Index Member names appear in bold (surnames in ALL CAPS) Bold page numbers denote Member profiles Italicized page numbers denote references to figure legends

A Apportionment and redistricting, 7, 316, Bennet, Hiram, 106n 585–86, 613, 623, 634, 640, 642, 646, Abzug, Bella, 452, 459, 461n 403, 410, 415, 443–44, 451, 474, 485, Benton, Thomas Hart, 29, 83, 88n 648, 650, 692, 695 Acevedo, A.C., 516 518, 528, 530, 552–53, 566, 586, 606, Bentsen, Lloyd, 348, 488 BUSTAMANTE, Albert G., 474, 477, ACEVEDO-VILÁ, Anibal, 476, 509, 616, 618, 662, 664, 676, 680, 682 Berman, Howard L., 528, 532n, 552 491, 492, 509, 562–67, 582, 584, 600, 620–625, 634, 637 Arcelay, Maria Luisa, 303 Bethune, Farquar, 74 587n Adams, John Quincy, 25–26, 26, 29, 33, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Beveridge, Albert J., 54, 54, 66n Butler, Hugh, 345, 365n, 383 72–74 (ANWR), 642, 650 Beverley, James, 288, 290, 293, 296n, Byrns, Joseph W., 286n Adams-Onís (Transcontinental) Treaty , Hispanic representation, 305n C of 1819, 26, 25–27. See, Appendix I: 668–69, 682–83. See also, Appendix Biaggi, Mario, 521 B: Hispanic-American Representatives, Bilingual Education Act (Title VII of the Cadwalader, John, 84 Constitutional Amendments, Treaties, CAFTA. See, Central American Free and Major Acts of Congress Referenced Senators, Delegates, and Resident Elementary and Secondary Education Commissioners by State and Territory, Act Amendments of 1967), 340, Trade Agreement (CAFTA). in the Text. Calhoun, John C., 28, 33, 53, 74 Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933, 1822–2012. 340–41, 393, 413, 423, 452, 487–89. Armijo, Manuel, 80, 108 See also, Appendix I: Constitutional , Hispanic representation, 170, 186n, 273, 302 118–23, 328, 410–19, 522–27, Albert, Carl, 354, 354, 358n, 385, 431, Arny, William F. M., 85, 103, 106–107n, Amendments, Treaties, and Major Acts 115–16n of Congress Referenced in the Text. 528–35, 550–55, 626–29, 630–33, 450 656–57, 658–59, 660–61, 678–79, Alianza (Alliance), 160, 193, 246, 288, Arredondo, Felipe Cuebas, 202, 207n Blackwood, Mary Josephine, 43 Articles of Confederation, 32 BLAZ, Ben Garrido, 422, 476, 478, 680–81, 690–91, 694–95, 696–97. See 301, 305n also, Appendix B: Hispanic-American Hispanic representation, 246–53 Ashburn, Roy, 606 484, 494, 494, 500n, 503n, 509, Ashley, James, 104, 107n, 115n 556–61, 610, 613 Representatives, Senators, Delegates, Alianza Agricultural (Agricultural and Resident Commissioners by State Alliance), 290 Aspinall, Wayne, 327, 385 Bliss, Cornelius Newton, 197n At-Large Representative, 256, 258, 272, Bloomberg, Michael, 453 and Territory, 1822–2012. Alien Adjustment and Employment Act Californios for Fair Representation, 528, of 1977, 489–90 316, 320, 327, 390, 392, 440, 442, Blue Dog Coalition, 500, 632, 657, 661, 445n. See also, Appendix K: Glossary. 663 530 Alinsky, Saul, 410 Call, Richard Keith, 74 Allen, Charles H., 164 Atchison, Topeka, Santa Fe Railroad, 44, Boggs, Hale, 285, 431 95, 99n, 112, 140, 254 Bolack, Thomas, 390, 392, 395–96n Camacho, Felix, 614 Allen, O. K., 286n Campbell, Ben, 648 Allison, W. H. H., 105 Austin, Stephen, 28 Bone, Homer, 179 Ayers, James, 121 BONILLA, Henry, 477, 481, 482, Campbell, Philip, 176 American Federation of Labor (AFL), Campos, Pedro Albizu, 173, 334, 451 150, 160, 300–301, 303, 331, 337, 485–86, 509, 565–66, 582–89, 618, B 662 Canby, Edwin, 95 342, 555, 695 Babbitt, Bruce, 546, 549n Cannon, Joseph Gurney, 163, 163–64, 34 Bonior, David, 546 American Indians, 27, 30–31, , 47–49, Baca, Benito, 37, 130, 131n, 140, 143n, 184n, 214 73, 93, 138n. See also, Apache Indians; Booth, John Wilkes, 103 751 Booth, Newton, 120 CANSECO, Francisco (Quico), 618, Hopi Indians; Navajo Indians; Pueblo BACA, Joe, 656–57 704 Indians; Seminole Indians. Bordallo, Ricardo, 560 Baca, Juan, 134 Border Patrol, , 331, Cantinflas, 402 conflicts and, 34, 38, 48, 70, 74, 93, BADILLO, Herman, 8, 8, 325–26, 328, Capone, Al, 584 100, 102, 115n 337–38, 686–87 328–30, 330, 344, 344, 355–57, 358– Bosone, Reva, 348n CARDOZA, Dennis A., 500n, 509, legislation and, 112, 130, 142, 257, 59n, 368n, 371, 422, 437, 448–55, 630–33 319–20, 329, 392–93, 396n, 545, Bosque Redondo Reservation, 47–49, 459, 461n, 477, 477, 516, 518 62n, 104–105, 106n, 110–11, 115n Caribbean Basin Initiative, 467, 570 669, 683 Baird, Spruce McCoy, 93, 97n Caribe Democratic Club, 448 See Boxer, Barbara, 414 peonage. , Peonage. Baker, Howard, 459 Carleton, James H., 48, 105, 107n, removal and, 47–49, 48, 75, 102, 104, Bracero Program, 335–38, 361n, 403, Baldorioty de Castro, Román, 218, 220 408n, 413, 668 110–11, 115n 110–11 Balzac v. Porto Rico. See, Supreme Court, Carranza, Venustiano, 239, 243n reservation system, 30, 34, 47–49, Brademas, John, 479–80 United States. Bratton, Sam Gilbert, 262, 273, 277n Carroll, Charles, 43, 90 74, 85–86, 100, 102–105, 110–11, Bankhead, William B., 284, 303 Carson, Kit, 48, 110 115n, 257, 329. See also, Bosque Breeden, William A., 142 Barbee, Alfred, 229 Broder, David, 519 Carter, James Earl (Jimmy), 413, 443, Redondo Reservation. Barbosa, José Celso, 300 483, 483, 487–90, 513, 525, 544, See Brooke, John, 153, 300 slavery. , Slavery. Barceló, Antonio R., 250, 305n, 596 552, 626 treaties and. See, Treaty of Guadalupe Brown Power movement, 403, 422 Barkley, Alben, 334–35 Brown, E. L., 117n Cass, Lewis, 115n Hidalgo; Treaty of Moultrie Creek. Bartlett, Robert, 352 Casso, Jamie, 555 tribal sovereignty and, 329, 443 Brown, George E., Jr., 656, 719n Batista, Fulgencio, 590, 664 Brown, Henry, 151 Castor, Betty, 640 voting rights, 61n, 82–83, 319 Bay of Pigs, 406 Castro, Fidel, 424, 486, 590, 592–93, See Brownell, Herbert, Jr., 337 American Party. , New Mexico Beame, Abraham, 452 640, 664–65, 688, 700 Territory. Buchanan, James, 51 Beauchamp, Elías, 173 Bursum, Holm O., 240, 257, 260n Catala, Francisco, 570 American Revolution, 72 BECERRA, Xavier, 8, 480, 658–59 Catron, Thomas Benton, 38, 38, 60n, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Burton, Phillip, 456, 464, 469n, 522, Bell, C. Jasper, 178–79, 375 530, 552 117n, 130, 194, 196, 238–39, 525 Benedict, Kirby, 85, 117n 242–43n, 256 Anderson, Clinton, 7, 316, 392–93, 395n Bush, George H. W., 404–406, 423, BENÍTEZ, Jaime, 325–26, 350, 350, 445, 484, 489, 493, 520, 533n, 546, Celler, Emanuel, 336 Andrews, William H., Jr., 267n 356–57, 365n, 371, 438, 439n, Census Bureau, 414. See also, 48 571–72, 573n, 578, 584, 610 Apache Indians, 37, 48, , 50, 102, 108, 456–61, 469n, 510 Apportionment and redistricting. 110–11 Bush, George W., 475, 485–86, 501n,

756 H HISPANIC Americans in Congress Central America, foreign policy, Civil War, 24, 34, 35–38, 38, 43, 47–49, 418n, 464, 483, 486, 487, 492 CÓRDOVA-DÍAZ, Jorge Luis, 149, 122, 564–65, 570, 578, 592. See 52, 54, 59n, 64–65n, 85, 89n, 90, on Women’s Issues, 325–26, 350, 353–54, 356, 358n, also, Central American Free Trade 95, 98n, 106n, 108, 122, 143, 151, 628 367–68n, 371, 409n, 432, 434–39, Agreement (CAFTA); Nicaragua; 156, 265, 335, 548. See also, Military Congressional districts. See, 458, 461n, 494, 510, 637n Contras; Immigration. service, Hispanic-American Members Apportionment and redistricting. Cornell, Dudley, 320 Central American Free Trade Agreement of Congress. Congressional Drought Relief Task Force, CORRADA-DEL RÍO, Baltasar, 8, 357, (CAFTA), 663, 665 Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 423 460, 488, 488, 494, 509, 510–15, Chambers, Marjorie Bell, 544, 548n 273, 410, 532 Congressional Hispanic Caucus (CHC), 598, 684 Chappius, Phillip J., 228 Clancy, Frank W., 114 9, 10, 322, 413, 477, 479, 481–84, Cortes (Spain), 153–54, 200, 220, 753 Chardón, Carlos, 172 Clark, Clarence, 198n 487, 491, 497, 497, 562, 599, 632, Corzine, Jon S., 677, 700, 721n Chase, Salmon, 107n, 115n Clark, James Beauchamp (Champ), 39, 657, 659, 674, 685, 695, 698, 701. COSTA, Jim, 660–61 Chaves, Francisco Xavier, 35, 100, 108 163, 204, 214 See also, Appendix H: Congressional Coulter, Joe, 422 CHAVES, José Francisco, 34, 34–44, Clay, Henry, 36, 36, 53, 752 Hispanic Caucus and Congressional Cranston, Alan, 412 35, 39, 47–50, 52–54, 58–59n, 64– Cleveland, Grover, 122, 151 Hispanic Conference Chairmen and Crawford, Fred L., 177, 345–46, 347, 65n, 69, 86, 100, 105, 107n, 108–17, Clever, Charles P., 39, 85, 111–12, 116n Chairwomen, 1976–2012. 376, 382–83 130, 134, 137, 139n, 144n Clinton, William J. (Bill), 424, 485–86, committee assignments and, 484–85 Crawford–Butler Act. See, Elective Chaves, Mariano, 108 492–94, 493, 504n, 532, 538, 542, diversity of, 475, 483–85, 525, 568 Governor Act. Chávez, César, 340, 340 546, 549n, 554, 560, 584–85, 593, formation of, 8, 180, 324–25, 357, Crespo, Domingo S., 303 CHAVEZ, Dennis, 167–68, 168, 178, 599–600, 606, 608, 610, 622, 697, 403, 413, 422, 444, 475, 483, 485, Crist, Charlie, 642 193, 233n, 270–79, 313, 319, 327, 703 510 Crittenden, John, 29, 57n 327–28, 392–93, 395n, 409n Club político independiente de Nuevo immigration and, 483–86, 490, 490, Cruz, Manuel, 610 “Chavez Committee,” 177–79 Mexico, 272 492 Cuba, 8–9, 56n, 70, 72, 76n, 146, civil rights and, 179–80, 270, 275–76, Coalición (Coalition), 160, 193, 248, leadership of, 410, 422, 483, 485, 152–53, 170, 174, 220, 486, 590, 324, 334 291, 293, 301, 303, 308, 310, 313, 489–90, 531, 538, 542, 545, 553, 593, 644 Cold War and, 275–76, 354–55, 355 315n, 374, 380 570, 599, 616, 669, 679, 683, 687, United States trade with, 170–71, committee assignments, 7, 169, Hispanic representation, 298–315 690, 699 186n, 214, 302, 311, 382, 424, 272–75, 354 COELHO, Tony, 8, 8, 476, 477, 479, legislative interests of, 482–88, 492, 592–93, 664, 677, 699, 701 early background, 270, 272 490–91, 491, 509, 522–27, 565 493, 519, 687 Cuba Democracy Group, 592 Fair Employment Practices Committee, Coffee, Harry, 177 legislative strategy of, 324, 357, 403, Cude, Mark, 607 274, 334, 334–35 Cold War, 275, 322, 344, 348, 354–56, 413, 475, 482–86, 538, 570 CUELLAR, Henry, 586, 618, 662–63 legislative interests, 272–76, 327–28, 390, 394, 412, 444, 538, 558, 564, partisanship and, 444–45, 484, 486 Cuevas Zequeira, Rafael, 288, 294n 337 590, 607, 612 relationship with Presidents, 483, Culebra, 459, 461n legislative style, 273 Coleman, Dennis, 450 483–86, 493 Cummings, Amos, 146 New Deal and, 272–75 Coleman, Ron, 686 task forces and, 485, 622, 628–29, Cuomo, Mario, 452 Puerto Rico and, 177–79, 274, 322, Coll y Toste, Cayetano, 210 667, 671, 673 Cusack, Patrick, 590 348, 358n, 375 Collier, John, 319 Congressional Hispanic Conference, Cutting, Bronson, 168, 266, 268n, 273, surrogate representation and, 6, 6, Collins, James L., 85, 94 8–9, 486, 497, 593, 636, 665, 681. 277n, 712n 148, 322 COLORADO, Antonio J., 294n, 314n, See also, Appendix H: Congressional Cwiklik, Robert, 406 Cheney, Richard (Dick), 586 386n, 495, 504n, 509, 576–81, 598 Hispanic Caucus and Congressional Chisholm, Shirley, 437, 450 Colorado, Hispanic representation, Hispanic Conference Chairmen and D Christensen, Donna, 468 644–51. See also, Appendix B: Chairwomen, 1976–2012. Dallinger, Frederick, 251 Christensen, Parley P., 410 Hispanic-American Representatives, Connecticut, 343, 726n Dalton, John, 608 Citizens for State 51, 434, 596 Senators, Delegates, and Resident Connelly, Henry, 58–59n, 100, 103, Dalzell, John, 162, 203 Civil Rights, 3, 6, 6–8, 180, 200, 256, Commissioners by State and Territory, 107n, 115n Danielson, George E., 530, 552, 715n 262, 264–65, 270, 322, 322, 324, 327, 1822–2012. Conner, Pat, 682 Danielson, Gladys C., 531 329, 330, 330–32, 335, 340–41, 360n, Committee assignments. See, Appendix Connolly, Lani, 619 Davis, Garrett, 29, 57n 363n, 393–94, 410, 413–14, 486, 487, C: Hispanic-American Members’ Conservative Party (Puerto Rico), 218 Davis, George W., 153 489, 493, 598, 622, 650, 667, 689 Committee Assignments (Standing, Constitution, United States, 2, 25, 29, Davis, Jefferson, 43, 94 See also, Civil Rights legislation; Joint, Select) in the U.S. House 31–32, 32, 38, 47, 78n, 93–94, 102, Dayton, Jonathan, 32, 32 Civil Rights Movement; Cold War; and Senate, 1822–2012; Hispanic- 148, 155, 157, 161 de Baca, Ezquiel C., 265, 270 Democratic Party; Discrimination; American Members of Congress, Constitutional Historical Party, 248 de Diego, José, 221 Disfranchisement; Elections; characteristics. Contested elections, 38–42, 46, 78n, 80, DE LA GARZA, Eligio II (Kika), Republican Party; Segregation; Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. See, 84, 92, 103, 112, 117n, 120, 130, 137, 325–26, 326, 371, 420–27, 490, 672 Senate, United States; Supreme Estado Asociado (Free Associated 140, 142, 273, 275, 286n, 558 agriculture policy, 422–24 Court, United States. State). Continental Congress, 32, 745 committee assignments and, 7, 327, Civil Rights legislation, 328–29, 403, Communism. See, Cold War. Contract with America, 492, 592. See 420, 422–23, 477, 482 413, 422–23 Community Service Organization (CSO), also, Republican Party. Congressional Hispanic Caucus and, 8, See also, Appendix I: Constitutional 6, 338–39, 410, 412–13, 416n Contras, 519, 546, 548–49n, 564–65 357, 422, 482 Amendments, Treaties, and Major Compromise of 1850, 31, 36, 36, 40, 50, Cook, Schuble, 440 legislative interests, 329–30, 422–24, Acts of Congress Referenced in the 52, 53, 137, 752 Cooley, Harold Dunbar, 7, 426n 490–91 Text. Conaway, Michael, 588n Coolidge, Calvin, 5, 230, 250, 434 legislative style, 422, 424 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 329, 357, Condit, Gary, 630 Cooper, Henry, 162, 203, 207n, 213–14 Vietnam War and, 356 397n, 403 Congress of Mexican-American Unity, Coors, Pete, 648, 650 DE LUGO, Ron, 325–26, 328, 352–54, Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987, 414 CÓRDOVA DÁVILA, Felix, 5, 149–50, 353, 357, 358n, 371, 437, 462–71, 423 Congressional Asian Pacific American 157, 159–60, 164–66, 169, 175, 476, 478, 491, 503n, 560, 571–72 Civil Rights Movement, 7–8, 63n, 325, Caucus (CAPAC), 500n, 612, 659 175–76, 183n, 193, 233n, 246–53, de Onís, Luis, 25, 72 338–41, 344, 354, 357, 397n, 495, 598 Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), 414, 288, 291, 325, 409n, 434 De Rouen, René Louis, 226, 232n

INDEX H 757 de Santa Anna, Antonio López, 28, 28 Diaz-Balart, Rafael, 664 Vocational Education Act of 1963. initial reactions to, 349–51 Debs, Ernest, 417n Dillon, W. B., 241 veterans and, 606, 618, 689 opposition to. See, Statehood, Puerto Declaration of Independence, 202, 335 Discrimination, 36, 40, 51–54, 87n, 167, Edwards, T. Arthur, 229 Rico; Puerto Rico, independence Decolonization, 345, 349, 354, 383. See 180n, 197n, 264, 267n, 274, 318, 324, Eighteenth Amendment, 231, 234n, 256, and. also, Cold War. 330–34, 336, 341, 357, 393, 396n, 290. See also, Prohibition. support for, 160, 428, 430–31, 456, DeFino, Anthony, 700 402, 410, 415, 472, 525, 536, 592, Eisenhower, Dwight D., 275, 337, 351, 458–60, 495, 505n, 568, 571, DEGETAU, Federico, 5, 146, 149, 599, 670 354, 368, 390, 402 578–79, 620 152–53, 159–60, 162–63, 163, 168, hiring practices and, 274, 330, 334, El Salvador, foreign policy, 484, 545, 590 Estrada, Miguel, 486 193, 200–209, 210, 212, 214, 221 525–26 El Toro Wilderness, 636 Evans, Melvin, 466, 469n DeJongh, John, Jr., 470n immigration legislation, fears of, El Yunque, 623, 685 Executive Order 8802. See, Fair DeLay, Tom, 586, 588n, 607 332–33, 415, 444–45, 489–92, 565 Elections Employment Practices Committee. Delegate. See, Territorial Delegate. Territories, federal programs and, 291, 1932 election, 172, 272–73, 288, Dellums, Ronald V., 328, 418n, 505n, 382, 465, 559, 600 290–93, 300–301 F 573n See also, Hispanic-American Members 1940 election, 274, 284–85, 310, 374, Fair Employment Practices Commission Democratic Congressional Campaign of Congress, discrimination against. 380 (FEPC), 274, 334, 334 Committee (DCCC), 8, 479, 525–26, Disfranchisement, 2, 39, 148, 264, 324. 1960 election, 339, 339–40, 434 Fair Employment Practices Committee, 632, 685, 701 See also, Appendix K: Glossary. 1968 election, 353, 434, 436, 440, 334 Democratic National Committee, 273, poll tax, 56n, 324, 536. See also, 442, 494 Fajardo Cardona, Mateo, 212 462 Appendix I: Constitutional 1976 election, 394–95, 459–60, 475, Famadas, Nelson, 570 Democratic National Convention, 94, Amendments, Treaties, and Major 483, 510 Familial connections. See, Appendix 106n, 228, 339, 613 Acts of Congress Referenced in the 1982 election, 478, 490, 530 G: Hispanic-American Familial Democratic Party, 28–29, 39, 56n, Text. 1992 election, 7–8, 422, 476, 479, Connections in Congress; Hispanic- 67–69, 93, 120–21, 177, 190–91, 193, District of Columbia, 319, 439n, 559, 485, 495, 504n, 538, 565, 579, 582, American Members of Congress, 369, 371, 506–507, 509 612, 726n 590, 598, 606, 610, 658, 670, 676, characteristics. American South and, 280 Delegate, 44, 367n, 439n, 469n, 636 688, 690, 702 Farenthold, Blake, 539 Civil Rights movement and, 344 Dole, Robert, 465, 505n, 573n, 584 conventions and, 167, 185n, 339, 496 Farm Subsidy Administration (FSA), 177 Congressional Hispanic Caucus and, Dominican Republic, 153 Foraker Act and, 153–54, 161 Farrington, Joseph, 352 485 Donelson, , 29 See also, individual states; individual Fauntleroy, Thomas T., 115n Hispanic Americans and, 264, 267n, Dooley, Calvin M., 660 Hispanic-American Members of Fauntroy, Walter Edward, 469n 270, 324, 339–40, 344, 444 Dornan, Bob, 696 Congress; Apportionment and Fazio, Vic, 550 Hispanic representation and, 80–99, Dorr v. United States. See, Supreme redistricting; Contested elections; Federación Libre (Free Federation), 160, 140–45, 226–35, 270–87, 316–21, Court, United States. Democratic Party; Disfranchisement; 300 390–427, 448–55, 462–71, 516–55, Douglas, Stephen A., 24 Machine politics; Republican Party; Federación Libre de Trabajadores (Free 562–67, 604–19, 626–33, 644–51, Downes v. Bidwell. See, Supreme Court, Voting Rights. Federation of Laborers), 160, 300, 342 656–63, 666–79, 682–83, 686–87, United States. Elective Governor Act (Crawford–Butler Federación Regional de los Trabajadores 690–703 Dred Scott v. Sanford. See, Supreme Act), 7, 172, 325, 328, 345–47, 376, (Puerto Rican Federation of Laborers), See also, Hispanic American Democrats Court, United States. 383. See, Appendix I: Constitutional 300 (HAD); New Deal; New Mexico Dust Bowl, 168–69, 332, 524 Amendments, Treaties, and Major Acts Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Territory, party politics and. DuVal, William Pope, 72–73 of Congress Referenced in the Text. (FDIC), 170, 302, 405 Democratic Senatorial Campaign Elementary and Secondary Education Act Federal Election Commission (FEC), Committee (DSCC), 480, 677 E (ESEA) of 1965, 393, 431, 452 547n, 584, 587, 620 Democratic Steering and Policy East Harlem, , 312, 326, 342, Elizalde, Joaquin, 294n, 314n, 386n, Federal Emergency Management Agency Committee, 485, 564, 628, 632 344, 363n, 448. See also, New York, 580n (FEMA), 467 Democratic Study Group, 358n, 450 Hispanic representation. Elkins, Stephen B., 38, 52, 52, 54, 60n, Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Democratic Women’s Working Group, Economic policy. See, Central American 65n, 86, 89n, 116n, 124, 130, 197n Corporation, 404 628 Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA); Ellis Island, New York, 204 Fenton, Jack, 528, 532n Dempsey, John J., 274, 278n, 316, 320, Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC); Ellison, Samuel, 87–88n Fergusson, Harvey Butler, 194, 196, 392 Congressional Hispanic Caucus; Ely, Charles, 238 197n, 236, 238, 242n Department of Agriculture, United States, Congressional Hispanic Conference; Emigration. See, Puerto Rico, migration Fernández García, Benigno, 301 170, 177, 424 Cuba, United States trade with; Fair to mainland U.S. FERNÁNDEZ, Antonio M., 169, 193, Department of Labor, United States, Employment Practices Committee Endangered Species Act of 1973, 585 316–21, 327–28, 336, 338, 375, 390, 233n, 302, 333, 337, 466 (FEPC); Immigration; New Deal; England, 29, 298 395n, 425n, 445n, 481 Department of State, United States, 159, North American Free Trade Agreement Equal Employment Opportunity FERNÁNDEZ, Joachim Octave, 6, 149, 161, 170, 276, 333, 335, 542 (NAFTA). Commission (EEOC), 340, 747 168, 193, 280–87, 481 Department of the Interior, United Education policy Escobar, Tim, 695 FERNÓS-ISERN, Antonio, 294n, 310, States, 47, 172, 257, 329, 375, 392, bilingual education, 330, 340, 393, Estado Libre Asociado (Free Associated 314n, 327, 345, 371, 376, 380–89, 442, 465, 585 413, 452, 454, 481, 483, 486–89, State) 430, 434, 580n Department of War, United States, 164, 512–13, 528, 531, 564, 570, antecedents, 158–59, 310, 344–45, Estado Libre Asociado (Free Associated 172, 215, 274, 292–93 657, 665, 669. See also, Bilingual 375–76 State) and, 7, 324, 328, 345–47, Deutsch, Hermann B., 282 Education Act. creation of, 7, 180, 322, 324–25, 346, 349–52, 352, 364n, 380, Development, Relief, and Education for GI Bill of Rights and, 318, 528, 550, 328, 343, 345–49, 380, 383–85, 383–85 Alien Minors (DREAM) Act, 493, 559 428, 456, 458. See also, Appendix legislative style, 3 642, 683 legislation. See, Bilingual Education I: Constitutional Amendments, Puerto Rican migration and, 343, 343 DIAZ-BALART, Lincoln, 424, 476, Act; Development, Relief, and Treaties, and Major Acts of Congress Fillmore, Millard, 36, 92, 97n, 753 480, 480–81, 485–86, 492, 509, Education for Alien Minors Referenced in the Text. Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, 590–95, 665 (DREAM) Act; Elementary and effect on Office of Resident and Enforcement Act of 1989, 404 DIAZ-BALART, Mario, 476, 664–65 Secondary Education Act (ESEA); Commissioner, 351–54 Finley, Clifford, 607

758 H HISPANIC Americans in Congress First Federal Congress, 32 481, 483, 490–92, 491, 509, 516–21, 437, 462, 464–65, 478 in the U.S. House and Senate, First Jones Act, 157 545, 570, 698 commonwealth, 494, 559 1949–2012. Fitzgerald, William F., 412 Garfield, James A., 120, 123n education policy, 560, 613 discrimination and, 2, 40, 53, 163–65, FLORES, Bill, 705 Garfield, James R., 215 Hispanic representation, 556–61, 393, 396n, 410, 413, 472 Territory, Hispanic representation, Garner, John Nance, 272 610–15. See also, Appendix B: District of Columbia, experience in, 70–79. See also, Appendix B: Gatell, Manuel, 202, 207n Hispanic-American Representatives, 42–44, 148, 150–51, 327–28 Hispanic-American Representatives, Geether, Greenbury, 77n Senators, Delegates, and Resident early backgrounds of, 3, 34–36, 49–50, Senators, Delegates, and Resident , 25, 70, 76n Commissioners by State and 58n, 149–50, 475–76 Commissioners by State and Territory, Gephardt, Richard, 533n, 546 Territory, 1822–2012. education, 35, 149–50, 326 1822–2012. GI Bill of Rights, 318, 528, 550, 559 Organic Act of 1950, 556, 612 family and ethnic roots, 34–35, Florida, Hispanic representation, GI Forum, 338–40 Guarini, Frank J., Jr., 676, 700 149, 325, 476. See also, Appendix 590–95, 640–43, 664–65, 688–89, Giddings, Joshua, 29–30 Guerra, Miguel, 250 G: Hispanic-American Familial 706–707. See also, Appendix B: Gigante, Father Louis, 450 Guillory, Isom, 151 Connections in Congress. Hispanic-American Representatives, Gilbert, Ralph, 251 Gulf Coast, 25–26, 536, 642 interpreter and, 4, 22, 24, 41, 55n, 83 Senators, Delegates, and Resident Gingrich, Newt, 582 Gulf War, 406 language barrier, 164–65 Commissioners by State and Territory, Giuliani, Rudy, 453 GUTIERREZ, Luis V., 485, 670–71 leadership positions, 8–9, 478–81. 1822–2012. Glenn, John, 446n Guzman, Robert, 690 See also, Appendix F: Hispanic Flynn, Dennis, 198n Glenn, Otis F., 266 Americans in U.S. House Party Foley, Thomas, 408n, 423, 479, 525 Goldwater, Barry, 393 H Leadership Positions, 1987–2012. Font Saldaña, Jorge, 430, 596 Gómez Quiñones, Juan, 328, 338–40, H.J. Res. 149, 165–66, 253n legislative interests, 44–54, 148, Font, Manuel, 313, 374 396n Hall, Luther, 228 168–74, 328–29, 482–96 Foraker Act of 1900 (The Organic Act), Gómez, Laura, 42, 51, 61n, 65n, 98n Hamilton, Alexander, 74 legislative style, 3–8, 44–46, 148, 5, 146, 153–58, 160–61, 164, 184n, Gomez, Richard, 531 Hanna, Richard, 256 161–62, 328–29, 477–78. See 202–203, 205, 210, 212–214, 216n, Gompers, Samuel, 300 Harding, Warren G., 174, 174–76, 241, also, individual Hispanic-American 221, 246, 291, 300, 305n, 385. See Gonzalez v. Williams. See, Supreme 248–49, 257, 265, 434 Members of Congress. also, Appendix I: Constitutional Court, United States. Harrison, Benjamin, 122 military service. See, Military Service, Amendments, Treaties, and Major Acts GONZALEZ, Charles A., 400, 407, Harrison, William Henry, 33 Hispanic-American Members of of Congress Referenced in the Text. 666–67 Hartke, Jan, 444 Congress. Foraker, Joseph, 153, 154. See also, González, Elián, 593 Hartke, Vance, 444 pre-congressional careers and political Foraker Act of 1900. GONZÁLEZ, Henry B., 270, 322, 327, Hastert, J. Dennis, 480, 586, 592 experience, 34–36, 149–50, 180n, Ford Foundation, 341 371, 400–409, 562, 666 Hatch, Carl A., 274, 277n, 334 326, 475–76 Ford, Gerald R., 452, 466, 469n, 512, 692 Chicano movement and, 340–41, 341 Haugen, Gilbert N., 230, 233n See also, Congressional Hispanic Foreman, Ed, 409n, 442, 446n committee assignments, 7, 327, , 162, 171, 204, 302, 352, 378n. Caucus; Congressional Hispanic Fort Craig, 108 403–404, 477 See also, Statehood. Conference; Democratic Party; Fort Union, 108 Congressional Hispanic Caucus, 8, Hawaii v. Mankichi. See, Supreme Elections; Incumbency and seniority, Fort Wingate, 110, 115n 357, 403, 408n, 422, 484, 491, Court, United States. influence of; Republican Party; FORTUÑO, Luis G., 476, 504n, 509, 500n Hébert, F. Edward, 284–85, 286n Senate, United States; Surrogate 623, 634–39, 684 discrimination against, 402 Hefner, W. G. (Bill), 525 representation. Fountain Valley Massacre, 470n early background, 6, 325–26, 339–40, Henry, Guy V., 153, 200, 221 Hispanic-majority congressional districts. Fourteenth Amendment, 208n, 397. 400 Herbert, Hilary, 163 See, Apportionment and redistricting. See also, Appendix I: Constitutional González amendment, 404 Hernández Colón, Rafael, 568, 571–72, Hitler, Adolph, 283, 312 Amendments, Treaties, and Major Acts legislative interests, 394, 397n, 596, 598, 620 Hooper, Joseph, 251 of Congress Referenced in the Text. 403–406 HERNÁNDEZ, Benigno Cárdenas, 2, Hoover, Herbert, 164, 169, 274, 288, France, 25, 120, 152, 200, 214, 239, legislative style, 3, 329–30, 341, 341, 167, 193, 236–45, 258 291–93, 296n, 333, 434 376, 536, 745 400, 402–403, 406 HERNÁNDEZ, Joseph Marion, 1, 4, Hope, Bob, 522 Franqui, Victor Gutierrez, 346 Savings and Loan crisis, 404 22, 26, 33–34, 46–47, 49, 55n, 69, Hopi Indians, 319 Froebel, 200 Viva Kennedy clubs, 339–40, 339 70–79, 655 Houghton, Joab, 60n, 87–88n, 97n, 102 Fulmer, Hampton, 310, 314n González, Isabel, 204 HERRERA BEUTLER, Jaime, 705 House “Bank” scandal, 566, 582–83 Fuqua, Don, 446n Good Neighbor Policy, 172, 422 Hevesi, Alan, 453 House Border Caucus, 538 Fusco, Dominick A., 516 Goode, John, Jr., 402 Hickenlooper, John, 646 , 8, 162–63, FUSTER, Jaime B., 477–78, 478, 491, Gore, Al, 526, 549n HINOJOSA, Rubén, 672–73 221, 229, 408n, 418n, 423, 450, 495–96, 503n, 504n, 509, 568–75, Gorton, Slade, 446n Hispanic American Democrats (HAD), 464, 479, 481, 496, 505n, 578, 622, 576 Gossett, Ed, 312 512 636–37, 655, 658–59, 677, 701 Graham, Bob, 640 Hispanic Heritage Month, 744 House Office Building (Cannon), 150, G Graham, William, 444 Hispanic-American Members of 151 Gadsden Purchase, 30, 745 Grant, Ulysses S., 86, 117n Congress, characteristics House Republican Conference, 162–63, Gadsden, James, 74–75 Gray, William III, 480 committee assignments, 44–46, 168– 221, 358n, 437, 461n, 478, 480–81, GALLEGOS, José Manuel, 4, 22, 24, Great Depression, 168–73, 272, 280, 69, 327, 480–82. See also, Appendix 484, 496, 505n, 584, 585, 634, 636, 34–44, 39, 46, 49–50, 54, 55n, 58n, 288, 291–92, 301, 331, 332–33, 333, C: Hispanic-American Members’ 637n 60n, 62n, 64, 69, 80–89, 90, 92–93, 337, 342, 372, 400, 404, 456, 522, Committee Assignments (Standing, House Rules. See, Resident 96–98n, 102–103, 106n, 113, 117n, 550. See also, New Deal. Joint, Select) in the U.S. House Commissioner, right to vote in 140 Great Society, 403, 431 and Senate, 1822–2012; Appendix committee; Territorial Delegate, status García Méndez, Miguel Angel, 176, 303, Greeley, Horace, 51, 51 D: Hispanic Americans Who Have and rights of. 310 Greenspan, Alan, 408n Chaired Congressional Committees, House Territorial Caucus, 464, 478, 498n García, Felix, 265 GRIJALVA, Raúl M., 668–69 1881–2012; Appendix E: Hispanic- House Un-American Activities Garcia, Orlando, 609n Gruening, Ernest, 171–72, 186n American Chairs of Subcommittees Committee (HUAC), 335, 368n, 392, GARCIA, Robert, 474, 477, 477, 480, Guam, 5, 146, 152, 154, 203, 352, 368, of Standing and Select Committees 409n

INDEX H 759 Houston, Sam, 28, 28 Imperialism. See, Decolonization; 409n 701 Hubbell, Frank A., 240, 256–57, Manifest Destiny; Mexican-American Kerry, John, 644 Lloyd, Jim, 552 259–60n War; Spanish-American War; Treaty of Kiess, Edgar, 251 Long, Huey P., 149, 168, 280, 282–84, Hughes, Charles Evans, 240 Guadalupe Hidalgo; Treaty of Paris. Kilday, Paul, 402 285n, 286n Hull, Cordell, 310–11 Incumbency and Seniority, influence, Kilgore, Joe, 420 Long, Leonard, 366n Hull, John, 214 7–8, 33, 168–69, 221, 301, 327, King, Cecil, 465 López Antongiorgi, J. A., 303 Humphrey, Hubert, 547n 353–54, 357, 382, 475, 478, 481. See King, Martin Luther, Jr., 406, 518–19 Los Alamos National Laboratory, 444, Humphreys, Benjamin G., 175 also, Appendix D: Hispanic Americans King, William, 250 544, 675 Hurley, Patrick J., 274–75, 278n Who Have Chaired Congressional Koch, Ed, 452–53 Purchase, 25–26, 72. See Hurricanes Committees, 1881–2012; Appendix scandal, 395, 414 also, Appendix I: Constitutional Hugo (1989), 467, 471n E: Hispanic-American Chairs of Korean War, 354, 420, 516, 550, 556 Amendments, Treaties, and Major Acts Katrina (2005), 587n Subcommittees of Standing and Select Krebs, John, 660 of Congress Referenced in the Text. San Cipriano (1932), 164, 169, 292, Committees in the U.S. House and Krueger, J.W., 292–93, 296n Louisiana Territory, 22, 25, 72 301, 372 Senate, 1949–2012. Krug, Julius, 376 Louisiana, Hispanic representation, San Felipe (1928), 169, 372 Inouye, Daniel, 692 226–35, 280–87. See also, Appendix Hussein, Saddam, 406 Insular Cases, 5, 155–56, 158, 182n, L B: Hispanic-American Representatives, Hutchison, Kay Bailey, 585 250. See also, Supreme Court, United La Follette, Robert Marion, 273 Senators, Delegates, and Resident States. La Guardia, Fiorello Henry, 291 Commissioners by State and Territory, I Inter-Agency Cabinet Committee on La Raza Unida, 324, 341, 582 1822–2012. Ickes, Harold, 176, 310, 312 Mexican-American Affairs, 340 LABRADOR, Raúl R., 706 Lucero, Antonio J., 167, 256–57, 260n Idaho, Hispanic representation, 706. See Iran-Contra affair, 406, 565 Lagomarsino, Robert, 505n, 573n Luis, Juan, 465–66 also, Appendix B: Hispanic-American Lamy, John Baptiste, 80, 82–85, 87n, 92 LUJÁN, Ben Ray, 674–75 Representatives, Senators, Delegates, J Lane, William Carr, 60n, 82–83, 85, LUJÁN, Manuel, Jr., 10, 325, 327, 329, and Resident Commissioners by State Jackson, Alexander, 94, 127n 88n, 90 338, 357, 371, 390, 440–47, 484, and Territory, 1822–2012. Jackson, Andrew, 25, 28–29, 29, 47, 48, Lantos, Tom, 628 486, 489, 489–90, 491, 544 Iglesias, Manuel, 431 72–75 Larrazolo, Marie, 150 Luna, Melchior, 138, 139n IGLESIAS, Santiago, 3, 13, 149–50, Jackson, Paul, 553 LARRAZOLO, Octaviano A., 6, 114, LUNA, Tranquilino, 34, 39–40, 40, 152, 160, 164, 168, 170–74, 176, Jacobs, Andrew, 522 149, 150, 164, 166, 167, 180n, 193, 42, 45, 50, 61n, 64n, 69, 95–96, 99n, 186n, 193, 212, 290, 292–93, Javits, Jacob, 346, 365n 242n, 254, 262–69, 270 117n, 134–39, 140, 142, 144n, 197n, 298–307, 308, 313n, 342 Jefferson, Thomas, 25, 25, 50, 72 LARRÍNAGA, Tulio, 5, 5, 154, 160, 243–44n Illegal Immigration Reform and Jeffersonian Republican Party, Hispanic 163, 164, 193, 210–17, 221, 300 Lusk, Georgia Lee, 316, 320n Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, representation, 70–79 Las Gorras Blancas (the White Caps), Lynch, Mary, 455n 492, 592 Jesup, Thomas Sidney, 75–76, 78n 254, 259n , Hispanic representation, Jim Crow, 59n, 264, 331, 338, 492. See Latin America, foreign policy, 171–72, M 670–71. See also, Appendix B: also, Discrimination. 175, 225n, 250, 274, 278n, 311–12, Machebeuf, J. Projectus, 80, 82, 87n Hispanic-American Representatives, Johnson, Andrew, 52, 85, 105 339, 348, 354–55, 390, 413, 481, 484, Machine politics, 167, 236, 242n, 256, Senators, Delegates, and Resident Johnson, Hiram, 273 484, 489, 502n, 519, 538, 545, 550, 262, 264, 280, 282–84, 286n, 448, Commissioners by State and Territory, Johnson, Lyndon B., 7, 276, 340, 357, 562, 568, 579, 592, 677 466, 530, 532–33n. See also, Santa 1822–2012. 393–94, 397n, 402–403, 413, 420, Lau v. Nichols. See, Supreme Court, Fe Ring. Immigration 431, 525, 753 United States. Madison, James, 25, 25, 72 “Operation Wetback,” 338, 362n Johnston, J. Bennett, 468, 571–72 Lavery, Vincent, 524 Maestri, Robert, 284–85, 286n Depression and World War II era, Johnston, Olin, 348, 358n, 366n Lazaro, Elaine, 150, 226 Magellan, Ferdinand, 559 331–38 Jones, Andrieus A., 266, 270, 272 Lazaro, Eloise, 150, 226 Mahan, Alfred, 222 illegal immigration, 331, 336–38, 415, Jones, Ed, 423 LAZARO, Ladislas, 3, 3, 148, 148, Maloney, Paul, 282, 285 444–45, 489–93, 513, 538, 565, Jones, Sam H., 284–85 150–51, 164, 169, 193, 226–35 Manifest Destiny, 26–27, 31, 56n, 151. 618, 642, 650, 665, 686 Jones, Wesley L., 234n Leach, Jim, 407, 468 See also, Appendix K: Glossary. labor and, 331, 336–38, 415, 444–45, Jones, William A., 156, 156–57, 222–23 Leach, Wallace, 121 MANZANARES, Francisco Antonio, 466, 489–91, 513, 565, 642, 650 Jones-Shafroth Act. See, Second Jones Act League of United Latin American 38, 38–39, 45, 69, 117n, 137–38, legislation. See, Alien Adjustment and of 1917. Citizens (LULAC), 333, 338–40, 139n, 140–45, 197n, 259n Employment Act of 1977; Bracero Joseph, Antonio, 65n, 117n, 130, 144n, 362n, 475, 600 Marcantonio, Vito, 312, 315n, 344, 346, Program; Congressional Hispanic 254 Leahy, William B., 13, 176, 308, 310 347, 365n, 378n, 386n Caucus; Congressional Hispanic Juárez, Benito, 118, 262 Ledesma, Rick, 686 Marín y Solá, Ramón, 218 Conference; Hispanic-Americans in Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946, Martínez Nadal, Rafael, 290, 292, 296n Congress, legislative interests; Illegal K 275, 318, 327, 387n Martínez, Antonio José, 80, 82, 87n, 140 Immigration Reform and Immigrant Kahn, Julius, 241 Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970, MARTÍNEZ, Matthew G., 474, 477, Responsibility Act of 1996; Kapp, Harry, 229 325, 354, 437, 458 491, 509, 528–35, 552, 626, 628 Immigration Reform and Control Kazarian, Dennis S., 530 Legislative style. See, Hispanic-American MARTINEZ, Mel, 8, 472, 475, 475, Act of 1986; Simpson–Mazzoli Kazen, Abraham, 562 Members of Congress, characteristics; 477, 480, 482, 493, 497n, 509, legislation. Kean, Thomas, 700 Surrogate representation. 640–43, 650 See also, Insular cases. Kearny, Stephen W., 87–88n, 124 Lehman, Richard, 660 Martinez, Raul, 593 Immigration and Naturalization Service Keating, Charles, 409n Lemieux, George S., 642 Mathews, George, 72 (INS), 337, 593 Kemp, Jack, 519–20 Levy, David, 76 McAdoo, William, 53–54, 54 Immigration and Naturalization Act of Kennedy, Edward (Ted), 530, 544, 650 Lewis, John W., 228 McCain, John, 650 1954, 466 Kennedy, Jacqueline B., 339 Lewis, Meriwether, 25 McCarthy, Eugene, 337, 361n Immigration Reform and Control Act of Kennedy, John F., 276, 339, 339–40, Lincoln, Abraham, 37, 95, 98n, 100, McCarthy, Joseph R., 276, 355, 355 1986, 414–15, 491–92, 492, 565. See 348, 356, 357, 385, 392, 402, 406, 102–105, 107n, 115n, 424 McCarthy, Leo T., 532n also, Simpson–Mazzoli legislation. 408–409n, 412–13, 448, 522 Livable Communities Task Force, 622, McClellan, George B., 107n, 115n “Viva Kennedy” clubs, 339, 339–40,

760 H HISPANIC Americans in Congress McClory, Robert, 434 100, 108, 124, 134, 140, 273, 497n Nethercutt, George, 586 437, 440, 582 McCollum, Bill, 640 Mobile Act, 25, 77n Nevada, 22, 30, 120, 275, 302, 497n No Child Left Behind Act, 489, 502n, McCormack, John, 320, 403 Mondell, Frank, 163, 204, 239, 241, New Deal, 160, 168–71, 169, 176, 613 McDonald, A. J., 257 243n 177, 270, 273–75, 278n, 284, 302, Noe, James, 284 McDonald, William, 242n, 270 Mondragon, Roberto, 544, 547–48n 308, 327, 332, 405. See also, Civilian Norris, George, 273 McDonough, Gordon L., 412 Monroe Doctrine, 26, 103, 151 Conservation Corps (CCC); Fair North American Free Trade Agreement McFadden, Louis, 291 Monroe, James, 26, 34, 73–74, 77n Employment Practices Commission (NAFTA), 424, 483, 485, 493, 493, McFall, John, 414 Montoya, Frances, 256 (FEPC); Appendix K: Glossary. 531, 546, 554, 584, 593, 607, 683 McGovern, George, 337 MONTOYA, Joseph M., 7, 7–8, 320, New Frontier, 402–403 Northern Mariana Islands, 476, 478, 508, McInnis, Scott, 644 325–30, 330, 338, 340, 340–41, 355, New House Office Building (Longworth), 559–60, 613, 692–93, 726, 752–53 McKinley, William, 40, 90, 152, 152, 358n, 371, 390–99, 481, 542 351, 382, 386n Hispanic representation, 692–93. 154, 164, 194, 197n, 221, 300 MONTOYA, Néstor, 149–50, 167, 193, New Jersey, Hispanic representation, See also, Appendix B: Hispanic- McLemore, Jeff, 239 254–61 676–77, 700–701. See also, Appendix American Representatives, McNary, Charles, 230, 233n, 257, 260n Morris, Thomas, 440 B: Hispanic-American Representatives, Senators, Delegates, and Resident Mechem, Edwin L., 393, 396–97n Morrison, DeLesseps (Chep), 285 Senators, Delegates, and Resident Commissioners by State and Medicaid, 465, 532, 578, 598–99, 637, Morrow, John, 258 Commissioners by State and Territory, Territory, 1822–2012. 691, 753 Morse, F. Bradford, 542 1822–2012. Northwest Ordinance of 1787, 32, Medicare, 465, 598–99, 607, 623, Morton, Jackson, 76 New Mexico 32–33, 58n, 155. See, Appendix I: 636–37, 638n, 659, 677, 689, 753 Moseley, George Van Horn, 164, 293 American Indians and. See, American Constitutional Amendments, Treaties, Medina González, Julio, 301, 305n Muñocistas (Puerto Rico), 221 Indians. and Major Acts of Congress Referenced Meek, Carrie, 592 Muñoz Marín, Luis, 7, 149, 149, 160, civil rights and. See, Civil Rights. in the Text. Méndez, Miguel Angel García, 176, 303, 172, 172, 177, 218, 301, 303, 310–11, Hispanic representation, 236–45, Northwest Territory, 33, 50, 745 310 313, 326, 339, 345, 345, 346, 347, 254–79, 316–21, 390–99, NUNES, Devin, 480, 680–81 MENENDEZ, Robert, 8–9, 424, 477, 348, 349–52, 352, 364n, 366n, 372, 440–47, 542–49, 674–75. See also, Nunez, David, 553 479–80, 482, 485, 655, 676–77, 700 374–77, 377n, 380, 383–85, 386n, Appendix B: Hispanic-American Nye, Gerald P., 273 Mercer, Leroy, 462, 464 388n, 428, 430, 458, 576 Representatives, Senators, Delegates, Meriwether, David, 24, 83, 96n Muñoz Mendoza, Victoria, 576 and Resident Commissioners by O Mexican American Political Association MUÑOZ RIVERA, Luis, 3, 7, 148–50, State and Territory, 1822–2012. O’Connor, James, 282, 286n (MAPA), 339–40 152–53, 155, 157–58, 160, 162, “Little ” and, 261n O’Dwyer, William, 376 Mexican American Youth Organization 163–64, 172, 180, 181–82n, 193, 202, nominating conventions, 167, 185n O’Mahoney, Joseph, 365n (MAYO), 341 210, 218–25, 246, 248, 298, 300, Organic Act, 137 O’Neill, Thomas P., Jr. (Tip), 479, 490, Mexican Revolution, 239, 400 372, 374, 478 party politics and, 167, 236, 256, 262, 544 Mexican-American War, 24, 26, 28–30, Murdock, John, 347–48 272, 390, 392 O’Sullivan, John L., 56n, 753 34, 49–50, 80, 84, 90, 100, 103, 108, Murphy, John B., 282 statehood. See, Statehood, New Obama, Barack, 470n, 476, 476, 493, 118 Murray, James, 352 Mexico. 629, 642, 650, 659 Mexico, foreign policy, 3, 22, 24, 27–31, Mussolini, Benito, 312 New Mexico Territory Office of Price Administration, 176 34, 41–42, 47, 49–50, 56–57n, 340 “Little Texas” and, 196 Olmsted, Marlin, 213 immigration and, 330–33, 332, N American Indians and, 47–49 Operation Bootstrap, 345 335–38, 362n, 489, 492–93 NAFTA. See, North American Free Trade Civil War and, 37–38 Oregon, 26, 29, 48, 94 See also, Bracero program; Agreement (NAFTA). Hispanic representation, 80–117, 124– Organic Act of 1900 (Puerto Rico). See, Immigration; Mexican-American NAPOLITANO, Grace Flores, 555, 45, 194–99. See also, Appendix B: Foraker Act of 1900. War; North American Free Trade 678–79 Hispanic-American Representatives, Organic Act of 1950 (Guam), 556, 612. Agreement (NAFTA); Treaty of National Aeronautics and Space Senators, Delegates, and Resident See also, Appendix I: Constitutional Guadalupe Hidalgo. Administration (NASA), 444 Commissioners by State and Amendments, Treaties, and Major Acts Mexico-United States Interparliamentary National Association for the Territory, 1822–2012. of Congress Referenced in the Text. Group, 444 Advancement of Colored People land grants and, 46–47 Organization of American States (OAS), Mfume, Kweisi, 486, 487 (NAACP), 397n party politics and, 2, 30–31, 36–38, 349, 586 Miles, John E., 316 National Association of Latino 40–43, 52, 54, 65–66n, 86, 88n, Ortega, Daniel, 545–46, 549n, 565 Miles, Mike, 648 Democratic Officials (NALADO), 414 93-94, 100, 104, 107n, 124, 128. Ortiz, Santos, 571 Military service, Hispanic-American National Association of Latino Elected See also, Santa Fe Ring. ORTIZ, Solomon P., 474, 484–85, 485, Members of Congress, 440, 462, 536, and Appointed Officials (NALEO), slavery and. See, Slavery. 487, 488, 491–92, 509, 536–41, 565, 692 414 statehood and. See, Statehood, New 604 Civil War, 100, 102, 108, 110 National Commission on Space, 444, Mexico. Osceola, 75, 78n First Seminole War, 26 446n statutory representation, 33–34, 43–44 Osias, Camilo, 166, 251 Korean War and era, 420, 516, 550, National Council of La Raza, 414 New York, Hispanic representation, OTERO, Mariano Sabino, 35, 35, 37, 556, 562 National Democrats, 37, 84, 92, 94, 134 328, 448–55, 516–21, 698–99, 43–46, 50, 58n, 64n, 69, 128–33, Patriot War, 26, 72, 77n National Geographic, 165 702–703. See also, Appendix B: 137, 138n, 140, 149, 194, 197n Seminole Wars, 26, 47, 75–76 National Housing Trust, 405 Hispanic-American Representatives, Otero, Miguel A., Jr., 40, 40, 44, 59n, Vietnam War and era, 556, 604, 608, National Republican Congressional Senators, Delegates, and Resident 137, 139n, 194, 196, 197n, 273 656, 666, 686, 698 Committee (NRCC), 480, 681 Commissioners by State and Territory, OTERO, Miguel Antonio, 35–44, 39, World War I, 372 National Spanish-Speaking Coalition 1822–2012. 41–42, 51–52, 54, 61n, 64n, 69, World War II, 285, 410 Conference, 330 Nicaragua, 484, 519, 545–46, 548–49n, 83–85, 89n, 90–99, 100, 102, 106n, Miller, Clarence, 163, 437 National Youth Administration, 284 562, 564–65, 590, 592, 626 114n, 127n, 134, 136–37, 139, 194 Miller, George, 524–25 Navajo Indians, 38, 48, 63n, 102–105, Nine, Louis, 518 Otero-Warren, Adelina, 167, 258 Miller, Henry R., 122 107n, 108, 110, 114n, 115n, 319, 392, Nineteenth Amendment, 231, 248, 258, P Mills, Wilbur, 450 396n, 544 265 PACHECO, Romualdo, 3, 22, 22, 34– , 35, 51, 59n, 83, 89, 93–94, Negrón Lopez, Luis, 432 Nixon, Richard M., 355–56, 394, 398n, 36, 36, 39, 43, 45–47, 69, 118–23,

INDEX H 761 137, 139n, 232–33n Hispanic representation, 200–209, Relations Act), 347–50, 352, Racism. See, Discrimination. PAGÁN, Bolívar, 13, 149–50, 160, 288–97 384–85, 386n. See also, Appendix I: Ramirez, Ralph R., 530 161n, 165, 168, 170, 176, 176–77, Partido Socialista (Socialist Party), 160, Constitutional Amendments, Treaties, Ramos Antonini, Ernesto, 430 186n, 193, 292, 294n, 304, 306n, 161n, 246, 248, 252n, 290–93, and Major Acts of Congress Referenced Ramos, Domingo, Jr., 516 308–15, 374, 380, 386n, 580n 300–301, 305–306n, 308, 310, 313, in the Text. Ramos, Manuel, 451 Palacio de González, Romualdo, 200, 315n, 374 Pueblo Indians, 30, 30, 49, 60n, 83, 86, Rangel, Charles, 518, 520, 525 205n, 220 Partido Unificación Tripartita (Tripartite 108, 130, 257, 273, 329, 545 Rasmussen v. United States. See, Supreme Pan American Federation of Labor Unification Party), 310, 374 Pueblo Revolt of 1837, 108 Court, United States. (PAFL), 300, 303 Partido Unión Republicana (Republican Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act. See, Rayburn, Samuel, 284 Pan American Progressive Association Union Party), 160, 288, 290–93, 295n, Public Law 600. Reagan, Ronald W., 404, 406, 423, (PAPA), 6, 400 300–301, 305n, 308, 310, 313, 315n Puerto Rican Women’s Club, 382 442–45, 467–68, 481, 484, 484, 492, Panama Canal, 156, 157, 176, 213, 233n Hispanic Representation, 288–97 Puerto Rican Women’s Suffrage 500n, 513, 519–20, 525, 531, 544–46, Pangelinan, Vicente, 560 PASTOR, Ed, 9, 480, 485, 682–83 Association, 248 549n, 553, 558, 564–65, 567n, 590, Paredes, Quintin, 294n, 314n, 386n, Patman, Wright, 403 Puerto Rico, 151–59 640 580n Patricola, Paul M., 516 Commonwealth status. See, Estado Libre Reconstruction Finance Corporation Paria Capo, Ledo Francisco, 212 Patriot War, 26, 72, 77n Asociado (Free Associated State). (RFC), 170, 272, 291, 296n Park, Tongsun, 414 Patterakis, Chris, 524 continental governors of, 174–77 Redistricting. See, Apportionment and Parker, John, 229 Payne, Sereno, 153–54 education policy, 172, 202, 248–49, redistricting. Partido Acción Cristiana (Christian Pearl Harbor, 274, 284, 311 431–32, 512, 570, 598–99 Reily, E. Montgomery, 174, 174–76, 249 Action Party), 358n, 434 Pearson, Drew, 366n Great Depression and, 169–73 Rencher, Abraham, 115n Partido Agrícola Pura (Pure Agriculture Peonage, 49–52, 63–65n, 98n. See also, Hispanic representation, 200–25, Republican National Committee, 475, Party), 310 Slavery. 246–53, 288–15, 372–89, 428–39, 480, 634, 642. See also, Republican Partido Autonomista (Autonomist Party), Pepper, Claude, 7, 477, 688 456–61, 510–15, 568–81, 596–603, Party. 152–53, 218, 220 PEREA, Francisco, 34, 34–35, 39, 620–25, 634–39, 684–85. See also, Republican National Convention, 103, Partido de Unión (Union Party), 160, 48, 50, 54, 58n, 64n, 69, 85–86, Appendix B: Hispanic-American 106n, 138, 194, 236, 636 173, 193, 210, 212, 218–22, 246–50, 100–107, 108, 110–111, 115–16n, Representatives, Senators, Delegates, Republican Party, 67–69, 190–91, 344, 300 126, 149 and Resident Commissioners by 354, 369, 371, 488, 496, 506–507, Hispanic representation, 210–25, Perea, José Leandro, 100, 194, 197n State and Territory, 1822–2012. 509 246–53 PEREA, Pedro, 35, 108, 114, 128, 149, independence and, 158–60, 173–74, 1994 election, 403, 422, 480, 531, Partido Federal (Federal Party), 154, 160, 167–68, 193, 194–99 179, 202, 220–22, 224n, 246, 249, 585, 592 202, 206–207n, 210, 221, 300 Perez, George, 544, 547–48n 301–303, 310, 312–13, 344–46, Congressional Hispanic Caucus and, Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño Perkins, Carl, 452 347, 349, 350–51, 374–75, 378n, 475, 483, 486, 490 (Independence Party), 367n, 568 Perot, Ross, 584 380, 431, 451, 568, 571, 634, 636. Congressional Hispanic Conference Partido Liberal (Liberal Party), 153, 160, Pershing, John J., 239 See also, Estado Libre Asociado (Free and, 8, 486, 497, 593, 636, 172–73, 210, 218, 220, 224n, 290–92, PESQUERA, José Lorenzo, 149, 160, Associated State); Statehood, Puerto 665, 681. See also, Appendix H: 296n, 301–303, 305n, 310, 313, 315n, 164–65, 169, 193, 288–97, 305n, Rico. Congressional Hispanic Caucus and 372, 374, 596 313n, 386n, 580n migration to mainland U.S., 342–44, Congressional Hispanic Conference Partido Nacionalista (Nationalist Party), Pettis, Solomon N., 112, 116n 363n Chairmen and Chairwomen, 160, 173–74, 301, 305n, 344, 350–51, Phelps, John Smith, 22, 24 plebiscites in, 173, 303, 306n, 313, 1976–2012. 384 Philippines, 5, 58n, 146, 146, 152, 154, 346–47, 350, 353, 375–76, 378n, contested elections and, 38–40 Partido Nuevo Progresista (New 155, 159, 166, 171, 174, 183n, 203, 383–85, 431, 436, 495–96, 505n, Hispanic representation and, 100–39, Progressive Party, or PNP), 353, 371, 212, 251, 294n, 302, 314n, 318, 386n, 512, 571–72, 579, 620, 624n, 636, 194–99, 236–45, 254–69, 440–47, 431–32, 434, 436–37, 458, 460, 580n 685, 699 480, 528–35, 556–61, 582–95, 494–96, 504n, 509–10, 512–13, 568, Pierce, Franklin, 36, 51, 96n, 138n section 936 and, 494–95, 504n, 576, 637n, 640–43, 664–65, 680–81, 571, 576, 579, 596, 598, 600, 622–23, PIERLUISI, Pedro, 504n, 684–85 578–79, 580n, 599, 601n 688–89, 704–707 634, 637n, 684. See also, Statehood, PIÑERO, Jesús T., 6, 6, 160, 171, Spanish rule in, 152–53, 203–204, See also, Santa Fe Ring; New Mexico Puerto Rico. 172, 187n, 313, 345, 345, 352, 371, 208n, 212, 220, 298, 349 Territory, party politics. Hispanic representation, 358n, 434–39, 372–79, 380, 382, 434 statehood. See, Statehood, Puerto Rico. Republican Policy Committee, 480, 592 510–15, 596–603, 634–39, 684–85 Plan Chardón, 172, 187n United States citizenship, 5, 154–59, Resident Commissioner, 200–25, Partido Popular (Popular Party), 254, 256 Pleasant, Rufus, 229 158, 163–64, 200, 202–205, 208n, 246–53, 288–15, 372–89, 428–39, Partido Popular Democrático (Popular Poage, William, 312, 314n 213–14, 222–23, 224–25n, 251, 456–61, 510–15, 568–81, 596–603, Democratic Party, or PPD), 160, 177, POLANCO-ABREU, Santiago, 326, 253n, 290, 298, 342–43, 353, 620–25, 634–39, 684–85 180, 310–11, 313, 326, 343, 345–46, 352, 356, 367n, 371, 428–33 375–76, 378n, 620, 636 appointment of, 294n, 313n, 576, 578 350, 352–53, 371–72, 374–75, 379n, Political Association of Spanish-Speaking Puerto Rico Reconstruction changing role of, 2–3, 5, 7, 148, 223, 380, 382–83, 385, 388n, 428, 430–32, Organizations (PASSO), 339, 420 Administration, 172, 372 325, 352–54 434, 436–38, 456, 458, 460n, 494–96, Political machines. See, Machine politics. Puerto Rico U.S.A. Foundation, 572 committee assignments and, 162, 504n, 510, 568, 570, 576, 578–79, Polk, James K., 28–31, 29, 30 Pujo, Arsène, 228, 232n 168–69, 221, 301, 354 596, 600, 601n, 620, 622, 634, 637n, Poll tax. See, Disfranchisement. Putnam, Otis, 228 Commonwealth status and, 345–49, 684. See also, Estado Libre Asociado Poore, Benjamin Perley, 42, 43 346, 351–52 (Free Associated State). Pope Pius IX, 80, 87n R creation of. See, Foraker Act. Hispanic representation, 372–89, Post, Regis H., 156, 215, 216n Race, 331, 334, 397n, 689 discrimination against, 163–64 428–33, 456–61, 568–81, 620–25 Potter, Clarkson, 123n continental expansion and, 31, 52, 54 incumbency and, 168–69, 327, Partido Renovación Puertorriqueña Prats, Roberto, 634, 636 elections and, 39–42, 111, 136, 196, 353–54 (Puerto Rican Renewal Party), 568, 570 Prince, L. Bradford, 117n, 144n 238, 264 language barrier and, 164–65 Partido Republicano (Republican Party, Procaccino, Mario, 450 Puerto Rico and, 163, 175 legislative interests, 158–59, 164, Puerto Rico), 160, 205, 206n, 221, Prohibition, 231, 256, 272, 290 See also, Discrimination; Segregation; 169–74, 1346 248, 288, 300 Public Law 600 (Puerto Rican Federal Civil Rights. legislative style, 5, 148, 159, 161–63

762 H HISPANIC Americans in Congress right to vote in committee, 353–54, 503n confirmations and, 37, 95, 376, 445, State constitutional conventions. See, 437 legislative interests, 329, 394, 412–15, 546, 629, 640, 650 Statehood. right to vote in the Committee of the 489–92 elections, 26, 76, 78n, 166, 266, 273– Statehood Whole, 478, 496, 598, 636–37 legislative style, 3, 6, 412–14 74, 328, 393, 640, 648, 650, 677 Florida, 47, 70, 74, 76, 77n See also, Elective Governor Act; Jones- surrogate representation and, 328, Puerto Rico and, 153–55, 161, Hawaii, 154, 385, 636 Costigan Act of 1934; Legislative 412, 414 173–74, 222, 250–51, 291, 322, New Mexico, 39, 50–54, 60n, 65n, 85, Reorganization Act of 1970; Second Meeting of 1971, 329–30, 330 375–76, 459 87n, 90, 93–94, 97–98n, 102, 108, Jones Act. Vietnam War and, 355, 413 treaties and, 27–28, 29, 30, 31, 50, 111–13, 134, 142, 194, 196, 198n, Resolution Funding Corporation (RFC), Viva Kennedy Clubs and, 339, 339–40 51, 72 264, 267n 404 ROYBAL-ALLARD, Lucille, 409n, 415, Senators, Hispanic-American, 262–79, Puerto Rico, post-Estado Libre Reuther, Walter, 550 476, 487, 690–91 390–99, 640–43, 648–51, 676–77, Asociado (Free Associated State), REYES, Silvestre, 686–87 RUBIO, Marco, 482, 707 707 353, 385, 431, 434, 436, 451, 458, Richards, John K., 204 Rynerson, William L., 117n, 144n Seniority. See, Incumbency and seniority. 486, 494–95, 505n, 510, 512, 568, RICHARDSON, Bill, 8–9, 443, 446n, SERRANO, José E., 481, 485–86, 487, 571–72, 573n, 576, 579, 596–600, 474, 477, 480, 480, 483–85, 490–91, S 698–99 620, 622, 623, 634–36, 637n, 684 491, 493, 509, 542–49, 565, 608 SABLAN, Gregorio Kilili Camacho, Servicemen’s Readjustment Act. See, GI Puerto Rico, pre-Estado Libre Asociado Richardson, G. A., 241 476, 692–93 Bill of Rights. (Free Associated State), 161, 164, Richardson, William A., 24, 24 Sagasta, Praxedes M., 220 Seven Years’ War, 70 202–203, 206n, 221–23, 246, Riggs, E. Francis, 173, 302 Salazar, E. H., 254 Seventeenth Amendment, 78n 248–50, 298, 301, 301–303, 308, Rios, Cancel, 386 SALAZAR, John, 476, 509, 644–47, Seward, William Henry, 95, 103, 106n 345–46, 349–50 Rios, José, 352, 367n 650 Sheldon, Lionel, 46, 144n United States Virgin Islands, 352–53 Ritchie, Thomas, 31 SALAZAR, Ken, 8, 415, 476, 476–77, Shipstead, Henrik, 273 Statutory Representation. See, Resident RIVERA, David, 706 482, 493, 504n, 509, 646, 648–51 Sibley, Henry L., 60n, 85, 95, 108 Commissioner; Territorial Delegate. Roberts, John G., 650 Salinas de Gortari, Carlos, 493, 546 Simms, Albert G., 272, 442 Steiger, William, 437 Robertson, Alice, 258, 261n Salpointe, John B., 262 Simpson–Mazzoli legislation, 486, Stevenson, Adlai E., 516 Rodey, Bernard S., 267n Sánchez Vilella, Roberto, 432 490–91. See also, Immigration. Stokes, Louis, 409n RODRIGUEZ, Ciro D., 509, 586, Sanchez, Jose Luis, 686 SIRES, Albio, 700–701 Stolen Valor Act of 2006, 646 616–19, 662 SÁNCHEZ, Linda T., 476, 694–95 Sisk, Bernie, 522, 524, 660 String, Jack, 282 Rodriguez, Eugene, 516, 521n SANCHEZ, Loretta, 476, 696–97 Slatter, David, 606 Sugar Act of 1934 (Jones–Costigan Act), Rodríguez, Juan, 204 Sanchez, Manuel, 138 Slavery, 26–30, 36, 49–52, 64–65n, 72, 170–71, 186n, 302, 372, 382, 422 Rodriguez, Lindsey, 420 Sanders, Jared Y., Jr., 283 84, 90, 94, 98n, 106–107n, 118, 134, Sullivan, Joe, 586 Romer, Roy, 648 Sandinista, 545–46, 549n, 564–65 264 Supreme Court, United States Romero, Miguel, 124 Santa Fe Ring, 35, 38, 38, 44, 47, 52–54, Small Business Job Protection Act of Balzac v. Porto Rico, 155, 251 ROMERO, Trinidad, 43, 43, 69, 60n, 86, 113, 124, 130, 139n, 140, 1996, 495, 599 Dorr v. United States, 155 124–27 143, 144n, 194, 238 Smaragdas, George, 450, 454n Downes v. Bidwell, 151, 155–56 Romero, Vicente, 112, 116n Santa Fe Trail, 35, 59n, 100, 124, 254 Smith, Lamar, 604 Dred Scott v. Sanford, 94 ROMERO-BARCELÓ, Carlos A., 476, Schmitt, Harrison (Jack), 395 Smith, William L., 32 Gonzalez v. Williams, 204–205 478, 494–95, 495, 504n, 509, 568, Schneider, George, 464 Social Security legislation, 170, 273, Hawaii v. Mankichi, 204 579, 596–603, 620, 622, 634 Second Jones Act of 1917 (Jones– 277n, 302, 382, 392, 415, 431, 451, Lau v. Nichols, 488 Romulo, Carlos, 294n, 314n, 386n, 580n Shafroth Act), 156–58, 162–63, 465, 492, 512, 530, 606, 659, 677, Rasmussen v. United States, 155 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 169, 170–72, 170, 174–75, 218, 222–23, 246, 691 Surrogate representation, 2, 4, 6, 16n, 177, 272–74, 284, 286n, 292–93, 248–49, 251, 252n, 290–291, 294n, Solarz, Stephen, 702 148, 178–80, 254, 412, 477. See 301–302, 310–12, 333–334, 336 302, 308, 312, 313n, 325, 342, 345, SOLIS, Hilda L., 476, 509, 532, 626–29 also, Hispanic-American Members of Roosevelt, Theodore (Teddy), 134, 348–49, 383, 385, 386n, 580n. See Solis, Juan, 616 Congress, characteristics; Congressional 212–15, 216n, 234n, 300 also, Appendix I: Constitutional South America, foreign policy, 250, 311, Hispanic Caucus; Congressional Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr., 174 Amendments, Treaties, and Major Acts 348, 348, 489 Hispanic Conference. Root, Elihu, 163, 214 of Congress Referenced in the Text. Southern Pacific Railroad, 47, 94–95, Susoni Lens, Esteban, 428 ROS-LEHTINEN, Ileana, 7, 422, 424, Second Spanish Period (1783–1821), 70 99n, 121 Sutherland, William A., 316 477, 482, 484, 486, 592–93, 628, 655, Segregation, 2, 148, 324, 331–33, 338, Souto, Javier, 590 Sutton, Percy, 452 659, 688–89 339–40, 362n, 400, 402–403. Spain, foreign policy. See, Adams–Onís Swift, Zephaniah, 32 Rosado, Hiram, 173 Seminole Indians, 34, 47, 72–76 (Transcontinental) Treaty; Spanish- Swing, Joseph, 338 Rosselló, Pedro, 571, 634, 637n First Seminole War, 25–26, 72–73 American War; Treaty of Paris. Swope, Guy, 177, 311 Rostenkowski, Daniel, 493, 520, 552, Second Seminole War, 26, 48, 75–76 Spanish-American War, 5, 22, 25, 55, 601n Sena, José D., 86, 113 56n, 134, 146, 152–53, 164–65, 168, T Rough Riders, 134 Senate, United States, 16n, 29, 29, 200, 241, 298, 349, 380, 428, 612. Taft, Robert, 334 Rousselot, John H., 530–31 32–33, 36, 53, 54, 73–74, 164, 231, See also, Appendix I: Constitutional Taft, William Howard, 4, 156 Rove, Karl, 586 241, 274, 318–19, 329, 334–35, 354, Amendments, Treaties, and Major Acts Tappan, Benjamin, 28 ROYBAL, Edward R., 371, 409n, 452, 454n, 479-80, 490, 493, 650. See of Congress Referenced in the Text; TEJEDA, Frank, 509, 604–609, 616 410–19, 476, 552, 658, 690 also, Senators, Hispanic-American. Treaty of Paris. Tenorio, Pete A., 692 committee assignments, 7, 413–15, appointment of Hispanic Americans to, Spearing, James Z., 232 Territorial Delegate, 26, 34, 38, 39, 480–82, 482, 499n 8, 233n, 273, 477, 479, 655, 677, Spitaleri, Paul, 516 70–117, 124–45, 194–99, 462–71, Congressional Hispanic Caucus and, 700 Spooner, John C., 154, 154, 161 556–61, 610–15, 692–93 8, 357, 413–14, 422, 483, 489–90, committees, 6–7, 47, 54, 64–65n, Sprague, Richard A., 406, 409n committee assignments, 33, 44–46, 490–91, 545 98n, 163, 168, 169, 177–78, 178, St. Germain, Fernand J., 404 137, 142, 168–69, 327–28, 481–82 early background, 6, 326, 326–27, 188n, 210–13, 248, 250, 274–75, Stalin, Joseph, 283 creation of, 32–34, 352–53, 367n 338–39, 338–40 303, 327, 348, 353–54, 465, 468, Stanford, Leland, 118 legislative interests, 44–54, 168, 481, 494 immigration and, 414–15, 489–92, 480–82, 542, 547n, 571–72, 578 Stanton, Frederick P., 24 legislative style, 33–34, 162–63, 478,

INDEX H 763 496 Committee (HUAC). Amendments, Treaties, and Major Acts 380, 382–83, 403, 415, 444, 468, status and rights of, 2–5, 22, 24, Unconditional Party, 210 of Congress Referenced in the Text. 614n, 668. See also, Military service, 33–34, 44–45, 61n, 168–69, 184n, Underhill, Charles Lee, 251 Hispanic-American Members of 352–54, 478, 496, 598, 636, 638n Underwood, Oscar, 229 W Congress. Texas UNDERWOOD, Robert A., 468, 476, Wagner, Robert F., 292 Wright, Hendrick, 24 annexation, 26–29, 29 478, 496, 500n, 509, 560, 610–15 Wagner, Robert, Jr., 448, 450 Wright, Herbert, 178 Hispanic representation, 400–409, Unidos Meeting of 1971, 329–30 Walcher, Greg, 644 Wright, Jim, 522 420–27, 536–41, 562–67, 582–89, Union Party, 105, 110, 118 Walker, Johnny, 442 604–609, 616–19, 662–63, 666–67, United Farm Workers, 340, 340 Walton, William, 240, 243n Y 672–73, 686–87, 704–705. See also, United Nations, 345, 347, 349, 355, 384, Wamp, Zack, 586 Yarborough, Ralph, 393–94, 397n Appendix B: Hispanic-American 392, 468, 546 War of 1812, 25, 48, 283 Z Representatives, Senators, Delegates, United Nations’ Educational, War with Mexico. See, Mexican-American Zioncheck, Marion, 187n and Resident Commissioners by Scientific, and Cultural Organization War. Zubiría y Escalante, Antonio, 80 State and Territory, 1822–2012. (UNESCO), 458, 552 Warren Commission, 406 Texas and New Mexico Act. See, United States Virgin Islands Washington, D.C. See, District of Appendix I: Constitutional Hispanic representation, 462–471. Columbia. Amendments, Treaties, and Major Acts See also, Appendix B: Hispanic- Washington, Hispanic representation, of Congress Referenced in the Text. American Representatives, 705. See also, Appendix B: Thirteenth Amendment, 52, 52 Senators, Delegates, and Resident Hispanic-American Representatives, Thornburgh, Dick, 582 Commissioners by State and Senators, Delegates, and Resident Tingley, Clyde, 273, 278n Territory, 1822–2012. Commissioners by State and Territory, Tipton, Scott, 646 Organic Act, 375, 469n 1822–2012. Todd, Roberto, 212 United States-Puerto Rico Commission , 398n, 406, 418n, 452, Tompkins, Daniel D., 73 on the Status of Puerto Rico, 385 479, 552 Torres, Arcy, 549n Upham, William, 57n Watt, James G., 442–43 Torres, Art, 626 Upshur, Abel, 28 Watts, John S., 103, 107n, 115n TORRES, Esteban Edward, 474, 480, Waxman, Henry, 552 480, 485, 491, 491, 509, 550–55, V Weaver, Jim, 423 565, 678 Valdez, Pedro, 126, 127n Webster, Daniel, 30, 53 Torres, Frank, 560 Valdez, Robert, 316 Webster, William, 406 Towner, Horace M., 175, 176, 223, Valenzuela, Fernando, 530 Wedtech scandal, 516, 520 224n, 248–250, 253n Valles, Domingo, 114 Weightman, Richard H., 60n, 82, Towns, Edolphus, 702 Vallone, Peter, 450 87–88n, 97–98n Travis, William, 28 Valverde, battle of, 37, 85, 108 Welfare policy, 170, 332, 424, 438, 458, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848, Van Buren, Martin, 28 466, 485–86, 492, 513, 592, 658 30–31, 31, 41, 48, 57–58n, 61n, Vandenberg, Arthur, 177 Westcott, James D., 76 80, 82, 84, 92, 118, 136. See also, VELÁZQUEZ, Nydia M., 485, 485, Whig Party, 28–30, 37, 49, 57n, 59n, 67, Mexican-American War; Appendix I: 702–703 76, 92, 97n, 138n Constitutional Amendments, Treaties, Velez, Ramon, 450, 452, 518 White, James, 32–33 and Major Acts of Congress Referenced Victoria, Manuel, 118 White, Joseph M., 74–75 in the Text. Vieques, 456, 494, 504n, 600, 622, 699, Wickard, Claude, 310 Treaty of Moultrie Creek, 34, 74 703 Williams, Guinn, 250 Treaty of Paris, 152, 165, 200, 204. Viera-Martinez, Angel, 570 Willoughby, William F., 216n See also, Appendix I: Constitutional Vietnam War, 335–36, 355–56, 394, Wilmot Proviso, 50, 51 Amendments, Treaties, and Major Acts 413, 464, 556, 558, 604, 608, 656, Wilmot, David, 50, 51 of Congress Referenced in the Text; 686, 689. See also, Military service, Wilson, Charles H., 414 Spanish-American War. Hispanic-American Members of Wilson, Francis C., 238 Trimble, South, 150 Congress. Wilson, Henry, 52 Trosclair, J. P., 151 Villa, Francisco (Pancho), 239, 265 Wilson, John F., 198 Truman, Harry S., 6, 187n, 276, 319, Vinson, Carl, 283, 286n Wilson, Woodrow, 148, 156, 158, 217n, 335, 337, 345, 345, 347, 349–51, 354, Virgin Islands Nonimmigrants Alien 222, 226, 228, 239–40, 242n, 246, 372, 375–76, 378n, 383–84, 556 Adjustment Act of 1982, 466–67 265 Tugwell, Rexford Guy, 169, 171, 171, Vocational Education Act of 1963, 392 Windom, William, 103 176, 176–79, 311–13, 374, 376, 383 Volcker, Paul, 405 Winthrop, Robert, 26 Tydings, Millard, 160, 173, 173–74, 248, Volgy, Tom, 682 Won Pat, Antonio, 464, 467, 469n, 556, 302–303, 375 Voter registration drives, 324, 338, 340, 558–60, 613 Tyler, John, 28, 29 342, 410, 414, 483, 498n, 512 Wood, John, 348 Voting rights, 231, 248, 264, 402, Wood, John W., 406 U 486–87, 489, 606 Works Progress Administration (WPA), U.S.-Mexican War. See, Mexican- Voting Rights Act of 1965, 329, 357, 273, 284 American War. 423, 474, 487, 536, 586, 618. World War I, 156, 157, 170, 221–22, U.S.S. Maine, 152, 152, 181n, 220 Appendix I: Constitutional 230, 239–41, 250, 256–57, 265, 282. Ubarri, Pablo, 210 Amendments, Treaties, and Major Acts See also, Military service, Hispanic- Udall, Morris, 443, 682 of Congress Referenced in the Text. American Members of Congress. Udall, Tom, 544, 547–48n, 674 Voting Rights Language Assistance World War II, 2–3, 55, 148, 168, Un-American Activities Commitee. Act of 1992, 484–85, 485, 487, 180, 233n, 274–75, 283, 308, 311, See, House Un-American Activities 698–99. Appendix I: Constitutional 318, 324, 333–35, 335, 357, 375,

764 H HISPANIC Americans in Congress