MORB-like Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions, suggesting Ni (60.4–115 ppm) and low Th/Ce ratios (0.13–0.15) (Liu et al., derivation from a depleted mantle. According to Yang and Li (2008), 2009a), have been compared with those of adakites derived from these magmatic pulses correspond to multi-stage lithospheric thinning melting of subducted oceanic crust or delaminated lower crust. process. These rocks also display enrichment in LREE, strong depletion in HREE, inconspicuous Eu anomalies, strongly positive Ba anomalies 3.3.5. Laiyang Basin and negative Nb, Ta, and Ti anomalies. Their high concentration of In the Laiyang Basin, north of the Sulu belt in eastern China, the Sr (919 to 1376 ppm), and low Yb (0.92–1.16 ppm) and Y con- Early Cretaceous high-K calc-alkaline volcanic rocks include a range tents (13.3–15.0 ppm), resulted in high Sr/Y (65–98) and La/Yb of rock types from trachybasalts to trachydacites (Guo et al., 2005a). ratios (38–51) (Liu et al., 2009a). The Sr and Pb isotopic ratios These rocks show SiO2 content in the range of 50.1–59.6% and MgO of 87 86 208 204 (( Sr/ Sr)i = 0.7097–0.7099; Pb/ Pb = 37.71–38.30; 2.6–7.2%. They are characterized by LILE and LREE enrichment, HFSE de- 207Pb/204Pb = 15.34–15.54; 206Pb/204Pb = 16.95–17.19), and low pletion, highly radiogenic Sr, and non-radiogenic Nd isotopic composi- 143 144 87 86 Nd (( Nd/ Nd)i = 0.51150–0.51153; εNd(t) = − 18.5 to tions (( Sr/ Sr)i = 0.70750–0.70931; ɛNd(t) = −17.9 to −15.6) − 19.1) have been correlated with a maficlowercrustmagma (Guo et al., 2005b). Their geochemical features are similar to the

Please cite this article as: Yang, Q.-Y., Santosh, M., Early Cretaceous magma flare-up and its implications on gold mineralization in the Jiaodong Peninsula, China, Ore Geol. Rev. (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.01.004 Q.-Y. Yang, M. Santosh / Ore Geology Reviews xxx (2014) xxx–xxx 7 lamprophyres in Sulu belt, suggesting identical sources, although these Ba–Sr abundances in the felsic suite reveal complex magma sources rocks are slightly younger than the peak of the magma flare-up event. (J.H. Zhang et al., 2010b). The spatio-temporal trends of magmatism have been correlated to the westward subduction of the Pacific Plate. 3.3.6. Huaiyang belt, central China Late Mesozoic volcanic rocks in the north Huaiyang belt of the 3.4. Summary of salient geochemical characters northern Dabie orogen are dominantly composed of basaltic trachyandesites and trachyandesites, displaying LREE and LILE enrich- A compilation of the geochemical characteristics of the magmatic ment and HFSE depletion (Fan et al., 2004). The younger group in this suites in the Jiaodong area shows that the felsic and mafic suites have suite shows relatively less enrichment in Sr–Nd isotopic compositions distinct signatures. The granitoids show high CaO, Fe O and MgO and ((87Sr/86Sr) = 0.7080–0.7084 and εNd(t) = −19.2 to −16.2) than 2 3 i are dominantly metaluminous, with enrichment in LREEs and LILEs the older group. Fan et al. (2004) interpreted the geochemical and iso- and depletion in HFSEs. However, they possess relatively lower CaO, topic features to invoke lithospheric mantle enriched with subduction Fe O ,MnOandMgOandhigherSiO ,Na O, K OandP O than the components as the probable magma source. 2 3 2 2 2 2 5 maficrocks.Themafic rocks in Jiaodong and Luxi are characterized by

high Fe2O3 and MgO and lower SiO2,Na2OandK2O. The volcanic rocks 3.3.7. Lu–Zong (Lujiang–Zongyang) basin have high Na2O and moderate K2O, with low P2O5. They also display Lu–Zong (Lujiang–Zongyang) basin is one of the important Early high Na2O/K2O ratio and low CaO. We compiled the REE data on the Cretaceous volcanic basins in the middle and lower reaches of the various magmatic suites in Jiaodong (Supplementary Table 1), and are Yangtze River area. Zhou et al. (2008) identified four shoshonitic plotted in Fig. 5. The mafic rocks in Jiaodong and Luxi area show enrich- volcanic units in this area: the Longmenyuan Group, the Zhuanqiao ment in LREE and depletion in HREE (Fig. 5a, b). The maficrocksinLuxi Group, the Shuangmiao Group, and the Fushan Group. In central classify into two groups according to the Eu content, one showing China, two groups of late Mesozoic volcanic rocks have been identified positive Eu anomaly and the other displaying negative Eu anomaly. from the north Huaiyang belt of the northern Dabie orogen. In NE The granitoids are also highly enriched in LREEs and depleted in China, Mesozoic volcanic rocks and granitoids are widely exposed in HREEs, with the HREE contents showing a wide range (Fig. 5c). The vol- the Great Xing'an Range (J.H. Zhang et al., 2010b). Late Jurassic and canic rocks show enrichment in LREEs and depletion in HREEs, and have Early Cretaceous magmatic episodes are identified with the latter higher LREE content than the average crust, with the exception of the being dominant. Geochemical features show that the volcanic suite volcanic rocks in Jimo which show lower LREEs than those of the aver- covers a wide range of rock types including basaltic trachy-andesites, age crust and almost similar values of HREEs with average crust trachy-andesites, trachytes and rhyolites, with few basalts, dacites, (Fig. 5d). and some adakitic rocks, with a dominantly sub-alkaline affinity (J.H. In Fig. 6, we plot the available Sr–Nd data from the various magmatic Zhang et al., 2010b). The wide range of trace and REE patterns and suites in Jiaodong and surrounding regions. The granitoid rocks in

Fig. 5. Compiled geochemical data on the REE distribution characters of (a) maﬁc magmatic rocks in Jiaodong, (b) maﬁc magmatic rocks in Luxi, (c) granitoids in Jiaodong, and (d) volcanic suite in Jiaodong. See text for discussion. Data sources: Zhang et al. (2002), Guo et al. (2003), Yang et al. (2004), Ying et al. (2004), Hu et al. (2005), Huang et al. (2005), Liu et al. (2006), Li et al. (2007), Liu et al. (2009a,b), Goss et al. (2010), Xiao et al. (2010), Wang et al. (2011), Kuang et al. (2012), Qiu et al. (2012) and Yang et al. (2012).

87 86 87 86 Fig. 6. εNd(t) versus ( Sr/ Sr)i diagram showing compiled plots and ﬁelds for the Mesozoic magmatic rocks in Shandong Province. The volcanic rocks have relative low initial Sr/ Sr 87 86 with large ranges and negative εNd(t) values (( Sr/ Sr)i = 0.705–0.711, εNd(t) = −6to−20), suggesting a trend from EM1 to EM2. The compositional ranges for the lower and upper crust of the North China Craton, lower crust of Yangtze Craton, ﬁelds of MORB, OIB, and mantle evolution trend from EM1 to EM2 are also shown (after Guo et al., 2013; Tang et al., 2013). Data sources: Sun et al. (2001a,b), Zhang et al. (2002), Guo et al. (2003), Yang et al. (2003), Liu et al. (2004a,b), Yang et al. (2004), Ying et al. (2004), Hu et al. (2005), Huang et al. (2005), Liu et al. (2006), Li et al. (2007), Zhang et al. (2007), Yan et al. (2008), Liu et al. (2009a,b), Wang et al. (2011), Kuang et al. (2012), Qiu et al. (2012), Yang et al. (2012) and Guo et al. (2013).

Jiaodong area generally show high initial 87Sr/86Sr and negative εNd(t) 2005). In conjunction with geochemical data, it is believed that the 87 86 values (( Sr/ Sr)i = 0.709–0.712, εNd(t) = −10 to −20), which are magmatism transformed from intermediate (alkaline) through different from those of typical adakites, volcanic rocks and mafic to inter- intermediate (cal-alkaline) to felsic mafic. In the following sections, mediate rocks. The εNd(t) values of the Guojialing granodiorites are nota- we summarize the major timings of the various magmatic phases in bly higher than those of the Late Jurassic granitoids, and are comparable Jiaodong and surrounding regions. with those of the mafic dykes in the Jiaodong terrane (Yang et al., 2003). Thus, involvement of some mantle source components has been invoked 4.1.1. Granitoids for the formation of these rocks with mixing of both crustal and mantle The granitoids in Jiaodong are grouped into two major suites: the fi magmas (Yang et al., 2013a). Mantle derived rocks including ma crocks Linglong granite and Guojialing granodiorite. Zircon SHRIMP and LA- 87 86 in the region show a wide range of high initial Sr/ Sr and negative ICPMS U–Pb age data indicate that the Linglong granites were emplaced ε 87 86 – ε − − Nd(t) values (( Sr/ Sr)i = 0.707 0.712, Nd(t) = 6to 20). The between 166 and 150 Ma whereas the Guojialing granodiorites were 87 86 dykes occurring in the gold deposits yield a tighter ( Sr/ Sr)i and emplaced at 130–120 Ma. However, a recent SHRIMP zircon study by ε 87 86 – ε − − Nd(t) values (( Sr/ Sr)i = 0.707 0.709, Nd(t) = 12 to 17). The Goss et al. (2010) identified four granitoid batholiths with significantly 87 86 volcanic rocks have relative low initial Sr/ Sr with large ranges and neg- younger ages: the Sanfoshan batholith 118 ± 1 Ma), the Aishan batho- ε 87 86 – ε − − ative Nd(t)values(( Sr/ Sr)i =0.705 0.711, Nd(t) = 6to 20), lith (116 ± 1 Ma), the Yashan pluton (113 ± 2 Ma) and the Laoshan suggesting a trend from EM1 to EM2. batholith (115 ± 2 Ma). Their emplacement timings post-date the pro- fi Zhang (2007) identi ed a temporal and spatial distribution in the posed delamination that occurred prior to ~125 Ma in the eastern NCC. fi fi Mesozoic ma c magmatism within the NCC. The ma c volcanic suites Geochemically, these intrusions are mostly monzogranites and occur dominantly in the northern and southern margins of the craton, syenogranites of I-type affinity, with some showing A-type affinity. with episodic eruptions from Early Jurassic to Late Cretaceous. In con- They are metaluminous and show enriched LREE and depleted HFSE trast, the gabbroic and dioritic intrusive complexes are concentrated patterns. Their Paleo- to Neoarchean TDM2 model ages (ranging from in the central domain of the craton such as in the Taihang Mountains 3900 Ma to 2491 Ma) and negative εHf(t) values suggest the involve- and the Luzhong region. All these complexes were emplaced simulta- ment of Archean basement and older recycled continental crustal mate- neously during the Early Cretaceous. From the spatio-temporal distribu- rial in the magma source region. Goss et al. (2010) proposed that the tion of the magmatism, Zhang (2007) traced a marked heterogeneity in magmas were derived from partial melting of the lower or middle the Late Mesozoic lithospheric mantle beneath the NCC with an EM1 crust through mafic magma underplating and interaction between type mantle beneath the Taihang Mountains and EM2 beneath the mantle-derived mafic magma and felsic crustal magma. They correlated – fi Luxi Jiaodong region. The lithospheric modi cations and thinning are the magmatism with lithospheric thinning and extension in the Early – considered to be related to the multiple subduction collision events of Cretaceous caused by the roll-back of the Pacific Plate beneath the east- the circum-cratonic blocks of the NCC. ern NCC resulting in asthenospheric upwelling and basaltic magmatism. The underplated basalts triggered crustal melting and formation of the 4. Geochronology granitic intrusions. Mesozoic magmatic suites are also widely distributed in the eastern 4.1. The timing of magmatism part of the Yangtze Craton, Liaodong Peninsula, Taihang area and Yanshan area, with ages ranging from 137 to 105 Ma (Wu et al., Age data on the Mesozoic igneous rocks in the Jiaodong Peninsula 2005). The emplacement ages of the Guojialing granodiorite are similar show distinct pulses at 150 to 170 Ma and 135 to 100 Ma (Wu et al., to those reported from the Liaodong Peninsula (131–117 Ma), western

Shandong (Luxi, 127 to 118 Ma), southern Shanxi (Taihang Mountains, 2003). These include the major gold deposits in Jiaodong such as the 132 to 126 Ma) and the Dabie Orogenic Belt (138 to 123 Ma). The mafic Linglong quartz vein type (121 Ma, Li et al., 2008), and the Jiaojia to granitic intrusions and extrusive volcanic rocks also show ages simi- disseminated type (120 Ma, Li et al., 2003). Precise Rb–Sr dating of py- lar to those of the Guojialing granodiorites, marking Early Cretaceous as rite shows the age of gold mineralization in the Linglong deposit to be asignificant period of magmatic activity along the margins of the NCC. in the range of 122.7 to 121.6 Ma (Yang and Zhou, 2000, 2001). This age is also consistent with the Rb–Sr isochron age of 128–117 Ma 4.1.2. Melanocratic dykes reported from pyrite in the Rushan deposit (Zhang et al., 2003a) and The Mesozoic mafic, intermediate and alkaline dikes from west- the 40Ar/39Ar age of 121 Ma for sericite in the Cangshang deposit as men- ern and eastern Shandong Province include lamprophyres, diorite, tioned in Yang et al. (2003). In a recent synthesis of the age data from diorite porphyry, dolerite, granodiorite/granite and gabbro (Liu Jiaodong, Goldfarb and Santosh (2013) identified the peak time of gold et al., 2004a,b; Yang et al., 2013a). The more precise isotopic ages re- mineralization as ca. 125 Ma. Thus, the timing of magma flare-up coincides ported from these rocks show a range of 127 to 114 Ma, such as the with the peak of gold mineralization in Jiaodong. SHRIMP/LA-ICP-MS U–Pb zircon ages from a granitic porphyry dyke We compiled the available age data on the Mesozoic magmatic rocks of120±2Ma(Wang et al., 1998), ivernite and dolerite-porphyry from Jiaodong Peninsula (Supplementary Table 2), and these are plotted dykes ranging in age from 114 ± 2 Ma to 116 ± 1 Ma (Tan et al., in Fig. 7, where distinct magmatic pulses during 150 to 170 Ma and 135 2008), and dolerite-porphyry dyke ranging in age from 122.5 ± to 100 Ma (with a peak at 110 to 130 Ma, Fig. 7a) can be seen. The vol- 1.5 Ma to 126.9 ± 1.7 Ma (Liu et al., 2009b). The emplacement of canic rocks show ages in the range of 93 to 125 Ma (Fig. 7b). In the the dikes has been correlated to the major Yanshanian (Cretaceous) Jiaodong Peninsula, zircon U–Pb ages suggest that the volcanic rocks crustal extension in the Shandong province (Liu et al., 2004b). erupted at 98 ± 1 Ma to 124 ± 1.3 Ma, with the major pulse at 115–125 Ma. The ages of the K-rich volcanic rocks in western Shandong 4.1.3. Volcanic rocks Province range from 114.7 to 124.3 Ma. In Chaohu–Lujiang area of the The ages of the volcanic suites are reviewed in Zhang and Sun (2002). In the Jiaodong Peninsula, zircon U–Pb ages suggest that the (adakitic) volcanic rocks erupted at 123.6 ± 0.8 Ma. The ages of K-rich volcanic rocks in western Shandong Province range from 114.7 to 124.3 Ma, and the lamprophyres are dated as119.6 Ma. The early Creta- ceous volcanism in the Sulu orogenic belt in the east Shandong Province show bimodal character. In western Liaoning along the NE NCC, four Mesozoic magmatic events are recognized at 177 Ma (Xinglonggou Formation), 166–153 Ma (the Lanqi Formation), 126–120 Ma (Yixian Formation), and 106 Ma (Zhanglaogongtun Formation). The basaltic andesites in the Laiyang Basin north of the Sulu belt erupted at 107–105 Ma. In the Western Liaoning region, isotopic dating using U–Pb and Ar–Ar methods by Yang and Li (2008) identified four distinct pulses of magmatism at 177 Ma (Xinglonggou Formation), 166 to 153 Ma (Lanqi Formation) 126 to 120 Ma (Yixian Formation) and ca. 106 Ma (Zhanglaogongtun Formation). In the Laiyang Basin, the eruption age of the trachybasalts and trachydacites are constrained as 107 to 105 Ma (Guo et al., 2005b). In the Huaiyang belt, the Late Mesozoic volcanic rocks have been classified into an older group of 149 to 137 Ma and a younger group of 132 to 116 Ma (Fan et al., 2004). From the shoshonitic volcanics in the Lu–Zong (Lujiang– Zongyang) basin, Zhou et al. (2008) reported ages of 134.8 ± 1.8 Ma (Longmenyuan Group), 134.1 ± 1.6 Ma (Zhuanqiao Group), 130.5 ± 0.8 Ma (Shuangmiao Group), and 127.1 ± 1.2 Ma (Fushan Group), suggesting Early Cretaceous volcanism during 135 Ma to 127 Ma, lasting 8–10 Ma. In central China, two groups of late Meso- zoic volcanic rocks have been identified from the north Huaiyang belt of the northern Dabie orogen with ages in the range of 149–137 Ma and 132–116 Ma. In NE China, Mesozoic volcanic rocks and granitoids are widely exposed in the Great Xing'an Range (J.H. Zhang et al., 2010b). The volcanic rocks of the Manketouebo Forma- tion show ages in the range of 174 to 122 Ma, whereas those of the Manitu Formation exhibit a range of 156 to 125 Ma. Early Cretaceous ages between 139 and 124 Ma are displayed by the Baiyingaolao and Meiletu volcanics (J.H. Zhang et al., 2010b). The ages suggest different magmatic episodes in Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, with the latter being dominant.

Fig. 7. Compiled geochronological for the intrusive (a) and extrusive (b) rocks in the 4.2. The timing of gold mineralization Jiaodong area. See text for discussion. Data sources: Hu et al. (1987), Zhao et al. (1997), Guan et al. (1998), Zhao et al. (1998), Miao It is becoming increasingly evident from the emerging high precision et al. (1999), Qiu et al. (2001a,b), Zhou et al. (2003), Guo et al. (2004), Hu et al. (2004), Li (2004), Liu et al. (2004b), Guo et al. (2005a,b), Yang et al. (2005), Li et al. (2006), Ling et al. geochronological data that the early Cretaceous was a major period of (2006), Hu et al. (2007), Liu et al. (2008), Tan et al. (2008), Tang et al. (2008), Xie et al. (2007, formation of gold deposits in the northern, southern and eastern mar- 2008), Liu et al. (2009a,b), Goss et al. (2010), Kuang et al. (2012), Qiu et al. (2012) and Yang gins of the NCC (Guo et al., 2013; Li and Santosh, 2014; Yang et al., et al. (2012).

Tan–Lu Fault, the ages of volcanic rocks range from 93 Ma to 125 Ma, We therefore propose that there is close correspondence between the with the main eruption at 120–125 Ma. gold metallogeny and magma flare-up as signaled by the volcanic erup- In contrast, in the adjacent Sulu Belt in eastern Shandong, the early tions in Jiaodong during the Early Cretaceous. The magma flare-up and Cretaceous volcanism shows bimodal character. In western Liaoning metallogeny seem to be related to a common geodynamic milieu. along the NE NCC, four Mesozoic magmatic events are recognized at The prolonged subduction of the PacificPlatefromtheEastisconsid- 177 Ma (Xinglonggou Formation), 166–153 Ma (the Lanqi Formation), ered to have resulted in extensive hydration and tectonic erosion of the 126–120 Ma (Yixian Formation), and 106 Ma (Zhanglaogongtun Forma- sub-continental mantle beneath the eastern NCC region (e.g., Santosh, tion). The basaltic andesites in the Laiyang Basin north of the Sulu belt 2010). Lithospheric thinning and resultant asthenospheric upwelling erupted at 107–105 Ma. might have led to magma flare-up, as well as the release of voluminous We also compiled the available data on the direct dating of the fluids that scavenged metals, particularly gold, with eventual deposition timing of gold mineralization in Jiaodong (Supplementary Table 3). along structural locales. Our model thus considers magma flare-up as The geochronological methods include Rb–Sr, K–Ar and Ar–Ar on alter- the principal trigger for the gold metallogeny in Jiaodong. In order to un- ation minerals (such as pyrite, K-feldspar, sericite) and fluid inclusions derstand the possible mechanisms of the magma flare-up, we evaluate in quartz. The data suggest a range of ages mainly between 138 Ma the tectonic setting of the region during Early Cretaceous and the possi- and 100 Ma, the broad time range possibly resulting from large errors ble models for magmatism related to mantle upwelling in the following inherent in some of the dating techniques. More precise ages and the sections. majority of data define a clear peak at 120 Ma to 125 Ma (Fig. 8). This age remarkably coincides with the peak ages for the volcanic suite in 5.2. Tectonic setting of eastern China during Early Cretaceous Jiaodong. The SHRIMP/LA-ICP-MS U–Pb zircon ages of 120 ± 2 Ma from granitic porphyry dyke (Wang et al., 1998) and 122.5 ± 1.5 Ma There is considerable evidence to show that the NCC was in an to 126.9 ± 1.7 Ma for dolerite–porphyry dyke (Liu et al., 2009a,b) extensional tectonic regime during Early Cretaceous, with the age of de- from Jiaodong confirm that the magma flare-up was also accompanied tachment faults in Liaoxi constrained as 127 to 116 Ma and 133 to by the emplacement of a variety of dyke rocks. 118 Ma (Wu et al., 2005). A similar tectonic setting is also reported from the Liaodong Peninsula with emplacement of magmatic suites 5. Discussion along the Liaonan Fault. Widespread occurrence of A-type granites and alkaline plutons belonging to Early Cretaceous magmatic pulses 5.1. Magmatism and gold mineralization in the NCC (130 to 120 Ma) have also been recorded from various parts of eastern China. All these features point to a major intraplate extensional regime Widespread emplacement of felsic, intermediate and mafic magmas during Early Cretaceous. occurred during the Mesozoic in the NCC during the broad time range of Relative plate motion evaluated in some of the previous studies sug- 160 to 90 Ma. However, the voluminous volcanic eruptions define a gest that prior to ca. 135 Ma, the extinct Izanagi plate was undergoing more restricted range in time. Our analysis of the available age data as orthogonal convergence along the Asian continental margin, and that presented in the previous section shows a remarkable overlap between by ca. 115 Ma, its motion was parallel to the continental margin the peak timing of gold mineralization and the peak of volcanism in the (Maruyama et al., 1997). This rapid change in the direction of plate mo- – Jiaodong area at ca. 120–125 Ma. tion has been invoked for the upwelling of the large Ontong Java plume fi The volcanic rocks exposed in the Laixi area in southern Jiaodong beneath the Paci c plate at ca. 124 Ma (Goldfarb et al., 2007). Wu et al. have been precisely dated using zircon U–Pb technique by Liuetal. (2005) considered intraplate rifting as one of the plausible models to (2009a) at 123.6 ± 0.8 Ma. Even though the volcanic suites do not explain the Mesozoic magmatism in the NCC, which according to show any direct relationship with the gold mineralization, the peak them corresponds to a giant igneous event. The calc-alkaline and fi timing of their eruption clearly coincides with the peak of gold mineral- alkaline magmatism and the emplacement of ma c dikes are consid- ization in the Jiaodong area (ca. 125 Ma; Goldfarb and Santosh, 2013). ered to have occurred through decompression melting in an extending lithosphere (Li, 2000). During the collision between the NCC and the Yangtze Craton, some ore deposits were also generated in the southern margin of the NCC, although they carry only weak mineralization (Li and Santosh, 2014).

5.3. Magma ﬂare-up and metallogeny

Magma flare-ups refer to intensified intrusive and extrusive magmatic activity within a relatively short span of time. Below we examine the major tectonic and geodynamic processes which can lead to magma flare-ups and illustrate the processes through plate tectonic cartoons in Fig. 9.

5.3.1. Delamination Collision of continental blocks leads to substantial crustal thickening and the high density eclogitized lower crust would decouple and sink to the mantle beneath, a process termed as delamination (Rudnick, 1995). Delamination often involves not only the lower crust, but also part of the lithosphere, thus leading to asthenospheric upwelling (Fig. 9a). The Triassic collision between the NCC and the Yangtze Craton is consid- Fig. 8. Compiled geochronological data on the timing of gold mineralization in Jiaodong ered to have resulted in crustal thickening and delamination of the area. See text for discussion. eclogitic lower crust (Gao et al., 2002; Guo et al., 2013). This event Data sources: Luo and Wu (1987), Li et al. (1993), Lv and Yang (1993), Yang et al. (2000), marks the early stage of the extensive Mesozoic magmatism in the Yang and Zhou (2001), Zhang et al. (2002), Li et al. (2003), Zhang et al. (2003a,b), Hu et al. (2004), Li (2004), Zhai et al. (2004a,b,c), Hu et al. (2005), Li et al. (2006), Qiu et al. (2008), Shandong Peninsula through mantle upwelling (Yang et al., 2013b). Li et al. (2011), Li and Santosh (2014) and references therein. However, the magma ﬂare-up event during Early Cretaceous in

Fig. 9. Cartoon sketches illustrating different plate tectonic settings for asthenospheric upwelling and magma ﬂare-up through slab window process. (a) Delamination; (b) ridge subduction; (c) post-collisional slab breakoff; and (d) horizontal and vertical slab tear. See text for discussion.

Jiaodong occurred much later than the Triassic collision and delamina- asthenospheric upwelling following slab break-off in the Late Creta- tion, and therefore we do not consider delamination as the main trigger ceous. In southern Tibet, the Eocene Neotethyan Slab break-off took for gold mineralization, although some of the Jurassic magmatic events place during Late Cretaceous (Lee et al., 2009). The detachment of (unrelated to the genesis of gold mineralization) could be linked to this subducted oceanic lithosphere at shallow depths results in significant process. thermal perturbation causing partial melting of compositionally different sources, metasomatized domains and the overlying continental crust (Van de Zedde and Wortel, 2001). This accounts for the heteroge- 5.3.2. Ridge subduction and slab window mechanism neous composition of the resultant magmas, as observed in southern Slab windows in convergent margins form through a variety of pro- Tibet during the magma flare-up period. In the Jiaodong region, cesses (Eyuboglu, 2013), among which one of the major mechanisms is although some of the Jurassic magmatism might be related to slab ridge subduction. When an oceanic spreading ridge is subducted at the break-off following the Triassic collision between the Yangtze Craton trench, a slab window opens (Thorkelson and Taylor, 1989)(Fig. 9b). and the NCC, the Early Cretaceous magma flare-up occurred much Formation of a slab window produces an area where the crust of the later, and cannot be directly linked to this process. over-riding plate is exposed to hot asthenospheric mantle producing anomalous thermal effects. Asthenospheric upwelling through the slab window results in elevated temperatures causing the melting of overly- 5.3.4. Extension of lithospheric mantle and asthenospheric upwelling ing crustal rocks to generate intermediate to felsic magmas (Bradley Breitkreuz and Kennedy (1999) correlated the timing of magmatic et al., 2003). The slab window allows the hot asthenosphere to access flare up in eastern China with the initial phase of the basin development. the base of the overlying plate, contributing heat and generating dry The Pacific Plate subduction was accompanied by distinct magmatic magmas such as charnockites, as reported by Zhang et al. (2010a,b) pulses and gold metallogeny during the early Cretaceous. The widely from the Lhasa block in Tibet. Eyuboglu (2013) reported a transition distributed volcanic rocks in Jiaodong Peninsula show a remarkably from adakitic to non-adakitic magmatism in a continental arc setting short period of eruption during Early Cretaceous. According to where these Early Cenozoic magmatic suites were generated by slab Breitkreuz and Kennedy (1999), the basaltic magma, which provided window processes in a subduction zone. At deeper levels of an arc and the thermal input for the anatexis of the lower crust, probably formed forearc, the subducted sediments may be converted to a belt of dry, during decompressional melting of a fertile lithospheric mantle. ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) metamorphic rocks (Santosh and Kusky, 2010). Although some adakitic rocks have been reported from the region, the widespread basaltic trachyandesites, and the voluminous 5.3.5. Slab rollback after collision hydrous fluid influx with mobilization and concentration of metals are Some models propose slab rollback as a trigger for magmatic flare- not in favor of a ridge subduction setting to account for the magma up (e.g., Zhu et al., 2009). The voluminous Cretaceous magmatism in flare-up and gold metallogeny. the central and northern Lhasa sub-terranes is considered to have been generated by flat or low-angle northward subduction of the Neo- 5.3.3. Post-collisional slab break-off Tethyan Oceanic lithosphere. The change of magma source components Post-collisional slab break-off leads to asthenospheric upwelling and and a shift of the sedimentary environment from a peripheral foreland anomalous heat input into the lower crust causing extensive melting basin to a back-arc rift basin have been explained by the slab rollback. (Fig. 9c). Magmatic flare-up in Tibet which lasted until ca. 45 Ma pro- However, Zhu et al. (2013) argued that under the southward duced thick (N2000 m) volcanic sequences in the Linzou Basin (Dong subduction-related setting of the Bangong–Nujiang Ocean floor, slab et al., 2005; He et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2009; Mo et al., 2008). This process break-off is the most plausible mechanism that triggered the magma generated diverse rocks of heterogeneous composition. Zhu et al. flare-up as well as the significant change of magma source components (2013) proposed that the magmatic flare-up in Tibet was caused by in central Lhasa.

5.3.6. Slab-tear asthenospheric upwelling, paleo-Pacific Plate subduction, and seismici- Many descending slabs in convergent margins have complex evolu- ty along the continental-scale Tan–Lu Fault. tionary morphologies (Hasegawa et al., 2009; Maruyama et al., 2007; The extensive Mesozoic magmatic activity, lithospheric thinning and Zhao, 2009a,b). The diverse types of slab architecture include necking, craton destruction, and the associated metallogeny in the NCC have tearing, detachment from the surface plate, or even breaking up into been topics of numerous studies (e.g., Guo et al., 2013; Menzies et al., smaller fragments (Kundu and Santosh, 2011, and references therein). 1993; Xu, 2001; Yang et al., 2013a; Zhang et al., 2012). The timing of Slab tearing generates physical gaps in subducted slabs that enhance as- Mesozoic tectonic inversion in the eastern NCC is considered to have oc- thenospheric inflow around the lateral edges of the tear (Schellart, curred from 150–140 Ma to 110–100 Ma, with the peak at 120–110 Ma 2008). Slab tears can be either vertical or horizontal (Fig. 9d). We do (Zhai and Santosh, 2013). The dominant compressive tectonic regime not exclude slab tear as one of the possible mechanisms that led to the linked to Paleozoic craton margin orogeny switched to an extensional asthenospheric upwelling and Cretaceous magma flare-up in the tectonic regime in the early Cretaceous (Zhai et al., 2004a,b,c). Petrolog- Jiaodong region during the major plate re-orientation process, as will ical, geochemical and geophysical studies have identified a significantly be discussed in a later section. thinned lithosphere beneath the eastern NCC, and large-scale replacement of the lower crust with upwelling mantle material during the Me- sozoic, with a peak at 130–110 Ma (Cai et al., 2013; Fan and Menzies, 5.4. Gold metallogeny in the Jiaodong Peninsula: a unique class 1992; Guo et al., 2013; Menzies et al., 1993). Zhai and Santosh (2013) and Li and Santosh (2014) noted that the Mesozoic tectonic inversion The major metallogenic events in the NCC have been correlated to bears no characteristics of orogeny, and is clearly related to intracratonic important geological and tectonic events in the region, as well as the extension, crust–mantle interaction and regional asthenospheric up- secular changes in metallogenic patterns in Earth history (Zhai and welling. Thus, the Jiaodong gold mineralization appears to be related Santosh, 2013). In an earlier study, Miller et al. (1998) proposed that to the Mesozoic tectonic inversion with magmas and mineralizing fluids the multiple orogenic events and associated magmatic activity, together triggered through upwelling mantle and mantle–crust interaction in an with the crustal scale structures and craton sutures, provided a favor- extensional setting. The lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) in able scenario for the development of gold deposits along the margins the Jiaodong region to the east of the Tan–Lu Fault is shallower than of the NCC. that in the Luxi area to the west (Guo et al., 2013 and references there- The gold mineralization in Jiaodong has remained an enigma with in). Thus, the Tan–Lu Fault has been identified as a major corridor for as- various models trying to link it with the granitoids, mafic dykes and thenospheric upwelling. A compilation of the geochemical and isotopic reworked basement rocks (Li and Santosh, 2014; Yang et al., 2013a). data shows that the mantle beneath the Luxi area is mainly of EM1 type, Several studies also considered the widespread mafic dykes in Jiaodong whereas the mantle in the eastern part, close to the Tan–Lu Fault, has including the dolerites and lamprophyres, the formation ages of the ma- mixed EM1 and EM2 features. On the other hand, the mantle beneath jority of which are close to that of the gold mineralization, to have the Jiaodong area is mainly of EM2 type (Guo et al., 2013). These fea- played a major role in providing the source of the ore fluids from tures have been interpreted to suggest the existence of more ancient mantle-derived magmas (Fan et al., 2003; Wen et al., submitted for lithospheric mantle beneath the Luxi area, in comparison with the ex- publication)orasplugsor‘stoppers’ for fluid ponding and gold miner- tensively modified lithospheric mantle and asthenosphere beneath alization (Yang et al., 2013a). the Jiaodong area. Addressing the problem of the Jiaodong gold deposits, Goldfarb and In summary, although the Mesozoic gold deposits in the Jiaodong Santosh (2013) noted that the mineralization constitutes a unique class. Peninsula have been interpreted using various models, here we consid- Whereas most of the Phanerozoic gold deposits formed by prograde er the mineralization to reflect intra-continental processes induced by a metamorphism of accreted oceanic materials in Cordilleran-style combination of paleo-Pacific slab subduction and major tectonic inver- orogens, the Jiaodong deposits occur within Precambrian blocks that sion that triggered mantle upwelling and transit fluid flux. This aspect underwent devolatilization approximately 2 billion years before the is further examined in the next section. formation of the gold deposits. Thus, Goldfarb and Santosh (2013) ex- cluded gold genesis through reworking of the basement rocks. Further, 5.5. An integrated model for Late Mesozoic magmatic flare-ups in the the peak timing of gold mineralization at ca. 120–125 Ma is consider- Jiaodong Peninsula ably younger than the ages of the regional Mesozoic granites such as the Linglong (160 to 156 Ma) and Guojialing (130 to 126 Ma) granitoids, Although several models have invoked a mantle plume to correlate thus precluding the possibility of magmatic fluids from the granitoids as the widespread magmatic events during Cretaceous, the nature of the source for the ores. The relatively low salinities of the ore-forming magmatism with relatively low volume of volcanic rocks, the lack of ra- fluids as revealed from fluid inclusion studies also suggest fluid exsolu- diating mafic dyke swarms and such other features typically associated tion from the granitoids at depth to be unlikely as the major contributor with mantle plume-derived large igneous provinces are absent in this for the gold mineralization in Jiaodong. Also, there is poor spatial asso- region. The fact that the magmatism is scattered in different domains in- ciation of the granitoids with the gold deposits. The NE–NNE orientation cluding the major volcanic belt generated in Southeast China at this of most of the granite plutons in Jiaodong is consistent with that of the time links the geodynamics of magma generation with subduction- regional faults mainly along their margins, suggesting that the emplace- related plate tectonics rather than plume tectonics. ment of these rocks were controlled by the faults, which also served as Goldfarb et al. (2007) emphasized the role of relative plate motion the pathway for the later ore-bearing fluids (R. Goldfarb, pers. comm., changes as a major trigger that controlled crustal fluid flow and gold de- 2013). Most of the gold is hosted by the earlier phase (Jurassic) of gran- position. The extinct Izanagi plate was undergoing orthogonal conver- itoids that are ca. 30–40 m.y. older than the timing of gold mineraliza- gence against the Asian continental margin before 135 Ma. The plate tion, although a few deposits also occur in the younger granitoid suite. motion became parallel to the margin by 115 Ma (Maruyama et al., Gold also occurs in the basement rocks in some of the localities such 1997). This major change in relative plate motion coincides with the as in Qixia, albeit with a small tonnage. It is therefore clear that the Early Cretaceous gold metallogeny. Goldfarb et al. (2007) considered fault zones in the region played the key role, with the faulted margins the large cluster of ca. 130 to 120 Ma gold deposits along eastern Asia of the granitoids providing favorable locales of hydrofracturing and to signify a change in the relative plate kinematics contemporaneously open space for fluid migration. Thus, Goldfarb and Santosh (2013) cor- over a large latitudinal range The simultaneous fault reactivations related the ore concentration in Jiaodong to transient fluid focusing and gold mineralization were also explained as an influence of probably related to a combination of coeval lithospheric thinning, the Ontong–Java plume head hitting beneath the Pacific Plate at ca.

Fig. 10. (a and b) The East Asian region following two stages of clockwise rotation and final amalgamation in Early Cretaceous as propose by Lee et al. (2011). The magma flare-up and gold metallogeny are correlated to the plate re-orientation and major changes in stress fields. See text for discussion. Abbreviations of continental blocks/microblocks: NSK — North Sino-Korea; SSK — South Sino-Korea; NCB — North China Block + Nangrim Block; YNB — Yeongnam Block; SWJ — South-west Japan Block); SSK = SCB — South China Block (+Yangtzu + Nanhua + Gyeonggi + Hida Block in the case of SSK). DFB — Dabie Fold Belt; MGF — Mongolian Fold Belt; TLF — Tan–Lu Fault.

124 Ma, and according to Goldfarb et al. (2007), the gold ore formation downgoing slab. The melting of subducted material would also re- on both sides of the northern Pacific basin could have been related to lease significant H2S due to the desulfidization breakdown of marine the Early Cretaceous plume event. pyrite, and according to Goldfarb and Santosh (2013), the main Lee et al. (2011) presented paleomagnetic evidence that shows that source for 34S-enriched sulfur must be the subducted sediments. there was a major clock-wise rotation of the Korean Peninsula during Cretaceous. Their data show that the Sino-Korean Block migrated southward for about 300 km after the amalgamation of the block with the Eurasian continent (Fig. 10). This resulted in N–S compression within the Korean peninsula and Manchuria. Large-scale strike-slip faults including the Tan–Lu Fault were reactivated in the Sino-Korea Block during 130–110 Ma. Thus, the asthenospheric upwelling and decompression melting leading to extensive magmatism and crustal recycling is probably related to the development of deep fractures during the regional stress field changes associated with plate re-orientation. The fractures also served as conduits for the transfer of melts and ore- bearing fluids generating the gold deposits of Jiaodong Peninsula along the southeastern margin of the NCC. A similar mechanism has also been described for the Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks from the TibetanregionoftheTethyanHimalaya(Hu et al., 2010) associated with regional stress field changes during anti-clockwise extension when the Greater Indian plate separated from the Australia–Antarctica collage. The remarkably synchronous nature of the peak of gold mineralization and that of magma flare-up in the Jiaodong region establish a mutual link for the voluminous fluid influx that mobilized and concentrated the gold ores along structural pathways. Goldfarb and Santosh (2013) invoked an exceptionally large transient fluid flux focused into the deep-seated Jiaodong fault zones, with a mixed

H2O–CO2 ±CH4 composition and significant H2S, that transported substantial amounts of gold. They correlated the source of the gold to dehydration and decarbonation of the subducting paleo-Pacific Plate with its underthrusted oceanic lithosphere and overlying marine sediments. In order for the fluid flow to be directed into the Tan–Lu Fault system, a major and distinct thermal event is required which locally heated a part of the slab and caused devolatilization of the oceanic lithosphere and sediments at ca. 125 Ma. Goldfarb and Santosh (2013) considered a localized asthenospheric upwelling enhanced by a shift from the broad NW–SE extensional stress regime to the more NE-oriented extension and resulting transcurrent motion along the Tan–Lu Fault system as a plausible mechanism for a rapid breakdown of volatile phases within the subducting oceanic crust. The abnormally hot late Mesozoic thermal event below Fig. 11. Sketch of P-wave tomography profile along 37°N passing through the Jiaodong Jiaodong might have not only enhanced devolatilization in shallow area, drawn from the tomographic image presented in Huang and Zhao (2006).Notethe fi parts of the paleo-Paci c subduction zone, but also led to substantial prominent low velocity zone beneath the Jiaodong area, possibly representing the frozen decarbonation of carbonate sediments in the hanging wall of the structure of a mantle upwelling.

Fig. 12. Cartoon sketch illustrating the tectonic model for the formation of Cretaceous gold deposits in the Jiaodong Peninsula. Dehydration and decarbonation of the downgoing Pacificslab and overlying sediments are the considered as the ultimate sources of the ore-forming components, as also proposed in Goldfarb and Santosh (2013). The domain of mantle upwelling beneath Jiaodong is superposed from the P-wave tomographic sketch shown in Fig. 11.Magmaflare-up from the hydrated and metasomatised mantle wedge scavenged the ore forming components and the transient fluid flux focused along the Tan–Lu fault and other associated faults/fractures resulted in the gold mineralization. Since the peak in the timing of mineralization and that of the volcanic eruptions in Jiaodong coincide, we correlate the magma flare-up with the mineralization, and link them to a common geodynamic milieu of asthenospheric upwelling.

P-wave tomography profile along 37°N published by Huang and (Chough and Sohn, 2010) which might have extended to the Fujian Zhao (2006) shows a large low velocity zone (Fig. 11), suggesting arc. This belt is well defined as a high magnetic anomaly belt in East upper mantle/asthenosphere upwelling. A high velocity belt exists be- Asia prior to the opening of the East Sea (Japan Sea). For example, abun- tween the 400 km and 600 km depth, related to the deep subduction dant volcanic rocks of ca. 121.5 Ma occur in the lowermost Hasandong of the Pacific slab. The data also show a prominent upwelling beneath Formation in the Gyeongsang Basin in South Korea (Lee et al., 2011). the Jiaodong region, which we have incorporated in our tectonic The seismic tomography data on East Asia (D. Zhao, 2009b; D. Zhao model shown in Fig. 12. We correlate the upwelling to plate reorienta- et al., 2013) demonstrates that the high velocity anomaly belt continues tion process in Early Cretaceous, with a possible slab tear that triggered to the subducting Pacific slab. If the Gyeongsang–Japan volcanic arc magma flare-up and transient fluid flux. The genesis of gold shown in system did exist, a shallow subduction during Cretaceous beneath the our model is similar to that proposed by Goldfarb and Santosh (2013), Jiaodong area is unlikely. In this case, the gold mineralization would with fluids released by the dehydration and decarbonation reactions be directly related to the Tan–Lu Fault system (sub-parallel or sub- of the downgoing Pacific slab generating a metasomatised and enriched vertical) rather than a subduction zone during Cretaceous. Thus the mantle beneath Jiaodong. The mantle-rooted Tan–Lu Fault acted as the magma flare-up at 120–125 Ma might be related to mantle upwelling major corridor for channeling the ore-bearing fluids and their eventual from deeper levels triggered by major plate re-orientation, and the tran- transfer along the Jiaodong faults. The timing of eruption of the volca- sient fluid influx scavenging metals from an earlier subduction- nics coincides with the peak timing of gold mineralization in Jiaodong. modified metasomatised mantle, with the Tan–Lu Fault acting as the Although the volcanic suites are evidently barren due to their high tem- major corridor for the transfer of the ore-bearing fluids. peratures and open system features, they serve as the flagships of the magma flare-up and transient fluid flux event in Early Cretaceous. 6. Conclusions However, it must be noted that according to Lee et al. (2011), the NCC and South China Block were united together until about 180 Ma 1. The gold mineralization in Jiaodong has neither any genetic relation- as the Sino-Korea Block. Thus the oceanic subduction occurred beneath ship with the Jurassic–Cretaceous granitoids which host bulk of the the Qinling–Dabie–Sulu belt prior to 180 Ma. Therefore, the lithosphere mineralization, nor were they derived by the recycling of the composition beneath this region is complex with a mixture of ancient Neoarchean–Paleoproterozoic basement rocks which were crustal fragments and subduction-related components. Using paleo- devolatilized almost 2 billion years prior to the formation of the magnetic results, Lee et al. (2011) proposed two geodynamic events of gold deposits. amalgamation: (1) between North Sino-Korean Block (including the 2. The peak of gold metallogeny in Jiaodong at ca. 120–125 Ma coin- NCC) and the South Sino-Korean Block (including South China Block) cides with the major volcanic activity represented by the extrusion during 240 and 150 Ma; and (2) between united Sino-Korean Block of trachyandesites and adakitic lavas generated in an extensional set- and Siberia during 130 to 100 Ma. The effect of N–S compression from ting through asthenospheric upwelling. The magma flare-up event Siberia to united Sino-Korean Block resulted in rejuvenation (sinistral also generated a series of dyke rocks in the region. motion) of the Tan–Lu Fault system followed by extension, lithospheric 3. A transient fluid flux during the magma flare-up appears to have thinning, asthenospheric upwelling, and volcanism. The new trench of scavenged the gold and sulfur from a previously metasomatised the united Sino-Korea Block was formed outside of the southern-most mantle enriched with subduction-related components principally region of the block, termed the Gyeongsang–Japan volcanic arc system derived from the downgoing paleo-PacificPlate.

4. Regional stress field changes, possibly associated with plate re- Guo, F., Fan, W.M., Wang, Y.J., Lin, G., 2003. Geochemistry of late Mesozoic mafic magmatism in west Shandong Province, eastern China: characterizing the lost orientation in the Early Cretaceous and resultant mantle upwelling lithospheric mantle beneath the North China Block. Geochem. J. 37, 63–77. are considered to be the potential trigger for the magma flare-up, Guo, F., Fan, W.M., Wang, Y.J., Zhang, M., 2004. Origin of early Cretaceous calc-alkaline transient fluid flux and resultant gold mineralization in Jiaodong. lamprophyres from the Su–Lu orogen in eastern China: implications for enrichment processes beneath continental collisional belt. Lithos 78, 291–305. Guo, F., Fan, W., Wang, Y., Li, C., 2005a. Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of Early Supplementary data to this article can be found online at http://dx. Cretaceous high-K calc-alkaline volcanic rocks in the Laiyang Basin of the Sulu Belt, doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.01.004. eastern China. Island Arc 14, 69–90. Guo, J.H., Chen, F.K., Zhang, X.M., Siebel, W., Zhai, M.G., 2005b. Evolution of syn-collisional to post-collision from north Su–Lu UHP belt, eastern China: zircon U–Pb geochronology. Acta Petrol. Sin. 21, 1281–1301 (in Chinese with English abstract). Acknowledgments Guo, P., Santosh, M., Li, S., 2013. Geodynamics of gold metallogeny in the Shandong Province, NE China: an integrated geological, geophysical and geochemical perspective. – We thank Prof. Franco Pirajno, Editor-in-Chief, Dr. Youn Soo Lee Gondwana Res. 24, 1172 1202. Hasegawa, A., Nakajima, J., Uchida, N., Okada, T., Zhao, D., Matsuzawa, T., Umino, N., 2009. and an anonymous referee for constructive comments. The manu- Plate subduction, and generation of earthquakes and magmas in Japan as inferred script also benefitted from careful reviews by Prof. Changming from seismic observations: An overview. Gondwana Res. 16, 370–400. – Wang and Dr. Hegen Ouyang. We are grateful to Prof. Shengrong Li, He, S.D., Kapp, P., DeCelles, P.G., Gehrels, G.E., Heizler, M., 2007. Cretaceous Tertiary geology of the Gangdese Arc in the Linzhou area, southern Tibet. Tectonophysics Dr. Richard Goldfarb and other colleagues for many fruitful discussions 433, 15–37. and suggestions. We thank the China University of Geosciences for Hu, S.L., Wang, S.S., Sang, H.Q., Qiu, J., Zhang, R.H., 1987. Isotopic ages of Linglong and facilities and support. This paper contributes to the Talent Award to Guojialing batholiths in Shandong province and their geological implication. Acta Petrol. Sin. 3, 83–89 (in Chinese with English abstract). M. Santosh under the 1000 Talents Plan of the Chinese Government. 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