DOCUMENT RESUME
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AUTHOR Okerson, Ann, Ed.; Mogge, Dru, Ed. TITLE Gateways. Gatekeepres, and Roles in the Information Omniverse. Proceedings of the Symposium of the Association of Research Li.braries and Association of Amer:can University Presses (3rd, Washington, D.C., November 13-15, 1993). INSTITUT:ON Association of American Univ. Presses, New York, NY.; Association of Research Libraries, Washington, D.C. REPORT NO ISBN-0-018006-73-2 PUB DATE Feb 94 NOTE -,,b. AVAILkBLE FROM Association of Research 1,ibraries, Office of Scientific and Academic Publishing, 21 Dupont Circle, Suite 800. Washington, DC 20036. PUB TYPE Collected Works Conference Proceedings (02:)
EDRS PR:CE MFOI/PC08 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Academic Libraries; Communication (Thought Transfer); Computer Uses in Education; Copyrights; 'Electronic Publishing; Faculty Publishing; Futures (of Society); Higher Education; *Information Networ!F.s; Preservation; Professional Associations; *Publishing Industry; Research Libraries; *Technological Advancement IDENTIFIERS Association of Research Libraries; Electronic Books; Electronic Journals; *Information Age; Scholarly Communication; *University Presses; Virtual Libraries
ABSTRACT This volume contains the proceedings of the third joint symposium of the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) and the Association of American University Presses (AAUP). The following papers were presented': "Opening Reuarks for the ARL-AAUP Symposium" (Lisa Freeman); the keynote address. "We're All in this Together, Aren't We?" (Bruce Sterling); "The Library as Mind" (D. Kaye Gapen); "The Virtual Library; an Index Whose Time Has Passed" (James J. O'Donnell; "Historical Visions and Modern Revisions of Virtual Knowledge" (Eugene Vance); "Digital Preservation, Restoration, and Dissemination of Medieval Manuscripts" (Kevin Kiernan); "Chaucer in 2001" (Mary Wack) ;"Gatekeepers of Memory: Issues in the Chinese Efforts to Organize Their Textual Legacy" (Mi.chael Fuller); "Gate-Keeping A Garden of Etext Delights: Electronic Texts and the Humanities at the University of Virginia" (David Seaman); "Image Use in Art-Historical Practice" (Michael Ester); "The Economics of Electronic Publishing: Some Preliminary Thoughts" (Colin Day): "Fighting Infotainment: The Nonprofit Sector's Responsibility in an Online World" (Michael Jensen); "Will it Scale Up? Thoughts ABout Intellectual Access in the Electronic Networks" (David Blair): "Copyright" (Peter GivIer) ;"The Role of Subsidiary Rights in Scholarly Communication" (Janet Fisher); "Repertory Licensing in a University Environment" (Isabella Hinds); "Why are There Still Lines at the Teller Windows? Copying With the Information Revolution on Campus" (David Hoekema); and "Redesigning, Not Reinventing, Encyclopaedia Britannica" (Joseph J. Esposito). Ten project reports aro followed by a summary of the symposium by Jinnie Davis and a description of a tour of the University of Virginia library by Karen Marshall, OW u 0114fterTIWINT IIIROCATIOM ro. 4....armyrrv skarerr and ...rtreerIONO. * A T'ONA. 04SOUSICtS '000.16Ar10.11 C-104qP/11.1.il 'la .40 MOW. 411PKWILaS el 111C Of belle .4 pow. crrev..retwA ,,niov*v I. Nio. NB. Mor ..4.20 OVOdta 1./Y, - - p'. 1. Ve,4 i/Ox .4 , "4, ".1K01411T 10. poo -sc ppm.
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atewdys, Ciatekeepers, and Roles in theInformation Omniverse I in ProceedinRs from the Third Symposium
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tIEST COPY AVAIMOLL Association of Research Libraries Association of American University Presses
In collaboration with lhe University of 'irginia ihe National Science Foundation
Gateways, Gatekeepers, and Roles in the Information Omniverse
Proceedings of the Third Symposium
Ann Okerson & Dru Mogge, Editors
November 1115, 1g93 Ihe Washington Vistalittel Washington, DC
Researt.h 1ihr.iries )trititL1icntiti, and Ai adernik. Publishing \\',Ishim;toii, DC ebtuarv 1'401 ISBN0-9180()0,-71-2
Copyright Notice
The papers in these Proceedings are copyrighted by their authors. The compilation of these Proceedings is copynghted by the ARL.
According to the Fair Use Provisions of the Copyright Act of the United States, non-systematic copying may be done for personal use, study, educational, or research purposes.
Any and all permissions for copying of these papers, beyond Fair Use, must be requested from the authors. For their affihations and addresses, sec the Registrants list in the back of this hook
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Credits
The image on the coi.er is reproduced from a photograph supplied by Stanford University Libraries' Special Collections Department, with their permission"God of Love Shoots the Lover" is taken trom The lVorks GeoffreyChaucer,Kelmscott Press, 1896.p. 2ri1 .It was part of the presentation -Chaucer in 2001" by Mary Wack +paper published in this collection)
AS'Ait ta hon of Research I ibranes iftn e of St lentil k and Academic Publishing 21 Dupont Circle, Suite 8(X) l'Vashingtim. -.'i)4111,
\ssociation ot Res-cart h I thrarit-- 1Q04
Iltis bo,,k is printed a id trey parcr and the o yr is pnnted on ph neutral stot k Table of Contents Scholarly Publishing on the Electronic Networks Proceedings of the Third SymposiuM
oreword Ann (
PAPf RS PRFSINTUD
Opening Remarks for the ARE-AAUP Symposium isa Freeman
KENNOTE: We're All In this Together, Aren't We? Bruce Sterling
The Library as Mind P Kase Capp
The Virtual Library; An Idea Whose Time Has Passed 11) 1arnes I 0 Donnell
/1/..11 VA! ISTS' PAN! 1
Historical Visions and Modern Revisions of Virtual Knowledge Eugene Vance
Digital Preservation, Restoration, and DissenUnation of Medieval Manuscripts Ise% In Kiernan
Chaucer in 2001 Mary Wat k
Gatekeepers of Memory: Issues in the Chinese Efforts to Organire Their Textual Legacy ccr hael
Gate-Keeping A Garden of Hest Delights: Hectronic Texts and the Humanities at the University of Virginia >as itt twarnan 1111111SIIING itii
Image L'se in Art -Historical Practice 71 Michael Ester
Me Economics of Electronic Publishing: Some Preliminary Thoughts ( ohn Day
I ighting Infotainment: The Nonprofit Sector's Responsibility in an Online World whaei lensen
Will it Scale Up? Thoughts About Intellet tual Acce..s in the I ledronic Networks Pa% id Blair COPYING AND COP) RIGHT ISSUI
Copyright Peter ler
Me Role of Subsidiary Rights in Scholarly Communication 103 Ia net Fisher
Repertory Licensing in a University Environment 107 Isabella1 finds
RSPI- C VIVI S
Why are There Still Lines at the Teller Windows? Copying With the Information Revolution o n Campus I 1 I Da s. tdI lotokema
Redesigning, Not Reinventing, Lncyclopaedia Britannica )17 lo!-.eph I si-s
PROII CT RI PORI'S
AAUP Gophers Invade the Internet Chuck Creesy 123 Nancy Dusburv 127 National Museum of American Art New Media Initiatives Project 129 Steve Dietz -ut The Hitchhiker's Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court I lett (,oldman Project Muse Bennett/ `Niison Welcome to Project Janus I ls Kent McKeever Britannica Instant Research System - MRS 141 I )(lug Paul Networked Multimedia Database Documenting North Carolina Between the Two World Wars 144 Da% id Perry ti Reference DeskThe Llectronic Library 14o John Regaizi Stanford Computer Science 'Technical Reports; Lie( tronic I ibrary Project 14s ky Reit h SCAN: Scholarship trom ( alifornia on the Net Rollo. sinwn
IN Cl) \XI IPIION
A Summary of the Symposium 1;1 linow 1Da% A Day in thc Llectronic Karen Ma rsh.t
Program for the Third Sympmium
Regi.,trantsonta, ts Foreword
!he walk the eartharid mere mortals must sun/ out the wav or 1,e cruOted undertwt
lo,..eph I1- 4-xlcito. speaking at the Third Symposium
In their relatively short histort ,the joint st mposia between the Association ot American University Presses and the Association ot Research I ihranes hat e stretched and delighted registrants. More than iiist a way to pass a feW instructional Licit s with like-minded colleagues, the events are intended to he ollahoratit e and trintful tenuesThe organizers and participants have invented a forum for those who seek to advance the efforts ot not-tor profit scholarly publishing:the university presses, the sctciety publishers. academic librarians, faculty. and fellow travellersThe series has been fortunate to attrak t co-organizers and collaborators who have «mtnbuted important personnel resources to make the Sympcisia a success "the A meric an Mathematical Society worked closely on conceptual and technical parts of the tirst two SymposiaAs an adiumt to the Third Symposium, the University cif Virginia I ibrart, offered -A Day in the Flectronic Vatge, an instantiation ot the emerging electronic intormation en\ ironment The National St ience I ,nindatikm has helped and hurrah-ed each event
Progress has been recorded and the senes is evolvingI he hrst event (Apnl 1992) presented a sampler ot tat ultt who are self publishing formal electronic works supported by their universities networking capabilities, as well as some large scientific societies making substantial investments in the new area ot nett% tirked publishingFhat spring in Washington. IX', most participants admitted to feeling very much hke lesser mortals who might well be crushed under tootThe second event (December 1492) expanded the ottenngs to include many more protects including earlv innovations hv university presses ITus third meeting intensified exploration ot publishing issues such as economics and copvnght and broadened the array ot projet t presentationsWhile tew telt like gods, at least the danger of being rushed telt like a worn, ot the pastAll presentations are represented in this volume
1 he planners. encompassing a number tit Interested volunteers from the AAUP. ARI., and society groups, meet on e mail and are in the early stages ot conceptualizing the late P-194 Fourth Symposium Building on experience to date, the group hopes to issue a call Nit- presentations to include technical breakitut sessions project sessions and discussions groups. as well as to tok us plenary sessions on amng and finding stiluitons to problems that vex faculty. librarians, and not for -profit publishers The expressed obtectite is that through this series we still all find better ways to work together to fulfill the educational. sc holarlt . and researth missions ol higher education through improt edSt. II( Oarly 1,mmum, a tions
spec IA thanks go to
I Isa I reernan, ( Km A Al P I lo frontt au, us ttli,1lid 'MI muk h to organize the event, and the ( Mk Us itself as an ads ISOry group
)saren MarshallAldermanI ibrartI Jut ersitstit irginiator arranging a highly sincesstul ( harti ii test Mr event tor the 411 st 11,1+,1-oasts who made the trek atter the conclusion of the November mposmin in 1A ashingtt n. and to, the folios,. up %sac c that the Iihrary hi,sted in lapunmtscr
Anhoterrna Program Assistant A NIw h., ha. prot nied indispensable cupp,irt in prodm ine this olio, thin
hi11,01.-n, and rr-.t nt, r. 1111 I. i,n l'A'ic4 iii for 111( "
7 All the registrants tor this cost rucoven, seriesabout 7i) the tirst time. 110 thi. 'Wt.nd time and 160 this time. tor making the nine and tinding the resourk es to participate
On behalt ot the the above indn.iduak and ot A AL l' and AR1, +e hopc to %ell at the next `-oimposium
Ann Okerson Association ot Resear,h libraries Opening Remarks for the ARL-AAUP Symposium Scholarly Publishing on the Electronic Networks
Lisa Frocrnan, Diro.`tor VniveNity of Minne!,ota Pre,o,
Load afternoon, and welcome te the third and lastbutnotleastmy co chair. Ann ssoc %anon ot Research I &nines% Assot lation 1.ekerson kit Amerh anI. niversits Presses 'symposium en `, holarlvPublishingkin thtlie. tronic I ant somew hat uncomfortable des.tri hing mvselt \etworksI am delighted to be here to open as eti-c hair when contnbution to this process tOda% and to introduce the larger has been so minimal in comparison with Ann s themeetthis1% mposoini I ,atewat cow oman efforts in coordinating speakers, t ,atekerpers and Roles inthe hitermatien hotelstrax elplans. and allatthe 'other ininixerse minutiae that go into a slit t t`,.1111onterene \lore important. I would liketo take the 1 number kit people deserxe spec iii Mt'llth,nlit opportunitxto puhlic k thank Ann her tor their support of the symposiumIn particular. 1 persistent eInhelpingtopersuadethe w.iuld like to thank 1 hiane bsterI \et utixe unix ersitxpresses etthe need to bet ome Pirec torettheARI.torhistingeing. mx olsed in these issues !she ,Ieserxes an" kinnlitinCill net (ink to these pint inposia enormous amount kit credit not onlx tor pulling but to the larger ettk irt to strengthen and expand ott sex Oral +MA esstiIl `0,mposia but tor tostenng eoperation heti.% yen reseal-, h libraries and and Ii ilitating the entrance Vi unixersity uniNersitv pressesI would also like to thank. presses onto the elee trillne pliNI1hingenc 1'1 lit Ifentillist,I \t'ClItIlel-tIrl'eteret111.' thanks nn "Ae lotion ot men, an I no, ersitx Presses t:q his telin tat ilitating a host at new at tI% the, hirediting Ann tor her suk Ws', with pre\ toils In the larger arena kitelek tronn puhlishutg I am alsi'at k no" lodgingthe' including suppcirt of this symposium hut also kit extraordinary pragress that has been made H. theni xx annou n edjoint N I the universitx presses themselvesAt the first Initianxe on1. nixersitxPresses un tlu sxmpesnim all at two \ears ago. there were a \etworked He. tram, minment ItIN er halt dozen rather()Musedand I daresax muk h to the credit of both Pliane and Peter that rather defunsi unit. ersitv press directors these sx mposia haxe been so suet essfultheir huddled in the tront of the room eat h dax indixidual commitment to a model ot s holark turiouslx writing de1e n acrom. Mt, that made no publishing that loins presses nd libraries as wIlse and es t,ndcring cs hat the hell we were %%ell as their etterts to help strengthen this piing to do when we got homeI know het .111`..e I his year, IA e hat u natural alliance, an. tnilx Isleflar 1 think it sa, as one ot those directors is tau- to 'say that the past test, sears tee neark litt unix ersitx press registrants ha x eseen anunprek edented degree of kieperation and k ellalsiratien between prO.- As turther mdRation ot changes thal are ahtol and libraries andI tuanc and ter desert -111,l like to share some ten, encouraging MU* II el the k redit hit it news from the unix ersity press front I he ilis trtinit caucus ot the A110t. lation of Amencan
1 cxelild also like to ak knowledge the hard %%ark m s orsitx Presses recently ((inducted a stirs ex ot Karen Marshall and hailden ',tut+, from die ti gauge ht. etinit tor lac It thereof I of etiniputer nisersity of VirginiaI thrones in el-gam/mg Ilse :linking its members Ikeing target% a hunt h ti thcI harh,ttest illip..rtien ot the sx cepe,lion ut sutx exts is it koutse 131'0 It ientitic Hut the general results are Re,;,gniring what itis that we h uniquely intiirmatiye tontribute to the prot essis. I behest., an essential first step toward refining and note Ot the tyl presses surseyed (more than halt that I did not say re defining tilir roles in the the AAUP membership), allreported the so called inhirmantin ommverse widespread use ot computers .15 1 reported that everyone had a computer on their desk. I lay mg identified is hat I believe to be some ot while another 27 (41'-:1 indicated that at least the most important aspects 01 ollr traditional haltofthestatf worked regularlyon a roles that seem to me to remain crucial in the computer.Fitly nine presses (04'1 ) indicated llestrome world, I would like to suggest !several thatthey. were using desktop puNishing areasinwhichwe,asproducers and technology in some hirm Torty five presses distributors of scholarly knowledge, can and (71'; 1 have an Internet connection and tcy enty- must bring this expertise to hearitthe one presses (.11'.; 1 has e t least one electronh pitential of the electromi world is to be billy tsk,k,k reahred
Vhat these numbers do riot reseal is the pace of There is mut hiiihe excited about when changeI doubt whether many presses had an ontemplating the tuture of publishers and Internet connection as recently as two years ago, libraries in the networked world ot the future and I suspect based on anecdotal es idence that i-rqually, there is much about this emerging the number of presses with electronic books in tuture that concerns me Is a relative neophyte the works exceeds the number who have in matters pertanung to cyberspace, I hnd already published oneL niversity, presses are. myselt swinging wildly' at times bet yy een these I think, ready to assume position and the two extremesthrilled by the possibilities of responsibilities ot tull tledged partners in n civtechnologies. and ternhedbs the the emerging elec thmit world potential threats to the demot ratic order that such capahditiv,. present There must he a AsIhave argued elsewhere, Ibelieve that middle ground on which let hnology can be put publishers generally, and unis ersity presses to good use without contributing to the vier morespecifically. haYe threemator is idening gap between the information rich and (worthitions to make to the publishing process the intormation poor or exacerbattng the in the networked environment. and these are general trend toward im teased stirs ci I Ia rn e the same contributions that presses make in the and monitoring of both out public and risme paper world gatekeepmg (not simplv peer Its es reyiew hut also the seeking out, developing. and ent ouraging ot scholarly researc h and 1,'Y hen we speak of niles, then, I think one of the is riting)readability enhancement tint-hiding most important that we inthe non-profit copyediting, proofreading. a rid design). and research and education sector can play is that marketing and promotion (that Is, telling the ot leaderThe views of those in the so-called right people about the right hook) I am kno is led geindustriesareincreasingly int reasinglyconvincedthatthesethree important as public debate about the National f um tions will become more, rather than less Intormatom Intrastructure heats upI ibraries important as the network grows have been out front on these issues tor some time, university. presses are lust beginmng to
'similarly, librariansontinue to perform a participateand scholars are, I tear,still number of irlo iai tasks in the electronic world lagging somewhat behindIt is the traditional int hiding gathering together work once it has role otptiblishers and librarians to foster and been published, indexing, archly mg, and t ontribute to discussion about important social preserving that work in some caws long atter issuesI he shape ot the information ommyerse the original producer of that information has is one that desen es indeed demands our t eased to make itay allable, and generally attention, es en beyond consideration et our ow n tat ditating accesstoarapidlyint reasing specific roles in it number of information sources
1 0 here are I thinktour areas m partw ular elevtronw all% ma% in ',MTh' laS4's he ID dIret w here tean and must exerta ,InIyer" ontradw non to at hioyingthisgoal t Information for whom. wt- must ask
I irst,lea% mg asidetorthe moment the hird. good sthitlarship is hea%ily dependent entertainment potential ot the networks mu t. h upon an assurance of at ademit treedom, that is . in factirtualb, all. ot the discussion that has the ability to pursue one s own ideas within taken plaa. about pubhshmg in the networked certain ethical constraints tree ot any kind of en% irtmment has focused on the productitin and intellectualrestriction Theinevitable disseminationotI,, hris ommercializationofthenetworks,the whether it be thy t on% ersion ot IslA1 journals centralization of the service provider function, trom printtoeste% Ironicformats orthe theinformationstorageandretrie. int reasingopportunitiestordatabase capabilities of the network allot these publishingMuch ot this discussion is about trends point to an enormous increase in Nith the tacildating the exchange ot data or tat ts or likelihood and the extent ot surveillance information among researchers whose highl% t,ateways and gatekeepers are logical points at specialized interests often make them a %er% whit h to exert or resist surveillanceWe smallvery cohesite and easily identitiobie must be alert from the start to our potential ist:roup ot both prodiRtrs andOn'slin101'1. I-tiles a', unwitting accomplices via complacent y or sheer ignoranceMore importantly, we must Thy wa% siiiwhichthegatew a% and take aproactive stanceininsistingthat gatekeeping tunt-tions ettil%e in order to serxe adequate guarantees of privac% and security are these authent es ma% very dinerent from how builtinto w hatever system of electronw theywoulddot clopin ser% tueofthe t ommunn ation eyentuall% emerges humanities and sotial st ient-e,,The artita, t of intents tual %vork that wt know as the book or I malty, we should remember that at the most tournal is not the same as a data set. and Ow basic level. we are in the business of st holarl% tut hnologies .pith( lesand modes ofat less communication because we beheye in the de% eloped to tonsume this lIntquereature tundamental importance ofresearch and probabl%oughtto by differentaswell education We purport to foster and encourage 'st ientists and humanists simply do mit ,onduct new ideas, and to pro% ide quality outlets and their rt',.earth in the sante w a% s VOMIt, tor the d issetill nation of those ideas We are, first and foremost, fat dilators in the Although there are an int teasing numbtr of crucial process ot scht thud% communit ation groups and tnitiatives thatrepresentthe interests and cimcerns ot those who work in the l)tir primary audiem is researchers, teat hers, hll Ina n and so calledsottso, nilsi len, es. and students the people who we in theory um% ersity presses and research libraries ma% set% C. are in many respetts the least well be among the most tisible and theretore informed about the implications of the shift to potentially the most ettective 0( ate,. ot de% tronic publishingIt is in OM best interests. this of ten twerlooked group's t on, erns not to mentiOn the interests of society at large. to assist the treators ot scholarly works in 1/4410nd Al t00 frnlinently. distlissions about making this transition and to encourage their ehs ironic publishing begin with an assumption participationinthe debate Without the abt MI access that is simply not at't urate if %ou invokement of our author,. and readers, we run mote outside of the A iontitit and lts hnu al the %cry real risk ot de% using a system ot ommunmes When we talk about making a holarl% communaation on the networks that t on% ersion to publishing ina networked no one wants to 11'4' entironment. we must again keep in mind who we are publishing ity At Minnesota, tot What I ant suggesting, then. is that leadership example. the humanities !mutt%still hate ma% atthis pint lure be the single most rotary phones in their otht t'sIt one of out important hint tionthat wet an perform primar% roles is to ensure the widest possible I 'hs isitits arm beimig made dail% akint the shape distributionof holar thctutureNationalInformation
1 1 Intrastrut lure We hace mut h to tontribute to the discussion, even those of us ho may feel thatwe don tknow enough aboutthe h s. hrit`logy to participate in any c;oncrete
ManY ot you in the audience todayare. I suspect. uncomfortable with the notion that vou can constructively participate in, and intluente the shape of things to come. .ro the contrary I wouki arguethatscholarlypublishers librarians,andothersinvolvedinthe dissominaticmofscholarly.researc hand information are among th c. most qualified to speak about these matters Our expenence, our professional expertise in matters pt limning to the production of k nos,ledge, is perhaps more important than any of us realizesAnd our potential contribution reaches far beyond the world of scholarly research and writing per se N;i owe itto oursek es, and to the ideals that underlie our basic understanding ot what it means to hyv in a troe democratii societyto myolve ourselves in these debatesI hope that vou will bear this in mind as we spend the next two days explortng the truly revolutionary potential of the networked worldI hank you We're All in This Together, Aren't We?
Bruce Sterling Science Fiction Writer
I kilo ladis and gentlemen, nit name is Bruce be di-stud ot serious controversy rhis is 'sterling and I m a stience fiction writer trom humanly impossible.1 hey also wanted to Nustin, lexasI se been generously given a magisterially push their data through a wire %shopping halt hour today to distils%the to a population of million% of people equipped tastest tet hnologit al transformation in human with machines that allowed them to speak histort hackThis. is an oxymoron
1 se desisted a Ii /tI a thought and speculation to Prodigy yearned to be thy Disneyland of this topic lately and that s why the last ten yberspace. yet failed to grasp the fact that minutes ot my speet h today is going to i-wem even sweet old Walt DISIley is controversial ompletely insaneI lowever. by the time we '-OEM' times anti in some places In Furope, get to the realls zany part, you should he so people openly despise Mit key Mouse as if he shellshos ked that thtruly science tictional were some kind of bipedal plague-rat carrying clement should begin to make a dreadful kind thc deadly virus of American popularulture. 1,1 se'llse and as tor dear old Walt himselt, he informed on Commies tor the FBI and ts popularls Ct FOC rc)11 u p nw slet% es here and let s take a supposed to be locked in a crvonic icebox nreath and let s bigin by talking about how somewhere Prodigy was horn with all the 'not* to do vie( tronit networking We re gonna dra what ks of Disney the creepiness, the
start slowand by slots I mean, ot course. ttsrporate hermeticism, the over sanitized Pr,sdigs Prodigy. the networkis here an atmosphere and yet none ot Walt Disnes s clot trorm response on a topican take three full original tabitship imagination and vision ,i it Ft en/thing in Prodigy was supposed to by redolent ot glowing family values and shrink-
w ishI (mid honestly say that Ihate to ph k Vt rapped Norman Rot kwell normality, hut isn Prtdigs . bet a use it hard It seisms sporting to adults don't like to live and plas in a sandbox I. wr it LV henI bet re SO openly and public ly down, but these are people who spent st'enintheir entirety, the listot Prodigy is% er nine hundred million dollars on their scandals (to dateis truly dismal"'here was dreadtul hateful idea of a network When one `si i DA F That was a piece of Prodigs thinks what the world would look like today it sottware installed on the user's computer. that, rime tenths of a billion had been dropped on intidentally, could access tiny little chunks ot gopher, wais, art hie, ITIOSJIC, and veronica, it the user's hard-disk anti send .them back to makes yini want to weep aloud (-so indulge me, Prodigy fiQProdigy got accused of using the ioin m a sadistic chuckle as I give Prodigy ',IA( f' DAT softwareasanOrwellian some hell monitoring device deliberately spying on the pris ate «Intents of user somputersOther alISC thet desert e it'I heir unspoken thigan publishers. other sers ices, could have easily wasktrL IBM and "spars so we must know shrugged oft this nonsense. but this terrible IA hat we re doing But they didn t know And piste otutter urhan-folkhsre was ai titans. i-r-se set. thet were slow to learn *believed about Prodigs
Protiigsis as anet w ork tha Iwanted ciy ast I hen there were the flaming problems Eer popolat,,,n iisers 1.t hOS.' a tO.Itl 101111 also twbA, cr 1, in existent e has people IA ho but
1 3 on Prodigc. Homing %cos k,..nsadered a ilear nd interta,t. on]c trt.ok iould roc c. has present danger to peace and go(iii order so that been growing at rwelc e percent a month %shun out M,,rmons "started crossing cerbal I here sa go(sii hook in the destincot the swordswithgac aincistsProdigc Prodigc network. but I feel it would take a ken. npalmed the debating ground bt, eliminating mordant soul to write itChat pur would the entire top(this rea ting a descrt and want to write sus h a thing, cc hen the stutt going (ailing it r,eace on outside the ( hmese walls ot Prodigc is so mu, h more entertaining and lun' And there was, ot iourse the censorshipNot rigid len,or.hip. not entirel. unreasonable hut laik kard resently wrote a tine editorial in scar%andirritating throughitsla, kot hisbraiinglciconlIllastiimagazine onsistencv and its cluar tailing, to sA. mpothire ARDWAT( 11Ri( kard argues that there is with the 'd values ot users On Prodip you afatal flaw in the verc idea that you can so ldn t use the word -bit,. hNor is as It slilitY t segregate users inside a closed Oct tronit to debateSII1Ce Prodigy considered itselt a network and force them to generate money tor publisher- and its users as grateful peons, coo ou through their cc istence as a Captive ouldn t even publicly hitch about using the audionce Illa ii,Rut kard says, Want,. to be word hitt h ou couldn t post in Cerman or tree 1 ou can tlist k people insid, your I rem h N't oust' you naght be sac mg rude things electronic conlpallc to cvii, as Prodigy wanted to the t understand do, andtheretore assurethatthecare siiallyIncapableofecerlooking Men there were the technical problems, not in elsewhere What yet. must do is entice the trot' the network itself. whit h worked okac though populace otf the virtual streets ond into your slowly, but in the growing primal struggle tor store through ottering superior goods and iontrol olthe network Mc. con the Servile!, We re all ill the, together"ion cannot company and the usersWhen Prodigy users separate us one from another, and enslave us as h,und themselves forbidden to discuss certain copticc(unsumers failed inside a singk, system topics pubhcly. some among them built That s been tried.It's the philosophy of the ,s40 tc.are devices that created private email proprietary system, the chised shop, the Berlin distribution listsThere was nothing new about Wall of softwareIt doesn't work Today even email distribution lists I- mail distribution Prodigy gets Internet email, but what will lists were the lifeblood tit Bitnet and Arpanet happen when its users learn of ttp and telnet andtheywore common knowledgein and gopher' networking circles. hut on Prodigy this cital networking practice seriously interfered with A computer network is not a gumboil machine the generation of recenuetio first Prodip where the owners put in a big bag of bytes once a tried to ban distribution lists, but they did not month and the customers drop tn nickels and have that power; the users had written the hope they got a nice red one lo retail distribution software themselves. so Prodigy information in this mechanical fashion ignores was trying to ban the contents of people s the nature ot the network phenomenon A pc.rsonal computers But email was flooding the .network ts a Ill Ing thingA network is like a system, so Prodigy began charging tor email, a language dirts t violation ot thorr ongmal users contra( I or that action Prodigy got sued by stale 1 o give people modems and PCs is to gice thorn consumer protection agencies, and defeated, toot the power to spcak aS well as listenAnd vet Prodigy was painfully determined to make I here hoc e been Wake. of mass detec tions ec cry picel invberspo ce into a potential sales Prodigy aS Prodlgy convulsively changed t opportunity It s as if the English language basic rate structure to act ommodate the user wore ovined by totalitarian English teacher,. torcod mutations of the system People used the cc ho charged you a rovaltc every time coil Prodigc sc stem awn to urge one another to t onpigated a verbTheir control over the leave. Then there were the mass trrings ot language of Prodigy was fatally pedantic staff In the meantime the Internetcc hi h allowing no mutations no moditit ations no has no promotronal budget atoll and on t ItPtsdlgccc ned theI nglish
14 language a taco 1.you I1 be officially know n as a cy ith eY en more money and probably even less cornmealrispette brains, are the Disney. BellsHeard about Disney' Bells'That's the gill( on Valley street I hat s hv Kilg coidd not come to toeIts slang for the regional Bell telephone operating language was as stitt and pure and dead as companies that are busy buying and merging c lesiastic alI atm Prodigy was likea with cable TV companies so that they can get cox ktail party where a hunch of brownshoe IBM intotheinforThation superhighway and !sears guys were standing in the corners entertainment businessIt s getting a lot ot with their arms crossed with signs over their press lately, even more press than the original nec ks that readTII say something really launch of Prodigy, butI have my doubts I witty it you giye me a dollar And even it mean, when was the last time a phone company they do have something worthwhile to sas did something you found really entertaining? well, that s not a party Co.npared to cable TV and the phone company universally feared and despised monopoly Non can make pretty good money out of being a enterprises -- even IBM and 'Sears seem kind ot witty guy in publicN on can go to parties and be lovable and cuddly, Disney Bells indeed, why, witty for no Ny, lust to enjoy yourselt and giye I bet good money Walt Disney c spinning in his others pleasure and to teel like a human being block ot ice Or you can bocome a professional stand-up iomedianYou can pick up the mike and tatk, cco It that s not the way' to do networks, what is kind ot1 ike 1m talking now, and everybody the wav to do them'Well, my suspicion, cy illsit still and listen and laugh sometimes, growing year by year kind of like the Internet and I walk ott with a bunch ot your money-But has been growing, is to treat networks like suppose Igive everybody in this audience a language. Cave everybody the power to speak
mit rophoneflow long do you think I11 get and listen.Distributed nodes, like the Internet, away with standing here talking and the rest like FidonetNetworks that grow organically ot you sitting there in rows silently with like language-use, not ruled top-down by an adoring looks on your faces'Not very army of occupation gisldarnned long, brother Andlet'skeepthebasicmeansot Not unless I serYd a hunch of censors out to enforce communication out in the Open, shall we'' Our my ideaot- order and throwthe more language should have a legible alphabet of
demonstrative audience members out the door I openly written and openly debated and openly can claim that I own this room, and I'm paying testable interfaces and standardsWe don't tor these imcrophones, and I'm tar more want a secret, proprietary alphabet as arcane interesting than any other topic or any other as Egyptian hieroglyphics, not unless we prefer person in the world, co shut up 'But that won't ,Oclety with a priest class a scribe class and a stop you from talking, so I.ingonna have to shut Pharaoh some of you up, the hard way And once that startc happening. Idon't think vou'Ye gonna ',tire, you may ask, but where's the money in a find my comedy routine very amusing any more network like that? Well, I nposte, where's the \Iv «,medy routine is gonna he about as bright money in I- nglish7 Of course there s a lot ot and entertaining as compulsoryompanv money in English. Neu can teach English, nse a list henics codify it, assemble it and deliver it in public, even copyright certain assemblages of it and Well, the Prodigy party ain't over yet, they re trademarktheoccasionallittlecoinage hiring new VX y guys and they re looking tor there's not a lot of direct money in trying to new ad yv,they'renotlookinga rnOng liconw grammar ormanufaourenew adverbs, 1,r her nctic librarians though. so hopefully' hut, by golly, English is a very useful and they 11 net et- hear my uncharitable comments flexible and omnipresent system, and it has a Anyway. I don tthink the lesson is learned hell of a lot of contented users quite vet Even itProdigy expires on the barbed wireinthe no man s landofthe an IAour,..4'tryto restric tI nghsh and tronk frontier right behind them ra IpeopleYy ith%our n proprietary
1 r; versions of English. This happens all the time more powertul urge than sex But it docsn t but the descriptions ot this practice arm t cr% work nattering When people treat Friglish the way Prodigy treated networking, it's know n as rn beginning to beheye that this prot ess of ;argonBureaucratic gobbled>. gook Ihe bard letting go of control over networks is not only sellAdspeak Slang Cnmmal argotPeople possible but plausible, and maybe even at tively feel instinctively that when It comes to the desirableIt s what has already happened in English language we are all in this together the world ot computation, afterall I he We don t feel corralled inside EnglishIt s not empire of the mainframes is like- a herd ot entorced on 'usor at least, not too ferotiously slow -moving elephants eaten alit e bYan enforced We're lust inside it endless tide of desktop arnw antsPeople used to sell computer time; now there's so much spare Suppose networks reallv were like language computer time that people sell screensavers and were recognized to be that way and treated Screensavers are prettier and more det er and that wayWho would run networks then' reatwe than a bill for computation cycles Retailers'Publishers' Well, nothat doesn't sound yeryplausible how a bou t omputation doesn't belong tw its nature behind lexicographers'Not too had I ibranans' glass walls tended by the labcoat priesthood, Excellent choice'Semanticists / rec. speech it's become gaseous What was once a heathen ad Y oca tes Schools and academies and idol on a pedestal is now like the tongues ot tire universities.Not private enterprise, because from the Holy GhostThere are computers in private enterprise doesn t own languages any doorknobs now, on people's wrists, wrapped more than it owns oxygen or the color red The around their eves and ears, responding to the government subsidizes language it teaches human voice Inglishitteaches literacy, with our tay dollars This is universally recognized as a m speaking in visionary terms now but it public good anyone who said that American requires visionary terms to imagine yy hat s children should be kept illiterate het ause it reallylikely from computing Ihisis an osts (00 Mitch to teat h them to read would he industry where an individual with a single PC considered a complete NeanderthalIf we let trom Iggl has more computing power than the goy ernment subsidize language. what's so NASA used to land men on the moon in 14ht, odd about letting the goy ernment subsidize omputanona I speed and power expands by networks'Not run them from some over order's of magnitudeStorage, tooIf there s tentralized bureau lust subsidize them room tor NASA's entire Pfnif elet tromc brain in lovallv, as a public good We can all agree that your Igqi desk, then your desk has the pc 1 sA er to, s a good idea that OW t wens be literate, so detour almost anything that can be mak into why shouldn t they also he network lite-i-ate' c,nes a nd zeroes
()t course this means surrendering stime Desktop libraries, for instanceIluge libraries over the network Butif we think ot the tor the individual Not tartetched atall network as language it suddenly seems wisest there% a case in the courts now of a software to let it goPeople think networks will be put salesman in Oklahoma C. ity arrested by tit to et ii uses it they are not closely monitored pollee for computer pornography- tie was and tappedIhis is trueBut language is also selling pubht ly available CD-ROM disks with put to eyiluses, and we don trecord all risque images on them --ten thousand or so ton%ersation,. or try to shape Inglish so that images per diskIt's been t alculated that if the conspiracy or t..11 pressions are impissibleIt Oklahoma pornography statutes were N1711. tl seems outrageous to polite languageto put en ton ed against this man. he could spend one oursek es at the MON V Of pohni al!exit on million years in prison One million years tor a police social engineers whipping sot iety Into flat plate the size ot your hand that is meant to theshape theydesire by enton ing an hcioked to a bulletin board SN Stern.I low on )rwelhan Newspeak People do try that earth can we control this'It's hopeless, like they II always tryitbet lust.vw.41r..hip is a trying to control men, con\ ersaticin in Amen( a to make sure no one\ Or sat s a dirty word( an
16 one stop CD-ROMs, these tinv items, trom Getting data costs nothing; storing data costs travelling wherever they please'Atter all,it nothing, but making sense of that titanic heap ou want to smuggle them over our national of data my God, that suddenly means border, all you have to do is hide one inside a everything!Who cares who published it? ton of cocaine. Who cares who wrote it, even? But the person who can tell you where to find what you need to I his means that one s desk can gobble up know -- or the person who can successfully guide fantastic amounts ot information using methods your attention to the thing you didn t know you impossible to police needed to know, that needle of proper informationin a Matterhornofdigital An institution such as AT&T or IBM or the haystacks this person is suddenly inheritor National Security Agency looks desperately of all the social power that the other people in out of place in such a world, like a whale being the data stream have lost. There might be real rippedto shreds by hordes ofinvisible power in this, maybe even more power than piranhaWhat kind of organized institutions librarians have every had before.A shift in could survive in such a world? social power and authonty, from publisher and author, to critic and archivist. Wellif industrial-age giants totter, perhaps pre-industrial ones might prosper The Before you get all exultant at the prospect, academy for instance, the Academy is a yen don't forget that power corrupts. One could old institution, and once it was iust Plato s even imagine evil libraries, criminal libraries users'-group under some oh ve trees. The stuffed with dangerous knowledge, offshore mversity is a very old institution, currently data-havenlibrarieswhereforbidden it s under ruthless and protracted siege trom information is kept.Or entirely anonymous powerful commercial forces, but if the very librariesof encrypted informationof a nature of commercial forces change, then Borgesian complexity, where the only way to universities suddenly look considerably more kill the cloud of data is to change formats vital and attractiveAcademic life has a set of Libraries in a million shapes, libraries split \aloesknowledge, meaning, civIlliation, and skewered over entire continents.Great philosophy that start to look very appealing radiating species oflibraries ecologically in this deluge of information, this world ot adaptingto every nichein cyberspace machines gone ultra-connected and gaseousIn Libraries too small to see with the naked eye, an information deluge, meaning is an ultimate bounded in a nutshell but full of infinite shelf- luxury and context a profound value space libraries encoded on the thumbnail, libraries written into the genome, libraries And the ancient institution ot the Library disgwsed as noise and distributed hidden ibrarleClike Alexandria were powerful but inside apparently innocuous digital tapes ulnerable However,with infinite ibranes as immaterial and ubiquitous as frost replicability. anonymous access and practically on the windowpane and cracksinthe unlimited storage, libranes suddenly look very sidewalksLibraries in satellites that rise like hard to kill They re not the same libraries the morning star where hookpullers follow you nervously to make sure vou don't damage the limited esterday I heard tell of a new concordance in editions, hut they do seem to have a solid ancient Greek, a CD-ROM disk with every potential role as noncommercial sites offering known ancient Greek text on it. We would be access to vast amounts of informationlit-wanes tools to trust the archival permanence of that might not sell information per se, but in a world CD ROM disk, because CD-ROM is a primitive ot instant global access and swift repht ation, technology, the functional equivalent of an libraries become great shadowy beasts in dison wax cylinder, with a lifetime maybe one cyberspace, powerful allies and providers ot thousandth that of a dead sea scroll in a or in highly useful cervicesAfter all, libraries too GalileeRot we can put every remaining word offer tontext. anybods may be able to get all trom ancient Greece,thatgreat human the ones and zeros they want. but librarians cicilization. into a device You can hold in your 1,,noc.,, how to put things where they make senw hand It onl Alexandria had done that cut
17 c-opies of itself On chamilnd-hard sheets ot CD- ROM and hidden itself in salt mines and in tars and in buried chests The librariansot Alexandria couldn t do thatPerhaps, given the nature of their society. they wouldn t have wanted to .In the end, their scrolls were fed to goats and burned to heat the water in the public baths
We're mortal, too Our ci . ilization is also fragileBut with so little thought and effort, we could see to it that the human race never lost another word of the GreeksWhat a fine thing that would be to do What a credit to our civilization Itreally seems to me that a civilizationthat could do thatfavor for humanity, for the unknown and unknowable generations to come, would truly descry e the name of greatness.
But on the other hand - is that practical? Do we possess the vision to do such a thing'It wouldn t pay much, would it'Not hke =01 yhannels of market-proyen reruns and a whole hunch of home shopping networks. We could settle tor that--it we were stupid enough. -Never mind that visionary stuff step aside, I tn a retailer and I've got a business planr.
To which the digital activist rephes-Step aside, eh?Well, Ill go, Mr Business Plan but I won't go where you expect! And by the time you get to the places worth going, you'll tind me already there and grinning!" That's all Tve got to sav today, thanks a lotfor listening
1(1 lb The Library As Mind
I) Kaye ;apen, 1 )1reL tor ni voNity I1 brary k'Ve,,tern Rewrve t.tuver-ity
Introduchon understanding the spetitics 01the library whit h had to ap; ,ar in the physit.al plant tor I am tont int ed that. the !At of the the new library building. 'second, I had to build librarian in s.itirt is io Inax11111/c the roadmap which would lead to the creation the utilization ot graphit rettirds tor ot the I ()I the 1)eneht of sotietvIn other words, his function is to sert e as the mediator What I%sill share with vou today are some to between man and graphit retords not the highlights of the road map, particularls only booksbut sound retordings. the models and analytic tools whit h we pit tures. audio tapes, t harts, w hate\ er buhyve are fundamentally useful inonstruk ting tontribufes to the athance ot human the hbran, ot and tor the future knowledge The objcit ot the librars bring together human beings and Campus Context:the Electronic Learning recorded knowledge in as fruitful a Environment relationship as itis humanly po,,,ible
to t-ie 1 We wantthis Environment to supptirt the ability to visualize relationships When lesse ',flora wrote this in the 1970 he in neswaN.S. to compareand contrast, to was only laptunng a timeless professional hopc rearrange and restructure, to analyze and expectationAt the time he tould see the a ndintegrate, and to negotiateIsales possibilityoffulfillingtheexpectation crucial to the conduct ofsocial lifeWe difterently, but onus toda do we has(' tools want not only to construct a campus pow'ertul enough to really begin to 'bring through whichpeoplemoveeasily, but together human beings and recorded know ledge also an environment in whit h people in asfruitfularelation asitis humanls communicate differently'2 possible to by The above description ot President Pvtte s Itis a pleasure to by here with you toda vosion for the university is a one that requires would like to share with von recent experiences substantial support trom fiscalresources, at ( as(' Western Reserse l_nicersity where five personnel, services, systems, and campus years ago the President and the Board of intrastruttureIt is also avisionthat requires rustet's made a conscious decision to create a one to think differently about the library's iii yersity which would be characterized as an mission, its ..ervIct's, and its users I lei Ironic Learning I'm ironmentAt the same time, President Agnar l'ytte focused anew on Infrastructure the l'niversitys libraries, with a i ommitment to rmw . hinds for a new library building, as well One iannot underestimate the important e tit asthe appointmentofacampus-wide infrastructureinthe FlectromcI earning tiimmitteeharged with understanding and fnironment I') nw intrastnicture is more desinhng the I ibrary ot thy future II. I ihe than lust a physical or structural underpinning t ( ommittev finished itswt irk in lttt9il/q1 ti)r a Camp]," wide sysh'mThe parameters of the ELL infrastructure dit tate a great deal more WhvnI came to ( WRI,' in 1°91I had spei ial than thy traditionalphysit alinstallation, responsibilities to build upon the general maintenance. and fat tt irs ttillt'rent duet tions outlinedinthe II )1 Rop,,rtin intraditionalint ra struttures Inan
11
1 9 encironment where the product suppc,rted by Assumptions the infrastructure is digitized data and in an environment where all forms litrecorded In tultilling my role of eny isionmg the I ibrary knowledge can now be digitized. the y iahititv ot the Future I hay(' formed some bask tenets ot the infrastructure literally dictates what as a result ot my thinking and research and kinds of data can and cannot he carried and experiencesFor the first time in history, V% cry utilized tw the system and users SCred by that form ot recorded knowledge can be digitized infrastructure !Data formats that cannot he This is an absolutely cntic al tact since it makes accommodated by the infrastructure cannot ever possible things that have never before been reach the end-users, now or in the future, and possibleIn practice, hardware and software can neyer be part of the u!:er environment and deyelopments dictate that some formats are can never play a role in future approaches to currently more heavily used and processing fulfilling the university's missionWhile the speeds make text-dominated environments infrastructure remains largely invisible to the tnendher to low-level computer contigurations, end users,itis an expensive and critical but that is not the long term pictureIt is not component in an FIT. and it's role is absolutely important right now that commonly available vital since it quite literally dictates the extent static storage mediums (optical and hard disk to which all other coniponents may play a role dol. est are not equipped to store digital sound If an infrastructure is incapable of carrying or full motion video in any quantityit is not photorealistic graphics or full motn:n Yideo or important that voice recognition is still widely digitized sound, those components can never be limitedto basic commands or thatyoice a part of the campus environment synthesis sucks up large chunks of RAM needed elsewhereIhose are problems of the moment, At Case Western Reset-Ye University, we are sublet tto the next wave ot hardware and fortunate to enjoy a point-to-point, fiber optic software development, and not the stun of network. where each computer, each laser which future planning for a library or any other printer, each network compatible node in each institution are made end-user configuration has the option to share ;n a nch and growing set ot networked resources Itis useless to form certain questions in a This infrastructure is the result ot hard working deduc toe mode such as liow will we use this and intensive long-range planning efforts It new technology (whicheyer technology is in also requires the constant and vigilant care ot a question) to do what we do now' !low will it group of highly( trained and skilled network attect our current practicesI low will it help engineersIn terms ot working with massise us do something better'. forming questions in amount of point-to punt fiber optic cabling. this manner isn t productive when too little is these staff members represent some of the most understood about all the ramifications of a new expenenc ed personnel in the country let hnology Itis more productive, though significantly more challenging, to ask 'What l'he cost of the infrastructure to properly can we do with this technology that we have support an electronic learning emironment ney er done before'. This often involves where the university community can think. dis( (Ting a remarkable new solution and then learn, communicate, and research in a new way going oft in search of problems that this new is high in terms ot fiscal and personnel resource. solution can address I his.is not what most ot but without a comprehensiye and soundly- us an- a« ustomed to, but ifis actually quite maintained infrastructure the long terms goals prac tic al sin«, no one can accurately estimate ot an electronic learning environment cannot be the impact of -a technology that hes outside realized their tlirrent ecpc(nenc eI raditional ded tic fit e thinking may actually prove quite costly in Utilizing the Infrastructure that it may result in completely missing a new possIbilth because there was no clue otits Once the required infrastructure is in plate existence in ecistmg patterns other support and utilization mechanisms must re-enyisioned in light of their role in the Flcs tri,nicI earning I nyironment
1 2 I he most pow ertul thing assot toted V% oh organiza t ton proceeded with a number of steps information technologies and the acclimpanying tomeet these challenges While radit al lOmputvrs, peripherals, and mtrastructure. is hangeininfrastructure,skills,work
their abihtsto empower the indic idualto relatiiin,hip etc may be the rule ot the dat. at commcidate the indicidual needinan the essential goal of librarianship remains effective and affordablewas. SuCh that stated by !Thera,to bring people and possibility means that service pros niers mac information together in the most productive acknowledge markets and client needs that was possible.Our definition ot Knowledge were preciously imi'ossible or imprac tit al Management4 (KM) is that KM is a phrase This also means identifying and adiusting to that describes an ens ironmentwhere an user needs in a was we has e not previously been individual can be brought into contact with challengedto do so For libraries and information in a way thatis exponentially hbranans, this will mean knowing things about more productive and engaging than any their clientele that were never betore relevant tirrentlyacailableens ironment, an since we had no way to address needs at such an environment where clarity and understanding Indic !dual levelIt may also mean presiding an be bri nigh t to data serc ices and applying skills for organizing and at cessmg intormation at a point earlier than I &rant-. and librarians, or anyone associated es t'rbefore I t !earlynet essitite with the task ot creating such an encironment intensive collaborative work with pros iciers of must concern themselves with forming the right technological resources (network engineers. questions,creatingtherighttools,and digitizing personnel. interface designers, etc recognizing powertul solutions all of which and retooling otlibrarians skillsatan ombme to produce the first iterations of unprecedented lose!Finally.italso means a It ens inn men tin cc hit h Knowledge that the mission of the library musthang(' to \tinagement is 1.-xissible reflect this new Ca pabi Ii tv ot informational technologies to accomnnidate neW users at new Taylor Model le\ els Me I ibrary of the f ut tire will need to address itself to knowledge management as it One ot the specitic tools emphiyed bc the stall relates to its users ot T niversity Library was the Taylor Model c las lor s model is a theoretical model and is not \ ew access and control mechanisms will need to predictive The University Library adapted it be des eloped to matt h new data formats and as a working tool and in turn, adopted the new. textual and nontextual environments conk epts ot "value-adding' and the importance Fhis also means that w hat domes intellectual ot Intormation Use Fnvironments as critical property and the forms thatintellectual guiding principles in the construction of the property may take, how it is made accessible I ihrars ot the Future etcwill also ecolce in new waysStrategies tor developing these new access and control Inlas tor smodel,individuals work in mechanismsisillhace toes olce asthe information ens ironnwnts and part of those tec hru'logic.s es olve and their dir('ctions and inhIrmation environments are the problem impacts become more clear New control sots mg or wrestling with problems or questions met hamsms are also being sought CWRL is that naturally occur.Taylor s model allows working with IBM to decelop Royalty Manager that those -problem dimrisions- haye certain softwarethathelpstotrackintellectual charac teristic-s that exist along a continuum Ft Ten% rights ot materialsIt is a c (imponent the model also allows that information also silt h as this which makes possible the rational has traits that exist along a continuumIhe establishmentot theVirtualI ibraries ombination of the 1lCer S problem dimensions , los& nbed below and the traits of the information involved create a pn tore of Ow 'information worlds' Specific Tools for Change ci ithin whn h groups of users workI lowecer ohs tic els a gic en intormatum system tin the Armed with theertaintc that the cerc nature larer-d sense of the word 'system t meshes itlibraries and librariansc. ill Fance Ir
21 with the indis idual or group s Information ( longcrusefuloradyisable !hese Enyironment is the measure ot the degree ot a,,iimptions are in the protests or being apphed smeessot that s5 to other areas of hbrarY responsibility suth as resourteallocation.int Riding t 1On It is inherent to Lilor s mildel that the de.grec management budgets personnel deplos Mile-added' by any' lomponunt tr erl h training pnigramstit. The need to bring within the system IS ItI47,('d wholls from the hbrary resourt es to bear on indiyidualizing user s point ot %ivy, ItIt isn Ialuable to tht librarysent ices has bet eme apriorityIn user within the user s int.lrmation enyIrtmment, keeping with some ot the findings of Ow I...,1t( than the ser\ isn t yalitable. period a means to transfer the librarians my estment of their resources in at tiY Ines associated h In order to begin to t reate these pit tun-- .0 ho problem sok. mg. time sat ings andcost ourcampusclientelegatheranduse. ing. a. ny ities is also a priority intormation. the stall ccinducted some 1400 interviews with representato, e percentages of these and other findings form that basis tor tat ultv, staff, and studentsfhe inter\ lekeos anotherotourspec itic prole. ts, the ore asked opened ended question not about des eiopment of a ,411te ot %Wiwi libraries that how they used existing libraries Wt. e 1,111 art'dist. I pl ne spet iti I he term %intim] about how they gathered and used inh.rmarion library reterstoan , r.iyerryri t,an eny IrOnment invy hit h theclient semi. t's !he results ot the analysis of the interviews XIX.% t is the nuist commonly referred to and the showed that campus ii-ers do indeed hake yet-% rno.,1rn hied tatel roles ant to the userIn our ditterent1 n tormation gathering and use dist ussion, a virtual library environment is ntit patterns and that these pattern,. (described In I:SS to some lot al or remote ()PAC, nor is it lavlors terminology) do dater along the Imes at tess to the Internet or ',011ie Crel'Ith listsery or ot both disciphne and st holarly level. it . the in the Internet Itie client sorter component of a types of information required I1V those studying yinual library environment may offer all ot in the humanities are markedly different than the latter as part of client services, but as a those required by engineers In turn while the t on:opt. a virtual library en\ ironment goes tar nature of the material is consistent there art. bey nd those notions A yirtual library ditferences even within a di,,orline among the environment is one in which tomponent parts levels in a user grimp, i ewhat a humanities combine to provide intellectual and real access faculty member needs is significantlY ditferent to intormation. the value of which is trained than what a freshmen in the same area needs entirely from the users point ot view, meeting I here are even noticeable dirterent es hilt, een the inch\ iduals unique Information needs subret areas in the same dist ipline skit h as the visual arts as compared to the literary aris Virtual libraries are not a single entity. but a ibe differences are not just present in the typ,,t. host ot component parts brought together in a of information required, but also in how the dynamic environment Frequently, virtual information is gathered and usedI his means libraries are also defined as the act of remote that what each group yalues and requires access to the contents and set.% ices of libraries differswidelyOften whatthelibrary and other information resources, combining an considered important was not what the user onsite collection of current and heavily, used considered important 10ndings related to mator matontils in pnnt, mit roformats, and (let Inum user groups. especially fat ulty user groups, were form, with an electronic network which taken hack to those groups tor dist u...sitin and pro\ ides access to, and delivery from. external tinformation library and commercial information and km+wledge sources worldwideIn essence, the I he conclusion was that deyeloping profiles of tat ulty member and student an. pro\ ided the the information gathering and u'A patterns by ettgi Itit a library which is a synergy created precise user group would be a roerful tottor b., bringing together technologicallythe prioritizing and planning 14e also tont hided resour, isot man\libraries,information that cook recutter'sertie. that1,t tor oki and knowledge stores hIn addition essentially the same (wry to .111 us, N
I 1 Of) librarians will be working tollaborativelv %kith their. fat Uhl, to develop the tools to build. 1 Jesse H Sher& slit alI !4 r:dation,.of maintain. manipulate, and distribute these zi'rarian,hi, 1st ediNew orkAsia t ollet him, of data resources Publishing I louse). lir()
The Library As Mind 2( ase Western Reserve l. niversitvPlan tor ( 4,e1,'estet n Re,,erve 1.1nwersity (Cleveland, the I ibrary of the Future is many things some 1.)11( ase Western Reserxe University), 1440 ot them v Cr% tamihar and some newt% arrived on the wings of brand new intormational Michael Hammer and lames hampy, let hnologies Among the hallmarks of the Reenoneering the Corporation A Manifesto for ihrary ot the Future will be a new level ot aRtoinesc Revolution (New l'ork- Harper intellectual access, new accey, and control ( (Mins), P4(41This hook offers an excellent mechanisms to taolitate this necklevel of discussion' ofthe importance of inductive acct.'s!, to new formats of matenals, new tools to reasoningasappliedtoinformational help visualize and clarity data in ways that 'technologies tacilitateunderstanding, newlevelsof collaborative involvement tor librarian statt 4 I) Kaye (;apen. c,haron 'It-11mm and Lei ieng, new, more pet sonahzed and relevant virtual 'Developing Intellectual Access and C ontrol library environments, and new more powertul Mechanisms torDiscipline-basedVirtual voices tor individual users ibrariesthatFeature Media.Integration.' Proceedin,0 of the4thAgS SIG'CR No new path is oit.ofperil All future Re..ear,hl'vorkhori.179 2113 planning engenders serlous risk, butit1', .mperative that we embrace this risk, lust as Robert L;'Taylor, Value added ProeiNces we must embrace the possibility of errorIt is oormationSi/stems(Norwood Ablex nearly guaranteed that in planning and trying Publishing (orporation), 19Sh.Taylor refers to to position ourselves for the Library ot thc his model as -rather an early presentation of a uture, we will surely make mistakes. Just as We way ot thinking about the field of Information kk ill surelyoverlooksomeimportant sLience- and also as -a frame of reference for ramifications We must lust as certainly pledge ordering what we know about information use ourselves to correcting ourselves rapidly and environments .-It is a very complex, powerful continue undaunted to follow our vision and sophisticated modelTo mention some ot I lexibility and innovations are also hallmarks its principle components only briefly, as we do of the I !bran/ of the Future in this paper. is to do the model and the book an inlusticeInterested readers should examine Along vs ith the other challenges, most ot the the book for a true idea of the r.mgc of Taylor's long established infrastructures that support us thinking will also have to evolveInfrastructure like
technical suyport. budgets and economic " 1) Kaxe (.;apen, et al, io( it strategies. evaluation tools. physical pla policydevelopment, organizationaland staffing patterns, etcwill all have to respond flexibly to patterns of changeThere will be a high price for all this innovation and change. hut the price of ignoring a compelling vision of the hittlre or failing to follow one will be even higher
InitS fffilest reilh yahon, theI ibrarv ot the Ilture will truly empower the indRidual and truly serve the clientIt will be aI &ran, ot the Mind and surelxthatisworth t.11-s hallenge and risk rx tsed Patin% s Library as Place Library as Mind-to-Mind Contact
Libianan as App I ihranan I ihrandn as ;211k1 AALR2 Identilict & Anal I SNtC11) (1.1..ittLation iust:r pattcrns & nceiki I.Ltinhicct I Icadirq!..
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24 Knkm.ledge & 411111---01. Oft Campus -441 Maul:mem Information & Sswm tKIMS ) Krumiedpe Pr & tica Pruu Resourccs .Assumptu.n s.et%.thing can he digatied I etthing Lan he netv.o.rked Iitifliticlit tittorN (hoc tan hcatolitintql fittrum anti a wc
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rht 19112 (i.c N, (.,1. illRc...,(1 t Iill \ cislo\lI iluilt.IcLetLed The Virtual Library; An Idea Whose Time Has Passedo
lames IO'Donnell Proto.sor ot University ot Penns\ iyania
The idea of the .yirtual library" is as t atchy hymn of praise for its revolutionary tuture ! A -van h for the phrase in the computerized men had the twrfect visual resourie to use a's a databases that otter a hint of the imminent toil, the monument to the old library!went\ future of fast resources on line reYeals that it is Years ago, at a college festival ot the films of indeed a recent coinage, recent, at least. In Alain Resnais, I had seen a shtirt doiumentar, anything like the iurrent sensePeople haYe he made inIt4Sits called I mite le Mrnittlfr dii long spoken of something that is 'yirtuallv a' monde,' a short sublect on the ways and working library- as a -virtual library -2 but itis only ofthe Bibhotheque Nationale inParis A about a decade ago that computer tournahsts period piece. I remembered singing the praises first bandied the ijca around"t: onsider. too ofa grand institutionlustasitentered yirtual libraries where you enter into a rah unwittingly the autumn of its t areerlo find yirtual stack space and browse alstnit I or the film now took some trouHe, forIt was !ha ty isionary ,the ideay leads;Inv oly es apparently neyer released inthist ountry spe wI goggles and ghtt es, a feature that seems when I did.7 it took me, thIck headedly some to hay e laded from most recent disk ussions time to realize that w hat I hail w as quit, the Yirtual libraryThe phrase bursts through different fritm sy hat I had rememberedIo is into the pt.pular press only as rekrntly a IL4S-' 4 sure. it w 3, a him that praised eiCrS aspet t where the helmets are still In plait togo. e the B's but the terms in whit h it thd so wen. the student the abilityto go inside at hip on third yiewing suddenly ui clalt,rs 1.1GuallliStet an giye him a tour through a irtual library ttr a yirtual muscum I how isho know kt.o.nais% yank iserk would nut ognize tht dark and ton,. o 6 Wm hut wtild be amused h. its almost tomital self us ident to do so says something important iiipt ntis.tlite iii the hbrarx xerxthing is about the culture that was treated using wnting mec hanitedrh t. r..ws ot postmen bringing sacks. and print, but also savs indirectly that this ,oks mark hes to k irk us-hixe musit and then culture is contingent, malleable. and Ian from hlige apparatus ot indexers,c a taloguurs being the final form of human organization or he makers. spine cia Wet's, shVi ur, begin to knowledge mark thepros, esS otthe hook through a librarian s assembh line,until with sw itt Itthe essential feature ofthe idea of the prekision the book reaches waiting hands in the irtual libraryis the Lombination oftotal );reat reading re.tmIt, ariC one who knows the mclu eness and near-instantaneous access, RN ot tourse, lust that swift. unfailing ...yr% Wt.' then- the fantasy is almost coterminous with I,,,hat marks this Iiim.eut as a fantasy not the history of the hook itselfThe earliest trots, a llot umentarvRut it is the substance ot example known to me is a famous document ot theision that tinallthits homeThe huge the second century K. the -I utter of Aristeas idles tioncontaining all theworld s to \enoirates' introducing and )tistifying the memor wa4 in it:, time alreadt theirtual existent e otthe first major Greek translation ot Iibrarx thought to he lust ahead "4 theHebrewscriptures.theso called ',eptuagint 11In it, the author attributes to see the dream in a different tet hoologn al Demetrius otPhaleron,the-ministerof setting from our Own is not merely to rekognize ulturefor the Hellenistic Egyptian king that it existed then but that the existing and rtiilems a century or so earlier who founded the toreseeable tek hmilogy looked like afolk Ii brart atAlexandria,the ambition ot -,Oistac av ot ai hies mg it 1 he dream gathering toge:her, if possible, all the books in to,taxis weighed down with sum,, on chips the world, in one_ collection 12Even the kek boardss reensheadsets, and other familiar legend of the pigeonholes into which enk.rsonle equipmenthut somedat a dream the pap, 713s sCrolls at Alexandria were to fit asactelepathicat ess will make todas, phi\us part in the -virtual library' legend, imaginings susidenk s outmoded ,ts a dais\ tor it was precisely this economical and easily- wheel printer ma naged form of packaging that would speed the a, cuss readers wanted 1.+. hat persists has persisted. and I think will ptNist Is the combination of ambition and self IN' library. at Alexandria has long loomed as a dek eption in the ideas that people hate in chimera of pcswer and mystery on the horizon of ,.ornmon about their preerit State ot affairs ou, culture, hut the real makings of our tradition N. hat was eckellent in the RN ofI trSb SC as that are less ant lent than that and clearly betray It was the thing that kse now think we must the presence of the fantasy of theirtual t, Alt another decade .1- three to recapture library I And that tradition,I atm in its X hat hashanged is ni,t the dream. but the origins, Furopean in its development, and now sense 01 te( hnis al possibilities westerntn its self-presentation to the whole worldis less old than AlexandriaFor the but the dream is itself much older than b-t;e, ank lent traditions of book-making and hook and its history ian help make t lear why it still keeping suffered important interruptions has rhv notion of a library itself is an There arc many reasons tor what happened in et traordinary one. of t on rse, and thus fragilc the Latin tradition, some of w hi h have to do Itis surely not sett ex ident that the wiii-ds with the cultural transiorm.ation traditionally other times and pldie,. fro/en forever in discussed as the -fall of the Roman Fmpire:14 tint hanging form r on indefinitely, in but the phenoniena were complex One decisix e ccer ati iimulating geometrik ally expanding event was the introduction of the codox rt,r heaps II/far less self -evident that human formal literary use something that happened rent curled with the real j,roblems tween the secimd and fifth centuriesICI his their present should spend any appre(iaHe meant that none of the books prepared and used amount of II me in decoding and interpreting the in the way on pap-rus rolls. would sun is e tr- wor.ts pot ltqsg dead't hat it --.-"!. (Wilt r hinterr Optedt Art' In theI Min 11.,l 27 lest-, on those rolls that survit ed did so by bibliographx, arranged hy books of thy Bible being prudent enough to be copied tit er into the of all that had been thought and ,ald inI atm «ides form (usually on animal skins rather titan tor translated into1 ann from the Creek. and papyrus) 16 Cassiodorus had a staff ot translators working on intreasing the size ot that literaturein flay dis..ontinuity between aniient and late translation) that «mid help the( hnstran antique library communities overlaps and exegete Tothiswas added a further closely (hutnot exclusively) resembles a bibliography ot specialist literature in related discontinuity between the traditional literary disciphnes, including thy so called 'liberal culture ot antiquity and the chiefly monastic arts,'tor Cassiodorus believed that rhetont Christian textual culture of the middle ages and astronomy were usyful thing.; tor the Bibk I-urther,the discontinuitythat emerged student to know 22 between Creek and Latinisimportant Classical Latin literature always lised under i-or in the years that had intervened between the shadow of ( reek literature, hut in late Augustine and Cassiodorus, the I .atin Chnstian antiquity the Greek shadow passed and I atm community had learned to depend on texts ft yr began to live on its own 17Christian Latin mans things Augustine himself had kept a literature in particular had a general sense ot Catalt+gue of the library of his uss n writings and obligation to its own ( ;reek past. hut little or no even written a treatise late in life outlining and linguistic aptitude for confronting or chcnshing defending all the books he had writtenFven that pastIt is trom roughly the titthenturv as a hishtip. he was no longer14,1 a charismatit A f)that the 'western Mediterranean and its prods her. but a man who had a syntten retord depentieniies to the north and west hecOme to defend In the same period, lerome's wholly, independently1 atm. ',alt.' where the translation (tha'. would tome to he tailed the Romance and Germanic vernacular-. begin to Vulgate) had begun to standardize the text ot icime intn use, though their literary pretensittns st rapture in «tmmon use 'Fhe library of would be relanvelt slow de%elopinf: Is exegesis, both natite and translated,that I. assiodorus tould draw upon had boomed in In that tifth century a sell tonsillitis tradition sizeAugustine s own ocuvre, for example, emerged It took is ritten texts seriously and amounted to over fist' million words, so mut h began to organize them into atheoretical that it was a contemporan and acquaintance of onstellation that took flesh from plate to assiodorus, Fugippms of Naples, who put plate as real toilet-lions of lsooksIhere are a together the first volume of!he l'ssential hundred signs tit this 1'4 Augustine,' an anth logs running to about one thousand printed pages. to help the reader who Compare tor example two intluential books ot wanted swift access to the saint's writings that period giting advice to the ( hristian Antither acquaintance of ( assiodorus, Dionvsnas st holar Augustine wroteOn Christian viguus, a 'Scythian' monk more tamous fot des ising the system ol time-reiktining by years Doetnne around the year 147 and in it set out theprintiplestortheinterpretationof Al) that is still in use todav.21 found that striptureItself a sign of the text tentered the I Atm churl. hes were often embarrassed by a kit k iturate intormation about churt h nature of the religitin he represented 2(1 that it treatise is strikingly short on hibhographs hi law 24 and so put together the first collection ot the secondary literature Augustine writes as a what would later IN' sAiled -torso!) law' 7C bishopantithererorrib sirtueothis ordination) an authontvA hundred and lifts Itis also in this period that the bishops ot it ears later, ( assiodortisa retired statesman Rome isegm to use the tic ItP.1%title tq Vara lit mg at the monastery he had founded on his I pope', and to use the written word and its tarmIt s estate on the remote southern shore of organized storagi lii ads ant e their authontt Italy, wroteInstitutes- for the studentii (hi standard muthet ali ollyr tion ot ot scripture 21Now it 1.1as the prit ate stholar s the popes. called thet I'i'cifi'ijIi ssa . turn to pri. ide this )autian,e and when hi thd htst iirottm down in the eark sixth tenturv so his work is a'. little m ,r than an .11111t,t,th'd and indeed was %Arlin n bust littv.t, . 0 forms, Init. yersion pr,,chiced b each of two sides would be the norm in a env s large church on in a bitter contest .Yer the papal elec non ot "ilinda for there to be no fewer than (our large -b-ro In that tontestwhit h stretched out tor in use ai once to guide the sets ne a titteenyears,not.inlywas the (One hil sacramentary for the bishoptietolloys, ponidtcal book- used as something like a lectionary from which a deacon would do monument and as s.,,mething like pn'Exaganda scriptural readings, an ,.rdo in the hands ot the both sides, but the prevailing side resourcefully master of ceremonies making sure that people went into the archly es and came out with chdn t bump into each other, and a gradual torged doe uments that suppliedsuitable +music. hook) in the hands of the choirmaster ee clesiastical precedent tor their claims No longer was this the spontaneous early hristian community in which the spirit this could only haYe been dom in a world now blessed spoke freely what they knew to he the ready to accept the notion that power depe'nded truth Now words could be chosen in ad vane e, Ahltntng tests and a world that could espeet and not ey en necessarily by those who would to hay e access to stah tests Power ot that kind saY them I iturgical participants, even the was increasingly centralized and .autonomv ot bishop, were actors in a scripted drama a the hical community weakenedLl his is also %withangeThe process there begun would the peruld trom whit h survive hilt (Wily large ulmmate a thousand years later at the C ouncil toilet nuns ofpapalletters,casting their ot Trent in the publication of a missal book tor mituenc e ocer asiAathot urope trom use in churehes that would prescribe tie the orkshire to Constantinople. but also t,, if; priest not only eyery word, but even eyery. letters that is. evidence ot a challterV so hiss. gesture and often even which fingers to use tor thatit had yerbal templates to list I rom each ecerv gesture of the servit'eBY that time. slightly later period there tomes something a large part ot the power and the authority of called theDaily Book(1 d'e, ['Home.) ol the the liturgy was lea y mg the ehureh building 1-""pe..s eontailung pistsiRh a coilestion ot form and going into tentralized hands letters( .assiodorus hi tn-.elt seems tci hay e uses.1 form letters in public secular onset' about the rhe pattern is one tanuhar in a hundred ways same time. Yy hR h he collet ted in his\ arious entraltzation is of tours.. both e.ustiv and l etterstVa, we) ) benefit iiI \chat islostin autonorny and spontaneityis gamed i we like to think 'similar phenomena appear inthis period assurance control,consistent a itci ae foss a wide spectrum lake this charming predietability My point is not to Livery. the storyOne 'suridaY niortung iii the ht th century dys,topment butt to pmpolnt all impiertant stage circling toahistorianis ruing about a inits adY aneement It was in the fourth hundred years laterso perhaps this is best through sisth lenturws in the 1 atin west that thought ot as a story about the world c our cultural ancestors created a set of software Alm bishop Sidomus Apollmaris itt( lermont with whit h to manage their hyesTaken to its in southern I ranee was going into ehurch to most extreme torm,thisledtosmall indu tthe eucharisticserYne. when a eomrnumties organized around a kind ot test prankstersnatchedfrcyllhishandthe that lesus never imagined, the monastic rule pamphlet thbeIlus/ that had written in it the `,omething like the familiar Rule ot,satrit prayers he AA Mild use at that sersueIhe point Penedwt or the less well-known and more ot the story was that not only did he catty off obsessiyely orderly Rule ot the Master theservicewithdistill( hon.hut the suggest what itN.Cas like to live in such a c ongrega lion was -44?-rt ',I'dand delighted that eommunity, but the most tmportant feature ol he did so people now virec fed him to be sir h a text is not what it does but that it :Lies dependent on a fe,t what itelties makes the lite Of a community depend neither on Tontanexiiis chiiice nor on the As it happens. .sidonms probably wrote what orally assimilated customs and wisdom of the was in that pamphlet himself. but his is the past, but rather on spocific rules and regulations transitional age in which such things were written down on a page. The Benedictine rule bring written tints n and propagated\Anhui a insists that it he Itself read tillt tO every noviee tcw elecades of the telling of that storyii see eral times. and then read out again m pieces printing. there were already coming to the' tore to the whole monastic community rcreatodtv in the characteristic tear and fascination that an endless cycleotrenewalottextual flourish inthe presence of abundance' 01 authority IntorttlatIOnIt I44s is realle the year in whit h C.utenberg printed his first Bible, it wa, Reliance on texts unplie, that someone' will eears earlier than that when the famous own texts . andtheywillbe accessible chancellor of the Lniversity of Pans Jean ownership and access remain central concerns in t.erson complained that the boom in book all dis.russions ot the present and tuture of the production was dangerousIt was gic mg nse to library Late antique collections are not %Cr% theological confusion and shaking the solidite well documented, and that gap in the evidence of the church's traditional teaching 33Little is to be regrettedThere were libraries at Re eme.. did he know what lay ahead But already a under papal superyision,-/ and the monastic hundred years before that, one ot the most collections of Faigipplus and ('assiodorus left proficient bookmen ot the age, Nicholas of interesting traces 28 There is even a eignette Lvra, compiler ofa huge and meticulous from the same Sidonius we heard ot a fee, commentary on all of scripture, itself drawing paragraphs ago describing his own librare resourcefully On the' library ot all the fathers with separate seating for men and women, the before him, complained that others were women decorously surrounded by the works of engaging in similar practices too vigorously the church fathers, the menfolk chiwn at the l'hee has e chopped up the text into so many end at the room where the dangerous *pagans small parts, and brought forthso many were shelved eoneeIrdant passage's to sent their own purpose that to stem(' degree they contuse beeth the mind rhereareas wellstilltoilet hopsof and memory of the reader and distract it trom mantis( npts that have heed together under understanding theIltem,11meaning otthe conStant care since the fifth century A I) in the te xt Latin worldVerona is one place to find a tew the Vatican Librarv the best placeBut our ihe inventit+n of printing e hanged many things, real knowledge of libraries begins to he usable and that story has also been told often 3" But at a later period, the time ot the so-e alled se%me essential things did not changeIX'spite arolingian Renaissance of the ninth centurc massivedisruptions.the'fundamental Not only are Own. are many .hbranes, but thee commimity ot prodm ers and users ot texts aredirectheirsotthelateantique remained fairly «instant some exmonks collections 2QThe selee Nen and ordering cif turned into unieersity professors to be `4Ift* texts closely folkews the principles ot the htth ii tither is a prime example). but the continuity and sixth centuriesCassiodorus ot the community of texts was in the' main ee en seem to have functioned as a collee non intensified 16 The codes remained the outward development tool in one monastery. eager to till ti.rm ofthe book and the techniques that out its collection with books he had spoken exploited its power inthe'late' years of an of 3() and Augustine s autobrographie al listing CNA, 111,s1:ely e we're enhanced 14 his own works was respe;nsible in mane rather thanset ppi an fed Indexescross places for libraries holding a strikingle high references. tabulations all multiplied Mane pee-tentage of his works 'hese (-1,11vt-trow, libraries that thninshed in OW later middle' exhibit a modern, not an ancient, arrangement ages still surviee today, often at the heart ot placing obiective truth at the center ot the quite vitalinstitutions A Islt tee Duke' hon and organering eVcr thing else lumphrey s room in the' Bodleian library is a around it not tor Iseaute but tor utility memorable testament to this tenacity Where there had been dishiption in late antiquity and The history of book'. and libraries in the' i.entral thecreationof a newtradition.earls andlatermiddleagesIsabundantle mcsiernity had evete oppecrtunity and reason to transform its inhentani e. but instead turned documented and well and widely studied 32I will not pursue it herr sac(' to mention a remarkably t censers all% e in the face of the tanuliar tencien. e 'n theenttiries possibility .1 (haw. bepr n. pal -21 det elttpment lit that petits; tor OW purpttws form and that they have tomparable profiles thatthedeliberateemphasis onand And yet pret iselv when great researth libraries st sternatitreat quisition ot (..,reek and Latin try hi coordinate their acquisitions strategies, t lassicalliterature decesit ely createdthe they discover that the overlap in what they illusion of a tradition strett hing bat k eli but is far less than IA hat a naive eve would bet ond the late antique origins ot the library expect -1'4 tradition I haVebeendtscussing and imorporating (;reek and Roman ntiquity in a What ofthatwillsurt fteinthe%et single traditional ciintinuurn 37 In the wake ot community that is coming'The written word the choices made then.I.as a professor of itself will see its grasp weaken, as it dames in tlassnal studies, am a dad\ caution to all I tandem with visual and aural treasures in great meet that we plate a remarkably high social abundance 4()Other familiar landmarks will t attic on our links to the past diminish. The author is already an endangered species,'" and rightly soThe notion that But it is not lust the temporal dimension that is authoritative discourse tomes with a single important What I am suggesting isthat monologic voice surely depends on the creation histont ally, cultures dependent on the wi Men of the written artifact.Both oral discourse word hate allshared the fantasy otthe (before and beyond the written word) and the irtual hbran, That is, they ha:L. cherished networked conversations that already surround some notion ot total int lusit eness What the,. ussuggestthatindialoguea fuller at hie\ e is always tar short ot anything that representation ot the world may be found, might be considered a totality of output ot the precisely because conflicting voices deserve to ttritten word tor even a brief periodet en the he heard The notion that reality itself can be great depositorylibraries contain onlya reduted to a single model universally shared is trait:on of the printed reading matter ot their atbestausefulfiction and atworst'a own socienesi, and they hate placed a high hallucination that will turn out to hat e been alue on access to that totalityBut with this dependent on the written word tor its ubiquity isionphysical institutions hat e grown up and power that in one wav or another impersonate the irtual libraryThe publ IC librariesI haunted '-qmilarly, the notion that discourse must be as a child looked and telt to me (siert bit as fixed to be t Mid will fade \ow. fixity is to our ttherently Ilike avatars ot the iirtrial librart eyesthe onlysatistactortguaranteeof already believed in as the at adenut research authenticityhut fixity brings with it rapid librariesI prowl appear to me todat In 1-,07 obsolescenceThere is scarcely a page I have A'4..'I a., indulging a fantasy tar from realitt published in a decade and a halt of skholarlv but a potent tantast net ertheless writing that I would not nots change ifI could, but I cannotWords that I know to be I or stis the tantast that a library s users shan inadequate and in some cases untrue continue to that defines the community toti hith thet speak tor inc. who am no longer the person I was b((longit embodies a world view (and I hatc is hen Iwrote them butI am still somehow talked about the ways in which thenon their authilr, I must be. because I once Wa fictionworldiew ot the tirtual library ot the age of the (odes differed from the poen( With the ideaofnxittgoes the ideaof world t iew if antiquity( and so seems hgit e durationI spoke ot earlier(tood words are ollot tii e tontirmation to what our beliefs In witrds that last and remain unchangctiBut it that wavitfunctions importantly asa the world is i (Instantly in flux, then surely the transmitter of (ulture from one generation ft( the des& nptions ot that world should find a wat to next, as it did to Mr in those pubh, ot hange to reflett that world 1-hitne of our nit I.bildhood reference works do this already, and on the other hand lane Austen is perhaps immune to int 4,ther !eating( is importantI he ommon rewriting and should remain so tantast ot the tatual librart encourages the beliel thatill libraries embodt tht.,n1( ideal he(,rt..itest Hairston/1,1110n that .11t 2; 31 y irtual library information environmentifs ill If the virtual library is fifteen hundred years bring is in the way culture is transmitted. If old, why does tt seem so current an idea' Will ex en the idea of a stable. reassunng set of texts It continue to enthrall"I am fond ot quoting and truths on which to miurish the young Mclaihan's notion that the content of a new fades,'" then it will not be at all clear what it medium of communication is always imagined is we need to do to or with our young people to to be another older medium 44 Thus cinema at acculturate them to the ways of their elders the outset was thought to he a vehule tor For years I have quoted with amusement the filming "plays", and there are still "made-for- poet lohn Crowe Ransom in an essay on TV movies" and "TV newsmaga z shows' A Princeton, where he concluded that all in all farmer at the turn of the century saw that the Pnnceton was a fine place, but if he had a son. horseless carnage could get him to market and he would )ust as soon lock him in a library until back more quickly, hut had no inkling that the he was 21, then send him to Pans The value ot same vehicle would send aninterstate Pans at age 21 remains, I thinklbout what it highway through his pasture and change his was. but even in )4.'st, ex en as a comic: icon, the V* a v of life foreverIt takes a generation or notion ot locking a youth in a library will, I three to get past the point of depending on the suspect, so far lose its power that people will old medium tor a way to think about the new not eYen understand what Ransom was getting and to the point of exploiting the new medium atIn short, the idea that the totality of our arttullv in its own right u tu re l'an in sone way be incorporated in a library is precisely what will disappear The dream of the virtual library comes torward now, I therefore submit, not because it promises What then becomes of professors and publishers an exciting future, but because it promises a and librariansIt we ari:, very sure we kni 't. future that will be lust like the past only better what our roles are and VerV deterfrUned to work and tasterNo one can deny the usefulness of hard to maintain them, we have every reason suth conceptions, hut the limitations of their to look forward to extinetion C ontident usefulness must be recognized as well In reliant e on old models for sut h tunctions will another place I hope to write at some length of notsuffice here willhe traditional the (ritual teat hons that the coming of print publishers and librarians and even professors met in western Furore (tor even that trinity ahon tor a good while, lustas there are now was not greeted with an unmixedhorus itt professional scribes and sthools ot calligraphy praise. but I can share here a main conehision But lust as the power ran out ot the monasteries of that studyIt lcas that all ot the c riticisms and 1:tle,dasticalinstitutionsofthelate and tautions expressed in the fifteenth and middle ages into new channels and forms, so to(1 sixteenthcenturythat I canfind, our educational institutions qua institutions are hat tenstit ally launt heti from within and at truly at riskThose who cherish 'them will usually intended to preserve pciwerful social do best to be self-conscious about what they institutions, turned out to be accurate and valid attic in those institutions and to be pragmatic It also turned out notfit matter, tor the new about how to pursue the preservation ot that environment-that print treated was so mut h %Mile in a rapidly and dramaticallyL hanging larger. so mut h fasterand so mrr h more enyironmentParadoxically. this means not powerful than the mantis( npt medium had asking what computers can do in and for our iqd been t ha tallobiec( I( in sweresimpi institutions. it means asking what needs (iorrhz. Os erwhelmed Where society continued III tare and then looking with a clear unpretudited eye aboutallies that the new medium threatened. for the best way of doing itl he answer L.s ill it turned ollt that the new medium could oasilx often be (lel tronic but the I hallenge will be to afford to look atter them 4C I ani 1(11141of make sloe that what the (let trons do is indeed studying those early critics oftheprint aluable to our societyfly concentrating on medium. because they renund roe of no self and that side of the equation. the pet (plc. and es en mv friends and colleagues. all of 1IN 011 the the instituhons, who has 4.. managed the old threshold of something new quite unsure w hi( h information universe haye a goodham e ot of our institutions will 'alms Is e finding 1mi-sill-Lint roles to pl,i rrthe nett one 1 he dittereiRl'. I subnut. is that the terms ot 1 his is the second in series ot studies organization ot knowledge in electronic media addressing contemporars issues of networked sharply disresemble those kitthe traditional intormation in a historical context. the hrst ides hOOkl'he methods of prilduction and Lit Augustineto N. RI. N. 1 heI reeof distributton disrescrnble those ot the print knose, ledge and How It( .rows The. media Vx herethe es en more sharply il,rarian 21 1:4 (1Q91). 21 41 ialso m it1/4e traditional tune hen ot the library has becn tic Build II hojaejv ornrnunit anon. and be one tit a I t',O. Stich enterprises cchiperatingit Neta.orktn,TeL hnolo.oc--; INew York, 141411. 71- sometimes at arm slength)withatew 41, and in ()vet-toryotFictranicjournals. publishers (and thus both together tunc honing 'N;e;A slet ter.andA, adorn,Pis, ussionI 1,t, as gatekeepers on a limitedset et narrow T dition(Washington.14411 I 1I). intormationpathts avs from authorsto con% entrated on the shaping influence ot the readers), a commumtx is now growing in whit h codex page and the imph( itforms ot the there w ill be as mans publishers as readers organizationotint ormation Here the he possibility ex en ot imagining totality in emphasis is rather on the communities and h a world rapidlc disintegrates 4Vhat unstitutionsthatorganue andusethat would be the contents of the electronicirtual intirmation hbrars 'I yen, thingl'ser %%hat'lust to ask the question makes it suddenly (+slim.. that one lAa,j1fr'fcn P,st Liundax 71 \ovl mber themosttaluablefunctionsotthe ,t Book WorldOne expec tation implu it in the traditional librarx has been not its inclusisiti. contemporan dream is that its realization will but us es c. luso, av its disc erning pidgment that olx tate the need for buildings. but theirtual keeps out as mam things as it keeps inIn an irtormation is atertall. the sirtual librars that librarx appeals ex entothose who are xers tells us es er thing and ...is k'c'r, IN tilt :Mr WO building a large building indeed amnberg and A( :Mani. Head 1 ibrarian and with a storm ot data will not be highlx prized I lead ot Intormationai ',en. ices tor the new I he librarianss ill haxe to be a nlore at tise Biblicitheque de I ranee, use the phrase as one ot participant in staying ott .intoc haos I the traditional librarian has been (-onkel\ ed as, a many approximations ot the future the,. sketch intheirNew Order.. (Itknowledge, Ness figure at home in the discreet silences and Cl hnologios ot Reading. in Representations 42 ,autious ol a Ilenrs lames ne el. now tool (It perhaps the right modek will be tound iii lames p84 1 hat whole issue Rct,,e,entathmsis des otedlii theI uture ennimoreooper or the 'star Wars tilms ibrarx las( mating range ot liumppothe and otters a something between \ at ty theoretical and practical discussion. (-entered Pathtinder and the fedi knight will he the :in but not limited to the Bibhotheque de best tiLlst illtor a librar sc hoot*"11hether rani r, and including an important artic le b. the existmg publishing or hbra ft,1 (immunities lane ( onsburg on the tuture ot eop right in an '1/44111 supply these pioneers. or whether th tronic minment w illclime trom sonic other sec toretthe information societxIs(hi.radii. all.,open ii sticut ot our time tor all who care abciut ni is s repOrt citk tuber 1) 1 IQ's4 sax scii Detroit tigers c ti.her (Mt iParrish thathis ..ords and how thex ,Iltt`t t lithipleA classicist mind is a virtual librars ol do s and don'ts an only take von so tar in examming slit h against most hitters' issuesIlls tame priirc thins ot the future will ertamly be the ones that tall tar short ot xx hat li.11154 happen,. o tind the most sober lotlick and realisticdeptctions ot that tutunyou would 11, better to turn sour attention to thi rom i( PI news replirt \Ian h 6, 1... A tow firstw itt es edsisionarx,i vb. rpunk months earlier m ( hi agoI irl.unr tilt r that c otpc, along 4- ,'septembet III, luto Obilitt the French Minitel sc Tx t. seems to use itstillin the sense' ot irtu. !Is hbrars 11th a Minitel one can rceair!lights andhi thIst he, ittill '3 3 weather the tutu% ,.ha, lirtual library e t ,o1 intormation at the huger tips,t nd eng Iv.,In enyptiter \ ith pohne iatis L'Ileeiz' the narrator trom the hint t nt lit in ire,tantit Ithc nt it.t.,4,1. in the take it as confirmation that when I'tett this Ilthonl bet 'Ines part of a artit IF1 OW oral presentation (it this paper at ab,tractindu ferentwe here all the bneks are the ARIAll. P"Iyinposiiim numerous nodding equal among, them...el\ es where they all emoy heads aretlindtherot tm showed thatthe together an attention as ti tidedaloot as that invocation itt this artit hties hit h feit indeed ot (end tor man And hereitit hoscn hay ereadlatelu'i a tanuhar ritualin preferred made indispensable to its rtader meetings di:toted to the eke. tronit hbrart pulled from its galaxy. '1 WO points need to he addressed tangentially I'I I ake anyreasonable prolet tionotthc here. one to recur later trst how do I happen int 1-1.',1".1. in output otpublitation and extend rt to have this lose elv returenty to a yellitust d and 0\ cr another what' thousand years'I he long tig;:t.,«tten newspaper pdge'I gt't it tn,in an tirimlah.d quantitt at the end tit such a tint( aintle ittItrYti y intage hi, mt. late 1_ ni crsitseit debt., the pee, ei ot the inlawnation totqlt\ l'ut111`.% It ania tolleague Rudolt I h k kirIv regarded student nt the historc th, bookcollvt tud in his Pritifin ati./ 1 II his is the I( tter that tells thistorye't how Re.a.lin;14 -,t't t.'n(1 ed Wiesbaden 14-41 sei ent\ translators went into set t nty ,Uparair tic wa. already then thinking, of the bonkless t. and emerged months later with seuenty future in a short synthesis on the future ot the identie,ilii'isittii', of the led It was it. deli library forty vuar'. ago'second, noteanthill\ rt toldin antiquity as a storythat tustmed that the function ot the new and amaimgh List reliant t. the ( geek tiit to the exi hision of (cc ttiht, ptcRslandardstlet hnologyit thr 1h:breve, laud was thus parti( ularly popular presented prec iselv1,.a ti titltiltUsing .1 among C. hristiem. lit tshom I iebreus was ri mnrt. traditional. familiarlamously all possessing isit'-. tii,iti t mit institutional library ot the present I he social ii 1 and mtellet tual structures the present are ps tsriseeas Philotrates 4 the numbers tor assumed to be stable and to be a usetul basis tor librarY holdings that the letter gi\ (200 WO undt.rstanding the now tet hnnIttg in hand, with a pia] ittCi$1,1ftlin are of little y (due, but gni,' a sktnse of how (lose lit totahtt, a Here itis a pleasure to knove, lodge' the dreamer might think the library came trrendly help ot Professor (,tephen hot" I put the word library' in quotation marks (tt the {ohm.Ittpktns Init. crsity s Department hcrt (autumn-4y hut caretully Itis used too ot!runt h,it. hose network (It agents tin.eill\ readily to apply to entities tart mg ys 'Idlyin tra( Iced dow n a &Op ot the Wm tor me to sereen sire and nature. and the tommon t:att ot being created and used by people who had similar . 'I yen a Frent hman would admit that there art but entirely unrealistu, ideas about what the% mitre things between heaY en and earth them ate ',Acre ttlt shi ti Id not 011,cure the fat t that the shelt etiinthe i!ue de Ru hVhellbut the book11.I's a different thing to ant tents trom BritishI agars. and theI ibrarY ot( ongress what it is today tnot a text tor sdent digestion tsett n 7 ahoy u tor one example) are similar tot but a prompt script for reading aloudnot a ittIdeas ofall inclusiierlessthatsis WI% sour(ot informationbut chiefly a reposing\ do...sok(' under OW arrIt, anon ofct, cri tor wisdom totted as pion., and narratt montrtlt S ttiititiitil tlild OW 41111r II tatitm .pitt, /11 Ilewev I )1.,t unal L,.stOM it. ould not hay,: theI ibrarv ofC. (ingress 445net ently the letttic non out of plavit would hail placed fa nuarv I44,4 vomc of the relentlessly fttrward it at the tenter ot tin (1,11(1 lion 1 looking(N.tretti. m whit h Panny ot Thinking M,u hmes is quoted t p hit) using the 1 1 I ( 1 ,1 A a, a I.tor ay adabh information ' It,. re vf t'eit Verkel( y 3 4 is both a readable history ot the Alexandrian vernaculars, see I W Binns, 1,1 Idle1 I i4aI culture libraryandatthesametimean hzabethan and laiobeannytandthe lattn excimplitication ot itsUrious totemic hold on ot the aceLeeds, Ntein our culture s imagination lqIn the conventional literary histories, biased 141 I) Reynolds and N C.,Wilson. s,ithei, and beRomanticexpectationsotauthorial Mar. (Oxford, 3rd ed . 19Q1), is an excellent creativity and poetic form, this is dismissed as introduction to the ancient and medieval an age of abridgments, andto be sure making and keeping ot boiiksThe tall ot the ahndgments have their weaknesses But an age Roman empire" is a phrase generally avoided characterized by them is perhaps one that is by working scholars today in tavor of less disios tiring itself awash in information and is pelorative(but.notably,stillderivatiye) beginning to take a strong hand in organizing it phrases like 'late antiquity"Suftice itto saY and making it accessible, surely not a sign of 'here thatit'was a period of great creatiye intellectual decline energy.torallthat some highlyyisible institutions did not share in that energy 2(11 hltv to speak ot Christianity-, indeed, as the high tech religion ot late antiquity. for the I ;see here my paperf rem stAugustin,t,, way it used the written word from the outset to the NRIN in Iat-cost.) reate a ommumtv extending across time and especially space. wbcire traditional Creco- 1 1"(irth noting that the transition through Roman religion was quintessentially local and w hi( h the wntten word now moses svill be the ram (al la fist first to take it trorn a primary- storage material c (insisting ot dried organic material (papyrus 21see 1 ()DonnellCai.i.tedoci,.(Berkeley reeds, animal scans. cloth- or woiid based paper) to an inorganic substance (tor the moment sili«,n and magnetized metal) 221 lyre indeed, I would suggest, is the origin ot theataloguing schemes that privilege -non 17( onstantiriiiple s Byzantine I'mpite kept the tic non. see Mt. K Merit k on Carolingian ancient Creek tradition MR e until the [mks librars catalogues, quoted below at n .10 Sail kod the city in 14;3.1"he rey is al ot Creek letters in the west in the Renaissance was assiodorus was the firstto employ the impcirtantly assisted by the pc.rilous conditions B( %Al) reckoning. but itis really the British in w huh Creek scholars in the east found monk/historian, the Venerable Bede. who in themselves seeI)I CaianakoplosCree4 the eighth century. put the system into common ,hti/ari: in Venice (Cambridge, (\lass 1'4(12) 114' "Fhe relation betwoen medics al 1 atm and 241 or example, in the late 190s, Augustine in the Romance languages has become :III% ek north Africa had run afoul ot church lacy topic ot discussion since the publication of R enac ted at the council of Nicea 70 years earlier Wright,lateI attnandI arlvRornah,r by being ordained bishop while his predecessor iyerpool,11-*Q I.IA Inch argues that trom was stilt Asti, but he had the yen: good excuse about the ninth century atmwas an that his c hii rt h did not hay e a copy 'of the artificial recreation something that had in reley ant ilec isions and so did not know what tact died out ot ecerydav "Se11 true (and the law was thinkitus that theory emphasizes more strongly than ((stirthe was iishit h the 'In so doing he followed the goyernmental western 1-uropean traditiiin was a cons,-iouslY prat tite of the some decades that produced an I atm-centered mos ement I ofthe long mtreasingly organized series of collections ot suns !sal of Latin al the center of the cultutc sec ular lawculminating in the huge law the point at stint h orcani,'Ine oil law going exerc ise 01 (Ilion-11,m triditlot)iii entrate, 1 1 35 rtichenN'en:eit I Inchi,tc.ri,, he1 all,tudie 2t1Vas spontaneous liturgstill the norm as +Darmstadt 14411 17S late as 400 rhe SI-vanish rfo.et Prudentius in his poem tAcle about the martyrs (Prudentius. 14 Quotedin A Minn!, and A 11.,,tt Peristephanon 10 1si,.,c)interprets Mt 14 Medirval1 iterary Iheort, and t. 1 'take no thought how or what e shall speak 1 l (Oxford IQK).0 26,4, where there is apt tor it shall be given vou in that same hour what reference made to R and M Rouse. rhe Verbal oshaH speakas recommending sixultaneity ( ontordance to the '1.criptures, an arth le now reprinted in their AuthentictVitne,c, cited 1- aboxo I have heard exattiv similar tears -- II 1 Marrow Autour de la hibliotheque dii expressed by scholars that hpertext links pa pe Aga p t, Alela n.\.es if 11 tele I ranyil.e Rome 48(1911), 124 69, describes the traces ot a added to their own words will s)mehow alter sixth lnnturv papal collextion at Rome and diminish the kaki(' ot what they sax again my Ca..1,,dorts-. and on Fugipptu,. lcIn tit-der ot publication, thelassie studlo,, are ( the the arti, les of NI \Il.orman. espesialltthe I I chi re' and II I Martin, /West Manuscripts of -,tAugustine,. Pe. ifirs'tin French in loChAmerican ed httera,n.. Ref fcc Penedi. tine a0+ losk)1 \Hann..I lighlandsNJ,lt-c."f.., N,1, I uhan !he.i.NtrnI:,..e Cala iv !New 1 oft.196-2i. isenstrin.1hr a, an'A \'ent 2R10, kitturit k I Ai t\ritten tVrd anlbrhiy, Iti 210 e-hannr ambridge l'--ut and \,1 I,u,,,o%ke. in 14 abw,,$) " A ,)%t. stltd 1't Jardine.1 Pa,,ftio. M I rtto.. lzilliothekskataleN Princeton. lain), tor the way in ,xhich that den: Jahrhuti.it'Q At4,0Ve told 11,1!--4:11101.,: aSCrIltilof1. Mit In tut i 1ll'IlberaIt'1% ii Pc:ichutt Witt I fridelberg 1,ntricd nd managed . (-11 , I , 11In this period. the err found in oe hwa (cte P- 11,1 ,amplo thing. nor isit the onlx tatepiry that libraryif at all, well down the list . subtomed to the basittexts otI atm grammar the% , an reasonablx be used to des( the period to Professor Ralph ii hit hthe nameisusuallygix en,f.,1 presumably exemplified theoretical considerations. see IIBlumenberg. the I.no, ersits,ot( olorado has I luster ot The I ,tona, I/ of the )1,1,,di-rn ambridge described to me a pattern he is studying where Mass 1Qcs- he 'Battle of the Book,. o...o ( I atm cp, poetry held a pla,e of hrlstlan named after lonathan 'swift s influential satire prestigeDOS.%usualk torgotten until well atter see now I M I twine, i litRattle arolingian times, until in acry sh,,rt period on the quarrel the cild classics suddenly reared up and took ,.tht Ht,torti and1 Itetakt4rlintke s to tall 4,0 Iltha1a, luk111) tome,. from a time their plate. leaxing the ( hristian when scrim]. chlubts were raised about the h untiI a mild re \\ii Into !War and ust tulness of maintaining the link vnt 4 holarhlp took thi'M 1111 tot iti11 AI a ntlquitt 1,, mexnoi,tis and Wilson in IC It a k. I it,'ra; vIrti,, eton mean h% .comprehensit , tion ot bookstor csamplc uscs.a, 19421 At ( arrtithers 1 h P. A \It arnbridge P4Stn, R and \1 Rouse, -1Nth.nti. iA'nilt.nt on who use are ik.otith Bend1JLt, 1:1-1 I1,111,1)% , I ',"ni'Oem(qti t,.: ter/kt or oisisdemonstrated mv iontenipotarx 1,49.1 1, 1, inlit libraf \studiesthatattempttotedin !kipping. acquisittons b ac ',operant e 3 11/4th hart rf.xs.1, as obii ttitnittempts arc 'midi ( I', :)t; to ',COlust how large the ot erlap iii lii I. CHI rti1le. OW resulting number turn, av this cten ii Inl. noting that adding to lit to be astonishingh, tots and the pr,.spei t tot the anon of dead authors is a re, ent tad that material sat ings tar than one might hate siiggeststhatsome oftheintelle tual imagined 'sec PIIMosher. 'Qualitt and imphi ations (il the t hanges tt hit hI speak ihr_i r & It tions Netsl'hict t hi UI m are beginning itt lw telt, to the detriment of the Kesear; hand Prai tic C 111 C I i non reputations ot authors trom lane Austen to taluation; o, 1,1,t, isiargart tMitt hell ihCsr pp2 2C 210, a studtis referemed in tx hi h `17ot titles in `,1 N1 and 4 I hereis .1 huge and grow mg literature orncll libraries Wert` held bv one hbrart 01111. arising trom the ti)ntemporary debate et Cr the N. cording to `usanuttvr Oiro tot otibranes pla,e of a't anonet authorized texts I he alNorthC arohna',tatoI. nit ersitt. the most salient feature of sin h debates is that triangle Researi h 1 &rani-, Network. s studies Ole% an no new thing under the sun, but rather ,howed thatitall duplicate retiirds were their history is toterimmuis with that I have chilli,ladthe sizeofthe t ornbmed database sketc hed hereFrom the earl% sixth century t,e redut ed by ,,nh,21 1 N Al). tor example, we hat e a11'41t allcd the it uptI mit m pseudo (.,elasian ,rtumnitIut'u u inerLiv. N tober 1 IOSS) .Nc cording to an (1 retal on uttml..tim be update ot that work. of :.111.111 tCX .1,, cried and hooks to by rely( led ). lut h .ontrol numbers onit 17,-) 11h ruti'rdstsu 1IT at .111 outlines IA hitt) books of( hristian literature threeIiiki Itut c:rsittNorth C arolina 'state must be readIA hit h mat be read, and whit h t nit ersittand I 11I ersot Nairthanilma should not be read lusion againis an itt hap( IIlutli motorI Xl N institutions 'Mat important.It((intro% (Isla)f unction in the ma na,;cmcnt ottheirt ijilllbrar\ot ant period 41'1like to imagine the studt of American luster', a thousand tears from nots. when smelt 1 m0, I nhan. nict Me dia \rt.,. _the period ketone about 194'; lt ill Willi laplelv lork1'4,4 I. h and mitten elsewhere pre historic ,IstItrs"n (mit from the tsritten word andot asionalprimitit rrepresentations :apart trim) theI I) holograph docudrama. 4'1 orsimpleit was (Me criticthat that will doubtless be predut ed'i. and the the detect ofaprinted book was thatit introdui tion of visual and sound recording will resembled all the ether copies et the same gite presidents and other historical tigures book and SO %On cOldd not cheek its errors from roughly Kenneth onwards a kind 01 41y.ainhl anothtst t opv, the wav ola (mild with uniquely indit iduated manu,.4. ripts I NU' intensified realitt1 he resemblanc r l'etttin thP, perItId and that in which writing was first enough but that eritit did not realize that in introduced is not int idental the print medium it would lw possuhle to pat set, Mott C.reene. people simplt VAluria Prel las'It to proofread, and proofread , Bahl mon, ohsessiveltitIt Were a st(11. I. 1111efIng et legal 1 tiu21 iI prehtstort brief in question. to pre% ent error in the first .ind thus to atine a produm t mm h 41Mit het I oticault famouslt asked \ hat is all higherat t urat thanant thing',eV!)in alith01`In his inaugural lecture as Prolessoriii ript culture the ( ollege de Franc(atollinI nglish. in lus 1 ,,Nritcr NIctiret Li Vt.!th. ttlthk 4i'VVe `,11(,111tIals1.1 bear in mind that tt e mat 1U771) 1 lure as often eletihrre. iontemperart I mild de% elcipments in hterart theort.ind alreadt be then in important resreits humanSt itn,t,pirillil.predn I.and not not% gut ta coherent ,uit ount of fm, 01,71 tamIting pram tit es in11 hit hI hut11,111Sh,tniiiii, (It asionally mimicdet rlopments inthe ui'j i)t.rtasite elle( Iof the tomputer slid not appin atIollettet hnolopv%ith%shut hth, taki a neutral tlateline I .ailliitl lipit the theoreti tans .ite out Tithi iist I\ is 1/ ht n of the dat itli.1 traditional it sit' N.hull I lit 3 7 amInstanth surpriskd h% how 111th h t hat I do has changed alreadandI am an old fashioned kind ot skholar in a %cry ti.iditimal field Who the new ledi knights :ire and where they are and how king it will he hefore the are the norm, we tni surmise on anciot..,1 4I had wnthm this last line in anti, ipation ot moeting Bruce cterling atthe AktAll l' s mposiurnA orneds, onsuod,hen nobod had mut the distinguished speaker and w were all (reciting a kind ot Lomplwate sket,h what this figure would 101)k this %Cr presontahle and indeed almost apper and sott spoken man I thinkI should confine 111% Wit to suggesting here that he is perhaps hest desk-tit-led as a.% ulna!wild eed istonartt her, et, Historical Visions and Modern Revisions of Virtual Knowledge 1.ngene Vank.e tskkwoo0 Prole!..sor in the ilumanitio,, University of Washington the panelists in this s.ession art- medievalists tit electronic literacy and publishingI loweyer. su, ft thet, deal w ith an epo, h Vestern as medic% ahsts, we hays' two practical mt)dtbrn t rerllott' in time vet pre- deged hi'I..11.1s4' It t oncerns before us which need to be addressed has betlucathed to the modern world manc I irst, a distressing one there is a serious crisis problems which are particularly urgent in our in academic pubhiation in the I lumarimes and ots P timethe breakup ot 1:111pIrt, first. the among its. etteets is the Int rea.ing ditticulty Roman then the C aroling: in in the \fiddle medics Mists to share the great wisdom that Ages led to the tragmentation ot pow t r and to the, possess with all ot those who need it so ciolent enwrgent e it national cultures, as has badk. but do -,t know it iiitt some of our best turred in I astern l'urope and Asia with the holarshipispotentiallunprofitablein end , a the Cold War in the last dec. ad,\ sot, is todac s publishing market,itis simply not time ot old fashioned liolc wars ludai, publish,it. it published it mat, be st, epensit t Islamic ant!t. hrishant.unt.amentalisms ark' thatitis often not purchased even by mayor threatening and toppling secular gocernments research libraries mut h less, by individuals and creating tlerital hegemoniesInterselt the I uropean Ftonomicommunit.,' is tonstituting the set ond ont ern is more posits% t given the itself as essentially a 1,alimpsest ot the maps Ill5. and vet urn harted potential of etc\ trtimt ot theantlingianI mpire and the ( rusattin,- publishing,isitnot possible for mediet-al nationsIn the realm ot personal e portent e scholarstore ins ent (Wstheir medieval the \fiddle ,Ages both inherited and nurtured forebears on, e did) the modahhes both of the the gender model. ot the t hurt h I athers that prodm tion of scholarly knowledge and of arc being so hotly contested and delended readerk espenente of learning' todal, "-to too medic...it culture bequeathed h the s;estern World the twin discourses ot ''int'l I speak as a st holar to an audientl ot romantic loe and ot misogynyAnd tust as librarsails anti publishers 1 Wel that the tirst marriage betatne a sat rament in the Middle pra, tit al concern relates us all. to each other Ages 110W k hurt h weddings, instead of it 11 and should be addressed head onI shall do so weddings. arc tint(' again in vogueEven the by evoking a case that is hpothetital but moderntothing ot the chit in Paris and \ett painhillt. detailedA distinguished press at a t,rkis harkening bat k to the robes of the largepublituniversity.. tallitNorth rnedircal t It rgs' ahbraska, has aitt %car-old monograph series in mediet al tulturt.Its editorial board More pertinent to our interests in this t onterent t is %sell known and maybe esti) the bestthat totia. heweter, is the fact that the ould be assembledMr re. sews of its books 1$,:ys brought not onit hula( ', the maes ii,',. kin umlormly pocatise, but funds for bill new modes of understanding cc hat was public tic, have been diminsshing and the books rith n, and with these skillsinienets ate sitting slowl they have not turned a ',ice, personal and politic al powers prtilit. and the press has suddenly the university s board 14 regents()tic da% thus, as medics alists arr 'Ara lr!,ris it tit,clue, tor ol the writes the tollots mg .msitnislt.at home among, MOM. Or 1111',tit [al letter to the editor realitit1.1 the mod, rn worldin, Intim,: those 3.9 unisersit%publisht isreportthat library standing cadets lot port lust. 44 It may he lust is well that k our hurried scholarl% books bae dropp, atsnot hodule atthe MI A contention 40..a drastic det hoe pro% ented OUT IbtctingI had bad now s to tichor that has since bet time bittor No doubt ittti will want to dtst uss this At present I seet k r huh 11ht amid I Ow almostallstateunit orsitics the Os North Cahbraska L.nkersitv has been going through a seruss ot budget cuts I nhappd% 1 ast spring, tor the hrst time, the administration had to chtiose between Laina ( alst cutting faculty or cutting budges ot I 4111't tor. North ( olibraska Press au Ailiary units, inchiding the Press We had to absorb a 1S'I reduction in state support and direct more of OUT Nov, stippOse that our imaginal-% senes editor is attention to books that sold in the ptrsork quick on his or her foci',nue publti thousands rather than the hundreds et-Nth,presses are so hi:hitt:len 14,stah' We did tost andInt orne reports on all legislators, vs h% not lust ).10 ahead and otter this our subject areas and wort' forced to klis.tingupThed pritate unisersus .,uspend osent's,including a press' indeed .ts h% not go right to the..1.1., (icantima%ian translation series that nothingloss sa% . thanPrint I fardt had reteived spec tat ular N. lot% s nkersity Press' `so tat goes a letter anti lost imagine our editor s soprise atill,prf, .11\ ast tall the news was worse we would Inv% ni4 al response It gots losoanother $1,000 inannual university support. a truk staggoring I )car I 1rI nugena amount We again re% towed tosts anti income and identitied tt+ur selies that I hanks % cry mot h %our letter4,1 1 do not retool, 'heir investments (The ot Nugust and tot sending alony the those series is the sorios on \le,11l' al admirable toilet hon ot ruk uss I % had a t han, o to prosent the series tor prolmonar% dist ussion at oneit our Ihis week Issas informod that W.' ma% intornaletittorialstattmeetine.s take an additional k it+11 0110 this Although rm colleagues arl' fat orabk «lining tall Ihe um% ersit%is well impressed 11%fbilimos and anotition, aware that our abilityto rndnCo tht series a, ,01 rib!' kkt si holarl y monographs isin serious art' int hood to behose that the seiles pont, but the hiss ottat ult% positions is as presentk onshtuted would not 44n, ciinsiderod an unacceptable alternahl that we could attord to undertake I et me explain In the nest %vat-itIs likelsOlaf %Ai' will IN* required to suspend sent, that \NI. remain ommit tud to the !when , annot p,is their own wa%, with ...ales or that itis MIT Itins lion as a unikursitk SilbSikin's I he only OA o Inlr'N that res.- to publish IN.Niks itt tAt vrhon.il ha% I' repaid thou- costs aro /kirstye, 1: s. Inlarkmerit thePius, 4,;,4 and t iv% cl t's no general subsitk how e% ii Hell. the two titles with the broadest our 1)00kc must pat,tor )hsrnsels us gencral appealItis no a,, ident Om? throughsalest theiron% that ...ubst.vstnt volumcs hate not tared as subsidued press teels unablo sustain won vat h now 1. rlibilk,huti In an the series has not been lost on usl lt environment less able to affordit as you arc assail, from your dealinp.,,s ne,,pite tnt reawd marketing. sales tot s it hNorth( alihrask tinlIM11 holarl% setirs continue to tall Most i1nki.non', 10T ademli. puhlishers untaLorable at thc present unit. books Editor in ( fuel dr e... bet oming er more ept visit t It, North ( 1dii :aska Init ersity Press t'. book pir,. bases bs, &ratios ,ontinue to &ohneI or these -sothere you have itstholarly prtsses must reasons we 11111'4 be el. t.r more silo, tit act !Ike trade presses, and libraries ,annot hut , toles tor our list expensit e scholarly hooks But does this hypothetical case apply to good medic). alists' F Or these r(',On, VellI am sorrx to say that these letters are sit terrronedthatour humanities real ones, with the names and titles changed t thelistmust remain and that a lot ot real pitential authors, man% relanyely toad In Nile IIIprdi ti e ithout tenure. will not sury lye to produtc this means that eat h book we tommit medieY al st holarly books that will bet time best to publishing in a gken car !caws us st Hers with one iiption tewer we Lan exercise therealter Inasnmc h as wo alwax Ntiw it is possible that elettrom, publishing seem to ht.' f a, i.ng a n a, u to will someday eliminate this dilemma, and embarrassment ot rithes, cte naturalk perhapsmedievalscholarswho write tendtotat or those proles tsLt ith paperless books will soon be more widely read potentially greater sales appeal ()ter nuire than ever Mort'Though it is technicalb, t hose t t are MON' ilii.:)111 possible ti) print electwm, books that t ould not 1,111 /ed make itlin paper those y cry same prospects should also be taken as an opportunity tor Cater) the sire Of this orgaturation s. holars to transform their modes of scholark and the ,orresilimnding operating kt,s produt non in order to reat h a new audience, and l' stnIrkannot persuade ourselLes also to transtorm their wat ot relating to that that IA e clit responsibly bY taking on audienue These are questions that must book prolet ts in the humanities ith he addressed by all of us, int hiding the stholars the potential et selling signincantl, of this panel, all ot whom have distinguished tower that 1000 hard ,. ot er"pt., in themselt es by publications in their fields that ears'Iou suggest.'as the reason I need mit enumerate here, and all ot whom tor the poor showing ot the newer ha, e had extensive experient e in adapting booksintheseries,thatNorth elet tronic tot hnologv to their tields of study alihraska lightpedalled the het in Kiernan, Professor of English atthe publieity I or most monographs niversity ot Kentucky, has been esro(ially thOsewithnarrow It expert menting extensively with the dtgital dist iplinary readerships promotion reproduction and transmission ot medieval beyond aell am nummal le, el rarek manuscripts, and will demonstrate his results translates into sale hael hiller, Associate Professor of I. hinese at the fmyersity of California, Irvine, has I ye been trank (notto ...1% long also spent several years as a professional winded). and I trustthatyou'll programmer, and will speak ot ways in which understand thatI Le been speaking. the budding otelectronic databasesot and regret haL ing to do so mainly dot uments ot early Chme.se culture raises the about hnant iii suck ess, and not about problem ot wavs in whit h modern criteria of 'cm( cc d estimewhich all the books selo (ion and ordering relate to the textual you ye published have unquestionably order and the priormrs ot early Chinese attained.At this umversitt pressI in ulture itself Mart Wi k,Professor and afraid. we haye littluhoite but to ( hairpersiin of English at Washington k',tate pursue st.holark ends by in, reasingly Cmyersity, is a specialist in Middle Fnglish isinnlercial means and In ill present the results of her et torts to exploit computer based ptslagogy to offer to students actess tot, haucer s texts, to multi layered st holarship relating to Chaucer and Ar h I )tit-nr.tcr his time and to images illustrating ( haucer 1; 1 1 works intheir modie,"d context t)a%;,1 '-warnant.,(lordinatorotthet. nRersit VtrgintaI ibrarv's Fle(-tron1(I eXt cntcr.ctII tour us through an mnovatRe enterprise thlt makes electronictexts both aailable to s(holars and usdul in ne,,v and (alting ways .12 Digital Preservation, Restoration, and Dissemination of Medieval Manuscripts Kevin S Kiernan Professor of Fnglish University of Kentucky and we have found that no single image of this size can be processed in real time without at least 64 MB of RAM In our tirst experiments in lune with the camera and its dedicated hardware, we transmitted a s part ot its strategic obit\ tives halt dozen images by phone Ime from the tor the year 20110, the British1 ibrary has onservation Studio of the British Library made a commitment to increase aCl ey. to us to the Wenner Gren Imaging Laboratory at Lolkctions by use ot imaging and network theUniversityofKentucky, where technologyIn the spring ot 10143, we began identical hardware was set up to receive as part ot this initiative a big -Flectromi- the data Most of these images are now Beetvult" protect, which will in its first availableon theInternetthrough manifestation make availablein early anonymous ttp or Mosaic 144.4afull-color electronic facsimile ot Cotton Vitclhus A xv to readers in the I would like to show you some of the ways British Library and at other selected sites inwhich an electronic Reowultwill As this electronic archive grows, itwill provide better access toparts of tlw incorporatetacsi miles of many other manuscript than studying the manuscript documents that help us restore parts of the itself The unique copy ot Beowulf is manuscript that were lost or damaged by preserved in the Cottoman collection of tire in the early eighteenth centuryPlans manuscripts that suftered from a great tire are already underway, for example, to in 1731 It remained in its burnt binding digitizethelateeighteenth-century until the middle of the nineteenth century, horkelin transtripts of Bcoteutat the when Sir Frederic Madden, Keeper of Koval Library openhagen, as well as ManuscriptsattheBritishMuseum, the tirst collation of the manustript with undertooktorestorethese damaged the rditioprincers of the poem M: manuscripts in his care.His bookbinder presentation today 114 November 19911 is first traced the outline of each burnt leaf. L ut out the center of the tracing except tor a thefirstpubliiannouncement ofthis retaining edge of about 2mm, and pasted protect and taped the vellum leaf to the paper the equipment we art. using to capture the tra me Then he rebound the trained leaves in a new cover The method well preserved images is the F41010,/KAIntron ProgRes 1012 digital camera, which tan scan any test. the fragile bits of text along the burnt edges ot the leaves, but the retaining edges of the fromaletter or a ',hi ird to an entire page, at paper mounts, and the paste and tape used 20410 x10041 pixels in ?4 bit tItr Ihe resultingimagesatthismaximum lo set ure the leaves to them, hide from resolution are enormous, about 21 2c MB. iew many hundreds of letters and hits or and tax the capabilities ofthe biggest lettersToday they are visible only it Lune mat him-,Three or tour imagesthree or holds a bright light directly behind them, ifOne la( ks the four letters or words if that is what wt. are an ineffectual solution thebrightlight,orthe st aliningwill fill up an 5).; MB hard disk mantis( ript, permission to them tigether I he digitala Iner.1 at List prok ki, sAith Ii's Iron i facsimileis illthus at spun. a practit al means ot 1Noth re\ calmg and reprodut non ot the manuscript that rot cal, ft\ trdIng these t oy end lettersthe kamt ra Mont' than the manuscript itselt dot", under vastly captures many other features1,10 ordinary cm unistank hik:h otheris 1,4.' require spet hit ekimpment to see in the mantis. ript and are dunk. ult or I he slides illustrating this talk a rt flc,1 st impossibletoret ordtn onientional OtIrss', the 21 \t II tiff formit image tiles ot t,h sundes NoW, tor example, scholars the original scans. but only the relate, ch. interested in the t onstruc non tit the original tinylittllspit tormat image tiles suitable eAthenngs t+f the mantis( npt ts ill be able to tor the l'oiserf'ssint software and Maklistosh plate once comugate leai es side by side Powerbook. I arn using today to protest again, or examine in groat detail the ( olor slides In this tirst slide the drasticalli and texture otthe vellum leaves bY reduced resolution nonetheless show s magnifying the images An one interested among other things, the pencil tracings the m the at c urac v and diligence tit the s, hinders triade on the paper mounts on folios moreover, can miestigate allottheir 17'4 ret to and 12Q recto, respek t is elv t' erasures, which will be scanned kith in most damaged page and t he opening page ot bright daylight and vs oh the sometimes the Reowidt manuscript One an also ".s.l* more penetrating aidof an ultra% iolet the omon skin tape used to hold the cellum lamp And, with the help ot image leat to the paper mount and, at the top lit prticessing prtsgrams students is ill ey en be toho 124, some slits tn the yellum, perhaps able to restore of atleast tmproi the made by the binders to help the vellum he legibility tit faded passages Readers ot the flat pnor to pasting it in Pencil tracings on ';44- 2 !Pt he set ond slide Ise(' next page! is also from freshening up ofthe originaltextis folio IN, which carries a text written later disputedIn either case, however, we must than the rest of the manuscript IA hether fate the es Ricrac that we are dealing with the folio is a true Nlimpsest (with a nets fmsterious, hut Impiirtant issue in the teNt replat ing the gildoriel or simply a histort,of the transmission of the poem 1 S ,14 flew I e illustratedthatsimple wr traditional reading of this part ot the magnification allows us to detect how the textThe tirckd area at the bottom ot the ink in the capital N has tailed to adhere to slide highlights some discoloration caused the scrapts.1 ellum1 he colored block at hs erasing between the remaining It hers the top of the slide not link magnifies the w hen the vellum was wetIn short, th , illegible text to the right of the N, but also elec Ironicfacsimilewillpet-nut usto uses brightening contrast enhai)cement. and examine the toho in much more detail than color filtering to sharpen the ink le,ogrs, was ever possible in tither facsimiles or which in their enchanced state thallenge prat ticalinthemanuscriptitself Beowulf palimpsest, fol. 179 s, 4'it ji I he indistinct grays( ale ot the iwld blat in erasures, the text in these opening lines and white tacsimiles ot toho xerso max, he (tearer now thanit was two h,cured the tact that the first three Imes hundred years ago, when thorkelin and his weredeliberatelydeleted in the copxist, both assuming they were erased on manuscriptIn the next slide thetat simile purpose, omitted them from their topics show's hy the pattern ot discoloratiOn that No modern editor since Thorkehn has clef- these three lines of text were tor some draw n attention to the deletion I he reason assiduously rubbed out, even though editors notwithstanding. It may well he the Nellum was not subsequently prepared more important to try to figure Mit why the to receive a new text Itthe lines were lines were erased than to enhante their etas4h.1 in Anglo ',axon tinies we Mt% Kist' legibilitthroughimageproi essing here an incipient rex isuin ot the tern As routines stMletimes happens with theeshgial ink 4 5 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Becululf fol. 180v173, del tia i007,41:61dwiti* "1122:21-444,4 el A t t.h.r `.4 an I see next pagesif folio 142 verso scanned the page with the covered bar ot ordmary light rec,eals several txpical the big capital II beginning at line S The problems, in addition to the handful ot results were all quite gratifying, except coered letters along the top andlett that we ran out ot hard disk space on the marginsThere is a large erasure in the computer we were using for our experiments middle of line 2 with a scribal correction I he onk immediate option we had for insertedahme th line, which saing the ultraviolet and fiber optic scans ,ic ershadows other erasure*, and c orrec thins. cxas a removeable hard diskI was hand in lines h, 7.I and 15 More noticeable arrvi ng back to the l'nited StatesAll of than the latter is the bleeding of the ink in the data was lostintransit. however lines h To treat the Variety ot pri iblem,. presumably when '-;ecd nt at Gatwick on the page. we scanned it in Octi,ber l(fttl Airpert in London insisted on separatelx with a brightdax lightlamp,with scanning the remox cable hard disk ultra% uilet, and with high-lc elnher therefore concocted arestored 14 by opticlightheld behindthecox ered simulated backlighting by moxing an I readings To illustrate the advantage of bar trom another part of the manuscript bac klighting with fiber optic light. we 4 () Problems Erasu res "vest oro yet twoote* 040.04, ottik orti rti osvowldiol: itilaNetv .4104,0, or,m, kirlook- 0.0mAgpitoz Ihis slide illustrates an evolution of our froml shows little evidence of what was \iew of folio1(42 verso. from black and erased in line 2 of the pageThe dalight lute to full24-bit color to ultraviolet sk an, like the manuscript itself in ordinarN s, an ih black and white scan (and the light, shows more vestiges of the erased bla,k and white tacsmule it was taken ma tonal Evoht 111110.- 4 1 1 7 tiEST COPY AVAILABLE Asthe first editorot the black and f,vhite the gre range on a 2Sb point si ale Iron\ facsinide noted in l5S2, to ludge from the extreme black fni to extrcrne white i2CSI A trat es,e,iwr urn,yrine was written in the green filter was added tlet ause it appeared imp. hut !wasi erased on account ot being to enhance the contrast et en more ec en more indistinctthan the damaged .words below it in hnes 3-brhe ultrawilet A., my own simulated backlighting wally. s,-an reveals that the erased reading was I t is important to keep in mind that sonic of indeed eorcruin ynne, with the first e these powerful image enhancement tools tsritten o%er a fake startIhe extensive are inic, routinelyused in such unscholark erasure and correction show as well that endea% ours as ad ertising, to remove the scribe went to special trouble here to blemishes and undesirable tacial hair, tor transmit a legible text. When it was tirst instance, or to straighten a noseor whiten transmitted to the University of Kentucky some teethWith these new tools, in other by ttp, this ultraviolet image file arrived words, it has become possible to create totally black, as if it had been destroyed in persuasive forgeries, as in this case, where transmissionThe greenish image in the I have moved the correction from above the slide was restored by using high-contrast line into the line, and replaced the gap image processing algorithms that stretihed with the erased vellum The Passibili s41/4? k 1111111114211t raaammilkYala. ,r arlVal--.1.111MIUMIL.b. S. In lune Igq1, using bluelight (420-460nrnt is ink isible in ordinary light and was m trom liquid light guides connected to a new fact only recently identified by StuartIcy ligh Intensity l-orensit.I ight Source in the with the help of an ultraviolet lamp The Conservation Studio, we managed to xissble portions in theslide read godes captureand transmit the first fat simile ot a w and gen begi , the only complete fragment from theI ito of cttwbastian in word being ( s'in Old l-nglish insular Cotton Otho R s itiilio erscoI he text s, ript 4 2 BEST COPY AVAILABLE ,18 Special tts. I he first published tacsimile of this test Unisersity ot New `rork at Binghamton and was transmitted by phone from one UK to I are the academic dinsctors of the proret another, from the British1 ibrary to the mversity ot KentuckyThese few words by Interne!Readers who wish to see Lost S5S in a phone bill, hut at It'aSt they the Lolor slides used for this presentation as arrised intact, unlike the hand carried well as ipeg files of the original images images at GatwickThey wem to portend may access them through Mosaic at either thestartofsomethingreallybig, ot the following URL adddresses. expensive, and earth-shattering http.//conves cc uky edu,UK' aCts I enter Acknowledgments:fht, BritishI ibrars http./ /www ukv edu/Computingc Digital and Network Services Steering enter/ 'Velcome html Committee overseesthe"F le( tronic (documenttitleis 11\ Beowulf.: proiect and has funded the ACI S Center" substantial equipment purchases used m ondon, while the Unisersity of Kentucky Anyone without access to Mosaic mas view has tundod equipment and system support I 5 ipeg tiles of the original image tiles for use in Lexington The staff most closely throughtwo anonyMousltpcites, ins oked with the proiect so far have been beowulf engl ukv edu (at the University ot David Hart and Charles Fischer of the Kentucky) and othellotattilt:British I.ni '. ersity of Kentut kv. lohn Bennett, an ibraryi Simply login as "anonymous" outside Lonsultant. and from the British with sour usend as the password I ibrary. Michael Alexander of ( omputmg and Telecomms, Dave French and Ann INBI he presentation wa. d(ine with coliir (albert of Collections and Preservation. and images, we apologize tor the hat k and .. Andri wPrescottottheManuscript white repwdmtion here olI tions Paul Szarmat h of the state 4 3 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Chaucer in 2001 Mary Wack, Profes,sor 1)epartment of t-ngfrsh tVa,,hington State Univer,itv ast year I taught an experimental course One problem was large class size 1 often nicknamed "Flectronichaucer' that may otter lectured to classes of 100-2(X) studentsYears ot a ghmpse of the sorts of resources to be found in running these courses in the standard way lett Chaucer classrooms in 2001 I'd like to briefly me dissatisfied with the passivity that large indicate some of the electronic tools I used, lecture courses seemed to foster, and with the including an image archive, and then discuss logisticalproblems ot encouraging some ot the issuesot publishing such an undergraduate research with so many in the art hi e t lass Thelibrarycouldn thandle presentations on rare materials or research 1-he undergraduate seminar in the Canto-bun/ tools for that many students in a large group, Talec made use ot a vanetv ot electronic tools and didn't have the staffing to schedule available over the Stanford computing network presentations tor c or 7 smallo- groups from a to supplement our printed text and conventional single course printed resourcesThe course was taught in a networked classroom in the undergraduate A setond problemexing me was atthe library, where 18 Macs were linked to each graduate level While many of my ,audents other and to the university network the tools lcre brilliant and well read in any numtier of we used over the network included a text scan h theoretical texts, a disturbing number (to me. at and concordancing program known locally as least) who took my medieval seminars could .1.he Searcher," an on-line version of the OM mtt read the text t lowlyNew ( ritieism and and the MLA Bthhogr aphv and Art Indei on the study of poetry had apparently been so networked CD ROMs These were prepackaged thoroughly routed from the held m tavor of toolsI did no development of the software or prose ninon and a variety ot p(tst-strut tural databases What I did develop wa', a theones that very few could analyze a line or a prototype of the Stanford I iumanitiw. Image passage of Middle Fnghsh in any detaila Archive, a database of digitized images (or skill, it seemed to me, still worth haxing .imagebase-1 with associated texts 'This became aninterat nye resourceforthe A third problem involved the use ot slides I classroom, a research tool for the students. and wanted to improve upon slides- w hk hIuse a protect that they contnbuted to through their heacth as a teat hmg tool in medieval courses own researth and writing for a couple of reasonsCm«. there was no slide library available to non Art department A.1, use of computer tools to teach C.hauter grew faculty at Stanford, I had to rely on mv out of specific pedagogical problems that I personal collection for classroom needs, and mv faced Though I have alwaysfeltthat students had actess to nothing at all Until computer technology will mevitably trans(orm re( entlyat Stanford,therewerealso teaching and scholarship. I telt no pers(ma I ,signifit ant co,,t,, incolved in showjng slides to an to pioneer methods of using computets in large( lassesitcost over $100 ashot tor the classroomLike StAugustine, I said ) someone to unlock protection Nioths in the large Lord, lel me learn Hyper( ard- -hut not vet (lassrooms and set up the machines, making I hen a series ot impasses in my teaching led me prewntations erv tostiv to wonder whether tomputer tet hnolop (ould otter a way out I also began to feel that I needed to (die teat fling methods that appealed to students are Man Ita n ba boon to shy studentsii hterac v a, a means otculticatmg ppeals to students c reatis in:. it can be used in greater verbal literac Ititis true that we are collaborato.e learning groups. it can encourage moc ing toward a IN,st literate the students to 'hear the text even as thus gloss It re, entreport on nationalliterac cwould cisualh.,it prods them into thinking ahout suggest -then those otuscc hiise business texts not lust as strings ot wiirds, but as ss Meals mcolces literate skills need to rethink our ot meaningful signs. some of which are verbal hmg strategies in Ilindanwmal ways and some not, it can serve as a starting point tor ahistorical discussion ofthe layoutsin The time had come nu we whether computer mediecal manust npts and how the disposition tet hnologs, coidd help me solce some it these ot the text on the manuscript page was a part Of pedagogical problems, and ocer the Ne of a the communicated meaningSuch an exercise Imply years theFkt.tronii, haulier- course otters an attractice way for students to work es Aced One exert 1,4.'I tted was based in the activelywith thetext, allowing them to playful possibilities tittered by powertul word grapple with the relations between its visual priic essing programs'students u. hose a port and aural texture and its meaning, itisa of the General Prologue to the CanterFury Talc, cont. Wt.: way of introducing the idea of form as and then 'illuminatedthe text using the meaning ts pographical palette offered by their word processing program I(Figure 1) Dittermg fonts, I foundin other wordsthat the notorious type styles and sues and formatting options . fluidityotelet tronictext. which presents allowed them to gloss the text through layout signitu ant problems for print-based notions ut and trography In this way they could otter copyright,intellectualproperty,and an Interpretation of the text using %usual cues publishing, was a great pedagogiial boon cc }Itch then served as a starting point tor class because it could be made to approximate some ot dt,,,.11,0.ion or tor their own more ixtensice the t onditions tut pre-pnnt manuscript culture 2 written analysis Furirtues ot the exert Ise I Ike the ...unix-. of medics al manuscripts, eat h Figure 1 An 1 xample ot-Illuminating'theI eAt Using Microsoft Word S I A MONK ther was. a fair for the maistrie. An outridere,thatlovede venerle, Amarl lyman, to been an abbot able. I ul many a dontee L«bori»? hadde he in stable. And whan he r"od. men myghte his brydel 4g-rat: GY nglen in a soultInge dals clette And eck as loud e as dooth the chapebelle I her as this lord was kep4:re of the (-rue Ike fI fetitt ,K444ek,ft-e14- By cause thatit was Old and wriortine,1 Pus like Monk leet olde thnges p a e, and hccld after the nelie world the s p ac c -16 5 1 ot whit h presents a unique yersion of the text I also th,otvered, rather unexpet tedly, the mc students were able to manipulate the students' potential role as gatekeepers in my electronic text to create their own unique tuture choices ot odunIns When I introduced ersionsWhile the notion tit scribe as authilr the ',eat-cher into my undergraduate totirse. is no longer strange to medley at ists. the ntttwn asked the students to keep iournals so that I of the student's authorial role with respect to could tratk their responses to the prograrn I the text will require rethinking customary discoveredto my dismay how mut h they power relations among teacher, student, and hated the set en ptsundRu'ersideChatico, text I might point out that whereas stime of whit h Iand other Chau«.tans consider a these issues and their implications have been si holarly editionotthe highestquality,' raised by theorists of hypermedia, it doesn t absolutely packed with notes, glossary. cntical regime full hypermedia to arrive at them apparatus, and bibliography To them, its rather quickly only Microsoft Word or a physical form conveyed heavy drudgery, the similar program 3 oppressive weight ot an obscure language, the mental paralysis otfacing atraditionof A more challenging assignment required the learning that us erwhelmed them When it students to perforrn and analyze the results of was electronically dematerialized. howei.er. on-line searches of an electronic Yersion they telt that they could approach C haucer s }lamer s tales I should point out that the texts as poetry. and not as a dead language to students used both print and eltxtronic editions slog through h ot the Rryrqde Chauirr 4They bought the print version, published by I loughton \Wm .Isnowing,as I do now thatthe %cm, while 1+tanford pun hased a site license ttir the monumentality itt the print edition I hase been electronic version from Ostord University Press. using works against the goals ot the course. I yy hit h had acquired the nghts to the electronit will very carefully reconsider what type of text yersom.from fioughton Thus the print I will use the next time that I teat h. an and electronic editions emoyed apeacettil undergraduate C haucer Now that I oconomu issues oexistence in my class or so I thought. ot teat h in a.state instittinon. which more ina minute While I hay e ngure into the decision as well At elsewhere discussed the pedagogical success of the Iiityr,..ide C;a ucrr may be a luxnry m these assignmentsC whit h was notable that students cannot affordWhile the SittO prit 0 isless important torthis forum than the tag of the Oxford vie( tronn yersion is no mstttuttonal intrastru hire that allowed me to bargain now. the POO site lit em-e is I could well ens ision retpuring the students to use a otter on luw searching in my tlasses 1 he physicallot anon ofthe class was inthe (Irked eletronit text in t oruum tutn with a undergraduate library. the machines were (heap paperback edition of the Can tr,h4tu obtained through a grant applitation by the I ale,. and then asking them to buy several reshman English program the physital and supplementary books institutional location ot the elec tronn etiftwn ot the RI rerctde Ihaucrr was the Acaderriu A hen I teat h such a course again in 200i C )stord Text '-,ervice of Information Resoura y, his lnit ersityPress will hake competition tor group was historically and tulturally separate pros ision ot the e test ot C ham er By then. electronic the from the libraries. thtsughrta-ttnit itisat., Peter Robinson s edition ot merged with thorn organizationally It took atutrrhury published byC ambridge the lead in developing a library of eh\ Ironic t niversity Press in C. I) ROM form in a new It-ditions "-Series. will he textsin training fatuityto use the wart h ambridge Floc fri tnit soltw are, andinproviding thelogistical well advanced I he hr1/41 edition is si hedided support for integrating the technolitgy in the to be released in lateI qq4, with 5C MY, and 1 classroom and teaching students how to use the pre I sOil printed editions ot the lVt!t. et Path s software FM' filt they were the gatewayto l'.,,loodr"It will ,11,4) contain digitized images use one of the themes of this symposium, to of all cies en hundred pages of the MY, and tonsiderablv improsed teat hing tondihons editions, as well as full collations and analvces ofthe manus, riptrelations. databases, of 5 2 spcIlings and variantsaridcollation and modie\al objects more typical heretetore ot a na ly titsot t ware (hough designed as a \ ant c.c.1academic researt h ',tridents at ni",eal-11tool,ItSVIII haSe aplait' m the geographically isolated institutions from less tlassroom betause itwill otter students easct cosmopolitan backgrounds, and these with and pr.ictical toprima( limited library resourceshas r at hant e to manuscripts and earls printed editions that work with htorital, fulturaland\ isual are beyond their reach and thatoftheir materials not otherwise at ailable to them institutions I. nhke the Stanford studen:s,students in Pullman-like most of the rest in the country 5;hen the «mrse is ottered at Washington don t have the opportunitv (usually) to hop state in 2(01, it all goes atcording to plan the down to l A for the weekend, and drop in to students will ha\ e access to resibuRes that ),,s ere the Huntington Library. to see the Ellesmere unimaginable just a short time ago I rorn manuscript ot Chaucertiut an image archive networked l'Ia.,,,noofTls on trorn their dorms the\ tan bring significant pieces of the Ellesmere w illbe ableto' search the on line lihrars manuscript and ( anterbury C athedral to them. .atalogue tor the entries on electronic editions and expandtheirunderstandingand of t ham erI hey will then be able to tall up appreciation of metfies al poor\ and culture those editions and sear, h them interat tit el\ in or an\ other non 11 h al culture the same session Itsa hile reading the .!ale they wen. struc k by the image ot the imagehaseallows the storage and \ itt 'lis playing his instrument. theyouldin retrieval ot images with up to:IC pages of the saint' session- scar( h thei, atalogue tor intormation. commentar\ and hibliographY digitizedimagesot medics almusical attat hed to eat h one *I he images were instruments and\ lets them Itthey were digitized from my personal slide collet thin ,urious about the song that he played using Photo( I) and l'hotoshop 111 Any kind tut ad ;1,-c:etc.'', the\ tould sCant h tor the releyant imaget an beentered manuscripts, atalogue entry and ph\ the song as the\ art hitet tune. artworks, maps. documentary studied the, images and test photos, and so on the program displa\ thumbnail images on the reen as though they i hi, will he a full multimedia t atalogue and tt creslides on alighttable(Figure 2) database The imagehase that I de\ eloped ".eletting an image tory mewing brings up a was ID comparison. only two dimensional -test no ord kntivsti as 'artwork info'a larger image and imageI loweser, that relanse simplit its withidentifyinginformation(Figure 1) allt,wed me tti design and implement the si stem raging through the record ft y. means et the icon in a few miinths with the help ot se\ eral grants at the buten) middle allots's you to s.t.let t any and with technical support from Stantoid s one tit the fields on the sot ond 'pageof the ibranes and Intormatiim Resources I used a ref ord tor a greater depth of information about pairiitbeta \ etsion conmiert Litsot tware the image (Figure 4)It you wish to (earn more programs calkd Art Attess and Image Atte.. about the artist you click on the button artist this doped torcollet tions management at into and the st wen in (Figure S) appears Thc !museums and art houses 81 hese pritgrams hat i imagebase thus allows students act ess to more the ability to display and manipulate high information about an image and its t untcst than resolution color images ot manuscriptsart does the usual tlassniorn slide shun, gisen hi a works maps and the like !he qualits and thin art historian like tIcsIbllity In the reproductien el images goes tar tisward reducing the logistical priiblems ot I he image ref ordi ontaming artwork into itess to the sorts ot ts that medietahsts analsobe usedtoindicatespatialon often study (manuscripts objects in Furopeon tonceptual relations among images I or t oily% lions) Such a databases promises both to examplethe retordtertrinity hapel deepen and to democratize the studsot anterhurs int hides -details;whit h appeal medic\ al culture in the sense that it opens to as thumbnail images of the stained glass in the the many- undergraduates and the pubh hapel JR king the appropriate Icon 0,,,ibilitics toron, entrated engagement with %It-ts OW st,% ficd glass In a 53 Figure 4 f deI chtStaler I ionthewsPoettelso Rcord Now t _ Teat . NOMMILIWAII libboregiey Fahisttlons ease lesecaiptire Aceinserwiee Authorities I oration Description -.- Camossimy The later fourteenth century saw the emergence of the art of portrsiture 10 EnglandII developed moot dramatic:4y in monumental effigies like thoes in Canterbury Cathediel and Westminster (you can watch for thew if you wish? The Ellesmere portraits are, in the words of Martin Stevens. 'remorkable not only as ptoneer terrual ustrotiorts but also as products of an indigenous workshop ' As he notes only 5 of the Canterbury Toler ma miscrt pts and fragments contain any pictures, and of these, only Ellesmere hes portraits of each of the individual storytellen in the body of the work The unusual quality of the Eileen:tem mature+ ts prectsety their attempt in so many instances to recreate the word pictures painted try Chaucer in the text The effect is (a link the General Prologue closely to the story colles tier by emphasizing the role of the plIgrims as etorytellers Stevens carefulty details the correspondencw of the Miller a ps.trtrait to Chaucer** We 'Chaucer a 22 Figure 5 Ilef OttSelectionViewsPortfolioBerard Newts There is no vtandard loogrephy of the Ellesmere Wins kw two mums: f am. the menuempt wee produced Sy a group of artieWacribes and petntere-and second. the individual identities of these .;people remain unknown Art historians have (Lucerne(' two painters perhaps even thrne-et stork In the pilrim portraits The Brat olio painted the portraits in order up to the Priam.. (Knight, Miller Reeve. Crook Man of taw Wife of Beth Friar Sunur.oner. Clerk. Merchant. Squire, Frenklux Physicien. Pardoner Ship-men Monroe) The second, whose wort is distinguished by a plot of round under the honse. contributed the portraits of Chaucer Monk NunPneet. Second Nun Canon a Yeoman. and Mancip/e Some believe that the portrait of Chaucer the pilgrim nest to the Tale of Mellow is the work of the third and a ryuably the beet. Euesmere Wirt The portrait of Chaucer in Hoodoos "Regment of Prince,' in Britiah -Ibrary. MS Harley tlane has oleo been *scribed to this erhet Ore or more other ernee provided the border decoration in Ellesmere Besides the portrait punter, other artist, had a hard in producing the Cleemere manuscript The wrihe of the tent known as -Scribe Pralio wrote out the other early Importan,antencury Ta.ss manuscript Hengist.. For further bibliography on these le ts select a full peg view of the Ellesmere man ,ecript and conviit the irtifutogrophy' field 'DU 11111111111111111 ;() BEST COPY NOBLE 55 Figure 2 I I 11141 Witt Ilea Wows Portto14.Ileterd Ilptts Mill1=1M. m..m.nomm!, A -. ,.t ik,l, .. 4)..t. [_Ski :-. .4. i .. ;Qr.': Salt tiluz: `.'"1..; x LI ti' huv Figure 3 5,1 BEST COPY AVAILABLE similar tashion, the pilgrim portraits in the stink ot thy images through the prilgram s Ilesmere Manus.. ript can be %iewed either -.earth capahthtle,. I he simplest among them details ot the ttill page 1 mew, or as full re, ord the(..,?uick`svart hta( du%contains a varlet\ images in themsek es I he, associative teattue cdsearch tieldsintl...artist.t lassint anon could allow an instructor to structure sequen.es kev word, etc 1 with pull down menus that list ofimagestorstudentstorexample a the available options(1-igurc 7) selecting rudirnentarv guidt-d tour throughantvrhur woman from the ke% word (iption prod U. es a athedral light tabletontaining the images in the database thatI have taggisi with the kev cytird I he program prov ides other Interesting new .eurnan (figure It can serve as a quick possibilities tor the organization ot a body ot visual essay on the representation of woman in knowledge An mstructor can create related sets medieval and Renaissance cult u re Users (an of images tor students (called 'portfolios 1 in a also search by classification, sayI sth centurv matter of minutes, they can hemtudified or Bntish manuscripts. or by collection, sin h as deleted at the click of a button It students the British Museum or theI ouvre !laving found a certain topic particularly' engaging. the obtained the search resultsina matter of instructor could create a custom ;sortfolio un scsonds. students can then use the bibliography that sublect by sek-cting appropriate items trom andt ommentarsinindiv idualrec ords as the full mugebase Or students could t reate springboards tor their own turther reseanh such pt,rtfolios for themselves, to work on over the semester. My current portfolios include. tor As the final course assignment. I had students ( %ample Canterhur. ,the /vniOit's. 1,11e the hoose an image. researt h the information to go I Ilesmere manuscript. and one for materials intotherecord sholds(provenance ontamed in Stantord s Pepartrnent ot spot tat bibliography, commen(ary. description, artist ollet tions (Figure b) My notion in creating bicgraphy, etc.), and then actually w rue the this pc intoho was that the invagebase could be record themselvesIn this v% ay they' practi«d a us ay of mediating between the sheer numbers forlearned)researchskillsnotoften ot large lecture classes and the limited emphasized inI nghsh classes, thec had to resources ot special u. ullet (inns department. svnthesize intormation into an attractive one of students (an do preliminary browsing and tUs eist reen presentation (no one likes to read research on the computer. and then follow up tomputer text extensively), and they prau tit t'd with more directed research in the collet tions writing tor a public audience of future us.ers ot t Msel t could also be awactit the Image Art hive, not merely for the private dev eloping collaborative researt hbetly een reading pleasure ot the instructor I wanted faculty and students in the humanitieslake them to develop the sense that research is for example. the Stanford C haucer portrait collaborati einteractive, and an on going unknow nto ('haucer scholarship.Itisa process as much as a final product historic al mystery %%how creation, use. and prov ena nee I am trying to Stulve Iu. an platthe It the unagebase is available in alassreuu In, as digitized image at students disposal as well this was in a networked \lac mtosh lassroorn in as information they can use to develop their the undergraduate library,it( an provide own investigations, and perhaps collet ti. elv powerful, immediate v isual intormation in the mystery cciuld bie solved more qui( klv than response to students questions or problems otherwise There is an additional ',fluent makingc lassroomtimemorevisualk though. techmt ally speaking, the digunzation interat nye and productive than is lueflomar Is not of art his al quality.) Iit has nonetheless now One ot the assignments for the course had proved to be higt%lvusefulsin( itwas studentssclet ta page oftheI Mesmer(' dist overod thatthe original was damaged nianust rtptanddiscuss theliterary enough to need immediate conservation and Implkations of its layout or ordtruthr 1 hough little future handling the y. had read the (-lassiearn. le on the topic the% really didn tminder,,tand ont.ept 01 students tan also organize know ledge tor " li la it!' a-nvt a nw 'car duringc lass themselves or take a mote ac r1e in their dist ussion I.'With fluworkstanon in the Figure 6 [CS Portfoliosvi t--J Macintosh MI nReam toe 1 ri I anterborti In c iii riletk top I Ilasmere 1 f) KmgAt s I el, (faecal 1 CIpillirtmaae paper 1 nn spectel cotter tions No* Figure 7 F f dltSifter bon Mews PortfolioRecordReports 4.-111L mt. ....drifsne tts +l =111 1011116 1/00/14.0.1. PIPPIND 4' 2:ilr..ikt. :', .. . , "1"JAI .::!1 ..).J.r. .!.;'1-4.1tif I .-..r.14^-:!.V./..f2 'a TJ ;2 Figure 8 Foto IdetSohortionViewsPortholesNotord Isoorts IdiattLoW `V-I Illsoodt °18"1"17N4.?! (446% .1 10kr, r 11110.0.4414614 111011011141111'-&Au. $01411. ollSoftdora''' Noo.7romesealoorkeroort ihlonsoirmosoi ... [71.41 , 'T`4'''3,..,,,;n*-:' ' 1 * :,,,::-iiiia ..:A'.;t1-wit'i"...... Un-''atitrit.''... . ,.. 1 roomI was able during class to show them a use such adisplay to prime theirm isual page from the I'llesmere manuscript juxtaposed imaginations before or as we stud\ literary with pages (rem both the kelmscott Chaucer hixts and an Ovid manust ri pt(Figure 9) On the spur of the moment I could illustrate by timparp,on I he larger tile size available in (his program andontrast how the elements of page dosign allows detailed study of the manuscript as ontributo to a reader . interpretation of the mm ell 1 on k an see details tit pen strokes, rulings, teNt Without the image Ar hu' e'it would painting. ett fhis level of image reprr.duk.tion have taken me at the very minimum sem eral ot megabyte tilk,) will allow more sefletis qt1th. dams totrak k down the volumes, obtain 1-11.1n11,4t ript., than is iurrentk possible in permission fromc.pek-ialCollet thinstor mik rohlm and most facsimiles I menixing the ()mid manusk ript and kelmskiitt (-hanker. and then to get the ckiplos bh-k and Atter I gime this demo, the hrst question peoph, duplitate them ask is!low kan we buy this'I hat is. when and how are moil going to 'publishit't wn I be program sibilit'ti ux tapose images on their perreption of the maim, ot the enterprise th. s reen tknown astiling alitim%s and their la, kkitresourk es to replh ate mm flexibilitmottlisplam ond the tandem workthe question isn,asonable Atter all [inlet tion ot shdes Figure 10 tour whm shtiuld the work he by not images representing soim, ispit ot rrotik tom, otl'm rt iii dict time Onergit's and resourkos' in the Middle I ham e tound thatfir. ansvm ertotiltquestionis t 11411 I Minot an read silk h Ini,i. thatis 1,111,11.01 in'14111st the hilb det ipher theirkonmentiiiiis and trel(hi it wmeshoent ri quired to resolmt, ther,riOt ,11114 kim!kin ORA k ,1t1 111.1,Aer Olt and software 11kt:risingissuesis h:riii intniii IP: equimalent onmentions prohrbitim tnot emk-n to speak ot potential fe, s ariations wouridini; k ,1 ) 4 tmcr, pitcv%,I t koes,, ileatli, in ait te..N I 5 S BEST COPY AVAILABLE Figure 9 °know*.PI/s-141M I :4/ ortfis t.'"10107111101.14. Figure 10 2 MG., I :1 _ - . .: j, mei vt.&wogs; ',doe., *Lew 4.41* die .144. ',wipe" le ani we/4,41444M arrZ at* ..er eh.or ."444ZIK:0044,144.... 4/14 VC*" E4.4 414.1. ralho, -1 - 41 F. 11%% - ai lig mown( Mohr=;t:tr .,r4c 1,4 ' 14., 4 P.M /Do &WOO. it .i cr.44. 441^1411 4444 "ow ea! rprn. CreP.O., 4 Len fe Oa* c1054-,. 14: a -.4,4 *dd. ur. 344 SPI 41 4 - .1 qui et. .14, , fe 41.4 4 0,0'44 be,, NrAllp S s .4.41-10 ::* &Sr, ;..jr wyf . . Is .444.4484 I so r s. , .0 fit174.13. .'434 _Ziff W..= 0:a M. ...OA.- "",74.1.. 4.4 .A ff1/14 ;.Pto I 951-30/JPEI fi:2I 'isv r k, t ; r -4 Cs44 -47 ^ f. i r.t. Me1M(714. , I I. t 014 4,,o4k :4 ro. ...i. AIN 4., 4470.47:, ,,, 444404i11, .04 aldk 44 ) 31.40 I 611. -.lot 1 0 phr 0.0.01 litl 4Illip 11. fet r-,, 44,4,44 4 .0 tor PiPse& 449 414.44044.4%;14' M..- v!".7g, r 41p..11 ,.5 '4144 t f 444.4414041*,441 fiei Irtat th 01111100, /4e44 ",,e, ...."14141.4.r t4, o. ....I 4 4 jt...,. :.f.....-r el 0.1 4114/tWM en,f a P t, , ,,,e- X - A Ar Vol Nvebel 4:t1:144 . .-4, 4 4: ,4 -eik mr0b.. Ai ..,,..51...12.:4irsior, VA:tot 0:44"1".. . 1., .1 1: 1. .4. . 414 41..: i.A*713... qtr. ,.. A. .4 a.. 14..or fia 4. los 10, .01., X411 41 {.. I, I 441 io ,.., sor la . N. t ett* 11. 1, , 4.1.1 .44 51, ..I . r I .. A r r. .1 tt r , . re ). ,p I,. r.tr , IIP1% a 14,,1 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 5 9 lisseminatesuch a Nowt t'Arethi ri commercial'And gi%en low facult% salaries publishers willingto work withla, uh% and high consultantstees. the market ma% authors to negotiate with softwareotlIparlit"N drive that shill tn more wais than tine arid with holding institutions tor clot tronic image rights in rder topublish ha Itit me throw in another compth anon to the prow\ t' prospect ot'publishingsuch anart trattitin images ni er Internet Aith the ! a't 111 h en,ouraged when I disi.o%ered increasing a% ailabilityetpublicdomain re, entl%that among the cnsortium or images over Internet, such as theI ibrar%tit , or/Tan:es backing the Congress exhibits. wh% should we bother with e is Prentice lion According to a the hassles of publishing a select corpus ot press release Prentite ILA!. the Lons4irtium s images trom a wide range tit institutions' 1,111% toundmg publishing partner plays a 1.31uable not settle tor ishatever will be aailable tree role in steering debate iwur practical %sas to twer Internet' deal w nth intellectualpropertyissues hstnbution and royalties in the context ot new sdv demoaudiences have posed a second Ski of media and sharing expertise in the prcicess ot questions relatedto publishing an image ffirrlinv, protot% pes de% eloped at Mcdra arc hive, questions that tools on gatekeeping ter,into % 'able produL ts tor the roles rather than on gateways Vt thev ask rt tmmer, iiirna rkt`tpiat.:4: i'art ot the bother with such a proret. wh% not publish a good news tor me was that publishers are boilk. instead' flow can Slit h a protect possibl% citing in on the at tIn m% hmited %iris ot the be linkedto v,,lurrt.""l'an h and publication heldis batI Ki%e bl'en seeing is that software priTsrain" In other words, Niw can such a protect ompantes are the imes bit% mg up image rights be Justified in terms ot career rewards, when decloping pru,ducts ancl generail% dimunating thesefUlstirdSin OW humanities hiring the marketMikrosott s 'Art (;allervtor the tenure,promotion.salary increases- are based 'Mak intoshis aLase in ixiint I or %ou L an tin the Lornerstone ot book publication'Other a ( PROM "Ohiiiess to over :100 pews contemnsare related howdoesthe academy otartinthe collection ottheNational e Allah'thequalityof amultimedia r liter%I ondonI here aro guided tours ot the publication when the criteria tor eialuation, ,olleLtion shighlightt ['milartexperts.a int e again, are deepl% rooted in the culture ol historic al atta, ai omprehemo ve glossar%tit the boiik'As one colleague put it. a book has a artandhistoricalterin,,, the torret t title page with the author's name, the date 01 pronunciation ot o ir 7,0 artistsnames:and ruHit anon. and the name ot thepress With Carl laNt hut 1.11 ..111 Weartists brush thesothebook hecontextualized work and other tek-htuques throut.Th historic ally and sot hulk, and the quaht% scholarship Lan be evaluated oronfe,ted in animation sequent esi" I ha% en t seen this pr din tet. and nw, reison.-e is do. tded on the those terms But how isthat done tor one hand, itis better to have it than not to nuiltimedia publkations. is hiL h appear to be authorless, dateless, collatvirato.e, open ended Fl.w. it An individual or a libraryarttttc'r.l and fluid' bu s herl'as thecomparable art1.,00k, erionwould he prohibitlick, espensie and it would la, k soundarid animationOn the !hese are the questions ot the gatekeepers at -idemiL hierarchy other hand, isthe qualityritthe produt the top et helons ot th. 't a yenthe assumptionsof these questions, it sloth lent tor academic purposes'(heoloris isionar% who publisheda lei ht, and most users torthe ne.nt towears is (Mid N.' a tool or a multimedia workand submitted it tortenure %%di Islay it on hit inutnitir,,, Net thr inihistri ,tandarl tor serious digital artwork is atleast I,Aaluation %%here sit. h ..y.sumptiins reignBut :4 bit Lolor Will sti h productsshill the rolt thatreign ma% he dated siioner than we Isitina of faculty from being the primarN producers et imagine, asthe %ming NVs on our la, ninesL hallenge us with such publit atIons ourseware.it. ith pptirttrout more frequently, forting a thot t. software engmecrs, to being consultants to more and losing rising stars or rt- torgi ngthe ,oni,art design team- cichi4,4` primal-% market is hea%seen rr,tessional is hat constitutes ix ork thatan bay evaluated and what the criteria ot quahty are As Vartan Gregonan put it in his h In"I-he Places of Books inthe Age cif keynote addresslastyearattheIr . me Fleetromc Publication Repre,.entattorp. 42 conterence 'Technology, S holarship. and the (spnng 1991a pp 11- r (4eottrev Nu nbergter, ilumanities' (which Iread as an electronic a wide ranging assessment ot the implications publication of the AC LS over Internet) ihe ot electronic publication for the future ot the relevant orgawational structure must change book to adapt to the new technology I. that happens, the real revolution of technology in Described in7-1:eCantu-014,1i Tales Protect. higher education will not have happened...17 Newsletter no 1 (Oxford Officefor In order to make that revolution happen. we tiumanities Communication. August 1493), rr need dialogue and partnership with publishers 3 4 as they work out their own procedures and criteriaforevaluatingthequalityot 5In point of tact, the programs no longer exist multimedia publications Then, were a young Ihe original company has split into two AV, Chaucerian to come up for tenure in my handles ImageAXS, meant primarilyfor department in 2001, we could confidently 1,,,,ess photos, though any digitized image can be the merit of her multimedia publication,the used Digital Collections, Incis developing Road to Canterbury Ark the successor to Art Access, still intended a collectic,ns management tool 'Christinger1 omer, 'Lmerging He:ironic 1 I adapted an exercise calledIlluminated Texts.which I found described in a handout ibrary Services and the Idea ot Location from Ohio State's Program for Computing in Independence'. in1 andow and Delany, yds ompositton and Literature Pi5'ita1 W,rd, pp 11'4-161 suryevs some of the issuesot locationindependence in a 211,r a discussion of the prciblems presented by networked -intormation orrinixerse electronic text. see the essays inI he Mitt, it$ theI lectronk:Tert, edWarren( hernalk. or an excellent irorodin tion to the _issues arohne Davis. and Manly n Deegan. Office surrounding digitization, see Peter Robinson, tor Humanities Communications Publications hoti:atron Pronarv Te tual Souties. Number 3 cOxtord Ottice tor Humanities (htice in flit mandies ommunic anon, ommunication. 1'4'31. Paul Delany and ( worge Publications. NO 4 (Oxford ()Una..of andow. ecis Managing the Digital ord himanmes( ommum, anon. 143) The Text in an Age ot [let tronic Reproduction inI he PI,014I lord I elf tiaNed Cqh17141In.c: 0: i or a disc ussionotarc hi alquality thr Ifionanities (Cambridge. Massachusetts cheitizationversus transmissice lec.ef MIT Press. 14(011. pp 3 25-ind \ancy Kaplan qualitysec Robinson Pc.4h4-a!ion pp14 17. and Stuart Moulthrop'Seeing Fhrough the and the prole: ts on pp l2 Interface C omputers and theI uture ompositionibidpp 2;1 -I) -Mal«,lm Parkes.lhe Influence ofthe oncepts otOrdinaho and Cori/rd./ft, on the Tor example. by (ceorge l.andow r! Peyelopment 4,1 the Book in ai A11/1/?: y:and ( f satis I he 1. c? er,y:ent e,)t tertu1tc,//1/ 1 utetiri. elnhd ( , Th,.,rt/ and Trt hnedoi (Baltimore ,indI ondon Ri4ha,d Hunt ed I Alexander 1,,hn 1 lopicans I niyersit v Press 1q921 and M I ( abson /xtorci latendon. 1,47n) 1rd Larry Bete,011 el aliliostoli "'Nile Kiernan ttor 21 mb tiles of minim 1447) !Scow ult haucer and flume Meet the Scan her. veakinx 441 Cetnriutos, filly4, 1441 (Stanford tIn order to reproduce materials 011erod by I &nines and Information Resources). pp I I.,p righti enkit Yet in the public domain) without any risk of incurring litigation.I wrote 6 1 letter stoeat h right holdcr I ht. iscrIlussiolt si,a% sought and granted for thy t(urse at L.tanfordObt. mushv publishing the materials in order to distribute them w nick would require seeking Itermissions again. a substantial chore For a view of the future of t((pvright, seeJam, ( Onsburg. -( op% nght \+.1thout Walls' tipeculations onI iterarv PropertyintheLibrary oftheFuture. Rrpre-;rntati,mc 42 ILTring 1441t. ppcl 1-"Prt-ss release 10/ 17/Q1. (, int mnah. 011 Ako desk ribed in -White Paper 'di rosonprOdtit tinformationsheet raturcs & ficnctits,tor vcrmon 1 0 1 rans, riptni noteaddresstor hnology. '-.holarship, and the I lumanows The Impin. ations mt IIt't trtInk ntor ;nation, ( a Illornia, -wpt 111 t 19'42 Summary ot Prok eekimg,. (Internet A(IL, and IPaul ( why I rost 1441( p LN Gatekeepers of Memory:Issues in the Chinese Efforts to OrganizeTheir Textual Legacy hael l-nller Inang Chin-kilo /1,0,ot tate Prote,,,.or otChtnew "Thought rnivt:N1tv ot C aittorma at tryinc t. onto. Ian i'ound th year1 :0O. hma had rt'ai hed of cdu, anon printed the then prcidmed the complete Buddhist c stage in its btiok oilture that in many important thr it a vs Mirror. our situation today By 1200. 1 10,0041 .Aood Hot ks, then a t omptndmm of hum had bl'erl using wood Nod., printing for literature of theprelons dynasty ni tood Chinese were .0Innms,then the legal Lodes and the out. IA at least 200 years By {20(1, urban then at the point of haying a cess tolmost the historiesot formerdynasties I aoist texts, and so onIn this enure textual lega of their past At the ,..11111' pharmatopoeia calk phase the goy ernment tightly regulated 111410. of a thriving conmwr(1,11 printing writings were rapidlY the sale and reprodut t1011 lit these n'sts- I OW industry, current printing disseminated throughout the realm By meantime. however, ((Milner( ial thliughttni hintsw reahied that they hod nilinNt's grey, e\ er more nunwrous and made an the inability to eyer greater sanely of texts aailable at .in hieved intoglift, it meaningfullyassimilateallthetexts et.er lower usistthis int teasingaadahlitx both symptom and cause of a mapr ay adable to them tesk transformation in t, hinese sot wty and t ulture Prey IOU% kh had been ruled by a YY..hatI shall argue todaV Is that the ptoblems hinese literati en«mtitered in their attempts bureau, rat.,rts fluted trom an aristot ra. organtre their textual cultureraised the grl'at (Ian% Now the great k Idris iscrefile, and same questions of t ontrol weshall rnt ounter in the dynastyreated a meritot rats of otti. anddisseminationot ret rutted through competitiseexaminations theorganization history and clet tronw textual inlormation I hat isas thatrequired knowledge ot al not irmation grow s esti more nia'.4.1\ ninq literature as well as a grounding in polio, he `-tong orgam/ed ititis to be used Rut to bring thelqv and the Cntut intormation under control is not and tannotbe a dynasty treated the ( tiniest' equi%alent otthe a bright 1, flung pu.vink hit neutral act ontrol annot isc apt. questions ot rags to riches story t4,wer and ideology By7o0, the had lad tonicf study hard, pass the examination's "ihis egalitarian , onfrontod thisreality, and now it !sour torn and rise to he prime minister ideal was made possible through thebroad the 1 et me bogin,.howey cr. by tilling in a bit of the dissemination of the tests that were at ibisnets background of the( hinese liCxelornient (I1,1M Ilk centerofthe exam sy stem egalitarianism. moreover, had an intellet Mal ulture in order to better explain the t. hinese as %sill as a pohn, alside Noung men without resiS Ms,' There are rek ords ot wood Ho-. I,, printing ot Buddhist sutra,, asl'ark. as the 1"11g falnilYhistory ot scholarship got to study the classics, and they dis( oy ered that se\ enth tenturyI But to our know lidge, large .110 printing prole. ts began around 10 during read them I hey found the% interpret the ank lent lore in ways0,11 had theI iyeOvnastiesprriild, is him the goy ernment of one titthe brief dynasties immediate implications tot their own tivg.; and commissioned the printing ot the ( onfm in al bons 1 he minds ofthesages.theY rom (+NI onward. the 'song tty nasty dist oyered, si rt ived in the texts themsels classit s ould attempt tor QM) 1,',40).ix hit h was to rule oil rt hina tor find eat h indiyidual reader 100 years tontinued this printing prolet Iand himself to understand both what the sap be a N.10'lin, is tx panded its st ore I he ministry Iii ant and ks hat it meant to Sit C.I a heads nine it intelles tual ti,rment but 1, did the vie. ation of some texts and somey iecys not last rc,luiredthe suppressiontutothers Not surprisingly /hu s ciunternporarios largelY tunes,. literati now had ..1,..css to the broad knew what WAS at stake in these testual range ettheir past traditions letthe% matters l hen go\ ernmentt'nsors sought to distetered yen, paintulltthat this tes.tual attatk the political faction with which Ihu inheritance did not speakith a single wise is aS associated. the\ branded his writings rem the. late I I thenturt on the t ision et .1 spurious learning'wet rueand proscribed unified culture basod en the sage writings of the them past gat e %sat to increasingly strident partisan wrangling Inpoliticsphilosepht and Chine,e cultureisnot attuneinfinding literaturetactitsns could validate their views ideological implications inalltexts. from w oh chapter and verse trom the Ars ming,. ot historyto philosophy. to commentaries on termer worthies and the histen,a1 rts.erd ot ancient poetry. to the writing of poetry itself the past But in the Chinese case, the connection hasan espeoall\ long traditionlnclivd, the model the l.`ithodoles that 1's OW to dt +mina tt thene.t tor 7hu \i's shaping ot cultural norms through set enh ii rid rodt ea rsa rOsets.lthInthis the collation of texts was Confucius fumselt saeophom of tets the instrument used to According to a wry. old tradition, for exampk. establishthesepositions. moreis;er was ontucius was sdid to have created the Chtssi,- editorial control l'he faction. that c-ould gm, .,' 1'00, seleiting the 100 best poems from the most iempelling and usefulersion et the the songs used H. /hots dynasty ritualists past. as reated through its antholeginng Mese +Al poems to which Confuciusgave his prat tit os could in essence claim the past In assent were therefore studied as embodying lainung the past thet in turn controlled the sage wisdom and the right use ot emotion categories through which to understand the Confucius wrote thetirriiii;arni present and future as welll'he culminatum ot .41:tuirin a.t cry terse account ot events this proses.. of editorial shaping was the work ins oh mg the ...tate of 1.1.1 oy or a 2`4,1 year period Ihu ktl-I2t, the great Conti:clan BC to 4I BC IHere too. Chinese philosopherwriterand edutater litoran belies edthat ear h recorded (went 1;iti1-; at liarhi was a collection implied a tudgment and reyealeda moral ot the writings ot his intellectual forebears message tor later agesConfucius men was that redetined the center ot thought for the k redited Iihti \I and other scholars with pret ions :Al tears 4In addition Ihu \I in his t-s,mpiling the ten appendices to the Cfassh role as odUt ator selet led and annivated lour rTPr \'eto point later readers towards right tests from the (. onrut tan canon, a set that came metaphs to be tailed simplyI he lour Booksthat )'vt acne the ,enter ot literati edutation until Zhu s contemporariesii. ho shared this modern timesAnd rinallthis annotations ot Imhk tan model, knew the implications of his the ma ior ordu,, Ian pros ictodthe anthologizing and rewriting ot commtmtartes orthedet interpretations 'ot those tests tor Littr i'hu s rar!n Oar genius. hosset er was the ginerations 1-readth et material that helike Contut.ms could assimilate to his synthesisUnlike his I he t normous efforts ot ''hu Nsi and his students immediate forebears who had little patience v.: ice hinese Ink`r an a lshereT) tperspet tite tor belletrisni writingtor eample. Ihu \ through sos hi4 h to read the pastws is eli a, to ls tb iffilctittso long as it made no greater t'In:',.1ge In the oilture et their own firm. s. Linn,- tor itself than as adortunlynt or thetorn hate &erneto tallthisperspei N.ro ,ihn No in, ludcd poettn, and literartprose, gat r 4. smiti4 lartism or in 14.I :..* Fist. 114. themanhonOrahleplace andtherebt otZhu s marks 3 fr13,t- %1,01 ,..,ntrilled themIlls coiipting of the Murat. 1 hint's(' ulturc btu itsreAtion or .1ohcn.nt iii4 'to. 's ti s .1'. `41uu essful that tse only now orthodost out ot pres ions ia,ephoosciit d a iiIN'glitnilmr. fti linkit'r1/4tand what disappeared prio$ Item %shun. !hat ittht' risasting now are realizing ss a, not 111sinti rested in its read t past if,itittt %Wm% lusters,self and the world :4 einhodiedintheliterar%.tra,htionwere '!ii,t be made be, misc. ot onstraints in rt's0tIrt perhaps /hu s mat tor th, hearts and and time, and all soles tionsss illbase minds of tus Lontemporaries onls now impthations et let us suppose atter sesen hundred \Tar,realtie that his that the test base gradualls grows anti ess rewriting ot the intelle, tual htstorsofhis the onus ot biasA% ii bekomes broader it will ft`t. mnt past reduxedentral ,ultural ngures to some to include both the popular and the hitplasers and promiqed erstwhile et kentn, obs.cure the great the minor. and the utter Is to the tole of philosophic .p.ko,mon tor their trisialthen our queries ot the database will times And tinally, sse lust now are beginning to gise !nor, answers than we can hope to understand how fundamentally the literature properly es aluato What then"I do not .ot the next 'veSen hundred sears es,ilst'dohm counsel despair. nor do I suggest that we need a the rewritten histors /hu `si had pros ided tor new Zhu \i to orgamie the priortts weighting t ot the database Inontluding nta. tount ot /hu s editorial I suggest instead that the allure ot /hu worklet me emphasi;t, not its distortions hut suddeills txsomt.-, understandable An article in the has t of its stt.t.Os'111`. writing%ruatt.d a the \ess St ork Times reeentls suggested that we tlesible set pliwertul nutdel tor how to read need to 1.nqrillt electronic personalities to 11,,w to engage tests ot all s4 iris tr.orri all penods filter the information tor usthe s, holar the It ,ommitted men to appls mg their reading to libertinethe female mid-town Nes,St ork their lite in the world and equallsis' bringing law set or esen perhaps returning to /hu the retlis non on their esperiente to the reading of saget ntil we Lan pikk i.uLh construkts at will. testsfhis web ot words and world left little all we Lan do is to prok mod thoughtfully about outAnd tt nothing could es.apt. the pnser ot our business ot making tests as ailahleWhen its stnicturing printiples sers littleould the fess are tel.s .pi,k the principles tor b.ackommodated somehow hinese print selr't non s.. inbut know that sete.tion suiture did not unravel atter the 'song.(In th, cs,Insion Itispower andtherefore ontrars itflourished The solurne and Ines, apahls ideologi, all's'hen the test base sanelyotprintedmaterialontinuedto grow s Lonfront the ',AMC sittlatItstl at one spand And es erstt'sc}',Cnetathfts or remos Ctor we ;111%sill need weighting anthologies SS ere xreated in philosophy and pros edures that reproduke the process of pt,etrsthat once again asserted organizing setts tionThere are no ts,IY answers here onls print Ties dons ed m large measure from /hi, prsnishinal onesthere is no was around the \IthatestaHishedpriorities withinthe need tohooseIndeed we mustpekitikalls welter of tonts'Illist,rarss'IS t's reits f ,In promises ot tohereme that hide the prows. selextion from It remains Asi hula now begins to make itstextual imperatise I Is.elit'sethat we ht.e with the heritage as ailable m troni, torm itnot qui soon of boise Ms% a, kn,,v, ledy:ed surprisingls begins with a mi. of, ollet non- alwas s beton- traditionallsprintedbstheimperial i..,osernment and those sett., th.ns ot tests that definedand dominatedthetraditional doour.e about the larear tet,,,d uni,1,-42 .so. t r1 ssi %fn. WV, ,t the deselopment of to the future. I think we hase little Lhoice printed test% in I.mg 'song dsnastshma is but to roma ,.t the dtiuHe mos ement of the 'song u. hermaek,sucan 'Bookultureantithe cos ernment sinitialoptunish, t of II. OtTestualI ransmission inI ate 111A11.4.: trwild and InTortant test, aallat,It. h,na id.:j xl hs /hu s ,,trategii s tor mirosny, lunelq04 In writing this Imper order That IS SAC ta,. 111 to,cle's tt's t onsulted a draft othernia,s article and 1111115111s in at, Ord C Ss it Iss.%.,'Isr hase taken the information in the following priorities It does not matter w betherth, raraeraphs from it priorities are ion-erN e or guided hs 55'n,C111 toI ight OitiSs I' onc. rt, t At iij,51 r11111kritit I,,' itolPeter k 1 .,tantord ",tantord itR 1'48'2Ir 3 histont the '..ii and intellet tua!liangos iron, Ling t. `-,ong ha,. h.Bol.Adleran,1I\at t t' I ChUIX cton Princch,n ni%er,ot 1 Quo ItOt .111 tVuirnpIr t the shit ts IA the reading ot the ( ontut ian that . ere part ',ong dna,tv cultnre $1 or an Iiy,Iih trail Itui -et ( han\ ing tsit tran,,Reqft,.- h:t1,?,atliar `tork olurrit,la I nierat Pre.,lqe,- (12 Gate-Keeping A Garden of Etext Delights: Electronic Texts and the Humanities at the University of Virginia Library David (,carrian, Coordinator I' leltromcItAtCenter Univer,otv of Virginia library A momentrole, non on trar hterary heritage hate bat kgrounds in bibliographt bringstomind a plentitul ot undergraduateteat hing,textualediting. gatekceprs and rafri the role an unsullied -,petial Collet hon., and graduate researc h onetriim Cuillatime de I tirris to Itthnt dgate I hese skills retlexl and support the floods. ot OUT and bet ond medit: al gatekeepersheert patron., and help us to proc_ ide nurturing and admit wanderer., into moralltdurlit training appropriate to ce-ers tamiliar ts ith the bowers ot rthkbeautt ,',hake-Tear-C. tests but otten not tamihar at,allts ith the equit,lating det ii porter pissed and ;.,1".Irw, omputer a. a tool tor textual inquirt staggers at Macbeth sHell ( niteand the exet rable shapes ot ',in and Death loom large ()Urt textentira Or t riirrust-,ts hat mat and ghastly at the entrant e .111tt,i, s hao. onteinentlt be thought ot Mt 011 lint' and an A a modern datgatel.eeper to ,1 cTsitesphereotachy itt I he on lint. garden ot etext dehghts I hope to spare re, X, tornponent consists of a growing collet tionit patrons the trustration shot ks and struggle. tromt hill-text databasesall at! essible :4 that literart, ad% entureN often ex perient e in hour. a dat by anyt nit ersitt.ot Virginia iic_hrl.h es, andIt like their medirt al studentIltlit or statt member trom ant XX here ounterparts the modern user, hnd the (lest. in the world wntractual obligation. pretent to be diriving at.first Ihope to be ahle es. btuser, who lat k aI. nit ersitt ct parlatthisinitialheadines-.IntolastIng Virginia affiliation', The Art hitt.t urrentlt einthusiasm and arpropnate use in, ludic. the following item,. ',ince opening in August b-+LI: the tnit ersut ct !he IV :I \ irgma s Ilei tronn. Text t enter hatr.rd tc. sksond edition esenirliktt hatt an new he a, hiet ed on a t nit ersitv wide stale ith elet tronntexts !he entire torrus cit CU I 11:.11-.}1 The ( enter lorribme, an on bne art e ct ritings work.) thousands ottextswith a library based tion cit hardt: are antisi arc suitahlt ',wick ledMiddlef nghshtiths for the creation and anal% sis ot tett I hronv..h hiding the kr and ongoin)training se.sions and support bt Henrt son( -ow er and tht inch% itlual teat hing and researc h wort t.Olt .att Ain Pet I &tart e, building a do. erse and expanding user ommunittlot Altinirf.,X kilrik; f hindreds of Modern literart potential model tor similar iiihi.torit al religious.and institution., philosorhit.il %tor}... 1;0" tt Ott rrt .ent theenh r statted bt thevicrdinatt:r and a tc,1111 ofgraduate a,sistantsall iirrentlt rselection. of1 refl. h I.it Yc dra1,1 fl trom t,artou" humanities departments at t1).11.4 miii.uTi ttorks th, cuter-al% of \ irgibiaThe -.Lilt mt hl I heurrentl% released parts 19th enturs works Running 10"k rnassie databasesl rni hadw trom the top right hand torner artdispla% 1 kale% P s P 1 '.0. tt. mdow s show ing a at !.1s,ofI qthittur% 1 at/ P:aand thenghsh .trI ull poems inv% hi., h the idea ,,t a gatekeeper is st Databast representedThe wmdow in the lower lett hand corner shows the pt WM First Impressit,n, 1 hese tests are not tints on line and a% aliable with all the 4...\11 tagging made visible to multiple simultanolus users. hut thes all use .1 single lommon piece of \Carl h sottw are Allthe elet tronutestsaft'ent i,ded LI ing been taught to use one dataha,v a u,er `..tandarti(.eneralized MarkupI anWlage then has the knowledge ruvessars to ',ear, h an% i The largeale Het tronitlest to our databases 1 his ta,t has signiti, ant databases the OM thehadwstk. I lealts training implications and does mu!, hto itemscome fully marked up, and int reasingls osert time the trustration and mettit lent % we are seeing produ«,rs iii mdisidual titles int (lived with ( ROM tawdt.'tets..Vt here (suchas Oxford Unier,,ityPress) also oftering u'itb disk tPkally has a tin terent --cart h 1.4,1 them in ck,MI term"The S(.MI markup not Rather than teat:hing a patron to read a siat;le 'ilkmeans that tests can bc added together in etc. tronit book, w hose rules tor a. cess ma% well tonglomerations hut also that the data, with differfrom the' net elet-troni, ,olltslion he all its struoural and trigraphi, intormation she uses, we are able to I. at.-h the user how 11' is not inherentls %Nodded to a rii\e ot software negotiate a single sottw are patkage through It isin a real sense data that will malls,. the h all our elet troni, tests can bt' rcatlied t reltslItTentIV tspion' and present t Bs busing the data alone we ,an also treaty onglomerations elet nom, books thatan be I hose tests that t ome to us without ns markup sear, heti togetherfor example. the ,olletlien re, else a bast.It'el el tagging at theI tett of British philosoph% a% adable Intel es ( enter a taskthatisaided b% thew t orpisa% aluable produt t. but the %Mile is int ol% emont ot Solunteers trom sarious I ibrar% t.nhantt.d when these works t'slq dI$ at departmentsunder a ',Litt 'sharing program tor a. m a mut h larger collo, non ot mo,h.rn ro,o, training 1he use of %olunteersItem nglish tests A 11`,tfr An hooSc tolIntit within the hbrars in the t reation et the t tett tnitlIfit'S it, I funk: to all the Intel ex tests. but art hiseisalsoanettot.tisewas of theus, r t iustiseasilsremote this int ori,orating \s.tIe, trenit data `NCIs it a limitation and tra,e an image or , on, ept out into the tabrit ot the hbrars Bet ause th. re is intootherliterars historital and .1danger with sut h enterprises that iht', Okisf philttsophit al work., in thr library but are not reallsof the lihr ars we wanted to do what weould from the figure 1 shows An example hisear, h in Ivginnim: to integrate etc, troni, tests ,ind print this t ase ot the portion t theI nghsh te% Is lothis endthe talogers and ull lest llatabase that has been released bibliographers app)s their professional skills about wt.rks I hr scan. h Indok+iithe to the a, quisition and bibliogra phi, alzmuol upper lett tshand I outer 10 the ',liven in, hides ot the eleetromt tests in mut h the same wa% ro ord or one s past SU.i '. hes a Ise% 1,"%ordIn that the% do w ith pnnt itemsI he willingnes Mina t KM( On, ordan, e the results withst hit hthe hbrarsasa holeILI, with `sl \11 tags sisiblei and in the tolumn Int ,,ITerated.theHestmitiatisehas headed omponents a ot theatei4ories contributed ntsticeabls to thew earls suttess ta that are marked with `tt ta)...sand thatan the I textenter he used in building a wart h I he first sit sear, hes identityanous forms it 'gatekeeper I ht.IIrA intro. t enter pro\ ides a pla,c anddi iorkeepor then to widen the sear, h t hi, h to u.,4. those testsnot available on lint we ask tor gate llus door near keeperths outside theI &rat% these int hide I.II ROM defaultnear means within 'NOharat tero prodinis sin h as T olct al Teul-hnaratu,c 111'0: Won't he% are added togetherand the , hoh ( hAts and !limo gat, keep. rdoorkeept r rt limited 1.. ; Kant 6.1 1 homas Aquinas I hnnia c'pe,a the without the need to regularize (and therefore (.1 11 1'0( 1 atm testsand theIt4 Al I hist))( haracteristic period or author details n " F ti0i,,hatioao- I, 'rrora and sot h as double line-end ht phens ()lie could di, other non ( Iitestswi h asIlegel s1 h(. thesamewithspellingvariantsand 117--r.-Trzen,,lTw rt Mini and !he !ale 1t Gerrit grammatica/ errors - in this letterlettersem oti Ja)anese)Uhe ( enter also makes at adable misspells -rectilsedand misuses -it s: and hardware and sot tare thatpermits the both could be followed I-IN a , tudk scar ,11.0,1.'i, 1511,11 1 I tht tails rirt TaHu trwtnal and nanonal puhht it\ s,ores ot librarians and sc holars from other AI rent h graduate student has institunons hat e phoned and e- mailed with generated cumulative sum analyses and. cluenes. and we have seen many on site t isttors word-frequency lists as part of a stud,. including parties from the tollowing liar\ ard ot an Ix ory Coast writerPreliminary Indiana, lohns Flopkins Iowa Puke, 'laic. the results were presented at a t(mterence in mversity of Nottingham, VirgimaI ech the Spring of l'on mory Kentucky, the Lniversity of RR hntond CN(' Chapel lidl, Wilham & Mary. Oxford. An Education School professor has Groningen, Leiden, Macquarie Unit ersfty scanned in sections from dozens of (Sydney /Cruversity t ollege. London, and thc children s textbooks, to examine them British libraryWe hope that this at tit ity as an on-going study of how children will help foster the development of electronic are taught language text services elsewhere, and by so doing to help build a marketplace tor e-texts that in turn A Religious Studies professor has should encourage publishers to make at adable worked with the InteLextexts of more electronic versions ot texts tor use on line DavidTiume'swritingswhile researching a hook the InteLex texts L sage of the etexts and the (-enter has been have also been used in a phili,..ophy heat ier and more dit erse that we had any course right to suspect, a testament to the breadth of the initial holdings and the manner in whit h I hei Portf the sert ices hat, t, been introdUted InItiti-t although incomplete.hasalreadt there were over 7,C00 remote login,. from ot er brought into the classroom texts not INV on-line users, and the Center itselt has at adable in print in the hbrart seen a steadily increasing number ot users A samphng of the on line and ott line protects The ( enter has worked with an undertaken by our users this t ear are listed Tnglish professor to introduce students below to the possibilities of hypertext as a tool for presenting and encountering An Trighsh professor has added mr, literary texts Shendahs I ady Sidney Bidulph to the rances Brooke not el she created last As this service detelops and matures, we are st`tir, tor use in a course on ISth-centurt seeing electronic texts and related tet hnologies women writers These two I. out of become an int reasinglYt aluable and valued print works are only at amiable to her pedagogic and scholarly resource Scholars students as electronic texts . quickly understand that electronic documents hat e set eral obvious benefitsthey can be st holars attending an \Hi summer searched quit kiv for phrases. words, and seminar made heat v use of the I lebrett ombinations of words, allowing one to try out bible. theI almud, and hundreds of notions and hypotheses with great speed, they hooks ot rabbinical responses on the en«,urage large-scale searches over oeuvres. ;lobo! lervi,11 Patahase ( 1) ROM genres, and centuries. wart hys which are dithcult and time-consuming with pnnted texts Graduate bibliography students hat e alone,they can provide accesstotext., usedcol la tingsof t wa re image otherwise unavailable, and they allow such scanning, and digitized sound while work to Ixe done from ones home or office preparing andpresentingediting ts As a gatekeeper to this new realm. I plat ..tiriouslythe rote of guide, collaborator, In Spnng 14'41 both the I omputer therrleader, and teacherThe lessons of the science and Tnglish Ilepartments used past IS months have been clearthat a i,ody the Center while teaching iboth for the etexts dehtered to the user on-line. through a first time) etext related (maws m m o n mterfate. spurs use in a wav that a till'', non of texts on ( D ROMs in a library 711 annet hope to do that the inte.granen et this new .scr\ lie into the tabrk- otthelibrarc enhances its abilik to establish itself clinAl, that choosing, handling, and pre-enta him ot etOxts Is a textual as much as a techmial endeaor and needs to he done b people with textual and bibliographic skills, and that the users will come and will find increasing use tor the varums etext services, but they need the en. going ,alpport of gatekeepers who a n identity the means of entrance tothis garden of delights, demonstrate the endunng value ot the contents therein, and facilitate the grow th ot new uses For further information, contact David Seaman. Universtty ot VirginiaI ibrarc phone 804-q24-1230 F iia ii etextac irgi nia edu 71 Figure 1 - A 5reopr flINAMIND flwarlelelft NMI% ril Tot-wait vere Per. ?-11!.4_71,-1174 Seer/ Carsisiverre Omit CoorenmartlY i'H.Y. I A \I I, `.1'.`.!'. I I ga t Itoope t rood( From a gay womicut no dull tract with trees r..r, chad 7 -q.t. koopot 0 Behold mc here lion of the season, body 1 4..t It...pett 0 Mr GorillaI annotiincrielf, doc 4 t 13 ror the stage -door 11111111pram timid elf. ttirN), die Soon as hc saw me In the distance dim iLot Itempet 1 9139 stanza Bolted' no doubt for fear I should bolt him 4 tic.3t 5787 header His fear was groundless Really I am not 'A...pet SS4 piritii thymod refisoet -F noon Henry poet - FHisin,F >r h 1114" Iltir/41 I ul f head fil Pomba! , InI .When at the tient-sus gates ill&hypheogisiarded yet, r /I F. When at the various gates,111 Warded yet, : in-2 The panages ,ionfused Ind intro ate, 1 .1 That roans:on and that household ot the nord, f I . That it,f ialeStIctOltle not by Sense, Of book.: Of Christ, on earth, to often foundloving to -11T hat 3,Ia rim pest, ome n hy sense, or Fa 1. pictur e, Oh, for none k-t Memory find The new Jerusalem the home, I saw, I -1 2 tore, oh Tat none le; Memory tmd 1 A lodging. stye ice guests of gentle kind, of God's deir saints for whom the Lamb s 'r1? i rave for pests of gentle lurid, 1 \or ek )1 wirto pan in angels cloak' Was shed, and on the angels gazyll wtth awe osii spirits pan in angels'toak' 1 poem Who, at the pearly gates o' the ()ty of God. In panoply of light, as Marartond (star tPrevious Paolo, that Page tne avt.,1 PageW.,.5 Foci Star tPrevioua Pagelie. tVag* End Figure 2 +. file View Combine Ptructure Proximitylevort/uport clr. AP, Search Ter: isum Source Doc rits-tart Cowart 4,/~ brew, Ofor.-14.I.; ad." I 'stunt ta-el I o " 3 PAT' -camsracrT oft. MIR r,...9,41,it:Loot ; t.s. fe c: 4,:st 'e ILI ; , Oft. 4,4. ;re.r'.4es .44 ....log you t. Mont tesal to Your favor of Mat JO recieced. & amp from the lc<.1b, count you give of the SIZe of the 5th sH Th Jefferscm of Scott's bible I StartPosvtotta Pates*put Pays.erot 7:3 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Image Use in Art - Historical Practice Michael Fster, President Puna Imaging, Inc s stems which integrate text and images hace phohtgraphic materialsA total of nine sach long captured the imaginant,n of the art AAorld sessions were held at C:ettv offices in Saata Initial experimental attempts using Oct tromc Monica. California. andatthe National images have since given. way toa near (tallervof ArtinWashington, C explosion ot image databases and multimedia Approximately seventyartprofessionals protects in related fieldsDespite the much attended from the United States and Furope needed attention paid to technical issues, there Although the general term -art historianis has been little inquiry into the uses oty isual used tor convenience: the study encompaSSed a rest turces by art protessionals or the way!, III broadrangeotprofessionals,including hich computer stems andelec t ronic researchers. curators. catalogers. collections publications can be made sympathetic to managers, photography specialists,y isuai researt h practicesDrawing primarily trom a resources curators, and senior staffot art study conducted bythe (-en\ArtI hstor \ institutionsTypical of many individuals in 1-formation Program. seyeral considerations ot the held, participants often di \ ided their time image use are cleYeloped in the context of the among severaloftheseresponsibilities eloctronic user environment Although our natural target audience was the art world, much of what we encountered had Introduction t lose parallels in other fields that ryly on isual collet tions When I became Piret. tor of thet ettyArt I listory Information Program in twit'. it wemed A Mort' detailed account of the study nwthtid entirelyappropriate that an organization and the results on kielner perception can be w hose mission was directedtow arc!the found in ster IMore recently,I have been application ot automation in the visual arts speaking about some ot the most important should he concerned with de\ elopments in tiutcomes of our work which emergcx1 not from computer imagingAlthough I preyrously had our original obiec hy es but from encountering been Involvedin ompu ter graphic,. and unanticipated results in the course of preparing geographic information systems, it was ob\ious tor the sessions In particular, we found that that there were no viable systems ay adable to the image metrics of resolution and dynamic the art community that offered any immediate range are insufficienttor defining image prorlItSe of practit-al application for large scale qualits and that the prttcess of capture is a collectionstherefore about six years ago, we crucial component in production This led us to began creating a contest where we t t Mid explore handling some otthe most challenging what Itis that people in the arts do with haracterishis of art reproductions, and to images how they use them in their work, and de\ eloping the issues and framework for how we should be shaping tet hnology to reatmg digitalarchisecollections and address the interests of these prtitessionak deny any e Yersions ot images tor use and ,fistribution Ctur basic approat h was to set up day long meetings in which participants could learn I he 1,11(l'X tof addressing a mixed audience abt tut and see key features of image techntilog from the library, scholarly, and publishing and where they, in turn, could otter their omn,unities gty es me an opportunity to discuss experience in two important arl'a', their more fully the third part of our studyIn the ayiessment of different es in image qualit and final session with the participants. we 10% (Ted their\ lews and pra, tnes ot using existing the thth'rent photographic and print media 71 7 4 hesused, the ways theyt oily, led and ordering material, from tat king images on the assembled material, and how they emplowd wallto spreading them out on a table, to repniductions in their wicrk e also explored repeatedly dealing (1131 like a dt`tk of cards some ot the limitations they cot ountered piles Ofrelated photographs at f ordingti onYentional reprodut non Sollrit's hilo an progressively refined criteria An inlet tromt open format was used. the intent was to system Whit. h does not incorporate SOc h features summarize what w as said under rt.i urrent is missing an opportunits to transfer manual tunctional themesthatk ou Idat Wt tthin at tit ityboth fundamental and naturaltic dc c. elopment of elc c. tromc publicaticsns and researt hprat tit tn intotheautomated their torms ot use eny ironment WhileIcannot co yr all of the ground that The Problem of Scale emerged fnim these sessions,I can otter a tew examples to indicate the range of user issues I et me chi cicse the simple pniblem of sc ale. both and implications that seem quite important as a shortcoming viewers experience with Both in the course of overing these points, but illustrations and photographs, and as an area More explicitly toward the end ot this paper, I where the iicmputer context can offer assistant e want to make a tew obser\ anon, on ow but tan also faise unfamiliar problems A suitability ot pretailingmodelstor frequent comment ficUll art historians about representing and distributing yesual k tints lions reproductions is the way that photographic and associated text informantin media homogenize the physital size of art obietts into standard print and film formats Physical Juxtaposition of Images t,k ulpturethat appears monumentalina transparency may- turn out to be. in fact, quite onsidcration ot current database systems that small In the common situation in whit h two incorptcrate visual materials pro\ ides a Useful slidesareprole( tedside-by -sidetor entry into my talk In these systems images tompanson. it may he impossible to tell that tYpitallY exist as a passite field ot a text two paintings, tor instance, are otyastly ret ord finding an obiec t that satisfies ertam ditterent scale(tenerations ot students have searchk ri ter laand an associated image been lett with false impressions about object aprearing along with it. alternatively, finding size through the lay-out considerations of several 41hrl ts that may produce a screen full ot popular textsSomething of the significance small imagesAlthough the `,(ThPhlation and limitations of illustrations conies across in interaction. access, and intert ti e yarythis esperienCes. which stunt.. of vou may share, in same basic format is nearly a constant I he confronting a well-studied work ot art for the same static role for images is also true ot nrst time haying only seen it previously in today s multimedia titles Regardless titthe reproduction Theseareof tenstrong flexibilityor liveliness of the bra ni lung. remembrances, and commonly ecoke the mixed interaction, there is a certain met Itthdth eyperient eoffindingthe greatoriginal neat hmg a destination where an image is initially diminished by its actual smaller size. I.ct ked into a surrounding frame of text and \ et a sense of redist.overy in the real work ot art \let, one very prominent theme we ficund is that art historians use physical juxtaposition ol Where might the use ot computer images figure images to develop conceptual constructs'stated into a sense of scale' fortunately. one of the most simply, professionals use physical commonly docUMented attributes of an obrct is its arrangements of images as a %%satto think absolute size Although measurements such as Arrangements may relict t sty listit dimensions are not without their problems for reia tuinships over firm'dinerent artistic or example. was a painting measured with lit historn alrc.pressions ofa similar theme, thou t the frame such information is usualls separate studies by an artist for an es oly mg presentinthe des( ription A..cesstothe whole, or the Yisual outline or stor\ board of a measurement values themselves does provide the st holarlyargument Charat teristit all \ essential inhirmation, but we can hair a strong partic Tants recounted dic erc-ne methods tor unfunny senstn of Mr in thei ontect of the 12 **I 1. ;) obico t.,mputer displac A srix.nlesS t image (olor As an afterthought.Iasked outline rela tic e to a ncd scale, or to the size of cc hether this same prithlem occurred tyith another ohiect, is a way ot giving the ciewer this proieeted slides of manuscript pages 1he kind of immediate reference pointAn approai h immediate response loYa that &All raw color cc hil:h the participants (owedthemsk.1% es was to representation was not expectedwith slides show the image at the true physical sue of the lhe strongly persuasive fidelity in the digital object Putting aside extreme Lases such as reproduction had made the unanticipated sense standing architectureparticipants saidthis of color all the more troubling would be extremek u.,etul even it they could only see a pirtion of the obiect at actual sizewhich Art in Context wciuld inevitably occur it the ohiect was bigger than the scri.nThe potential to cisualize the It photographs homogenize their sublect, a very intended scale outweighed the restricted held ot similar general theme is the problem of art-m- cisiiin I would hke to note that the different context.Photographic reproductions are an ways ot showing images that ecoke strong extremely isolating format The perspective of interest can also be transiton,For eample, once a sculpture as it was meant to be seen, the having seen an image at obiect size there was no syntax and grammar of murals in a church, and particular motivation to ci.ntinue to worin with a the original articulation ot furniture in a room hill-sized representation tor c.ther purposes are all relationships that are undermined by standard reproductions ttt the single obtectIn I.et me also use the problem ot sc ale to make the the human experience of (islting a church for point that we still hae many lessams to learn instance we are not likelk to be eve-hall to eve' about user response to (iewing images in a hell tc ith a roof-top gargoyle, or to look down omputer environment5uch a situation arose the na(e from the chur(hceiling when 1 %Nos showing an illuminated manuscript page on a computer display to a curator inthis Perspec tive c 1(55s, diagrams. physicel models, particular fieldlhe reaction was a profound and the inclusion of scales, etc are amonr, the double take'on the one hand, he was remedial solutions often used to compensate for iaphvated by the image quality, on the other these limitationslet recognition of the art in- hand, there was a strong negatice reaction to context theme and the attendant limitations of the 'wrong- color whit h was Ridged ocerly photographic reproductions raise several new saturated and too -hcit These opposing possibilities tn the electronic medium where reacnons were only heightened as we looked at association, resizing. and arrangement of parts ofthe pageathigher resolutions images in space arc particular strengths th,Wes cr, when we subsequently lomparod the digital image to the source transparency from One directiontobe approachedwith whichitwas dericid, we could find no (onsiderable caution is the use of computers to apparent differencesI iow to account for this generate athird dimensionotanalysis contradiction ot perceiced but not actual 'steering a course for effettive computer use of difference' three dimensional space will mean focusing on the obiectivestorshowingspatial 1.\ hat emergedintheourm. offurther relationships and keeping applications simple discussion was that the ae tual pAge itself was Pro.. iding convincing 1-1) models Lan he an only slightly larger in size than a4 expensive. processing intensive, andhighly transparency. and vet the digital image had labor demanding proposition, on an order of 11.411 shown unthinkingly at the full dimensions magnitude of mbre work for cacti increment of tor ot a 14' monitorIn Ohs t, the manuscript page reall.,111 M oretractaHe solutions is as 4,el'n at an unfamiliar scalethat limeved Indic. id MI Is and persimal ("OM puter,. would novel color intensitiesIi lii r g the screen with emphasize putting two-dimensional images on detailed (lose ups made the situation worse by flat surfaces and articulating these surfaces in a presenting ec en morearbitrarskolor three dimensional space While the et fect combinations When Iresized the mamistript would IN' something akin to a building facade in image to the actual cite ot the manuscript page a Hollywood set, the articulationof visual thin' isis t ,atista, non with the 73 content and the opportunity to explore dineriiu which were readilyat ailable Moreot er %lett points would remain intact parmipants were very clear that no matter how good a reproduction was it could not The Use of Visual Materials As A Process substituteforthe eyperience etdirectlt confronting a work ot art 2 We learned that what art historians may want to do is often dependent on a phase ot their Relationship to Current Directions in 1 lectronic research Itis accepted lore that researchers Publications for Higher iducation want access to great quantities otvi ',Ltd I material and, moreot erthat poor image Against this backdrop ot the ways people use qualityis an acceptable trade oftto large isual materials in their work, what are the tolumeThis assumption has been one of the urrent directions in electronic media tor new arguments for the reason art histonans would publications for higher education' Iwould he content with videodisk publicationss hi. h maintain that it is by no means met !table that provide only teleYision quality. hut hate high the arts and humanities will witness image image capacity.Participants in our sessions resources comparable to tt hat they currently contirmed this impression up toa point tind today on the shelt s's ot universities and ertainly one of the distinguishing traits ot studyentvr. professionalsistheir extraordinarys isual memory many placed a high% alue on at one branch ot det elopmentI spend a familiaritywithwide-rangingyisual good amovot ot time at conferences, special materialsIt is also common that as thet begin nsuncitables. and demonstrations On a project they want to immerse themsek s'N in as multimedia Several ofthemedka, rich and varieda corpus otmaterial as communications, and computer giants are possibleTo the extent it could be articulated. plot, ing the rot kv turrows ot mass interest in this exercise was characterized as a kind oi nett technology with decidedly mixed results retresher- in the sublet tmatter or a IA av ot thus tarA louple ot general obsert Mums an prompting serendipitous disc( st cr.% he made, how eter Yet. it was even more conunon tor art historians irstthese companies are neither to move past this stage, or by pass it altogether directedtechnically nor arethet and reverse prioritiesTypical ot later stages noticeabltinterestedinhigher otresearch,arthistorians winnowtheir education or the research community material to a relatit el% small working set of 'they and producers of multimedia images that remains reasonably stable through titles are looking at con,Almer audiences to the conclusion ot a proiec tA strong premium arid would much prefer being offered at is placed on image quality tor this working set BlockbusterI. ideo than in a major of images Bringing this understanding back to university, user design considera thins,a system that tunc.tions in concert with art historical practice Second the vast majority ot what is would address research and image use as a called multimedia is really um media. rt-iess with a changing balance ot acti% Wes in that it consists ot s ideo-based stills and ncN-ds. Modes ot use and at ailable content mil ion, and audio Compare this to shouldallowthereseary hertomot e currentprintequit alents the effectively through quantities ot images and collections catalogue. the catalogue still permit concentrated work on selected raisonee, the compendium by artist or gritups of images themeThe multimedia industry is ill po,ationed to address what might be While access to reproductions is ssential to the taken as the print standardthe single- training and professional life of art historians page plate in a high quality art hool+ I twuld mention for balance that we had among In a very nwaningful way, in terms we our participants art historians who never used knot% art professionals tan appreciate. reproductions in their reccareh or V% ho needed significant penetration of multimedia onk a handiul of photographs or publis anon, 74 7 7 in higher edui anon would dilute or iinsider.iOu hiding thewallop iii image unpoterish ty hat already titisn, art-hives.tlaritication ot rightsand reprodUt nuns. dot Umentationofin-laps. tec hnology milintnediaisalso !et hnical prospects for imaging. and titieSth InS inn+ tt tintk misleading as a body ot iniormation it publitation and image use It ime pulls an encyclopedia volume trom the sheltthere is an intuitive idea ot the amount At a very conk mete it's el I hake Just lett my intormation in it and ot the larger w hole of position as one of the directors of the IPaul 'whit h it is a partI io,..eker sitting in front IA ("ens frust to head a new company. called Luna comptiteritis very doh( ult to know how Imaging, which has sponsorship from both the mot h intormation is in a multimedia work Getty- and Eastman Kodak The company s Implitatkit always represents itselfas a obiecti yes are to put in plate the services. Mator 1::NlIoction with endless branches tut aCCes5 publication resources. and relationships that let all ot these works have edges. and are in us illbuilda long term future for image every. way an authored title and not a resource toilet tions in the %1st:alarts, history .and the very idea otat oherent collet non is cultural heritage communities From the inappropriate- take awaytheinteractive per-Tv( tive of practit al prort tsI will mention ,ript and the images t lips, and sound hake no tik a ot tint- obit\ fives, t_ optual integrity Neither as thev are aptured nor as they are integrated do thes Priiclut non Quote apart from attaining the represent an accruing INv of materialDespite image quality levels that will continue to serve nth nav igational aids a user is not sear, hmg instItlitional and st holarlvneeds, current through a resource ioillection in the way I hake produt tion practit esfor capturing images des( ribed si holarly au tivities earlier require a radii al change in approat h itthey. are to address the very ditterent demands of Another important development are initiatives imageelfectiiitei In the pre press world, to build national elet tronic libraries in the highly trainedtet hnicians typically hand humanities -The aqty has been a strong adiust eat h scan to anticipate a publishing partit !pantinthese (quirts and there aro oblectiveFor building digital archives quality powerful incently es tor the many constituent les must be at tompamed byt (insistency and my olyed to move forward Hut the idea is throughputconsistency to maintain the same almost as basic as wheeling up our hbranes to Image as it passes through a wide potential ot the elet tronic loading dock and shoveling In .111 systems and devices and throughputto (it the booksIt has been a t onsiderable Mort 'awimmodate volumes of images at tolerable for us to get people to include primary researt h ocsi materials and visual «int:On:ins as these are not as tidy or as common as booksMore Publit anon and use A firstprofet tin pciintedIv. there is virtually no thought given tollaboration with theI rankI loyd Wright to the forms and tun tional capabilities that I mindation will produte and publish 5,000 of should exist for new produt lionsthe iromt Wright s presentation drawings and associated impht anon of this omission is thatus e Mat dot umentation, only several hundred of these have to create a print publication to know what draw ings have ever' betore been seen In form the electronic version should take (+mum lion with this initial release we are building a visual ens ironment which inverts Conclusion urrent emphasis on tekt, and creates a working tontext that is at once more natural to the hseb, related to the issues I hayd is. ust.ed iii intrinsic harat ter of visual information and this paper the Getty ArtI itstors Information bnilds upon the way professitinals use images in Program isinitiating an information and their 1.Ork standards organization on imaging that w ill draw on an array of partners from at ademics In losing.I would like to leave you with the museums, archives and industry to study the ,-ame key quections that motivated the initial applicationofthislei hmilogvinthe stud ted by the (.ettv Art History humanities I hurt arev arrow. issuesto Inh,rmation Provjam that shaped the tot us of 5 7 subsequent work and presentations such as this paper and that guided pnormes at t.una Will conversion ot large photographR collections Into electronic form satisk muwum and archive needs. and pro% idi visual resourccs ot lasting %Alm' to the Will images be distributed mtii the academkontext, and be ot a qualit thatwill sere abroad range ot research interests' Will computer environments complement and support the waNs art protessionals useisual materials in their work' Vill the path ot.elec mink images lead audiences to interact with the original obieets in the institutions that house them' References ster. Michael -Image Qualib, and Viewer Perception, Leonardo21 no 1 (1w4Os cl and Vi,ual Recolirce, !14441s 127 1;2 Also Bakewell. Ilizabeth, Beeman. William 0 . Reew, Carol McMichael and schmitt \lard% n Okiect. ImageInatilry Ihe Art iii,torianat VVrk Monwa, 19tiSi 7-22 McClung, Patricia A 'Costs As.,ociated with Preservation MR.rotilming Results ofthe ResearchI ibraries Group Study 1 thrarci and T c, ;1,11,121 "Cr tober December 1(04,1 10-174 76 7 9 The Economics of Electronic Publishing: Some Preliminary Thoughts Colin 11)av, 1>irector Univer-atvkitMichigan Pres', In this discussiontf the tsonomiks lt clot tronik maiorfactordifferentiatingthereading pubhshing I willoncentrate uponthe patterns Of scholars in the humanities and alent ot the typical academu book certain social sciences from reading patterns in what we hate come to refer to as the long the sc lenCeS linear documentIn what tollows. lacking a good brief term tor this I will speak of A century or so ago most of these weft' not issues documentsAlthough itis the long his'ear The Intelligent lay person could keep abreast of diwument that is in the forefront of my mind a wide sweep of human knowledge Now an most ot what I will sat. would applt equally to at ademic, even with a light teaching load, dot uments with hypertext and or multimedia struggles to keep intout, h with all thatis lomponents And in some parts ot the argument written which is tit immediate rules aniu to her thosekindsotdot umentdisplatthe ork And no one expects the pace of new harat teristics about Whit h I am speaking more writing to slow Indeed many predictions tit Uhl ,. lhan do simple dok uments suggest that the availability of electronic ha nnelstor disseminationwillhave a 1 he Reader hberating Met tonthe produk tivityof scholars Thatisto say,th'atthe easv We tan start from several dirks hens but I want ot electronic channels will make to tot us on the most important element in the more documents available prok-ess the reader We must be careful nttt ft allow either the et ontinuts or the tot hnologt ii fat ed with a st arce resource in this case time distract us trttm the fundamental purpose ot the to read an economist argues that the Kart t. tk hole endeavor I he point is not words on a resolute has a real value and that misuse of reef, or type on a pige, hut ideas in a mind that t aluable resource has a real cost We may not go through a tareful process of assigning a 'so letItstot, its on the akaderrut reader I he dollar salute to 1 1, hut we should nonetheless essential t,hiri'teristi s ot acadenut readers Mtn 11`,42It as parsimoniously as we spend are that they are expert and time t onstramed moneyIn a profession suc h as the law where As ex[Nerts thet want tt make their own chtlice the meter is always running. no one has ant ot what to read hut hong time konstramed thet dilticulty in understanding this When we look wish to make theirholt es ot w hatft read inside the at adems ,this point is much less with least time consumed inthe selection w idyls, appreciatedNo doubt one explanation pro, ess, the least time spent reading things is that academit s usually love their work and that are notaluable, and thet want the thus draw a mut h looser boundary between tual reading pro, est,to he eth, lent and work and leisure than do most people But eths tit t their daysstillonly hat e24 hours like et eft one else s tIMC & onstramod means time An a, ademit readcr also ts ants ts, kit w alkcmt has a %aim. all the important strands of thinking in het disk while, and %%ants to stay in tout h with t',4, %shill we think about an at ademit reader, we work in other held% that hat t rule., am e tI her art' dealing with a resoun e her time with work This last konsideration is tit int reasing a real economic s Atte And that fact must guide signititance in the lhod world ot present (las out exploration ot the stay a manusk ript, humanities and ses iii si ieri I,.HIP. Oils hi ont w hates er dehYery me, hanism should go tr.)ni ae ire by further, but raise it here not only tor its author to its reader eompleteness but also to make clear that the range of matenal to be gathered in and selected The Information Intermediary trom is not excigenous it is not purely a gieem the intermedianes create and influent e what is In a simple and small world all author-, and written in a wide variety ot ways readers would Iva% e directcontaet and doeunwnts would name directly trom ereator to In the 'paper world, the tour tasks as done by readerReaders would know authors and their the publisher primarily procede the tour tasks work and decide on the basis of that direct performed by- the libraryThis is something of knowledge whether a work was worth their a simplification ot the library s full range ot time to read A s the' si ze of the population work, but it does apply over a wide range of increases. and as it bee omes more dispersed and hbrar vatilvItiCs less homogeneous, that direct method breaks down and a needdevelopstor some Gathering intermediation between author and reader The publisher gathers inthe writings ot I here may well he disoplines, or atleast authors both reactively. and proactively The subheldswhere the' direct communication existence of alarge number of publishers model shit applies One can skete h certain permits them to gather writings from a wide necessary charactenstieN ltt sue h a field small range of sources and to provide a quite size. relatively low output per se holar, general c omprehensiv ser". I.Rr1 saves scholar'. agreement about the scope of the dist iplme from havingtosi"e nit1.c worksf or and general agreementa_out quality themselves.This sayes,,a,c hoiarstirne and of course make., possible a much wider catchment While complete helds of this kind may tw rare area ihterally and metaphorically) than any there are many disciplines where much of the one individual could monitor Now it may be elite communicates intormally through working that in an electronic publishing world, the task papers a form of dissemination that is not ot gathering will be eliminated, although I intermediatedWhat is concerning there is the would not expect the facility tor seamless exclusionary consequence Those not connected worldwide searching to be practical and to the elite networks tend to be left behind and available to all tor some considerable time left voiceless As we consider the need tor l'here seems likely to continue to be a need for intermediaries and theirrole, broadening some kind ot knowledge intermediary hunting access both to readers and authors should he and gathering across the net serious consideratbm I his is of course a challenge as the seleelivity necessary for other Selection reasons can conflict with such democracy I choose the word 'selectionrather than What are the tasks ot these intermediaries'I ga tckeepingbee ausegat ekeeping' has a identify tour gathenng selecting. enhalning. passive connotationit conjures a vision of a and informingThere are of course at present bow of people autonomously arriving at a gate two main kinds of knowledge intermediary the and being considered tor entrySt Peter may be library and the publisher, and each of the four assured ot a reliable flow of eandidates, the tasks has a somewhat different meaning t.er publisher feels a definite' need to seek them out eachintermediary But one important publisher activity fits outside tnis schema and As a publisher considers a new work or deserves a bnef mention Book editors, but also proposal, two sets of entena are applied so some jeaurnal editors. persuade scholars to write that two types of signals can be., sent to readers works which they believe are needed and to guide their later reading choicesThe hrst would he valuable In many c a`,4"s also, the kind of signal is a pure quality one this work is publisher works to persuade a scholar that her Lcot thyourtimetoread 1 he more work is worth synthesizing into a book length dist rimmating the publisher, the more the doe ument I am not going to Cpit'n' sc h. Tar an trust Ow signaland otout-se that -s S I trust goes bat k not lust to the publisher hut to st ht gars will continue to welcome a em 'ntriheiti tin the as. adcrillt ss ho as ad ylsOrs and editorial to the process b.actise know ksige run r board members steer the editorial dctisions ot and will not want tti rele completelt on the unit et-sib pressesthe second kind ot signal is passkey knowledge/actie e seeker model %shit h about the kind ot workMost good publishers is so often implk it in pi-edit nons ot tht future ha% e an editorial policythet endeat or to I hat the methods and met hanisms empi,'sod select works ot a particular kmd ct en within a willchange,indeedaree hanging is disciplineThe scholar with certain interests undeniable arid tastes can theretore know whether is hat that publisher offers is likely to be appeal Library Value Added lino; in two. ways the publisher s selection process reduces time kost. tor the reader Turning now to the definition of these tasks tor the library, I must be much more cautious gis en Before I go on, it is time to point out that what I my lack of roles ant expertiseSo a few brief am talking about isalue added I hate comments.First, although payment tor calne atoided the term so tar, but the him% that is added is interestingly absent from most ot the stit ed tor the academic reader is a s alue added hhia ft' world. clearly wt` must think ot the -ert ice to the reader Indeed I tvliuld pc,slt time librart tasks within the same framework ot stited as one important way ot defining and benefits. especially time sat mg benefits. for quantifying value addedAnd ott ourse an sc hula r. While the publis'her gathers and entirely media neutral measure then selects from the manuscript unit else, the librarthas traditionalltsele( ted from the Lnhancement uniterse ofpublicationsworks that hate 11fl.od tho publisher selet tion Ft+, ess I he third task of the intermediart between author and reader is enhancement nder this Vy might ask the rationale tor this two stage term Iinclude everything that is done to the processThere are Ithink two reasons I irst aU thor s work which changesitbeforeit the publishers provide a multitude ot entrt reaches the readerThis is probabb, the area t hannels and thus ensure there is no monopcil. where the electronic world will inLAIC course ot ideasBut set ond there are tonsiderable look vt'r% different from the present paper economies of scale in the selection process one world However amongst the tunt tions that publisher discriminates tor mans (Indeed all 111 in some form carry tit or aro editing fret Ise librariesThe ocon(imies cit Sl ale argument is and resubmit is surely media independent i. reinforced bv thy dot isions of most libraries to copyediting. or st,me components at least ot that use S endor qorns to reduce to managrabh, at tit itv.and design the formatting of proportions the number of publications from material to make iteastto read. eastto whit h thet hate tel chooseThe 1 cndor rather nat tgato aniund. and genorallt to make it an than the library gathers and does a partial onective device for conveying the message ot selet lion the document As we redefine this general task of document enhant yment whether itbe Atthe librartlet elenhane omenistett traditional stx le copt editing, the prtIvisitin ot different Ittendstobeamatterof hypertextuallinksorintegrationot multi document organization rather than single multi media, the dominant question will hate dot ument enhancementalthough %se might to be about the relationship betweenost ts ellsee some hbrartintert ention inthe int urred and %Any dded tirgannzation and presentation cif dis uments one th..areinclot tronnform andthus Informing transftirmable math there is the task ot infornung INitchhal I he function ot intorming is illuminatinglt readers what is t ulgarlt called marketing different Although libraries do thowininate 'Nome better e retries al tools will make this some information aboutes hat has become urine( essary onsidering the (limplys interest at ailable to their WW1' t ortmitinttethe spet matrices in the humanitiesI suspet t that mans exist rose the re% erse of the publishi r s 7,) at (Itsear, her passite intormation mist,.the ( ultural cuncerras skilled searching hir what the reader needs I hatein, reasinglt come tofeelthatthis Imagine that a11111% ONII library ,Itared a distinction between the direc tion ot a, tit itt serious amount torlist'illIt., holdings, and ,.111rig the knowledge ,ondiut is important to decided what it would add to those holdings rient isioning the roles ot publishers and based on the fel enuc generated from tarnius librarians in the future sectionsWith substantial research grant, the scientists N Maid pwhahl be little deterred bt Measuring value added charges for use Indeed even large acwss tharges would hardly be significant relatite to Hating identified a. range ot wats tattle Is their equipment costs. for eitampleOn the added by the intermediators between author other handhumanitiessc holars. usually and reader. we need to think about the process without research money. would be strongly hi which that value added is retlectedin deterred from library use The consequence re\ enue received bv the body addingatm. would be a marked decrease in the pun hasc, of And here we come upon an interesting new humanities works in the library and a ditterence the publisher as intermediart has shift of vet more resources to science and primarily e.pet ted that his efforts at adding tec hnologt holdingsI am "Alre that none ot us t *due will be reLogntiod by readers pat mg tot ould welcome thatI licpe it raises questions those ettortsOn the other hand the librari about the use ot a market mot hanism of this has generally expected that the community be kind hi guide hbra 0,14x-turn development itcollege. Litt or club, will pay tor its efforts use ot some pert eiyod general utility ot the there art- filtqe fundamental reasons whi. %atm' thatit adds\o one seems to behete the market should not he relied upon to that the library's level and range of sert ices generate best sr ilutions iii i,tif area', tit cOnt urn should be defined by market criteria what it , an sell tor a sufficient amount to ro,..its (ost, Public (,00ds But the contrary presumption is usuallt made ot Miller-oft presses hook, and ec en more tact from,(its IIMUnt,, ti itutfthus( ha rat reristic sotit hat irOw moment Iwill leate that ob.-Al-tan, ii1,, economists call public goods Itis J basic stand but will retunl to it laterIt ti,,es thongle theoremofe«inomn sthatthemarket I hope. r,use questions in all t our minds as to under protides public goodsIhat is to satit is hether making decisions based purely on the market n, relied upon to determine the market c riteriais wise for intellectual and supply of a public good, the amount produced t ulturallyimportantservices and goods and sold will be less than the amount that ubsiditation of mu siand theater bi both ntaNatM/t.",( it lett welfareIon tew resources gt.,ternment and prtt ate donors tertainit will go Into prodming public goods and too suggests a pert asive behet (but sadltnot mant into prciducing ci/nvent IA .n.11 pn ti te pNksti,, universal/ that some things are too centralI. avi,les shirts and handguns our culture to be lett to the Darwinian strue,gle the market place ill(tit o characteristn s that imbue documents , Iipublit re non ethaustibilitt and Inadequacy of Market Signals non ex, ludabilitt With less jargon non it haw.tibihtv means that a document is not there are in tat t good economic arguments tor used up in the process ot reading and remains recognizing that market signal,willnot available tor another reader, non-esclud always be the appropriate ones tor deterrnming abilitt means itIs hard tor the produ, en to what is prot ided And I want briefly to present restric t access to the document to those who three conomic reasons why books and et en hat I'bought itlit contract think of an apple more so electronic doeuments tallinto the once I hat i eaten it there is nothing for you It tip rt of goods is hose pro% ision .h iuitd iii it be is echaustible And N hilt'I hate itin mt sclelt del %tied br the market possessionou cannot i-at itIt is e-tcludable The inexhaustiNe nature tit a doeument needs publishing, probablyt eryt losetozero) httleturtht'r explanation Vte hateall onomic theory argues that output of a giod li ,rrowed a book arid hiund the text tint hanged should be expanded until the tost of the last from that read by earlier readersIndeed the ..or, made is equal to the salue added to the library exists bts-ause ,,t this qualm ot written marginal person who finds the item tust worth materials buyinglt we stop before that point, there are buyers who would gam value added greater i non ext ludabilitt of dot ument is lso east than the t. tist ot making that nem who do mit in ''t t hn nigh Cast.t (Irving non purt hasers tat t obtain it , an gam equal ccess tit a documentIn ti paper 1. odd the existent u't photoLopNing nisan 'sot lett s net benefit is therefore maximuts.i if that stime readers obtain a dot ument not trom the price of obtamtng the document should the publisher but by making a (opt of the equal the incremental cost of producing the iriginal publit ation Itis ohs ious that with dot ument But that means that sales revenue or ,,r,Ing and sharing so east in the clot tronit user tees, or whatever are not as adable to world this is u cn more true cot er the first copy costsSo there is a clear and substantial conflict between the publisher s t1ht does this lead to under prot I hose need to CO5e1" «1st; anti the optimum of hat ing ho borrow and rcad an already purt based pnce equal to incremental costAnd with the dot ument or read at opt ot a do, ument gain Int rementalust in the electronic environment aluc from the doturnent but I. offinhute n,thing Iise to zero. the situation is Mort.' atute than to the publisher It.)rt't ttrytpcnse hir the costs the example I hat e lust presented in, urred in creating that1, aloe added IN. publisher s ret emu(' will thus be less than the 1 here is nothing new about this situa thin total saluo addcd hs he. a. to. In( s Au ademit publishers hatalways had to price well above int remental costkto hitters who lett would be better ,ittitt ert thing is would gain benefit from possession of the book published tor whit h the totalattic addeti is that is greater than sot lett s cost ot providing greater than the tost of pubh, ationHow eter the b,iok hat e been deterred from purchase the publishert an tints.tftortito publish Various met hanisms tor rot tit en ng snene of the ths uments tor whit h the ret emit' will et( col first (opt tosts without loading them onto the the , osts ot publit anon 'to the market will indit idualpunt haserhavedes eloped produte the sot iallt optimal result it the suhsithes to unitersits presses. Wk. spy, publisher s rut enue opals the t Mut. ,iddti It subsidies e r, from the NI 11 subsidies i g fct,m some part of the salute added is not being ,clit to suri.Nort tAceptionally high first top% bt the publisher. the reterme will be tostsAlso it is t timmon to t harge higher pikr,, ss than the totalt aloe dded I his means to libraries than to individuals. either through that some doi uments is illnot be published differential subsu ription,, or though different whit h should have been and 'some inh,rma non editionspaper for the indit t loth tor iniernwthanes that were .1titittlV. gcninniti,1 the librirt I hese arrangements operate to ihtur n brng the Ind is idual punt haw price t loser to in remental tostInterestingly the librart ian Pet-lining Costs be seen ,,intributing thus end in ani,thur sta rather than subsidiiing the produ«'r to bring here is Another quite separate ,irgument that pnt e dow nti imarginal costsociety has matkri based solution, lead to under pro', ision preferred a me, hanism that subsidizes the I his is based on the tost stni, tun' of onsumer through funding to the library it huu h books .1 strut tun' that iournals share anti so in then pertnits trre tis.r hut not (Its nvr-hur of .1 more ex tieTtle form do Z'It't trom,- d,4uments fut IN. essential tal t, is that most publishing, t ost are int lured in getting to the point w here tNt coct ret overv solutions an make the first topsiii wnd the htst (opt ,ter thenet And the ostsof making 'solutions in islin h optimal Nit 1PR and additional topicsart TIN .,scrs an not in harmont are quite u onunon t-t I here a re threetypes ot solutions fields and thostst ho'ars struggling to put socialization. special tanfts mutualization torward new perspet fit es will talk briefly about eat h as ea, h does raise issues of some sigmt it an, e I bus inthis tonsideration otinstitutional designs. I want to fete( t monoluthit solutiouts to Socialization the t tist recover% probltqn Hut nuire the provision ot diverse routes to publication must It is very common to provide sut h gi vi ids through be av err central t merlon in evaluating anv a government agent y Roads are a good propt +Ned changes example huge first user costs, tnv ial or zero iNt4. per trier in non congested situations ['he v Special tariffs are naturally provided and supported trom public funds So should we lust nationalize the Plc second type ot splution to the ost retoverv provision ot academic writings, or set up some problem is special pricing structuresFhere is organization tointly owned by all universities' an enormous Mora filre and a very tet hnical one I would argue stronglv against this bet ausein on designing pricing schemes tor mdustnes with any re-design of our existing system, we must cost4, haractensfics like those of publishing ensure that there are many div erse and Much ofthisliteratureis driven by the independent channels through it hit h ideas tan problems ot prit ing for electritutilities that flow from authors to readers are faiss1 with verv mut h the same problem as 1% I' a ft' It is easy w hen tot:using on et onomic scilutii ins to lose sight of the t rucial important e !his problem can be expressed we need to at root we are talking ot the exchange ot ideas recover high initial costs while setting a price and the free exchange ot ideas k%re cannot to int remental cost so that no one whose afford to ins ent'solutions that do anything to benefit from the produtt is greater than the endanger the treedom itt indiv iduals to express int remental tiist will be deterred tnim buying ideas conformist and maveruk, polite or ottensive, radical or traditional I he great tne iiminsin strut hire ttir this kind of problem is strength of ollr present system is the vanetv ot w hat has ret entiv been described to me as places to whit h an anthor tan turn to get his or iqintrvlub pnt mg lou pay a membership tee her work piiblishedThis vie must preserve Hit then pav int rementallt,Ths for all the things vim do within the tonntrv dub !here are manv I he university presses hav e ex oked other similar applications ofthis kind ot organizations that do provide this freedom system( aegory Rawlings proposal is of this !here re a substantial number over WO kind kVe might enr.sion a tournal harging a members of the AM. reat h formulating a subs, ription fee %%huh but s you the right not to dtstint teditorial I het reditorial rt.xeive a traditional lournal but to have topics decisions are made in collabiration between ot articles you want sent to you at IA hate\ er the press editors and a faculty tommittee remental0`..t ot sending might be univ ersity administrators rarelv have an% In is h..it is publishedIn IM crerIent.e tak. tutt 11,0t.'. Cr all applications have OM' thing In bt,ards are very aware it their resik,n\thilitt ommi rithe customer is a repeatuisti,nier is ho prov ide a thannel for a %vide varietv ot ideas is prepared to pavfoi something akin to and defend that fret dom ralouslv membershipThe. may well make sense tor a iournal itisnot ten.plausuble for the Inaddition, umt ersitvpresses ha% ebet n inifiv idual hook publisher as an individual energetit in supptirting emergent fields I he mav kink intrequentiv want a hook from a tat Ithat sales do matter in their operations partu ular puNisher `scu-ne kind 0 sales means asensitiv itxtonewtrends and nsortium might Ilea solution here dt vehIpments in the a, ademvAnd the number and % anetv of presses is a good insurant c that I am though dubious thatst holars in the routes to pubh, ation will be a% hq those humanitiesantiso, !alsilent esw ithout ri War, h money will be verv prepared to pc., the quite high annual tee %%hitt% this st stem neglet ted But this is to tump aheadFirstI winild require,so %%hilt' I ht 'l ICt`itis an should return to the hash- proHem one entity is at (Init.tor further exploration. .1111 not worried about cost retot ervis bile another confident that this is the way to a full solution entity is worried about the impact of increasing prices on its budget In most cases ot this there is one related point that I kinsant to general kind the two entities arc distinct and make',time of the sliggested solutions to the distant, we therefore need a solution that problemscit at adenutpublishing,hat e works through a market-type mechanism to a eliminated the price mechanism altogether solution that ensures, atleastviability tor and suggested that academic publishing should cat h entity and mot es us to a position that he fulk subsidized Ibelieve it health% that minimizes sotial costs and maximizes social the producer have to he to reliant to some benefitsAmazingly one can in many instances degree on ret enue trom users We need devise solutions that approximate to those responsiveness of two kinds one is selecting for obrenves publication those things that scholars at tually want rather than perhaps those things that However, in the parte..ular situation that we authors believe should he published, and the are considering and in which we are involved, second is taking into atcount usersiett s about we cancutthroughmanyofthose w hat does and does not add %MileI think an omplica tionsthe main participants are entirek subs coed system would rapidlt driit already under common ownershipUniversity ,ity at' from user needs We ha% e the ex -(+o% let presses and libraries and the faculty they Kith Union as something ofa model tor what sent e are all pact ot the same institution the happens when producers do not have to rests((nd (mit ersits let a modelhas become t ustomers established in which presses relate very much at arms length with librariesThe pretailing I lots ever thereisarta r ro isline between mind set is a customer-supplier oneIn other responso, eness to demand and decisions being, words we hate mutual ownership but seek none dominated by pursuit of prociut ts that have the of the benefits that mutual ownership should highest demand Subtention as a significant get': us part oftotal retenue can help resistthat pressure which is a pressure hir the demise ot \ow beforeI mot e onto ideas for redesigning holarly works ourinstitutions,let me make acaution Institutions tend to evoke for good reason and V% hat kind of entut should thus be subsidized' we should not casually meddle with them Itshould be a nonprofit with a ler% dear Presses have ut olted away from close identity mission to serte the academic communiti with their home institution because they saw it rather than to purs'ne primarily economic essential, if they were to have the rx+wer to be oblectiyes Ifitis based at a unitersittit sele( titeandthusabletoapply high should not Iv the exc luso, e publishing route for standards, that they not be the tied ou(let for that unit ersity s faculty I hey must have a all the work of local facultyThe press that ide sant:qv of publishing options open to the lot al publisher ends up taking what facult% then% It must lw able to maintain standards hi write and actually ends up not publishing the selecting from amongst localfacultt work and best of w hat faculty writesAs Augnst Fruge as part ot(ilterSC and catholic system ot put it so neatly 'In order to succeed at honw, si holarlv publishing nuist be open toiepting press has to suet eed abroad (+0 m pursuing work tor st holars at other unit( rsoics mutualization, we have to recognize the need for the press to hate wider horizons than lust MutUaillation its local institutions()lir challenge is to design a st stem that gams the benefits of mutuality MIN IS at Walls,ty hat we hate already and se withoutfortingthe presses backto an rather than cot isioning a new basic tramework ext lusut el% lot al tot us under this heading.I want to ad% ot ate rather the hill esploranon of the potential of present ani not going to pros ide A full solution hen. It t):1111rlds a IX It ittiti that has been sadlt is something that needs more thonght and disk Ussion. mdoed mutual dis,uss,,,n t &tint suitable arrangements hut the essential tit-4 step is that libraries arid presses ,m AmptINC'S begin to think about their problems m a sr stem.wide war Individual pursuit ot solutions to problems pt,rreired in the narrow can combine to perverw solutionsI hose ot vou who read The Filth DisAplinc br Peter Senge ill rerognite a point that he makes and makes most persuasivelr one must think ot the whole sr stem and not separate units ot the N stem ('onclusion I have concentrated on questions of ralue addod and rvrenue and institutional arrangements These are important issues, but others must dominate As we build a new world of elt s. tromc publishing we must nerer lose sight of the mas,r issues whir h are not et onomi, or technical hut are about the freedom ot ideas and the sustenance and transmission oi our ulture Rawlins. (;regors, II-.I he n4Hfshni.; hnptht or' the Pi4)'Iichnibldustrii )rrr-the Next Pe,ade omputer 'science. !;idiana l'mversits, unpublished resean h 4ruge August -the AmbigousI. nir ersitr Press +. no I. Ot tobcr lst7b. 4 87 Fighting Infotainment:The Nonprofit Sector's Responsibility in an Online World Michael lenwn, Electronic Niedia Manager Umversity of Nebraska Press !he 10 second version of my talk is as tollows hope soBut w hen I -et, where the big money is Intellectual properts security and going nowthatthemajor commercial authentication methods esistThey are all corporations have cast their acquisitive gaze on impertect in some fashion Any schen-iv we networked interactivity such as entertamm. hoose must be considered in terms ot the role-playinggames,onlineshopping, implicit meaning such protection methods infotainment; I worry The huge consortia are ,ommunicateHeavy-duty protection may be building systems not to enrich peoples minds, essentiallyIA nneces,.arv, proided we shitt but to enrich themselves by connecting to -ortle assumptions we have about our roles consumers They do not aim to reach citizens, Reasonable, non intrusiye protection is all we nor students, not even users, but -onsurriers need By making theseshiftsinour assumptions, well benefit humanity We have I has e tourhildrenWhat I want tor them is a responsibility to do lust thatNow, those ot w hat I use as ins touchstone in developing N oil who want to can leave to take a break structures for the University of Nebraska Press-s eventual online publishing endeavor I I he title listed in the program is'lecurity, do not want my children to spend their time in a AuthoritatiseVersions,Privacy, atitle hyper Nintendo environmentI do not want a impret ise enough to give me a lot of leewaN , .medium that distracts them, that teaches them leeway I intend to takethe arras of toncerns how to be better passive recipients or how to sh*wing down publishers are as interconnected bewme better consumersInstead,I want an as a hypertext web. and I want to address them environmentthatencourages ac tic e in the best way I know how investigation, directs learning in an engaged pursuit of education, makes Niter students and the MANN orked environment s strength is the better citizens inter( onneins its. between people. ideas. and ("CCM.] ries Itentourages curiosity and the network, with the rich variety ot material iorlirMalteation and holds the potentialto thatis currently 'owned- by the non-profit reate the ultimate educational encironmenta stc tors, could create such an ens tronment, and in resource limited only by users creativits and so doing it could promote a nation of knowledge- t uriosity f he u md IreCt iona It ha rat ter ot seekers who actively graze to learn more about broadtast media, on the other hand entourages cc ha tes t.'r piques their curiositsI am to talk passo. Itsreceptivity, and li1.1(.tionI he mass ahout security, authentication, authoritatise mediaofradio,tele% ision.newspapers ersions. and the tears surrounding intellectual magazines are primarily entlt ements to bring property, and oddly em*ugh, I amPossibly. relephse u ,,n,.unier, to the adsernsers man\ of you were re(' ting. even hoping. that I would put sour minds al rest and say that I here are signs that the onlin. world tould be there s an answer to that biggest prohlem for molded in the image ot the mass media as lust publishers on the net set urmg our property It another means 0 broadt asting hat e been On is not quite that easyMere is a variety of the other hand, it may he that the intrinsi, s4*Iutitins. some in process .some available now structureof interconnectednessisso klam, of the systems will N. put in plat e by thc fundamentally ditterent trom broadcast that non profit sector But they are nearly all h a des elopmeta wnild proye t1assed c'tnit emphasize that topvrighi matters. twents others and rent tune on a few others on Intellectual properts mattersAnd we must, ot, a+1011, and onlx hase to hook up to a single abselutelx must. be able to sell intellectual ss stem to access them allIn theorythe serser Lontent on the network it we wart high- could handle the decryptionentrsption quahty.interconnected.deeplxenriched password and other security systems allowing intellec tual content to IN: as ailable to es ers one a simple one stop "Al-% ie tor the 11.+4, r loweyer, the nature of our own spet rat societal role provides the non profit community with a great deal ot energy and investment is hemg mandate to re conceptuahze an approach to made in addressing these questions bee ause so intellectual property, at least w hen it comes to mans businesses are dependent on inft.nrwtion its dissemination.1 he question of properts ownershipThe Clipper (*hip, for example is pnuecuon as it is currently being addressed an encryption/decryption standardwith the notion of proteeting every. bit otit and Presidential approvalIt has a [Wilt -In hat k possibly being able to generate resenue from door tor the National unity Ageno, and the ex ery word ot it is founded on an old premise BI l'he ethical and political concerns do not made invalid by technohigy mattcrThe chips existence is merely another signal that set'unts systems are coming about I figh intensity security max be a moot point o claritylet me outline a few of the securits I he tom Mere- la IWt: tor willro.',4VI.'Silale tit stems that aro currently being des eloped to theW problems tor s(vme. of their products and pros ide a sense ot them On-the tly publit kes est.'s tor some ot our academic products Mt)st t.t entryption/dekTyptii.n. tor example. is being the 'work thatI am familiar with attempts to tinkered withDie sending machine entrypts design com piety protet tion s home's sc, h14, h data in a specific manner so that onlsthe s. t:'-etuifor hanking. !deo-on demand appropriately enabled ret ipient can steers pt it rental,ordigitalmusic,sales,arenot and readit rhat minimizes some ot the necessarils the optimal scheme tor the non dangers ot information "leaksbut Once in a profit set tor tar, there are. drawbatks and user s machine or screen, the document is holes in es ery approach tor securing digital ii nt'rir ptod and no longer see hero are content units, whether movies, picture's. book', . also1, hent `Wryer `.trift, I Wes that gauge use or sound rekordings Intellectual property tan be (bunt 'printings, and limit access according to utterly ',eclat'. it one is willung to use seiunts what the (tient (the user s machine) has been strut tures that are e.pensi.e Ism h as the told Another sort ot control. header based ( tipper( hip, spec mat soltw are., and special set uritv. etnbodies iden tillers and one ry phon iii hardware), limiting (only those with the right thefirststring ote harat tersreasonabls t l'ient .right software', and right equipment), or untinit habit', which identity the data as being difficult (multiple keys multiple. dee ryption intellet tual propertx s stems, etc I he larger the hassle or the' larger the expense, the better the protet bon Among ms personal fasorites.stillin the ButI ask voudo we want to make it a big des elopment phase. 'is an Internet hassle tor ourustomers reach us and ollr sers or a central Internet site logged onto hi, mtormation' Ri we really want to suggest that the user Itkeeps track ot what tor pas edikational information is a commodity to be network re*mrees have been Nid tor and what tinsnmed and ralousls protected I's its owners' tor tree resources are asailable, and it allows at cos., to them by the userRental strut tures Nonprotit publishers, nonprofit Organlialli,lis (iutright ownership, subs( ription ssstums and libraries,schools, and the' like are the like are all recorded on the billing WI' k et. fundamentally differentfrom ommert rat payments are made to the billing wryer, and publishers and vendorsAs we des elt.p our access is made through the billing serxerlhe appno(b se must address that difference into 1,pk9 ator of the server retains sorm small sum of hones we make about authentication. all transactions in exthange for performing the mulles trial propertv securits. and publIshing protektum tasks and the financial transaction m generalI am far from sure thatI want to tasksThus a user could "own" Information on en«lurage the slew thatall knowledge be twenty separate sites subs4 ribc to databases at pn.pertsthat permissions must bc quired or and large sums of monet paid beton- readers in business terms and our business has been mat enter the hallowed bit hat ens the unitsUnits. hcw et er are not the strength of a libraries unit ersities and ..hools netV environment i.urse It an wnd a pit ture ot er the 1,*,,eh, hut so c"., hat , an get imagine th.it someone intents a magit box that N.1,.1-v Pick trom the ( agenberg Prohs t, tot,Or costs fifty dollarsIt allows the user to drop in the I I tat e a Dream spf.s-ch from ant number a btok and in fit e minutes to obtain an digital of sources copy otthat book l'erhapsItuses a combination of lasers, X rays, and microwat es The model that most ele, from; publishing to interpret the refrac turn at ditterent depths plans, security schemes, and authentication to read each page individually, front and ha, k systems are operating under is a repht anon of The technology doesn tmatter, sime this is the unit-based model, in spite ot the nature of merelv used as an exampleIt s the ultimate the new mediumThe model we are quickly \eros mat hme approaching, howet er. is one of interconnected resounes, one where context is the value being What would publishers reaction be' lo trt to publishedSome of the things possible only in entrypt our texts' To print all our books in red a networked environment, su h as cross textual ink tit deep-brown paper to NIA the boxes' It searches, ht perlinks between documents, and tn. to eiLict laws to pro,lude the manufactun. pathway authonng, rim counter to the umtart the box to force libraries to scan h patrons' lo Framework Context is as mut h a tante as require the manufacturers ot the box to hat e a ,ontent is klobit Dif 41is more interesting and mit rowat e transmitter that sends a fingerprint :Mutableitintital apparatusisasallable isa nurnk,r, and other re«,rds to the ISII\ trom people who hat e deepb, studied the holder of any book copied' notel 'Ifiat e a Dreamis more interesting and aluableitcontextualiiing historn al I hese are analogs to the approaches being used matt nal ;photographs, news blips, anal% sis in digital secunty si Twines, and I do not behete and soundl is also at ailable, especiallt for the unit ersitt presses would be willing to do tent many theseI hope we would instead trt to rethink the process of publishing. rut hmk the tualproperttislesstaluahlein contest ot our produt ts and sert ic esand isolation jut some extent, hypertextual remodel our at quisition and transmission resourcesAli non, of related documents, are prot esses so that we mid continue to ,o`ri.e our their own set unts A page is It".` taluable readers while we continue to sun. than a chapter at ha pier it,os Valltable than a hook a hook ICS's\!Italic than a book with nc ,t the tundamental flaws in the design ot n,,tes and pit tures,a tomplete book less roost AO the digital set unit svst, ins is that aluablc than a bookinits tual thel, are based on an old strut (urethe unit A ht pertextuallylinked (tritest Instead of b,,okis aunit AI. I) Rt Vt1isaunit so uring the unit. it might be possible to use l'uNishing s entire struf tura! underpinning is ontest as its set untv making It more likelt based on the sAle unitsAs publisherstsf that 11,er`, will be diref.ted to a resource tititis assume that 3 book is intactisolatedand attordablul Itis in the reader s interest to transportable. to be sold once to a reader or to hat e access to the dot ument and all the links hbrart to It an ZO readersV),t, gamble on tht ndcon N.. t Integratedresources and number of copies to print know Ina', that thv inter...fit en toilet thins ot units are their own 'none we printt hi In apet the inut t anti best prob.( non Inexpensit e access to those thenearel OW I Ina! produ, t rosour, es seals the malty?'Nol-x,dt is going to steal a swimming potil. and wht steal a gallon I hotly,his i' an' ilt,prn int pubh.her, hit 'ft nalcd water' t ,mI iii isin On' think as htismes,.4.I et% of us ompletelt like no,4 inn nis Ith Its dn. My', hoardit,- ...litivers this realittbet ause nig mint tit us are init lof kets its lifeguard primarilt for the monetIt we were we d all he workiag in Opynght III/os right nifttIn ,,nter I was ref club. int ited totar th Tate in a tis I. to do our lobs and stirt 11,,VstAil" it think nu eting. to Nip the. Institute ofI let tin al and I le.troniks Ungtneers I UI des elop an pk.opic 'Itl 11 a,es. is ould drarnath.illt efectronits pubhshing strategt Ehe is a improt thehances that he totild bk.( (Init. a .5,02 milhon organ:Tatum ot whit h St6 remarkable engineer or ...kientist st hen he the publacathMS budget Ihe IFFF ii distributes, or cot,rdinates about 40.:ot the primary iournals tn thy fields thev represent In an airport re, entls1 ot et-heard stlf110,11c Howthetmake thebestuseotthe I he question not. is mit getting (oritcnt hot opportu runesofthe online intormation figuring out all the ways the same tontent kan environment is a big question tor themI low do bt.. repay kaged I.. in the abot e model they keep trom teopardiring the St6 would be rl'pat kagmg older, lesstaluable st stem Many ot the presentations at the information that isleo,aluable tor their IlWetInghallvnged the oldvs at s of doing primary market in a way that can make It thingsCliffordI N11% ft trom the Init ersity it ert important to a nets audienteThe need tor I. alitor ma, phrased the issues sukk'int Os. heat-% -duts protection I'M t as primunent there hat is our role'Is it to make mons.% . or to bet auselthere would be t ert hule t attic in ant wt.% e our constituents'It s not that simple of individual paper, essat .spect h, or researt h t 1111.1'.1 earn reenue to "sert e our rept,rt rhe value is in being able to do t ross konstituentsBut he addressk.d that hs stating and inter tetual seart hes tollow hyperlmks that the question shouldn t beHots can it (- and paths...its. and displatrelated but not make money to surtive' hutI low , an we -.el-se testuallt included graphitsA simple login ,iur onstituents and sunk use' name and passtsiird wi mid be en( 'ugh pruitti tor this sort of restturt Vhole ss ale theft usn t Puring nit talkI des, ribed a possibilut that is a worn -anti.' to resell this information one relati telt unique to theII I-1 Beim:se the would hat t.to adt cruse and a thiel doesn t ,rganizationisst-ientititandlet hnii alin ads cruse his then nature their information il,turnals prot ceding, tests)is time-sensuit e the highest mall.. this approak h pro\ ides authoritatit resides in the text during the first t ear or 4 ot eisions ta all these dot timents. st huh is the publik anon.Atter that, it becomes more or les, ultimate set units lit pro% iding a resourke to art hit al and possiblt reterenk rd more th in ts hit hi dependable ru'Ivren,e k an I-se made- the read tiv acknowledging this time .onsitit t' tIlldei reasesthe likelihoodot orrupt harakteristikotIII Ipublitationsthe %cr.-11M's floating about the net as long as the organiTationkaliputditterential ruing a, 'st is reasonable strii, turesintoplate fto tear old publhations i ould be pro% ided as an onlint. I 0%1 arki the end ot the meeting. an engineer rt.IZI tiea IttIn mg broad hasedtiili tei st,,,s1 up and saidI was d,iing si mic bat k ti sean hung. intert onnet tions and what I k ill the entelope tigurmg h, re l\ e hate oter paths, at authoringmeaning that teat her,. iii10 members in theII 1-1 hate a sk holars and -4, atithiq budgt tofsistt SAIMO r1111110II throughsett., tedtests 1,1,, has 1. % I. iournals to librariesto non im, Awn,s ot nh tromagnensinomparis,,ns pt mbers \Aid, those kinds of inunhers. k'Nrcrinumtal method and inter,ii,k iplinart ould protide quarterlt( I) I:(vtis ot etert ,,trt lest be at amiableall ts singli puhlit anon we generate to our members arleti ot agr -arr. IrrIa11: tor well under a year I hat would ,crtainit be a ',Cr% tt, out readers ertamlt 1 hat is the sort of restmr«, I want nithildr h 1 pahditt would he a seri, it e to their t° hat ess to\l son plans to open!her readers Indeedit would he a sett ice to the Iins.en s Hardware ',tore and Intention I nationit not the world. ID making at tessohle a when he grows up Instead ot asking tor a ,a,,ry tastarratothigh qualittinformality:1 at bedtime, hi. asks questions about the ss at atailabli. at a low istAnd it would allots things workI want thiN I hild to hake the If I/ t ontinue doing what they dit while mans information resoun es and would he prot ontmued Imam nil support thrilled to pas tor a tumor ii I I: membership so that he tould follow his now and folios, oi lii k.t iNht,h hrings us ha, k 1,, the question ot what It tub testatvs',to non-enriched data By is we art. doing IA hat our role is. and what developingcoordinated St.M1 and thatimplies about how wt.shouldhe hypertextually en( oded resource bases, hy rethinking the inaN%se address ow tier-hip developing subscription andsite-license intellectual propertt set uriit and structures and by dot eloping hypertextual JuthonitatIonIt we ark' a business tirst and authoring systems within that environment, No each unit is to be protected trom an% possibility, cancreate a high qualittarenawhere tit ilhcit copying, then we will continue to try to know ledge at. (lunation is fun thi the equit alent of pnnting in red ink to toil that ultimate' \emsIt our ?oh is to maximize No single nonprofit publisher s list, regardless proht at every step ot, the way. we art of size, will be enoughI need my tests to be commercializing knowledge in tremendously able to quickly, easily, and inexpensively hook unpleasant ways, which will be very costly in into the University of California's. Oxford s, the long term to the det elopment of litir Utah s, and New Mexico s material.And the LibraryofCongre-ts,the Oregon State Ithow et cr we acknowledge our work as a Historical Society, and ale archives at the servicethen &wt. lob is to provide the best Unit ersitofMississippi What I am information in the most integrated fashion rot ommending is that the nonprofit -ector begin possibk. to the most people at the lowest serious discussions ot fee structures, licensing /xissible costI. ram a seri. i e rk..rsi,ecte.c:, It is models. and resource-access pricing models - not part ot ourharter to make itreally Not price controk. hut models ottor fee dunk ult to get at our information, hightech interconnectivity within and between our and high cost anti high hassleintone( tual resourcesBy working aS a direeted consortia, propertypron... tionisantitheticaltomil' we tan create a bastion of quality peer- Mission retiewed,intellectually richquahtv information that will he used by educators, I hereisa battle going on thatistert st.hoolt hildren, um versitt students, scholars, important I-he battle is forontrol ot the tisk, and parents We can craft cost recovery at .the network Itis between entouragmg systems, through a combination of multiple passit ityandintellectualsloth,and repackagings'tordifterentaudiences ntouraging reativittandintellettual repackagings that benefit libraries, publishers, aerobits Itis between the broad( ast moth. oi unit ersitiesst, holarly communities, K 12 the mass media. and the interac tit e Triode used st hook theat eragereader,andtht by the best teat hers I hold that we art. information-seekers ot the world educators first and toremostIt we alloys thi itarrN. Dillers ofthe worldto define the Mant people arc working on developing ..-uth strut tore ot the hattie. we win n we try to system, the University ot Nebraska included publish and protest 0111- data in the old wat in hut we are all working somewhat piecemeal the unitary framework. then we will end up Without a more conterted. tonsortial ettort, isO losing to the ega /Nintendo:online shopping ts ill101 shabbN cornpared it+ the profiteers not ts ork s uriie of tr. is ill(infinite to pnit but 'We do mit need to concern ourseltes about the opportunitt to t riitua inttirc ot litclong bandwidthIt will be theret. onnet tit ity It miters will hate been lost be thereAccess will be thereIn fat t, mosf itt those things are here now, tor a gotul part of our \onprotopublishers in oahnon with audience High resolution low -power, low librariesunit etsiticsand si hoolsbat c tust flatsl reendispl.i'. is illbethere responsibility to work together to detchil, Reasonable set untv as I hope I hat e shown is dissemination ost met ot and sok ablestructurallt Authorciationis iiith,ntnitluin 44,40111, that ark' ombuted 18011 intrinsitto 'obit ial sue' models 'the real reastinable security sYstems%N, r must maintain roatiblot k right now is structural we dor. t the inditidual qualitiessot h .1s high qualitt hat t. nitsiels hur lit cnsing and pnt i ng resourceS selet non editing test spin hitdesign in opposition to units, or models for pricing and markuling, and cost retot cm\ met hanisms that lit rinsing intent onnet hons between resources publishers pr,sidr ts hiltak/1 allow mg ri h e must tons.t knish, de..elop nt tt models as kk as 18tan 1 nit yr sitvpresses sot.iet,.publishcrs. libraries,museu InsNilt let esand other tdiit anonal orgam/ations must tominumtate their mutual needs and tie-siresStith nonprofit institutions ha% e to rethink their real role in publishing andtotind met hamsms tor ooperation I hes.e AM, lmeetings hat e been Anstrumental in making the conrwt nons between publisher,. and hbraries mon- espht it I w ant hi set. much. mut h ritt ire t 11,1 N, responsibilikto ounter the llmmert tahlatwnotnetworkedinter tontnx fit ity and to counter the trend toward passit r participation in edik anon1A tot using on our prirnarr goal ot serN, ice to our OrntillirlItS ut is(.3 n restrutture ourselt es. and be,-oine pow ertulinfluentialtort einthrliii soi c%enone Q(14 3 Will it Scale up? Thoughts About Intellectual Access in the Electronic Networks I )avid (Blair Computer and intormation University of Mit higan / ed1 en, IL.,ontinned Inv iather rcaiin, ,:d .11,otir,tn,that theTe eta northift,4 pa.,..N( to the r:telle,tualol!d. and that the .4141 of man ha- shiirtn wayc ,,tt? to avrk, in turnishinx itsel, with Arlll;. and .t;thah we .k.ereallv take icith it Lawrence Lterne 1 rwt ram ("hand would like to e \anti!),brietl . the prospe ts It was on artit ulate tirst hand at mint tit a tut torintent., tihiiatCs., on largeelt't trippe'r l lb, spent Mitt h ot his time in and net,..'orks. in pant. ularI am interested in how a around1 ellow stone andla, I....WI sI IA scat,. her might tind information that has a \s %omit-1g an area that Iina-te,,, ittil rirtitular intelleL mat .i.ntent or saw,. t I will not Ise lon,odcring searches tor information b I luring the late 1'464) s and earl Itrit s,I hank ed spiNith authors Or it Ith pro, I,. titles Lon-oder on iither frontier narrato, Powell I WI Or 1 n 'Cart likethistohe LomparatiL el L thtCoL.rad,. Reyr an,/itsCantioris straightforwardI teream ti neerned with the Books!, I angtord 13 II.. rukvrsttv ot braska mut h irs re prOhlernata sear, hes tor intirmati,,t, rrusidand!ak.eati \ar.-atcr0.1 ot,e1 that hat e a tairk spot itiL intent., tual L (intent Ire I Irpo NILsytirz !edited bt Annie but no pre( ise authorshipI et me begin with a Abel. I nwersits ot Oklahoma Pressi to !lame hnet ants dote that ma make this ,Itarer tyw But nitselectionot books was not systemathit relied on the pure chant y of rm Although I grew up on the I astioastI went browsing the gilt shops ot 'National Parks and \\ est tor Lollege and hke mint hetore me I the Ament an histor sections otto ndtim ii quired an kisterner s tas,mation ond loLe lx,okstores impression was that su h first- the frontierIn parthular. I bet dine interested in hand narrant es were rare items, SO I treasurod th,,se hard indiL idua Is who pre, eded me thy tewI had and did not eyed to eVer timid when koute ho-, was illst a series ot lndtan trails man% more A tow years ago. though, as I was Histories otthe Westward etpansion were mot mg some et nw, hooks the dust lat ket tie Interesting. but thet were liittold Li Oh the I a' eat. \arratt:Tt ame ott and I found on the historian s \lets point and lathed the umnedia, L inside ot that dust taLket mi great surprise a that was apparent in a first hand narrante listot almost a hundred tirst hand Ire/utter ourse IreadI ew r. and ( lark s 14,urnals, hut I narratit es published btthei imersittot also wanted to read about the ItltIrtls of less )klahoma PressIlene was the treasure trot lit rot,proportions ,,t pubh, anons that I had dreamed ot ,ear. beton. anon% mous indo. Oita!, whit went t.\ est in the ht this time the urgencies ot adult litc earli \.ears ot our ,ountr not he, ause Ihomas had squeeied out rmist lit the time I had ter StIt h letters.on asked them tohut betallW the.,tor ret reational readingI had been overtakLen hi la, kot .1 better phrase. lust wanted totrt what lorba the l,reek had tailed thelull something newPut hap., Lou an understand atastropheet adult responstbilities I (ink nit enthusiasm when h ..hant-e. arm- aLross cii,h I had Kinked to read the bat k lit that dust rne RuswIl s aI , Is 41.',4 ket earlier 1,11111,111.d the niLi'r-att it \chr,e4.1 Pr( ,N 94 1 he point otthis anecdoteisthatsii . h the topography of the intellectual rese rt. ipeneny es. It hink . are ritt; uncommon and it is the Internet a casth the topography of not hista personal diSappointment. but a the PacificNorthwest' Or, perhaps more t ommercial opportunity that was nussed I yc, as pointedlY, can someone'who frequently loses )11,, at) enthusiastic reader who would ha e gladli a rkevs be able to find his w asto the pure fused and recommended mans tirst hand information that he Want,. on a large dee tronic narrahi es of our West IA ard expansion the network' In order to understand this proHem 'mversity of Oklahoma Press had published we need to make some basic distinctionsfirst many 01 the kinds ot books Iwanted let ot all, we need to hay e some understanding of neitht-r ot us knew the other existedfrue. I had the sue ot these publicly ay ailable networks. one or two of their hooks hut I did not know and by sr.-.e. what I mean is how difficult it is to then that university presses oftenoncentrated find what you want on themThe problem of (Inter-tam types of books, so I did not pursue rm, tazethen, is really a problem ot aessBut esen interest with them, and certainly es en itI had here we must make another distinction tound out about Oklahoma s puhl ii mums. there between physical a,,-es,and intenn tual r-s we're likely to he other similar publications by Physic-al access is concerned with how you can other sirmlarly unobtrusive publishersI had iZet your hands on some intormahon Ze110.e almost no (harhe of trac king them downI was vu already Chou-Intellectual access hke a hapless pioneer who wanted to go West on,crned with finding the ddress ot some but didn t know where the Oregon 1rail st erted Information that has a desired intellec tual Bookstore assistants are often helplul and tmtentIn terms ot a library, finding where on friendly. but their knitii. ledge ot the publishing thesheli esthe hook withcallnumber world rarely giies beyond the best seller lists A-t-. Al S4 is.1,, a prxiblern of physi, al th , es, and kornpriw,.. information that ay ailable tinding out whether the book with that tall most ot us any Wa number is the one that you want is a problem ot heal a, t ess universiti , and other not tor prvt't publishers cannot expeo to hose the learly. the problem (It mtellec tual theess must kind of publicity that mafor publication house's be SA ilved before the problem of physical access have But I am convinced that, like me, there are But this is not the way the access problem of many enthusiastic customers tor the specialty electronic networks is presentedIn stunt. the bo,tics that these small presses offerIn light of dramatic physical access speeds of dee trome thisthe rapid expansion ot the loosead networks seduee us into belie. mg thattur hocracv of networks that we call the' Internet speedsotintellee tualace essis illbe otters an enormous opportunity tor both small etimmensurately lastsue h is mit the caseBut publishers to become more widels it s hard to understand the magnitude ot the without int urring dramatic marketing and intellec tual ste c l'ss problem Perhaps an analtigy for the' enthusiastn readers tocruisethese will helpsuppose that we wanted to find a networks in search ot what La wrcnce Sterne in Iss 01/4 that is one of sey cral hundred accessible, tel his great ISth century novel I v.tram us This is rather like finding a particular dlled the -northwest passige to the intellectual indiiidual in a crowded room ot modest sue world For Sterne, the -northwest passage' to this room, for example'NM a partnularly theintellee tualworldwas through the eliftit ult problem. en if our des( npht Inot the afoullary veil's'tor us it may IN' through the book Or person we are looking tor is fairly Internet .,e'nertilBut suppose' we wanted to find a book In a small library of CtICIOCI btic elksAlthough vie Hut it s east, ht enthusiastit at the beginnin, hail' all been to libraries of this siteit may stilt ot any grand endeailtrthe pit toovring users ot IN' JO he tilt to imagine IN. magnitude' ot flu' task the Internet haw returned with wonderful talcs nsider a similar problem Many prttfessional of ate ess to sast rit hesAnd this baseball parks in the I. tilted States hold around intents tual universe' expands he'fore us in mut h ;0000 spex tators, cct we might be able tel better the same way that the frontier must has e to the sisualue our Wan.h task II we Imagine our goal young Osborre Russell growing lip in a small is to find a single' milli idual ttending a se tlelitut I'Jtht ennui tl'isn in MameBut t an %it Mar i'.anie atsayI onisay Park orI igur ',Ludlum 14 5 But now kur task is more tornudable',upposk whit hit depends What tan :ye say about these also. that c,ur gmdehnes tor finding the pa'rson representations'I o beetfet nye.the se we want are fairly general that he is nuddle represen ta t i ms must sat ist y three t. ritcrla aged has dark hair. tiark etes, s II) and slim Our scare h is more difficult stillNow suppose 1 They must accurately di- the we are waft hmg tor a Kuck. in a moderately intellectual tontent co the ins,.rination large librarx 11t a few. 100.000 booksI fere the thex represent analogy would be . to finding someone ata tones concert in New \ ork entral 2 Th must clearlt Jis1iti.0.41,h the ParkBut exen nowI don t think that %se hat e contentoftheinformation the y :ettot. omprehend the magnitude ot the represent trom the content of similar m04'011,11 search "pat e on the Internet hut dif ferent.cessible information 'wart hmg through the millions ot intellectual resourt es that are currently at adahle through IThey must llohluelv des( rik: n the Internet, utihimg only the search tools also ,t-triezr a small em,ugh number of t urrently at ailableis analogous to searching information items that the sear( her c an through New 1 ork ( ity for a spetitu Nrson examine them ts it hoot reaching her ith only the general description that he has tutility point and gi x mg up dark hair, dark eyes, is middle-aged and slim f :en a we could sex a difterent Individual exery sewn,' that is our phYsk-al access to these Traditional sulleyt des( riptions usually sanstt indixidiial'. tt as optimal our searL h tNould onc but on large tVxt retnetal stenv, the tic likely end in tallurelhy I or two reasons not tt pitallv s.atistv two or three?his is what I irst .there are ti,o manx other pets& in Nets we call the 'staling problemin Intormation Ntork( it %%hi) hat ethe,..1r1legeneral Retract al T. sing subtet destriptions to find des:ription as the lwrson we are looking tor spec itit information in a large toilet tion is like and sec end, a', a Wart her, there is a limit to our try Mg to find a Siletitiiillt..11% idual in New 1(9-1+ hmg persistent we tan t or won t. scart h itv using only general physical des. riptions tore\ or this is called the scan her s Am one who has tried to tind tairh, precise Is point defined hooks through the suhtet t iatalogue at the I ihrary of Congress has ail lindeNtandingot )n large text retriet al systems, good phY sit al the true magnitude of this problem( )ny of the u cisc, methods do not net essardy improt 0 our ironies ot the publishing industrtth,iughis oy elan seart h prospo.tsI aster computers and that the need tor reliable speo Ill act es,. to tests taster networks Itist IIN more tillk ON to the with pret iselv definable intellectual i ontent is wrong placesand on a network the sue of the greater feu. the smaller puhlishers than it is tor Internet there are tto many wrong' plat v.-, to Ii rgermass -market publishers go I. pallet)c e with the sear, h xill rim out publishers sut h as unit ersit presses hate a long before Kt: hate exhausted the pla, es to fairly narrow It defined segnwnt of the hook look market, and must he aciessible b: customers with fairly pret ise interests If these. pret isely h,`..4'1 at the prohlt m c1 Intl:nut tiLil definable publishers and t ustomers annot find .1, %sr t an see that the slit 01 any scan h ea, h cther then we hat e a situation like the one c rink alit, dependent on how the desired described at the- beginning ot this paper No information is represented or des, d I he ,A small publisher has enough et c.nomit slat k t. r,,presentationsareahstrat lionsofthe endure huti Man h missed itrpt ci tlinutle` .ntellet tual tontent 01 informant m The% (nil t urisistct titles abstrai ts, key words or otht r hat should tio' It the representation .4t det nes and they may he applied either tt its is the key to hots atessible those two,. are aut..manc ally Ithrough se 'Mr manual indexing m a large retneyal `0,stUITI or network and it %se rot ess Regardless of the methodology 1r hat alreadtsaidthattraditionalsub)e, t .reating st.kh representations theN remain the riptions are inadequate to this taskthen ko, link in the proteess 1cf intellet trial al 11, xx hat are xxe to do' I et s go hat 1,toI OM AN h c an be better than the representatins cal Park , e statedthattindernornial circumstances, it was futile to look for someone are lead to believe that our friend sits along the in a sold-out baseball stadium with such general first base line, but in fact, he prefers the descriptions as the color of his hair and eyes, his bleachers, then we are likely to expend all of our height and his weight. But if we also know that search effort in a completely unproductive area. the individual we want always sits along the first base line, takes his 8 year-old twins with So what's the "bottom line" in all of this? Can we him, has a handlebar mustache, and wears a really plot a route to the Northwest Passage of bright yellow jacket, then we have a much better the intellect? I'm not sure, but we can certainly chance of finding him. What we have done is to do better than we are doing today, and if we are partition the search space---we have reduced a to provide effective intellectual access across the large search space to a smaller one. This is the large electronic networks we are now building, key to intellectual access on large text retrieval we will have to do better in a hurry.Most systems.So now we can say that there are published book descriptions rely on the vague essentially two kinds of representations: those andoverworkedcategoryofsubject that describe the intellectual content of specific descriptions---representations that are not texts, and those that describe the partitions in precise enough to accurately distinguish even a the search space.The representations that modest number of books, much less the total describe the intellectual content of specific texts production of all the small presses that might are already familiar to us; they are the titles, have access to the Internet. It is possible that we keywords, and subject descriptions that are might be able to make subject descriptions better commonly usedtorepresenttextual than they are now, but it is unlikely that they information. They are frequently imprecise, but will get muchbetter than they are now; and are only a problem when used to represent evea marginal improvements will require information in fairly large document or book substantial expenditures of effort. Subject collections.On small systems they work descriptions were simply never meant to make reasonably well. fine intellectual distinctions among the texts in large collections.This is a fact of language. Representations which partition the search space Does this mean that subject descriptions are differ from the previous kind of representation useless? No. But they are only useful in making in that they must describe information more distinctions between small numbers of items. precisely.Back to our baseball analogy: the They need to be supplemented by better ways representations that describe the intellectual than we have now for partitioning large contents of specific texts are like the general collections into smaller collections. For example, physical characteristics that describe the person searching for a book on "computers" doesn't we are looking fo-.The representations that help much if we are looking across the listings of describe the partitions in our search space are a large number of publishers. But if we know those like the fact that our baseball fan sits along that what we want is very likely to be published the first base line. Such a description narrows by one or two small publishers, then, within that our search space considerably and allows us to partition, the generally vague term "computers" concentrate in a specific part of the stadium -- may be useful.Here we can see one way in greatly increasing our chances of success. which publishers might be able to provide better Descriptions such as "dark hair", "yellow jacket", access to their publications: if at all possible, or "brings his 8 year-old twins" don't help us they should describe the kind of material that nearly as much since we would still be they publish, and these descriptions, like the committed to searching the entire ball park for abstracts of journal articles, should be searchable individualswiththesecharacteristics. as a separate category on a large network. Here Representations that partition a search space the searcher looks first for a publisher who is must be able to delineate a fairly precisely intellectually compatible with his search critoia, definable "region" in the search space---a region then he tries to describe the intellectual content which almost certainly contains what you're of the specific publications he wants. after, whether a person or a book.If the information that you want is not in that But there are other ways of partitioning the definable region, then the partition can do more intellectual universe of publications: some are harm than good. In our baseball example, if we obvious, some are less so, and some remain to be 94 97 discovered.For example: types or forms of not, then searching these !arge intellectua! publication may be a useful way of partitioning spaces becomes like pitching horseshoes in the a large collection of publications---diaries, dark---we can hear the "ringers", but if we miss, letters, essays, collections, festschrifts, oral we have no idea how to correct our aim. It is histories, to name a few. All of these could be possible that the partitions that I have discussed searchable categories.Time and geographic will give us a sense of how close our misses are, partitions could be useful too, for both fiction but clearly building this kind of feedback into and non-fiction works. Time and geography our search mechanisms will be a challenge of might also have more than one dimension: they major proportions. could refer to the time or region in which the work was produced, or the time or place that the Improving intellectual access will not be easy. work is concerned with.In some cases, both But it will be necessary, I think, if we are to have dimensions might be useful.In other cases, adequate intellectual access to information on expanding the context of publications might large networks. The Northwest Passage to the make useful partitions: for example, by making intellect may be, like the real Northwest Passage, the institutional affiliations of authors a just a vision, but, like the efforts of the pioneers searchable field inquirers could get access to who preceded us, our quest for it will, I think, publications written by authors connected to improve our ability to get where we want to go. institutions which deal with issues they are interested in.In some instances, publications References may be part of a related series of publications. It might be useful to make the name and some Blair, David C. Language and Representation in description of the series accessible by searchers Information Retrieval,. Amsterdam: Elsevier also. Science, 1990. These are just some examples of the kinds of Blair, David C. "Indeterminacy in the Subject partitions that could be made in the intellectual Access to Documents." Information Processing and search space that publishers may find Management, 22, no. 2 (1986): 229-241. themselves in (and I'm sure that publishers can come up with much better candidates for Blair, David C. and M.E. Maron. "An Evaluation partitions than I can). If we see the of Retrieval Effectiveness for a Full-Text representation of the intellectual content of Document Retrieval System." Communications of publications as a problem of simply describing the ACM, 28, no. 3, (March 1985): 289-297. their content, then it's hard to see the need for such partitions. But if we see the problem of Blair, David C. "The Challenge of Document intellectual access, asIdo, as critically Retrieval: Major Issues, and a Framework Based dependent on the number of items accessible, on Search Exhaustivity and Data Base Size." then we must not only describe the accessible Working paper, University of Michigan, texts faithfully, we must represent them in a February 1993. way that makes them distinguishablefrom many othertextsthathavesimilar representations.This is the purpose of the partitions. There is one more issue of intellectual access that Iwould liketo mentionthe issue of "closeness". Currently, we don't have a good sense of how close our near misses are. On small retrieval systems, this is not so much of an issue, but as the retrieval spaces get larger and larger as they have become on electronic networks, it is not enough to know whether our searches have failed, we need to have some sense of how far off the mark we havebeen.If 95 Copyright Peter Givler, Director The Ohio State University Press As members of the resOrch community, we face that seems increasingly to consist of nothing a number of serious problems. One of them is (with a tip of the hat to Marge Piercy) but copyright -- how we understand it, how we use enormous changes at the last minute. it, and how it is to work in a networked environment -- and another is the economics of The purpose of copyright can be difficult to scholarly communication -- who is really understand in a university setting, because the paying for what, how we do more with less, very idea of copyright seems to run counter to and how it is all going to work in a networked the high ideals of university life.Universities environment. Copyright issues and economic today--especially the large, publicly- issues are closely related and I'll have a little supported universities that most of us work in -- to say about that relationship, but since Colin are complex institutions with many goals that Day has already spoken about economics in do not always coexist easily, but at their core, some depth, I'm going to be talking mostly they're still dedicated to the search for truth. about copyright. At the outset, though, I'd like Or, if you prefer, to a search for underlying to state both a fundamental premise of my own principles, verifiable theories, and accurate and a conclusion I hope to bring you to, if you explanations, however qualified the search don't already hold it.Simply put, these are may be by the contingencies of academic issues that affect all of us.If we are to solve fashion, government financing, and political them, our best hope is to solve them by working weather. We don't capitalize Truth anymore, together. except in our dreams. We speak of truths instead, but our dedication to a life searching That is just by way of saying how pleased I am for those truths connects us to each other and to to be here.I have been in publishing for that long line of gowned scholars stretching twenty-four years, scholarly publishing for the back to the great medieval universities of last fourteen. and this is only the third Salerno and Bologna and Paris, and finally to conference I've gone to at which librarians and Plato's Academy. scholars and editors and publishers have come together to talk to each other. The other two In this world, communicating the results of were the last two meetings of this group. If we research is essential.It moves disciplines find that we disagree with each other about forwardandestablishesprofessional some things, that's only to be expected; we each reputations, and in evaluating the record of spend our professional lives working on a that research, whether it is a manuscript being different part of the puzzle. considered for publication or a published book being reviewed for a professional journal, first But it is one puzzle, and copyright -- where consideration goes to the significance of the author's rights, publisher's licenses and user's facts and ideas it brings together. The form in needs intersect and sometimes conflict -- is one which those facts and ideas are expressed is of of the key pieces. Many of the conflicts can be distinctly secondary importance. as long as resolved. Some cannot be, in the sense that no they are put in reasonably intelligible English, attempt to balance different sets of interests can and as long as the conventions for scholarly completely satisfy all of them.But if we writing inthat particular discipline are accomplish nothing more today than a clearer observed. understanding of where we don't agree, I still think that's an important step in equipping all That point is a simple one, but Ithink it of us to deal more intelligently with a future explains something important about formal 97 9 9 academic discourse, and about the way many of but are driven instead by the copyright us who read and write it tend to think about holders' desire to maximize their profits. As a copyright. This focus on the primacy of facts result, the cost of information has risen niore and ideas, a focus that has informed academic quickly than inflation, and library budgets, thinking and research fromitsearliest which have been shrinking in real dollars as beginnings and that all of us accept and value well as well as squeezed by inflation, are being as a noble intellectual tradition, can make it doubly and intolerably pressed.In this view, difficulttotakecopyrightseriously. then, libraries and patrons are locked in a Copyright protects forms of expression, not struggle to free information from a legal but ideas or facts, and we tend to see specific forms morally questionable monopoly created by of expression and stylistic choices as more or copyright. less arbitrarily different ways of trying to communicate something whose realityis Some publishers do behave as though their independent of the language used to express it. copyrights gave them an infinitely exploitable So the idea of a writer having some form of monopoly, and have priced their publications ownership rightsinthe way she says accordingly. Ann Okerson's excellent analyses something-- and barically,that's what for ARL of serials pricing patterns build a copyright is all about -- goes against the grain. convincing case against certain journals It's not only a nuisance, in that it puts annoying publishers. More recently we have the restrictions on our ability to quote other example, as reported in Lingua Franca,1 of a people's work in our own research and textbook press that has been confoundingly successful at writing, but it also seems fundamentally wrong- selling what appear to be monographs with headed.Like putting up fences and "No virtually no scholarly value to university Trespassing" signs in a national forest, it's not libraries at some very pretty prices indeed. simply annoying and bothersome, but also seems morally questionable and undemocratic. But if there can be no question that copyright Lawful perhaps, but in an ideal world, also has been abused in some cases, I do question the unjust. conclusion that copyright itself is to blame. From the fact that some publishers have However, copyright is also the law of the land, behaved badly it does not follow that all and all of us feel both a personal and have, or will, and Idon't think there's professional obligation to respect it, even if we anything in copyright law itself that compels regard it as problematic. That many of us do economic antagonism between authors and regard it as problematic, though, has led to a readers, or publishers and libraries. On the particular view of copyright that I think is a contrary, I think the law itself embodies and false one, and that has the dangerous and serves a powerful vision of the public interest. destructive potential to keep us arguing among But to get at it, I want to back out of everything ourselves instead of working together to solve I've been saying about copyright for the last our common problems. That view sees copyright couple of minutes and come at it from a law as a battleground on which two groups of somewhat different angle, and one that has rights struggle for dominance: the intellectual been missing from virtuallyallof the property rights of publishers and authors to discussions about copyright I've heard recently: capitalize on their copyrights on one side, and the author's. the public interest rights of libraries and users to gain access to information and icleas on the Authors the word is a general term for all other. creators of copyrightable material, so I'm going to continue to use it even though it's awkward According to this view, copyright law grants a authors don't talk much about copyright, or kind of information monopoly to copyright even appear to pay much attention to it, but I holders, and monopolies, by definition, do not don't think that's because they don't care about serve the public interest.They prohibit it, or think it irrelevant.I think they take it competition, and so prices are not established for granted.If they re commercially successful by the ordinary laws of supply and demand they probably have an agent to worry about the that should operate in a free-market economy, technical details, and if they don't, they trust 98 1UO their publisher -- a trust, I feel obliged to say, that preceded the 1976 Copyright Act, an that most publishers take seriously and do not author's common law copyright ceased to exist abuse. upon publication, when the work either acquired a statutory copyright by being As you know I am a publisher, and in discussions published with the appropriate notice, or it of copyright publishers often claim to speak for fell out of copyright into the public domain. If their authors' interests. But I am also a writer the work was not published, then under common who occasionally publishes something in this law the author's copyright remained intact, in or that, and sometimes even gets paid for it, perpetuity.Under the 1976 law, because and it's as a writer, not a publisher, that I'd federal copyright comes into existence at the like to try to speak next. moment of fixation it now supersedes common law copyright, but the federal law still The 1976 law itself grants federal copyright to recognizes the underlying principle of the authors for: older, common law tradition: that the author is the primary owner of her work, and until she ..oribinal works of authorship fixed decides to make it public or the copyright in any tangible medium of expression, expires, that ownership is virtually absolute. now known or later developed, from whichtheycanbeperceived, So there is a long tradition in British and reproduced, or otherwise American common law which says that before communicated, either directly or with everything else, authors own their work. The the aid of a machine or device.2 creationofstatutorycopyright,what publishers can and can't do, our notions of public Under the current law this statutory copyright interest andfairuse--allofthose begins at the moment I fix my work in a tangible considerations, as important as they are, are form, so long as the work itself is "original" secondary to that primary fact of ownership. within the meaning of copyright law.This meaning is a good deal more specific than it is What does this kind of ownership mean to a in common usage. Facts, scientific discoveries, writer, even an occasional writer like me?It ideas, theories, mathematical equations, and means that, legally, the time I have spent so forth are not themselves eligible for reading and taking notes and trying to copyright protection no matter how new or understand copyright, and then the time I have original they may be in the ordinary sense, spent sitting at my word processor writing the since they are presumed to exist independently paper you are now reading, all that has of the language used to describe them, and so resulted in something. A piece of intellectual are common intellectual property. Copyright property: tiny and flimsy to be sure, but protects original expression.3 nonetheless as tangible in the eyes of the law as if I had spent my time painting a watercolor Currently, neither registration of the copyright or composing a symphony. As a writer, the nor notification through a copyright notice words on this piece of paper are my part of the affixed to the work are required to establish rock, my stake in American culture, both the copyright(althoughtheyarestrongly foundation and the guarantee of my belief that recommended and will become significant if any this country is shaped by books and ideas, as later questions are raised about infringement). well as guns and money. Under current law if I've written something down, and if it's original as that word is At this level, it doesn't matter whether this or understood in copyright law, then I hold the that piece of my writing also has some economic statutory copyright in it. value I can cash in on, any more than it matters whether I can find a buyer for the painting or This is an important change in the law, but not an orchestra to perform the symphony. What a revolutionary one.British and American matters is that copyright law grants me common law have recognizedauthors' ownership of what Iwrite, as long as the copyrights in their own work for several expression is original. And of course the law hundred years. Under the terms of the 1909 law speaks to many more activities than just 99 1 A. writing. The word "author" in copyright law important for academic writing.It allows the includes writers, composers, lyricists, computer author to maintain control of the exact wording programmers, architects, choreographers, of her text.If the text should become corrupt, filmmakers, playwrights, painters, sculptors, copyright allows an author to say, these are photographers, the designers of computer chips the words I wrote and intended to appear over -- anyone who creates "works of art and my name, and this is where the text was literature... and works whose purpose is to altered. Even if the entire system of scholarly convey information or ideas."4 publishing were completely subsidized by the university and university press books and When the Constitution describes the basis for journals could be given to libraries for free, as copyright and patent law, Sandy Thatcher has proposed, the need to maintain and certify the integrity of texts The Congress shall have the power.... would still be a compelling argument for to promote the progress of science and copyright. the useful arts by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the Our society privileges creative and original exclusive right to their respective work, and it does- so because I think we writings and discoveries...5 recognize that the exercise of creativity and originality serve the public interest. The First surely it means that "progress of science and the Amendment is a different area of the law useful arts" will take place only if creative altogether, but it,too, says through the work is encouraged by permitting authors to protection it extends to the communication of claim credit and be recognized for what they ideas that such things have special social do, by acknowledging their contributions to our value.We recognize the social value of culture, by prizing the creativity of individual original invention in patent law.In short, I minds think the idea is well-established in law that originality and creativity are in themselves a This is as true of scholarly writing as of any publicgoodandthattheydeserve other kind. The direct financial rewards paid encouragement and protection. as royalties to an author for publishing scholarly work are dismally low,, if they exist Copyrightencouragesoriginalityby at all.But the indirect compensation for establishing ownership, but it also encourages publishing work that is recognized as original dissemination. Although we speak of it in the by one's peers is substantial: tenure, promotion, singular, copyright doesn't denote any one merit increases, greater professional visibility, thing.It's a collective noun, and copyright is the ability to get grants, consultantships, a actually a bundle of five separate rights:the better job at another institution. Virtually the right to make copies of a work, the right to entire system of economic rewards and distribute those copies, the right to perform the incentives for a member of the faculty in a work, the right to display it, and the right to research university is based on her ability, as a create derivative works from the original. scholar, to communicate to the rest of the There are also what are called moral rights, research community the results of her work, to but I'm not going to say anything more about claim it as her own. She won't get credit for them here, because they apply to only some thinking it up and precious little for teaching visual works and even there have very limited it, but once she writes it down and publishes it, application under U. S. law. then it becomes publicly and certifiably hers. As a kind of negative. proof of the power this When an author signs a contract for publication claim ofintellectual ownership hasin of his work, the core of that agreement academic life, look at how quickly a finding of specifies how these rights are to be assigned to plagiarism unravels a career.6 the publisher.In deciding how to make that assignment, a very interesting and useful The ownership principle inherent in copyright- property of copyright is that each of those five -that the author owns the specific form of her rights--to copy, distribute, display, perform, original work--has another consequence that is and create derivative works--is both separable 100 1 92 from the others, and also divisible. The range shrinking over the last twenty years. And to of possible divisions and recombinationsof add to the problems, our subsidies are being cut them all just as your support is.If we cannot maintain these rights is quite broad and we see and the time. In the case of a very successfulbook, the necessary rights to what we publish hardcover publication rights might go to one have to watch the demand for ourpublications book in whatever formbe eroded by unregulated publisher, paperback rights to another, be club rights to someone else, film andtelevision dissemination of the same material, we'll rights to a fourth party, and electronicrights to out of business. a fifth. The bookmight also be translated into various foreign languages, with adifferent Nevertheless, as long as all of us recognize publisher handling each translation,and these fiscal realities, the ability tosplit foreign- copyright into separate rights and tosubdivide negotiating further arrangements for flexibility in language paperbacks, book clubs, andtelevision them offers us a good deal of designing special licenses for specific purposes, mini-series. like electronic distribution of journals.One This means that in addition toestablishing promising avenue here is the negotiationof ownership, copyright law also creates a blanket licenses, under which a librarymight copyrighted acquire the rights to provide a group of journals flexible system through which given works can reach their audience. Thataudience electronically to all of its patrons for a may be reachable in onemedium, or in half a period.I think this is a promising avenue to It may be explore in that it seems to me to offer a wayof dozen; in one language, or eighteen. and three hundred research libraries and acouple balancing the rights of authors, publishers, of hundred scholars, orfive thousand users without imposing anunreasonable burden subscribers to a journal, or millions ofreaders on any of them.Janet Fisher, and Isabella Hinds from the Copyright ClearanceCenter, worldwide, and millions more viewers on licensing, and television and film. will each have more to say about about fair use in their talks. then vesting By establishing ownership, and copyright that ownership in specific rightsthat can be As it currently exists, I understand law to do three things. First, it recognizesthat transferred to someone else, copyright permits a they create. publisher a reasonable chance of recoveringthe creative people own the work costs of publication. This iswhat makes the Second, by splitting copyright up into separate including and individually divisible rights it creates a whole system of communications, wide scholarly communications, work in thissociety, flexible legal framework that allows publishing dissemination of copyrightable work, andalso and it is where copyright law and ownership. economics come together. There's no guarantee protects the underlying rights of publishing And third, by protecting thoserights of that expenses will be recovered; the anything is a gamble. But basically, if Ihave ownership and making it possible to recover acquired the exclusive rightto publish investment required for publication,copyright something, that means that at least I can go actively encourages dissemination. ahead without having to worryabout the also be If that analysis is accurate, then in myview possibility that someone else will the public publishing the same work for the samemarket. copyright law as it stands does serve interest, and serves itwell. That some by When you are publishing forsmall and publishers may take advantage of the law specialized audiences, as all university presses charging excessive prices for theirpublications establishing prices is a serious problem for all of us inthe research do, the margin for error in having and print runs is very small.The costs of community. If librarians are shocked at them for to pay $5,000 for a year'ssubscription to a selecting manuscripts, preparing publishers and publication, manufacturing books andjournals, single STM journal, so are many carrying on all scholars. Given limited budgets, we'reall well selling and marketing them, and few purchases by you at the other activities that arerequired of a aware of how just a the sale of that level foreclose the possibilityof wider publisher have to be recovered from and a number of copiesthat has been steadily purchases of other materials from us, 101 restrict the usefulness of your collectionsto scholars in the social sciences and humanities. arrangement of the entries. Feist Publications, It's a truly vicious and terrible cycle: as you cut Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co., 111 S.Ct. back your purchases and our sales drop, 1282 (1991), and Bellsouth Advertising and publishing costs have to be recovered from a Publishing Corp.v.Donnelley Information smaller and smaller sales base just at the time Publishing, Inc., 933 F.2d 952 (11th Cir, 1991) that our own subsidies are being reducedor eliminated. And that can only translate into 4Strong, p.1. higher prices, which just makes thepressure on your budgets that much worse. 5Constitution of the United States,Article I, Section VII I don't have a solution for this problem, but I do have some suggestions where not to look forone. 6Copyright infringement and Trying to change the law is not the plagiarism are answer; not, however, the same thing.Plagiarism is that just puts us in a direct contest for the use of someone else's ideas without Congressional attention with a lot of deep attribution, whether or not the specific pockets whose interests lie in the direction of language in which the ideas more restriction on copyright, not less, like very are being expressed has also been taken fromsomeo.,e large high-tech companies that. develop the else. operating systems and other software for personal computers. And working around the law just exacerbates the problemswe already have. I think there are a number of interesting and promising avenues to explore-- new licensing arrangements; electronic publishing; greater involvement of the university, through its press, in the creation and financing ofnew publishing venues. But no matter whatwe do, we have to work cooperatively.Historically, philosophically, legally, and economicallywe are all part of the same institution, serve the same goals, face the same fundamental problems.Our fates and our futures are interlocked.Let's see if we can't find the answers together. 1St. John, Warren. "Vanity'sFare." Lingua Franca, 3, no. 6. 217 U. S. C. 102(a). 3Strong, William S. The CopyrightBook, A Practical Guide 4th ed. (Cambridge: 1993), 3- 13. The standards for originality in copyright law may also be considerably lower thanmost people have in mind when theyuse the term. In two recent cases the White Pages ofa telephone book were fouLd ineligible for copyright on the grounds that no originality is required to compile an alphabetical list, but the Yellow Pages were protected since they showed originalityinthe selection and 102 104 The Role of Subsidiary Rights in Scholarly Communication Janet H. Fisher Associate Director for Journals The MIT Press In response to budget stresses in libraries, the who also see serious problems on the way. We continuing exponential growth of research being need to understand how the subsidiary licenses published, and persistently above average for journal material work ,today and why in price increases particularly for scientific order to understand what changes might occur if journals, in the last two years there has been a the management of copyright changed. search for answers and responses by the university and library communities in First, I see copyright as a tool for two things: particular. One such response has been the (1) protecting the authority and use of the movement encouraging authors to limit the author's work; and(2)increasingthe rights they give to publishers, in some cases to dissemination of scholarly research.I do not first publication rights only.Most of the think of copyright in terms of control, which is parties urging these changes say that nonprofit a word I frequently hear others attribute to publishers are not the culprits, and therefore publishers and copyright. not the targets, of these movements. But, like it or not, nonprofit publishers -- among them At the present, most scholarly journals handle university presses -- are suffering from these copyright in the following way: movements. Copyright policy may seem to be the club that either side believes they can use The author is asked to transfer copyright or against the other, but for either to use it that a bundle of rights to the publisher. way has the potential to destroy the scholarly communication system. In return, the publisher grants back to the author the right to reuse his or her own In this talk I want to describe how the licensing work. of subsidiary rights works in the journals environment and how that would be affected by The publisher registers copyright with the the initiatives going on to transfer copyright Library of Congress. management from the publisher to the author or author's university. Then I want to touch on The publisher handles requests from Fair Use -- the balance it is intended to create photocopy shops to make multiple copies of between the public's need for access to articles for classroom use. information and the publisher's need to recover its costs -- and end by briefly speculating on the The publisher handles requests from other concept of fair use in the electronic environment. publishers wanting to reprint articles in books by otherauthors and other I have been listening to some of the copyright publishers. discussions going on in the last two years and have become very concerned about loss of access The publisher handles requests from other to journal material if some of the initiatives publishers to translate articles. being discussed were implemented.I realize that I am in danger of sounding like a publisher The publisher licenses others to produce with a vested interest in the current system, but audio tape versions of articles. I have discussed this with many librarians 103 1 5 The publisher licenses secondary publishers Under the current system, journal publishers to produce the issues in different formats serve as the focal point for the production of (microfilm, microfiche, CD-Rom, electronic secondary materialsthat are becoming delivery, document delivery of articles in increasingly essential to librarians, scholars, paper or other form). and students.That is, CD-Rom and on-line databases of indexes and abstracts that point to Secondary publishers, or aggregators as I heard full-textofjournalarticles(either them called recently, are the focal point for a electronically accessed or print ordered), and number of products that are increasingly document delivery services such as CARL important to the individual researcher and the Uncover, Faxon Research Services, and now library community. At the recent Charleston Ebsco'sCASIAS(CurrentAwareness conference on issues in serials and book Service/Individual Article Service), get their acquisitions, I heard much about how important material through licenses with journal these products are to librarians.I know that publishers or the Copyright Clearance Center subscriptions to some of my journals have been (which has licenses with journal publishers). I cancelled because of their availability in full- have heard over and over again from librarians text form in these secondary products. John that faculty and students love these tools and Regazzi, from Engineering Information, H.W. that our publications have to be in them. But I Wilson, just described EI Reference Desk and believe these tools will not exist if publishers was immediately surrounded by librarians do 'not have the right to license subsidiary wanting to know how to get his product. David rights from authors.This is for two main Blair, from University of Michigan, has talked reasons: about the need for scholars to find their way through the mass of information available -- 1.Publishers serve as the focal point for whether in print or electronic form.For gathering rights. The secondary publisher journals, these bibliographic searching tools has to make one license with one publisher have been made available by commercial in order to get a large body of content. The secondary publishers, and now because of importance of the publisher as focal point customer demandtheseproductsare can be seen by looking, for example, at the incorporating delivery of full-text in addition special issue of Representations that is to bibliographic references. To quote from the available to conference participants. This Mellon report: journal has thirteen authors -- six from outside the U.S., one from private industry, Librariesthemselvesassumed one from Library of Congress, and five responsibility for providing employed by universities in the U.S.It is bibliographic information in electronic important to note that less than half the formabouttheirmonographic authors are based at U.S. educational collections, as a continuation of the institutions, which are proposed to be the traditionalcatalogingactivity. new copyright owners in some of the Information in electronic form about the proposals circulating.Under proposals serial literature, on the other hand, is urging author ownership of copyright, the in many instances provided by secondary publisher would have to get a commercialservices. Thecost license with thirteen different people in implication for libraries is significant. order to include the contents of this issue. If they wish to offer a comprehensive None of the proposals circulating have array of bibliographic services, they discussed how to handle authors that do must absorb the substantial cost of not reside at U.S. universities. acquiring the commercial services, and in many instances members of the 2.Publishers serve as the focal point for university community demand such determining choice of content. The services in addition to traditional secondary publisher uses the reputation of acquisitions.' the journal and the publisher to determine whether the material is appropriate for inclusion in its product. 104 1.06 This, I believe, is an even more crucial point. authors would make the CCC grind to a halt, in Without the publisher as the focal point, the my opinion. secondary publisher would have to wait for publication of a journal issue, consider each So, is there room for compromise on the articleindividuallyastoquality and copyright issue? Yes, some. Ibelieve appropriateness for their product, then find the publishers should consider doing the following: author and negotiate the rights.I believe (and have confirmed this with several secondary Explicitly tell authors what rights they publishers)thatthis would betotally retain and what permission they have to impractical and would make the products both reuse their own material. so expensive and so delayed as to be impossible to produce. When an author wishes toretain copyright, have other options available Then there are the document delivery services that allow the publisher to still license such as CARL, Faxon Research, etc.At the subsidiary uses of the article in order to not Charleston Conference I hezard several things deter dissemination of the material. about the importance of these services: Explain to authors what publishers do When we are deciding whether to subscribe with the rights they are asking for, and to a new journal, we look to see if it is in what benefit there is to the author and the CARL and, if it is, we don't subscribe. scholarly community from the products and subsidiary uses those rights make possible. Money is being taken out of the serials budget and transferred to deposit accounts Make it easy for photocopy shops and for document delivery services. professors to get quick permission to use articlesinclasses, such as blanket Some librarians and consortiums are setting agreements whenever possible. (Note that up their own document delivery. blanket agreements are impossible in a world of different copyright arrangements In other words, everybody's doing it.But the from author to author.) same problems would apply as with the secondary publishers -- where to get permission I urge publishers to consider the following to use the material and the possibility of policies: waiting for material to be published and deciding on an individual article basis whether Allow authors to copy their own articles for they want to include the article. (Of course, I use in their own classes without requesting assume here that these services will want to permission and without feetothe exercise some selectivity over quality or type of publisher. ma teri al .) If appropriate for the discipline, reduce And, of course, thereisthe Copyright the length of time for exclusive rights to Clearance Center, not a document delivery the publisher as long as it can be followed service but potentially impacted by this with nonexclusive rights to the publisher to scenario.Individual authors could register insure the continuation of subsidiary forms their articles with CCC and have them of publication. included intheir voluntary permissions program. But how many authors would carry Allow authors to post early versions of through with this? How many records would articles on FTP sites if they point to the this require CCC to carry in their database and final authoritative version published in report on? Only a very small percentage of the the journal. total articles published are ever reused (or reported or requested to be reused) currently. These are all areas were customer demand is Changing copyright ownership to individual pushing compromises by publishers and where, I believe, our past traditions may not 105 necessarily be workable in the new scholarly publishing environment. 'Cummings, Anthony M., Witte, Marcia L., Bowen, William G., Lazarus, Laura 0., Fair Use Ekman, Richard H.University Libraries and Scholarly Communication: A Study Prepared I would like to touch briefly now on fair use -- for the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. an important concept that tries to balance the (Washington, D.C.: The Association of need to have easy access to research with the Research Libraries, 1992), 117. need for the publisher to recoup its investment. This topic is becoming increasingly important today as evidenced by much talk on e-mail discussion lists urging librarians to aggressively push the boundaries of fair use (the use it or lose it mentality).This has a circular effect which is negatively impacting publishers -- not just commercial ones but non-profit publishers also. This cycle begins with the library not having enough money to buy the materials it wants. It therefore cuts subscriptions to journals and tries to fill requests for articles from missing journals with interlibrary loan or document delivery systems. The publisher experiences a drop in institutional subscriptions with no increase in subsidiary income to compensate and therefore raises the price. Publishers can only respond to selling fewer subscriptions by economies in production and/or increasing prices.The publishers that will be hurt first and the most are those that price on a cost-recovery basis and not on a for-profit basis. Activities by libraries that are intended to extend the boundaries of fair use will ultimately come back in higher prices on either journal subscriptions or copyright fees. Fair use has got to be fair. The second point I want to make is that we need to develop an understanding of what fair use will look like for electronic publications. I would like to believe that accommodation for fair use can be given in the electronic environment and that I will not have to charge every time someone (whetheritbe an individual or a library) browses an article in one of my journals.But librarians and publishers must work together to come up with an understanding of fair use that approximates what is currently available in the print environment and also takes into account the special qualities of the electronic environment. 106 Repertory Licensing in a University Environment Isabella Hinds Manager of Professional Relations Copyright Clearance Center At the core of copyright is the promotion of ClearanceCenterisa not-for-profit scholarship, or in constitutional language, organization established in 1978.The CCC progress in the useful arts. The monopolistic Board is comprised of publishers, authors, and right of the copyright holder, whether author users of copyrighted material. Current Board or publisher, is balanced by certain special membersincludeauniversitypress privileges, some ascribed on the basis of representative, Sandy Thatcher of Penn State, institutional identity, as with universities, and and a university representative, Stuart Lynn of some on the basis of professional mission, as Cornell. CCC represents the works of 8600 with librarians. publishers worldwide, and provides licensing systems to commercial corporations, document The copyright law is an equitable rule of reason deliverers, special libraries, and prOducers of and it has the demonstrated capacity for university coursepacks.After approximately evolution.Interest in changing the law has ten years of development, the corporate diminished some in recent months and that is licensing program returned over $15 million to encouraging. Undoubtedly any effort to rewrite publishers in 1993.After only two years of the copyright law would fall prey to a operation, CCC's coursepack program, the different law--the law of unintended Academic Permissions Service, has returned just consequences. If there is any doubt that a law in over a $1.5 million to publishers and their flux would be more difficult than our current authors. circumstances, just ask the Canadians. CCC also serves as the Reproduction Rights Therealchallenge may notbethe Organization (RRO) for the United States, reasonablenessofthelawbutthe linked through the International Federation of reasonableness of those of us -- librarians, Reproduction ights Organizationsto publishers,authorsand a hostof counterpart agencies throughout the world. intermediaries in the world of scholarly Through bilateral agreements with other communication -- charged with making the law RRO's, CCC has repatriatedtothe US work. Or as those of us who recall Pogo might royaltiescollectedonbehalfofUS admit, "We have met the enemy and it is us." rightsholders in Norway, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. Elsewhere, repertory Publishers and universities are beginning to licenses are a well developed feature of the reach for common ground for the management of academic landscape. intellectual property in an academic setting. Certainly there are a number of valuable CCC actually must concede that it is only the projects going on in the university environment second most experienced administrator of based on site licenses and other types of repertory licenses in the United States; ASCAP contractual relationships.At the Copyright is older and larger. There is, incidentally, one Clearance Center, we have been engaged in the critical difference between CCC and ASCAP. development of a different approach -- a ASCAP will sue for copyright infringement repertory license for the university campus. while CCC, as a matter of policy, does not. Lest we miss the point that sticks can play an Before describing such a license, let me take a important role in copyright compliance even moment to describe CCC.The Copyright though carrots are the tool of choice, ASCAP's 107 1°9 return to rightsholders currently runs eight to users from faculty to students to staff must all be ten times that of CCC. addressed within reasonable parameters. In 1989, CCC initiated a project for developing The current time and attention devoted to the arepertorylicensefortheuniversity growth and evolution of information technology environment, adapting the most compelling should not obscure the real and immediate features of our current corporate license to the needs for practical solutions to large scale needs of academic institutions and testing those problems related to photocopying of print features against the real world needs of material. academic institutions and the authors and publishers who serve them. The pilot involved Flexibility in the grant of rights and in six colleges and universities and approximately responsiveness to evolving technology will 150 US publishers as well as those publishers in grow more important in licenses as the the UK registeredwith the Copyright electronic future comes closer. That future is Licensing Agent, the RRO in the UK. Since the very likely to outstrip our ability to define, two year run of the pilot, CCC has held several measure, and value information in ways that conferences for selected participants.Our can be reduced to precise agreements with observations on university licensing are based reasonable life spans. Broad principles, not only on the data collected during the two inclusivearrangements,andpractical year pilot but also on subsequent "debriefings" agreements will be far easier to sustain of those who participated. The needs of a broad range of rightsholders and Based on the data from the pilot, as well as the academic institutions must also be addressed perceived needs andinterests. of both when developing a repertory license for rightsholder and university participants, the universities. A model that is suitable only for essential features of a repertory license for large publishers, whether journal or text, and universities must address access to an extensive large research institutions would be corrosive to and constantly expanding repertoire of works the needs of the broader scholarly community which includes smaller institutions and such The diversity of material of interest within scholarly publishers as not for profit societies anyacademicinstitutionisliterally neither of which have the resources to protect unbelievable.In CCC's coursepack program their interests individually. alone, we identify, on average, ten (10) new rightsholders a day who must be added to Particularly important to the university itself CCC's existing data base of 8600 rightsholders. isthatthelicensefunctionslargely In just two and a half years, coursepack requests independent of end user behavior and/or have been received for over 7000 different knowledge of or commitment to the copyright rightsholders. law. End users are very likely to be the least informed andtheleastmotivatedin Another feature of a repertory license for understanding copyright and in conforming universities is a broad grant of rights that their behavior toits expectations. An permits a range of uses, both predictable and individual scholar's view of these issues is unanticipated, and meets the various needs of likely to be driven by the hat of the moment -- faculty, students, staff, and administrators. In whether as author, teacher, or scholar-- addition to seeking access to a virtually endless rather than by a view of the verities of body of material, the scholar seeks freedom to intellectual property or for that matter by use information in a variety of ways and with univerSity policy on copyright.We've all an immediacy that is perceived to exceed the heard the scholar wax lyrical over the free standard of timeliness and case associated flow of scholarship on the net within his or her with the traditional permissions process. discipline only to turn shortly after and Moreover, the diversity of materials from demand the latest royalty statement from the journals to textbooks, the options for media from publisher of a recent textbook. print to electronic formats, and the entire set of 108 1 1 0 The repertory license for a university should It is also important not to spend dollars to recognize fair use and library privileges collect dimes Expressed in a different way, the (sections 107 and 108) in an administrative value attributed to the intellectual property fashion that respects those prerogatives, but is must substantially exceed the coet of the not excessively burdensome. These privileges, administrative systemstoprotectthat described in sections 107 and 108, are property. The decided attractions of highly alternately described by librarians as rights, particular systems for both rightsholders and by publishers as defenses against infringement academic users aside, such approaches demand or, getting into even deeper waters, by Jane complex,andthereforeexpensive, Ginsburg in the publication circulated at this admi.iistrative procedures and systems support. conferenceassubsidiestoscholarly publications. Repertory licensing, with In order to achieve repertory licenses, we must administrative mechanisms for accommodating identify solutions to some difficult obstacles: these positions practically, can resolve a philosophical impasse. Differences of interest within the publishing industry The repertory license must cross national boundaries easily. Copyright laws themselves Journal publishers are keenly concerned with vary widely. The rationale behind those laws library copying, as well as the transformation, also vary widely. As information becomes ever legal and otherwise, of their materials into more global, it will be increasingly important electronic forms which are subject to a variety that domestic licenses are supported by an of uses not contemplated in a print world. Text international network of agreements and publishers, however, are focused on the steady understandings. growth of coursepacks and custom publishing . Another important feature of a repertory The "back room" problem license is that it relies on just in case not just in time pricing. Pricing strategies in a repertory Publishers cannot license what they do not own; license would need to rely on a series of the rights conveyed by the author in any collection and distribution algorithms that instance may vary.Access to contracts and would combine broad access to materials with documentation may well be fragmented, predictabilityofpricingforacademic particularly for older materials. There must be institutions and some certainty of broad some consensus among publishers and between compliance with copyright on a university's publishers and authors that their common campus with reasonable valuation of their interest in copyright compliance is more binding materials for authors and publishers. than their differences so that reasonable accords can form the basis of licensing CCC's experience in the corporate market agreements and pricing models. confirms over and over that extensive authorized access to copies of information at a What has never been successfully engineered, price that is perceived as reasonable and under cannot readily be automated systems that do not interfere significantly with access to information build demand for the The existing systems for permission and/or site original product. The most frequent response of licensing of materials accommodate only a librarians to survey data demonstrating high small fraction of all the material that is use of a particular publication by photocopying copied and disseminated now.Assuming istoorder additionalcopiesofthat considerable latitude under copyright for publication. academic institutions and their educational mission, there is still a tremendous volume On balance if the cost is more than universities currently of unauthorized copying. The promise want to pay and the returns to publishers less of technology is only that of measuring large than they expect, the negotiations between the numbers of very small transactions; technology parties may well be deemed a success. also carries an inherent demand 'for rules and standards which will pose a decidedly more difficult set of problems given the variability of current practices in the permissions arena. Repertory licensing in academic institutions will require extensive cooperation, creativity, and clarity of interest on the part of authors, publishers, librarians, scholars, and university administrators. The good will building among those constituencies must soon translate into broad based agreements on uses, terms and conditions, and above all, pricing models. The promise is real, as long as the visionaries are not so imperious about the technologies of the future that we cannot deal with the technologies of the present. And so long as the advocates of principles know when to quit staking out turf and start designing solutions. And, above all, as long as the lawyers do not wind up with control by default, developing a system so complex and/or so open to argument, that only they can decipher it. If scholarly communication is about wisdom, not information, and if the lines of communication remain open, the promise is great. 110 112 Why Are There Still Lines at the Teller Windows? Coping With the Information Revolution on Campus (Or, If You lie down in the Middle of the Data Highway the Search Engines Passing By Will Still Generate Multiple Hits) David A. Hoekema Academic Dean and Professor of Philosophy Calvin College Philosophers tend to think in abstractions. Let decided to see whether I could give it a test me begin by flouting the stereotype and telling drive using my Gopher server. As a Gopher a few stories. neophyte I did not know where to look for LC resources, but I found a young woman named The first was relayed by the originator of the Veronica who led me quickly to a menu where I Intelex "Past Masters" electronic texts of major found the option I was seeking. Out of curiosity, philosophical works.In the course of several I was timing my search: within 4 minutes of exchanges by e-mail in recent weeks, I asked accessing Gopher, I was at the very door of the him for examples of the ways in which LC's newly opened electronic hall of marvels. philosophers' work had been affected by the Alas, I had no key. "Missing parameter--server texts that he publishes on CD-ROM and disk. terminated--coremeltdownimminent," In reply he cited an American Philosophical mumbled the doorkeeper, or words to that Association convention at which a senior effect. scholar -- a recent President of the Eastern Division of the APA--dashed out ofa On the same menu I found another promising colloquium to Intelex's display in the book option: information on an LC conference on exhibit area and asked the representative to Project Gutenberg and electronic texts.I asked run a quick search for a certain phrase in to have a look. Five minutes passed, then ten. Locke'sEssay Concerning Human Finally the document appeared.It looked Understanding. The search took just a minute or promising, but I was due home for dinner, so I two: no, the phrase does not appear anywhere mailed myself a copy, exited, waited a few in that sprawling text. Back to the session went minutes for the mailman to arrive, extracted the inquirer.An hour later, a somewhat the file to disk, and asked a DOS utility to dejected philosopher came to the booth and print a copy for me.Again, a long wait. I requested the very same search. At his session, killed the print job, which brought the printer he related, he had cited that phrase as miraculously to life and produced the first ten occurring in the Essay, and used it as a basis for pages. MeanwhileIbegan copying the his interpretive comments. But at the end of document to a floppy to read at home. No such his paper he had been ambushed by a senior luck: it was too large for a floppy disk. What I colleague who claimed confidently that the thought to be a brief summary of a conference reference was mistaken. turned out to be a half-megabyte monstrosity, although nothing on the menu or the means of The second episode I will retell occurred just access gave me any hint of its size. Rather as if last week as I was preparing this paper. I read I had found a slim monograph with a promising in the Chronicle of Higher Education of a new title on the library shelf, only to discover, as I search utility at the Library of Congress, and tried to slip it into my backpack to bicycle 111 113 home, that it was really a 12-volume work needs to use to study artifacts from an weighing 60 pounds. archaeologicaldig. (TheEngineering Department agreed to let him borrow one.) One Electronic access, I conclude, is both more useful member of the support staff in my office is so and less useful than it ought to be. We have a adept with computer programs -- including an long way to go before it fulfills its potential as administrative mainframe system that seems an aid to scholarship, but it is also serving to me to have had "user intimidation" as a unforeseen purposes. Electronic aids intended to principal design criterion--that she is assistcarefulstudy prove usefulfor regularly called on to tutor her bosses. Another professional sniping. New opportunities for support staff member in another office,I communication also serve the needs of data learned last week, has been using WordPerfect thieves and plagiarists.Remarkably user- for six months but hasn't yet quite grasped the friendly and flexible access structures such as concept of filenames.Half a year's work is Gopher are prone to failure and can yield booby saved in one gigantic file. traps. But enough of stories.Let me turn to the But I could balance every story of misuse or questions that the organizers of the conference frustration with another story of how electronic asked me to address. What are the principal links have speeded and enhanced scholarship. needs of scholars for information that can be Here, too, I can be personal. Two weeks ago I delivered electronically?What isitthat finished an essay on ethics in teaching, and scholars and researchers need, and electronic within half an hour after finishing my publishing channels can provide? revisions Ihad not only submitted the manuscript to the two editors, at different To answer the question, let me suggest that we universities,buthadreceivedan divide the information used in scholarship into acknowledgement from each thatithad four categories:first,bibliographic data; arrivedsafely. More impressivestill,a second, quantitative data; third, ordinary text; colleague in mathematics told me last week and fourth, multi-media material. The that he had just received page proofs from a situation on campus is quite different in each of research journal published in Germany, to these categories. which he had submittedhis100-page manuscript, studded with mathematical First,considerthecomputerizationof formulae, just a few weeks earlier via e-mail. bibliographic material, including both library The only inaccuracies he found turned out to be catalogs and indices of publications. Here the his own mistakes. computer has already won the contest with printed information. Go to any of the What is the state of electronic publishing and dwindling number of libraries where the information access on campus? To judge by my computerized catalog duplicates the card medium-sized Midwestern liberal-arts college catalog, and count the number of people using campus: it is a remarkable hodgepodge of each. Computerized access is quicker, more sophistication alongside ignorance, of highly convenient, and in no way less useful than developed and widely used systems alongside flipping through drawers or paging through the most primitive beginnings. And the places bound volumes. Scholars use printed where each of these can be found defy all bibliographies when they are not available stereotypes.Members of one of our natural online or on disk, but not when they have a science departments are finally scheduled to choice.This change appears irreversible, get personal computer's this year: they hadn't especially since -- once the initial transition is asked for them before, and never saw much over, and allthe records transferred-- need. (They already had computerized electronic catalogs and bibliographies are far laboratory instruments that cost more than a easier to maintain, correct, and update than are lifetime subscription to every philosophy their printed equivalents. journal published.)But one historian was combing the campus last year in search of a fast In this area, and this one alone, there are few enough 486 to run the CAD software that he important unmet research needs that are not in the process of being addressed. Some libraries In this case I will subdivide my category into maintain computerized records only of new three subcategories. acquisitions -- a hybrid system in some ways less satisfactory than the old one.Foreign First, consider texts that circulate actively for language materials need more consistent a short period after their creation: reports of standards and more convenient access. Some researchinprogress, drafts ofarticles, bibliographic sources are priced so dear that comments on recent work, reports on recent they are difficult for small libraries to afford developments. For such texts, electronic -- the major bibliographic tool in my discipline exchange offers enormous advantages over the of philosophy being a noteworthy example. alternatives, and itis already very widely But these problems have obvious solutions. The employed. The Internet,like the cash challenge for the future lies principally in machine, is a convenience that we lived melding and integrating various information happily without until we learned to use it -- sources. A researcher of the next generation but today we could not imagine life without it. may be able to search the ten nearest university The rapid growth of such exchange has created libraries,orsixdifferent bibliographic unforeseen problems of privacy, accessibility, databases, with a single natural-language and quality control, and it has challenged the command, ratherthan query each one very notion of copyright in a published work. separately using a primitive Boolean syntax. Not every scholar yet has access to electronic means of communication.At the small What of the second area of information: that of Midwestern college where my sister is a faculty quantitative data? Here I have in mind census member, there is one terminal in the library data, survey results, experimental data in the with access to Internet, and faculty members natural sciences, and the like. Computerized line up to use it. With each passing month, the analysis of quantitative data was one of the number of e-mail users in the academy grows by earliest applications of computers. One of the a large margin, and those still outside the net benefits of increasing speed and memory of feel more isolated. microcomputers has been the transfer of statistical analysis from mainframes to PC's. But in a second category of texts--the fruits of Such analysis has proven to be essential to both research in larger pieces, in more final form the natural and the social sciences.Electronic the reign of the printed word has not been exchange of data is not yet as familiar or as seriously challenged. Scholars prefer to read routine as the exchange of texts, but its journals and monographs on paper, and importance to scholarship is increasing.If I electronic communication has been most pass over this application quickly it is because successful when it simply serves as a means of of my limited experience and knowledge, not producing printed text on demand. There are because I judge it of secondary importance. electronic journals in various fields, it is true, Those who work regularly with quantitative but they remain largely the domain of data will need effective means for their hobbyists. Sony's digital book, introduced with dissemination and consistent standards to great fanfare, has been ignored by a public that enhance their usefulness.Whether there are insists stubbornly on buying words between significant technical hurdles that need to be bound covers.Scholars are if anything even negotiated in meeting these needs is a question more traditional when it comes to studying that I am not able to answer. their colleagues' research work. Third, and closest to the heart of research in Yet we can mark off from these works of current the humanities and the theoretical side of the scholarship.a third category of texts in which sciences, is the category of ordinary text -- from electronic dissemination has gained a large researchnotestoencyclopedias,from base of users already: the primary sources of introductory textbooks to the most abstruse literary, historical, and philosophical study. articles.Such texts are the lifeblood of the Ironically, the greatest success of electronic text university, the source as well as the product of distribution has probably been in the most the faculty's wisdom.In what ways has ancient texts: the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae is computerization changed the traffic in texts? an indispensable resource for classicists, and 113 115 the Latin corpera now under development have easier for the fumble-fingered to use and already attracted wide attention.I have generate much higher profit margins.) already mentioned the philosophical texts that can be purchased on floppy disk or CD- True multimedia information resources are at ROM: they include the British philosophers this point only in their infancy. Today they from Hobbes to Mill, translated writings of the include CD-ROM encyclopediaswith Continental Rationalists, and the works of integrated video and sound clips, interactive Aquinas, Descartes, and Kierkegaard both in CD applications for training and medical the original and in translation. The list of diagnosis, and laserdisks linking a feature film literaryworks availableinsearchable to texts, photographs, and recorded interviews electronic form grows.longer each month. to aid in its study. Tomorrow we may be able to "read" a paper in music history on a disk Why are scholars willing to tolerate the incorporating its musical illustrations, or study eyestrain of studying Hobbes or Jane Austen on an architectural drawing by walking through screen, yet insistent on bound journals, or at the the proposed building first in daylight and very least printed copies of electronically then in the evening. Capacities such as these, distributed journals? The reason lies simply in within the scope of current computers but not yet differing patterns of use.Any text for which well supported by software, will doubtless one might have reason to use a concordance is a bring many changes to the scholarly use of non- text highly suitable for electronic distribution. textual material. Computerized search-procedures amount to an infinitely flexible concordance, written to order Rather than speculate further on such future for each user. The principal barrier to wider possibilities, however, I want to return to my use of electronic primary texts is probably their central question: what do scholars want, and cost -- particularly since the electronic texts are need, in an information storage and retrieval almost always used as supplements to, not systemthatelectronicpublication and substitutes for, bound copies of the same texts, dissemination can provide?It is important to open on the desk. remember that--foraprofession as conservative as that of scholarship in the Let me turn to the fourth category: that of humanities, social sciences, and arts -- the first multimedia research materials. To the extent priority of scholars is to find means of doing thatthis termisusedfor"hypertext" more effectively exactly what they do now. informational and instructional resources it is Hence the importance of the electronic an exaggeration, for most such resources simply applicationsthatareleastinnovative rearrange text and dress it up in graphics technically,such as bibliographies and designed to invite exploration, with images searchable texts.For philosophers, historians, employed as illustrations.I confess to being students of religion, musicologists, and even something of a skeptic concerning the hypertext researchers in the natural and social sciences in revollition that some of my colleagues believe much of their work, the first goal of electronic we are entering: the value of such applications publication should be to make the same tasks for instruction is considerable, particularly for that now take an hour in the library feasible in those reared on video games, but their use in ten minutes at ones desk. research tools is very limited. But you may well wish to discount this as an expression of And then -- with the time freed from tedious nostalgia more than reasoned judgment, coming pursuit of highly specific information in print from someone who still uses an IBM clone, sources -- scholars even in the most traditional drives a stick shift, and listen as often to LP's disciplines will discover new working methods as to CD's. (LP's, for the younger members of and new modes of analysis that can only be the audience, were an aesthetically superior undertaken with a computer's aid. Searches multimedia music delivery system, with a and comparisons that would have required a capacity for 17" diagonal high-resolution color year's careful reading and note-taking may now graphics on the cover, recently elbowed out of be completed in a few minutes, then repeated the marketplace by shiny little discs that are again and again with small revisions as new synthesesandrelationshipsemerge. 114 116 Traditional methods of interpretation can be Gopher is altogether different from that of enriched by quantitative study. A classicist can arrangingavisitingappointment and confirm her hunch about the tone of an ancient conducting research in another academic writer's vocabulary by verifying that he is community. The Internet is only one of many using verb forms common in legal documents but factors conspiring against the traditional seldom used in drama. As non-text material is sabbatical away from home. Others include added to a variety of texts, new cross- the weak dollar, the two-career marriage, and disciplinary insight will offer themselves. cutbacks at the institutional and the national level in research and travel support. But the Willtheelectronicrevolution"change Internet plays a role, too, in making it too easy everything," as is often loosely forecast? Will to stay home and thus to miss the stimulation of the roles of information providers, users, and new colleagues and surroundings. interpreters change radically on campus? I do not think so. Incremental changes are already And what is the change in scholarly habits?It evident.The roles of librarians, computer is a major shift in ways of creatively wasting center staff, and faculty members are in a time. In the old library, you would look along period of fluidity and uncertainty -- with the the shelves for the book you wanted, pull out result that mismanagement in any of these two or three others with intriguing titles, and linked areas can have disastrous consequences -- from time to time -- from such distractions for all. The computerization of information also would come important new insights. The very offers a new arena in which departments and proximity of books on the shelf served to academic units can compete with each other for suggest relationships and new perspectives. resources and for prestige or, if a cooperative Gopher's shelves are far more easily traversed spirit prevails instead, can assist each other from one end of the world of knowledge to the enormously. other in a few keystrokes. Idle wanderings in the electronic stacks may lead to strange and Let me conclude my remarks by identifying one unfamiliar juxtapositions, and seemingly major benefit of the growth of electronic wasted time may yield very different results information, then a major cost, and then a major than when information is arranged on physical change in patterns of scholarship. The benefit shelves. is this: increasing reliance on information accessed and obtained electronically offers a Some may fear that the electronic information potentialsolutiontotheimpending revolution will render obsolete the skilled catastrophe that seemed bound to result from guides who now aid with information access: increasing faculty demands for specialized the librarians who help users find relevant research materials, on the one side, and reference works and resources, the publishers spiraling costs of journals and monographs, on who both select and shape research results, the the other.By judicious and cost-effective senior scholars whose work helps others assess substitution of electronic resources for print emerging linesofinvestigation. When materials, both library resources and faculty information is so readily gathered from the research opportunities can expand without corners of the intellectual earth by one person breaking the budget. Or, to put it differently: at a screen, library staff may be reduced to in the electronic age, the new university library maintaining software and aiding novices, can be ten times larger on the inside than it is on rather than lending expert assistance to the outside. advanced researchers. Publishers may simply turn from scholarly publication to other The cost that I have in mind may seem almost endeavors as researchers post their results on too insignificant to mention, but it is one that networks and refine them through frequent has troubled me in recent weeks as I evaluated communication. research leave proposals from my colleagues. Increased electronic access to research resources But this fear is, I think, unfoundedjust as it greatly diminishes the incentive to leave one's was unrealistic to expect that installing cash academic home to conduct research.But the machines would put bank tellers out of work. experience of perusing documents unearthed by There are still lines for the tellers, after all -- 115 117 for the simple reason that not everything we need from a bank can be provided by a machine. Sometimes we need to complete a complicated transaction, or correct a mistake, or simply talk to a human being about how to do something. For similar reasons, in information retrieval, we will always need interpreters, evaluators, and guides, even if our more routine needs will be met more efficiently by typing at a terminal. The revolution in electronic information will be less a revolution than an evolution in roles for the academic community. Six weeks ago I was in Xi'an, China, and saw there what must surely be the ultimate hard- copy backup system. In the ninth century the emperor decided to make an authoritative copy of the Confucian texts and the Spring and Autumn Annals, a history of China, and had the entire text inscribed on 140 large stone tablets, each of the 560,000 characters verified for accuracy by leading scholars. (Half a mega-- ideogram, was the term the- emperor's MIS director probably used.) The stone. steles still stand in the Confucian temple of the ancient capital, where they were placed in the eleventh century. Storage does not get any more archival than that. When I studied the classic texts of Western philosophy in graduate school, I had my own printed copy to consult. But the means I would use to search for a passage were not very different from the methods of a scholar in the emperor's court--skimming through the text, consulting my notes, looking for the right passage. Today, if a graduate student has a computer and a few hundred dollars, she can search the whole Platonic corpus in a few minutes, and call up relevant passages from Sophocles and Aristophanes in a few more. Yet even when the whole Western and Eastern cultural patrimony has been mounted in a digital chip incorporated into everyone's poaet cellular telephone, the need for explanation, interpretation, and conversation will remain, and it will not be met by machines. We willstill be lining up for the teller windows. 116 1!8 Redesigning, Not Reinventing, Encyclopmdia Britannica Joseph J. Esposito, President Encyclopxdia Britannica Publishing Group I would like to begin by thanking Ann Okerson way. It did not occur to us until much later that for inviting me to speak here today.Last year our entire business would be destabilized. New I had the privilege of attending another media challenges every aspectofthe meeting of this group and spoke about some of publishing process, from product design to Britannica's plans for electronic publishing. pricing to distribution. We soon realized that Part of what I want to talk about today creating an electronic encyclopedia was the represents something of a status report on some least of our problems. Coming up with a new of our projects.I would also like to extend my business model was the real headache. remarks, ifI may, to other aspects of our strategy, in part because we are beginning to see Some people were thinking about these things at Britannica how digital media will affect our long before we were. As we sit here a great entire operation: how we develop products, drama is being played out in the pages of the how we distribute them, and the economics of Wall Street Journal. It is the drama of beinginthebusinessofpublishing convergencethatNicholas Negroponte intellectually serious works. predicted would take place. The convergence is ofvariousindustries--computers, When Britannica first began to look into telecommunications, and publishing -- which electronic publishing, we started with the heretofore were thought of as separate and obvious assumption: an electronic version of distinct but now are believed to be linked in an Encyclopedia Britannica should be more or less age screaming for information.The drama similar to the print version, that is, it would takes the form of mergers and acquisitions. have the same number of words, and, if we Paramount attempts to merge with Viacom, but could clear the rights and the technology was the marriage is interrupted by Barry Diller of compliant, it would have all the pictures as QVC; but before that battle is completed, well.Later we began to think of multimedia: Diller's backer, John Malone, sells out to Bell we would add audio and video to the product Atlantic.In the meantime, Nynex takes a and make the electronic Encyclopedia position with Viacom, the Newhouse family Britannicain isome respects superior to the teams up with Diller, and Bell South also dips print version. At this point, someone jumped up into its pockets to help Diller steal the bride on and said, let's make it even bigger! So we put her way to the altar.Meanwhile, back at the together some plans to add new articles to the ranch, U.S. West has invested in Time Warner, encyclopedia, since the constraints print puts on Microsoft is in league with General Instruments, length do not apply to digital media. and AT&T's Robert Kavner has pronounced that "content is king." The gods walk the earth In retrospect, all of this early planning seems and mere mortals must stay out of the way or be touchingly naive. What we had been assuming crushed underfoot. was that electronic versions would essentially replace print versions. We assumed that for all What iscertainisthatifthe brideis the changes in media, our contributors would Paramount, the price for her hand is way out of still write articles the same way, the articles proportion to her charms. In fact, the- merger of would be edited the same way, and the product Telecommunications, Inc. and Bell Atlantic is would be marketed and distributed the same worth over $30 billion, significantly more than the entire Hollywood film industry. So clearly most books dedicated to the pictorial arts, and the bets that are being placed are for more than to drop all those images meant diminishing the the right to deliver Eddie Murphy and Arnold editorial quality of the product.But even Schwarzenegger movies into everybody's home. harder to give up than the illustrations are the Nor can the book publishing industry make up so-called embedded graphics that cannot be the difference: with total revenue of under $20 displayed on dumb terminals.Embedded billion,the entire U.S. book publishing graphics include such things as special industry is a tiny mole on the backside of the characters,musicalnotation,and communications industry. No, thereis mathematical symbols.Ten percent of the something mighty peculiar going on. encyclopedia's articles would be affected. What is going on is a calculated gamble: the bet What happened next caught me completely by is that a huge number of information services, surprise. We did a survey of people working in most of which are not even invented yet, will the academic library community and were told come into being tofillthe national data that graphics could wait; the important thing highway. After the big boys tie up the rights was to make EB available online as soon as to Hollywood movies, television reruns, and possible.Our respondents said that the sporting events, they will come looking for more primary thing was the 90% of the articles that specialized wares.It appears that we will did not have special graphics, and that the soon see the creation of the scholar's channel. academic library world could wait for graphics Yes, our worst fears -- or dreams -- may be until the installed hardware base improved. realized,andnetworks,desperatefor programming, may soon tryto acquire I was astonished by this market research for a university presses or Encyclopxdia Britannica. number of reasons.First of all,it was We may someday find that the world's largest heartening to see that some people still research library is a division of Time Warner. subscribed to the primacy of text and that Mario and His Brothers have not set the We can argue whether this is a good thing or a standards for academic publishing. Secondly, bad thing, but it is certain that, good or bad, all it was gratifying to learn that there was a publishers, even academic ones, have to be strong pent-up demand for having EB made preparedforthis state ofaffairs. At available in electronic form.(It would be an Britannica, we began to prepare a product that understatementtosaythatthiswas would make Encyclopedia Britannica gratifying.)But the third point is the most available online. The name of this product is, important of all: the level of sophistication predictably, EB Online.It is in alpha testing concerning electronic publishing inthe now and will become available in September academic world was far beyond anything we 1994. had anticipated.We were very proud of ourselves to have thought to ask. Our first idea for EB Online was to create a text-only version of the encyclopedia and So we made the decision to roll out EB Online in install it on campus networks. The reason that stages. The first version, 1.0, will be ASCII, or the initial release would be text-only is that text-only; Version 1.1 will support at least the most computers on campus networks are actually Microsoft Windows graphics display; 1.2 will dumb terminals, and even the computers that support the Apple Macintosh; and 1.3 will could support a graphics interface generally run support Sun Microsystems' platform X. Our first in VT 100 emulation mode. So the academic lesson in electronic publishing was that we world was not ready for multimedia, and even could allow our products to evolve with the though things are progressing, that is still marketplace and that our customers would work largely true today. with us to help us evolve. Eliminatingtheillustrations from While we were working on these questions, we Encyclopedia Britannica was not something we were also tackling the problem of getting the were eager to do. There are 23,000 illustrations encyclopedia onto a university network. We in the encyclopedia, many more than are in began to work with the University of Chicago, 118 120 with which Encyclopedia Britannica has a made available to us without prejudice and for longstanding relationship. And then we ran a fee that we can afford.If that means that into a big, big problem: we discovered that to Arnold Schwarzenegger willin effect be install the database would cost us about ten helpingtomakemorewidespread times more than we could hope to earn in dissemination of EB possible, than I am all for licensing fees.This meant that from an Arnold Schwarzenegger. investment point of view, it would take ten years for us to break even. We are all in favor There is a tendency, I believe, for people of long-term thinking, but this was simply involved with electronic publishing to think in unacceptable. terms of ultimate solutions.EB Online potentially is one of these ultimate solutions. It was when we withdrew from the battle to Ultimately, everyone everywhere will have lick our wounds that we discovered Internet. access to the global telecommunications We realizedthatifwe could make network. Unfortunately, most people don't live EncyclopxdiaBritannica availablevia in ultimate places; they live in stopping-points Internet, we would not have to install it onto along the way, places like Bayonne, New every interested campus network. Instead, we Jersey and Morton Grove, Illinois.Our could develop the product once, and then sell experience is local and particular, and it would subscriptions to colleges with Internet access. be unrealistic to expect everyone to have access to EB Online.For that matter, we know that This is precisely what we are doing. EB Online some people who could have access to a network will run on a'WAIS, Inc. server;which supports wouldn't want to use it, so it is important for us the Z39.50 protocol.If those technical terms to develop a strategy to reach these people as sound like gibberish to you, fear not. All they well. mean is that we are using a widely accepted standard for Internet access. Our system is up This was a startling conclusion for us at and running now. In January we will set up the Britannica for the simple reason that, for the first beta site at the University of California first time, we understood that in the future at San Diego. We are seeking to identify two or and that future is 1994 -- there would not be a three other beta sites now. The product will be single edition or version of EB; rather there completed by early summer.By using the would be multiple versions, the form of each WAIS software, we will reduce our costs to a tailored to customers' needs, wants, and access. fraction of the first plan. These savings will be EB would no longer be a literal artifact, a set of reflected in our pricing. Currently a print set of 32 volumes in handsome bindings; it would now Encyclopxdia Britannica costs around $1,500, be a database, or a knowledgebase, that exists but the online service will only cost about $1 per in some abstract way as a potential product, a student subscriber. product that becomes actual or is given form only when a particular market opportunity Before going any further on EB's plans, I want to comes calling. This is unsettling; it sounds like return for a moment to the merger of Bell mysticism or quantum mechanics: suddenly EB Atlantic and TCI.As I said before, in 1993 doesn't seem so solid. anyone who wants EB has to pay $1,500 or more for it.Soon, because of the creation of a Although ivy colleagues are not united on this national data highway, the cost of information issue, some members of the Britannica staff are will plummet. Not many people can afford the forging ahead to come up with multiple EBs. I $1,500 for EB; we reach about 100,000 customers will anticipate a question and say that, yes, a year.With substantially lower costs, we indeed, there is internal opposition every step could make EB available to many more people. of the way. Some members of the Board of Now, I do not want to suggest that universal Editors are outraged that we are tampering access to EB will cure all the world's social and with our patrimony; some members of the direct political problems, but on the other hand, I do sales force are annoyed that we are tampering not think it can hurt. For this reason, I do not with their paychecks.But we will proceed begrudge John Malone his billions, as long as until we get fired; and that is not so bad, the distribution infrastructure he is creating is because we are confident that the people who 119 121 replace us will study the situation and take the same content -- in this case the text of independently come to the same conclusions. At Encyclopxdia Britannica--- and package it in the outbreak of a fire, everyone independently different ways for different users. The Instant concludes that it is time to get to the exit. Research Systemis designedfor high productivity; it is intended for people who One ofthe new electronic editions of have to look up a fact quickly and then turn to EncyclopxdiaBritannica we are creating is something else, or perhaps look up another called the Britannica Instant Research System. fact.The system is not designed for reading Some of you may already be familiar with this long articles; for such an application, nothing product.One of my colleagues will be beats a book. demonstrating it here tomorrow morning. The Britannica Instant Research System represents With productivity in mind, we made some adifferent implementation oftheE B important decisions about the design of the database.It can run on a powerful personal Britannica Instant Research System.First, we computer or on a local area network; Internet determined that this product should be run off access is not required. of a hard disk or server and not from a CD ROM drive in order to make the access time as fast as We began to work on the ResearchSystem possible. Secondly, and for the same reason, we about a year-and-a-half ago. Actually, the designed the product for a 486 machine running project grew out of a scandal. I imagine most of Microsoft Windows.It should be obvious to the people here have heard about this. A people who know their computers that these politically motivated couple in Texas began to hardware requirements go far beyond what fact-check textbooks to undermine their most people have at home. Which leads us to a publishers credibility.No major publisher third strategic decision. We determined that was spared. Some of the errors this couple we wantedtoposition Encyclopxdia found were outrageous.For example, one Britannica, or at least this particular version of textbook asserted that the Korean War ended Encyclopxdia Britannica, as a tool for when President Harry Truman dropped the professionals. This was a very big change for atomic bomb. Another textbook was found to us, as encyclopedias are traditionally sold as have 500 errors! The Encyclopxdia Britannica homework helpers for school children. There is editors saw that all the errors that were being something amusing about an 8-year old using reported in the press could have been corrected the Encyclopxdia Britannica to do homework, simply by looking things up in Britannica, but but, of course, if your children are as bright as the textbook publishers told us that they did mine, you probably made EB available to them not have the time or money to do proper fact- before they entered kindergarten. checking. Suddenly,thesolitaryEn cyclop.xclia Thus was born what we originally called the Britannica has threeincarnations:the Britannica Fact-checking System and now call traditional print set, which is sold to families the Britannica Instant Research System. The and libraries; EB Online, which is designed for aim of the product is to provide a highly campus networks; and the Britannica Instant efficient way to look up information in ResearchSystem, which will be used by Britannica. We have tested this product businesses for research and to fact-check extensively.Perhaps the most interesting documents, and by librarians to service their thing we have discovered is that electronics clients' queries.Digital media make the reduces the time and cost of fact-checking by multiplicity of implementations possible. And 70%. We also tested the product against some more versions are in the works. For example, we textbooks.For example, we fact-checked the are now discussing the possibility of building book. Imentioned earlierthat had 500 EncyclopxdiaBritannica into a publishing mistakes. We found 700. Just think what your system, where it could reside with such other kids are reading when they go to school! worthy titles as the Chicago Manual a n d Merriam- Webster's International Dictionary; The textbook scandal made us redefine our and we have found an entirely new avenue for strategy once again. We realized that we could Encyclopxdia Britannica in the world of artificial intelligence, where it is being used to encyclopedia, or any intellectual artifact for train neuraj network software. We now view that matter, somehow stands outside of time. every potential customer as an opportunity to Encyclopedias and a view of knowledge are, of reinvent Encyclopxdia Britannica. course, expressions of a particular era, and for the multi-volume print encyclopedia and the But in fact we are not reinventing Britannica; world view it implies, it is a bygone era. An what we are doing is changing the way the electronicencyclopediaisbothan information is delivered. The print version has accommodation to changing times and an text; EB Online has text: and it is the same text. artifact that will serve to change the times. The encyclopedia may be more useful in one medium than in another for certain things, but As we look down the roadatfuture it is still the same encyclopedia. I am fortunate publications, we seetheform of an enough to have both print and electronic encyclopedia becoming increasingly spatial, versions accessible to me, and I use both.I use and by implication, our notion of knowledge is the computer version for look-up and reference; becoming increasingly spatial as well. We do I use the print version when I want to read not scorn chronology or alphabetization; but something at length.Actually, I have three_ these ways of ordering events and ideas no versions:I also have a copy of the llth edition longer seem so incontrovertible, so natural. We in my office, which I use solely to impress see the form of an encyclopedia becoming more intellectual snobs who come to visit.I am, of and more atomistic, more and more suited to course, being facetious, but we shouldn't forget electronic search and retrieval; and we wonder that books can have an almost talismanic or what that says about knowledge itself. Formal ritualistic quality:they can be sacred objects, changes beget substantive changes; in a and they serve to sanctify the individual who language whose form includes no transitive can claim ownership of them. verbs, no one can ever kick the bucket. We do not believe we have even begun to scratch the We are not reinventing EB, though we are surface of the implications of digital media, changing its medium; we are not reinventing EB, but we do know that everything is getting but we are changing its form; we are not curiouser and curiouser. reinventing EB, but we are taking it from the sacred to the profane; we are not reinventing EB, but in some ineluctable fashion we have changed its meaning. At what point do we say that even though we have not reinvented the encyclopedia,we have,throughthe accumulation of so many formal changes, done somethingthat we may aswellcall reinvention? At scme point in working with digital media, the media begin to strike back. A CD ROM may at first submit quietly to having the text of a print product poured onto it, but at some point it begins to reshape that text. Suddenly, it is not the same text any more. The medium is not passive; it serves to define its content. This is an unsettling thought. When you are dealing with an attempt to summarize the world's knowledge, as we are at Encyclopwdia Britannica, the implication is that we are somehow changing knowledge itself. We would prefer not to be that ambitious. On the other hand, it may be naive for us to think that an 121 123 AAUP Gophers Invade the Internet Chuck Creesy Computer Administrator Princeton University Press It was just over a year ago, shortly before the country. As of November 1, more than 2900 last ARL/AAUP Symposium, that Nebraska public Gopher servers were at work on the became the first university press to put a Internet Because of its power and ease of searchable catalog of its books online. To be operation, more and more people are using sure, Nebraska did not use Gopher, though it Gopher as an "Internet Browser" or tool for plans to switch to Gopher as soon as it can. The navigating their way through and finding first Gopher-based online press catalog was information in this still largely uncharted created, appropriately enough, at Minnesota. mother of all networks. And as a practical Several other university presses soon followed matter, there is a pool of expertise at most --takingadvantageoftheirparent universities to draw upon for assistance in institutions' campus-wide information systems, setting up a Gopher-based catalog. which is a good thing to do if you can. What makes Gopher even more useful ae a This past September -- such a long time ago -- research tool is the availability of Veronica Chicago became the first university press to search engines (the name was intended to mount its own Gopher server on the Internet. A complement a similar indexing system called few days later Princeton followed suit.In the Archie -- archive without the "v" -- used for beginning, we weren't ready to put our catalog locating files in FTP sites).The Veronica online, so we built a menu pointing to all of the indexers scan the entire Gopher universe twice other academic press online catalogs.(This a month and catalog every directory and file went through several iterations before we got it listing.These indexes are transmitted to a right, as can be attested by readers of the. half-dozen central Veronica search engines AAUP List.) Initially, our menu pointed to just around the globe that can be accessed by any the aforementioned presses plus British Gopher user on the Internet. A boolean search Columbia, Illinois, Johns Hopkins, MIT and on Veronica produces a menu pointing to all the Rutgers, but it quickly grew.Moreover, a "hits" found; the user can then follow the growing number of other Gophers began pointing pointers that seem most promising to their to our menu as a route to University Press Online source. Catalogs, or created their own versions of it. Automatic Union Catalog Why Gopher? Consequently, all a university press has to do is Of the thirteen North American university construct its online catalog so that every book is presses that had catalogs on the Internet as of listedinfilescontainingtherelevant last month, eleven had chosen to use Gopher. bibliographic data and organize it so that the Why? For starters, in the two years since it files are listed on menus with the authors and was developed at the University of Minnesota, titles in the item descriptions. Then when the Gopher has become the most popular vehicle Veronica indexer makes its scan, it in effect for campus information systems across the constructs a union catalog of all participating 123 124 university presses.To take a Princeton as well as separate access points so that each example, if you go to any of the Veronica search press could have its own individual catalog on engines that have indexed university press the central server. This Gopher would supply Gophers and search for "Woodrow Wilson," you basic bibliographic data for all AAUP members will get a list of all 69 volumes of the Woodrow with optional pointers to their own Gophers, Wilson Papers published by Princeton, along and member presses would be able to add with many other references to the 28th supplementary detail (such as catalog blurbs, President.(As of this writing, six Veronica tables of contents, abstracts, reviewers' quotes, sites have picked up university press listings: etc.) and perhaps even to build more elaborate PSI in California, NYSERNET in New York, menu structures. The server would also furnish UniversityofManchesterinBritain, full-text indexing and search capability for University of Cologne in Germany, University such descriptive matter, and some kind of of Pisa in Italy, and SUNET in Sweden.) order-form mechanism. As in the above example, Veronica searches An online catalog should not be viewed as an will mix hits on university press books with end in itself, but rather as a beginning: what we many other kinds oflistings. Thisis have here is a viable means for delivering advantageous inasmuch as a scholar using electronic product in the future (and I use the Veronica to look for information about a certain vague word "product" because we have only the subject can hardly avoid encountering relevant vaguest idea yet what forms of information we university press titles.But if one is looking will be delivering). This delivery mechanism only for books, the results of a Veronica search will become more sophisticated and will offer will be somewhat cluttered.This is where more features -- including a secure means for another search tool comes into play: it is called billing to credit card numbers. And to judge from Jughead and, as the name implies, it is a kind the current scramble of cable operators, of limited Veronica. Whereas Veronica telephone companies, and media giants, it will searches all of Gopherspace, Jughead can be not be long before we can deliver efficiently to made to index and search only a predefined home as well as office. portion of it--such as all university press online catalogs--filtering out everything else. A Peek Under the Hood AAUP Server For those who are new to this technology, it might be helpful here to elaborate a bit about Thanks to the efforts of Bruce Barton at the what is actually going on when one Gopher University of Chicago Press, there is now a points to another.The key to Gopher's Jughead devoted exclusively to the AAUP client/server architecture is that the server universe.It can be accessed from the Chicago does not have to "hold state" for its clients, Press Gopher (go to the "Catalogs from Other which minimizes both the amount of computing Presses" menu) or from the Princeton University power and the amount of network bandwidth Press Gopher (go to the "Online Academic Press required. That is, when a user (client) calls up Catalogs" menu) or from any other Gopher or follows a pointer to a Gopher host (server), it server that points to either of these.Before in effect sends a single message (called a long, we hope to have more AAUP Jughead selector, a request to have something sent back). search engines at other locations, which will The server responds by sending back the increase users' chances of getting through when requested item (typically a file or a menu of traffic is heavy. pointers to other items) and closes the connection. The user can then think as long as Furthermore, we are very close now to he wants before sending his next request, for he establishing a central AAUP server that will is not putting any load on any server or any provide an online catalog of all the books in traffic on any cable. print of all the member presses.The exact configuration remains to be worked out, but the The client software retains each menu as the idea is to create a comprehensive "union user picks his way through the tree of catalog" that would enable one-stop shopping directories. Behind each item description that 124 1?5 he sees on his display screen is the associated You do not need a big machine to mount a pointer.It consists of a numerical code Gopher server, though you do need to have a indicating the type of item listed (0 for file, direct connection to the Internet.Some of for directory, etc.), the text describing the item, Minnesota's top level servers run on old Mac Ilsi the path to the drive and directory where the (25 Mhz) boxes; in the PC realm, a 386 machine item is stored, the address of the host server, is adequate (in both cases, you want to pop in as and the port on that machine to which the much memory as you can afford). If you don't connection must be made. When the user have a computer specialist on your staff, you chooses the item he wants, typically by probably will need some technical help but, as clicking it with a mouse, a signal is sent to the noted above, that should be available at most associated host server, via the designated port, universities these days. Indeed, you may want transmitting the desired selector.It's almost to leave all the technical details to your that simple. university's computer service department and just specify the menu structure you want and The elegance lies in the combination of ease of provide the data files.Most university press navigation and the economy of demand on Gophers are installed on machines being run network as well as local machine resources. and maintained by their parent institutions. Mark P. Mc Cahill, the Gopher project leader at Minnesota, has dubbed it variously "Internet While you can get by with a Mac or a PC, if you Duct Tape" and "the Finger protocol on are at all ambitious about your Gopher, you steroids." The beauty derives also from its will want to run it on UNIX, because that is flexibility: at the server end, one can build any where the primary development effort is being structure of menus pointing to resources and made and that is where the most tools are. You directories of files for reading or downloading. can run Apple's UNIX (known as A/UX) on a If the information you want to make available Mac, and there are several UNIX options for in your online catalog already exists in a 486 machines, such as Linux (which is free) or database, it should be possible to write routines Next Step.Client and server software and that will automatically generate both the documentation for UNIX and native Macintosh menus and the text files.(We did this at are available through boombox.micro.umn.edu. Princeton using Fox Pro and we have posted an annotated version of the code in a "Developer's Gopher Plus Toolbox" on our -Gopher for anyone who is interested.) A second-generationprotocol,called Gopher Plus, has recently been implemented to Putting Together Tinker Toys varying degrees in different clients mid servers for the various platforms (principally UNIX, UNIX Gopher servers create menus by reading Mac, PC, and VMS). Among the new features it the designated directories and then adding in offers is a facility enabling users to fill out other pointers and more elaborate item order forms and leave them posted at the host descriptions as indicated in associated "link" server--an addition of obvious utility for and "cap" files. The Macintosh Gopher server university press online catalogs. Other makes the process of building menus even more improvements over the first generation include: transparent: you just go out and grab bookmarks and drop them into your menu structures retrieval of more kinds of non-text (defined by file folders) as desired.This items, including many graphics amounts to assembling what Mc Cahill has formats described as an "Internet Convenience Store" (he Aso says, "If you build a good organization, alternative representations (or they will come.") Looking at it from the other VIEWS) of a document, besides plain side, you can put together menus of selected text, such as postscript or word- Internet resources in whatever pattern is most processor-specific formats, or even convenient for your staff to access them. foreign-language translations 125 126 multiple attributes associated with an item (name of administrator, time of last modification, abstract of contents, etc.) more efficient binary transfer ability for client to send data to server server-defined forms (to be filled in by client user) better &Tor reporting and handling easier indexing capabilities a place for authentication techniques (still under development) The UNIX Gopher Plus server, which is now up to version 2.10, supports full-text search (WAIS or NeXT) and an integrated gateway to WAIS and FTP.It comes with a Peri script called go4gw that will automatically connect to Archie, USENET, Finger/Whois, Webster, Netfind, and other services.It is also capable of fanning out parallel searches to more than one server. 126 27 University Presses Innovate With Internet Book Catalogs Nancy Duxbury Canadian Centre for Studies in Publishing, Simon Fraser University and University of British Columbia Press Why Catalogs on the Internet? MIT Press Princeton University Press Much more than a marketing tool, an online Rutgers University Press catalog is a press's main presence on the SUNY Press Internet and the hub ofitselectronic University of Arizona Press communication. It promotes both a press's books Universiiy of British Columbia Press and the press itself, and promises a range of University of Chicago Press benefits to the press and its customers. The University of Illinois Press descriptive information placed in an online University of Minnesota Press catalog can be More substantial and more useful University of Nebraska Press than that in print catalogs and brochures, promising improved title marketing, according As well, several commercial publishers have to Kathleen Ketterman, marketing manager of online catalogs, including Addison-Wesley, Indiana University Press, and Peter Milroy, Meckler Publishing Company, O'Reilly & director of UBC Press. Lisa Freeman, director of Associates, and Prentice-Hall. the University of Minnesota Press, says that an online catalog can make the press's interest in How does one find them? e-issues known to gopher developers and others on computer networks (including librarians), Online catalogs are accessed via a telnet introduce the Internet and gopher technology to command or a gopher menu. Telnet access press staff, be used as an in-house reference tool, requires the user to know the exact computer diminish demands on customer service staff, address of the catalog.Gopher access only and, ideally, generate sales. requires the user to know the university's name and geographical location, although some Showing the university community that presses are buried under multiple menus and/or university presses are "hip to the e-world" is located in categories not always intuitive to important.This perception makes an online the user. catalog an important acquisitions tool. Online catalogs encourage active press participation on What does the catalog teach about the press? the Iniernet, and are key to further electronic network projects. Already, some presses offer Online catalogs typically offer information book chapters, journal article abstracts, and about the press itself, books and journals digitized images through their catalogs. published, and ordering information.Press information, such as mailing addresses, phone At this time, fifteen university presses have numbers, e-mail addresses, contact names, and established online catalogs: brief descriptions of editorial programs are available, although the amount of information Edinburgh University available varies.UBC also offers detailed Johns Hopkins University Press (JHUP) information directed at potential authors, Harvard Business School including a description of the university press Harvard University Press publishing process and format guidelines for Lehigh University Press submitting manuscripts and electronic files. 127 12'4_ What book information is offered? gopher, and Bruce Barton of the University of Chicago Press shortly followed suit. Most online catalogs contain all books in print, although MIT and Harvard list only recent prompt> gopher.pupress.princeton.edu titles (1992-3).Book information is most prompt> gopher-press.uchicago.edu commonly organized by subject, with titles listed alphabetically either by author or title Other gopher sites that take readers to the within each category. As well, many contain a university press catalogs are: category for "recently published" books. Catalogs either have individual files for each prompt>gopher ccat.sas.upenn.edu (University title or list a number of titles in a file, which of Pennsylvania Center For Computer Analysis the user browses through until the searched-for o f Texts); prompt>gopher title is found. gopher.lib.virginia.edu(Universityof VirginiaLibrary);and prompt>gopher All catalogs contain basic information such as gopher.usask.ca (University of Saskatchewan the names of authors, full book title, ISBN Library). numbers, sales restrictions if any, number of pages, format (paperback/cloth), price, and In October, Bruce Barton also assembled the perhaps details about the type and quantity of first Jughead index for all university press illustrations. Most presses offer a description or gophers, making the records searchable by summary of each title as well. Author profiles, words and combinations of words. The Jughead review quotes, and tables of contents are isavailable through both Chicago and available in some catalogs. Princeton. What journal information is offered? Nancy Duxbury UBC Press/Canadian Centre for Studies in Publishing, Simon Fraser University Only MIT and JHU Presses mention journals in ([email protected] Duxbury) has spent the 1993 theironlinecatalogs, andofferbasic summer semester in an internship at UBC press information such as title, editor, frequency of developing an online catalog and completing publication,ashortdescriptiveblurb, her Master of Publishing Degree from Simon addresses, and ordering information. JHUP also Fraser University. She is beginning a Ph.D. in offers the table of contents and abstracts of Communication at SFU this fall. articlesviagopher and FTP priorto publication. How does one order press publications on the Internet? All presses offer basic ordering information and note means of access to the press, such as phone, fax, e-mail, and regular mail. UBC, Minnesota, MIT, and ORA accept orders via e-mail. In lieu of an e-mail ordering system, JHUP and Harvard offer an electronic ordering form which can be printed out and mailed or faxed to them. UBC offers an order form which can be e- mailed to the press. Locations of online catalogs On September 19th, Chuck Creesy of the Princeton University Press linked all the press catalogs above through a menu on the Princeton 128 129 National Museum of American Art New Media Initiatives Project Steve Dietz Project Director National Museum of American Art The National museum of American Art in 256 colors (8 bit, custom palette) and includes (NMA A) is distributing text and images and a copyright notice within the image itself. At providing online services via the commercial the present time, these images cannot be network American Online as part of a larger viewed interactively and must be downloaded outreach via the "information highway." (approximately 8-20 minutes at 2400 baud) onto the users' hard drive."Thumbnail catalogs" As part of its broad mandate for the "increase that only take 2-4 minutes to download up to 16 and diffusion of knowledge," one component of images are also available in a reduced 16-color NMAA's national outreach effortisthe palette for previewing the images. Each image delivery of published texts, digital images of is in a GIF format, which can be read on either art objects in the collection, and reference Mac or DOS/Windows platforms with an services/two-way communiCation into homes appropriate GIF viewer. Each image includes a and offices around the country via the wide full caption and extensive descriptive text as area network, America Online. We view the part of the download. (Figure 2) commercial/consumer nature of the network to be not dissimilar to the trade titles of a "Reference & OnlineHelp"provides university presslistsold through chain information about library and other database bookstores. Our AOL outreach efforts will be resources at NMAA. It is also used extensively complemented by similar efforts on the for its online reference help, with a wide Internet, with on-site kiosks and CD-ROM variety of questions being asked on a daily products,alongsidetraditionalprint basis. This is one of the most used resources of publishing. NMAA Online. (Figure 3) NMAA Online is a subset of Smithsonian "Publications" includes the complete text of Online and is the only museum participating as FreeWithinOurselves: African-American a whole in SI Online.NMAA provides ArtistsintheCollectionofthe National resources in six areas. The main NMAA,Online Museum of American Art, by Regenia Perry, screen has color icon-based access to the excerpted articles from our scholarly journal following areas (See screen shots and figures American Art (no images), the texts of various that correspond to most of these areas): brochures and other published material, and a complete publications backlist catalog that "Welcome to NMAA" provides general people can order from. (Figure 4) information about the museum, including current exhibits, the museum's mission statement, and "With Kids in Mind" reproduces various press releases and digitized press photos. educational materials and can be used by (Figure 1) teachers to help plan class visits to the museum. (Figure 5) "Tour the Galleries" is a library of over 100 downloadable digitized images of artworks in "Art Talk" is our interactive area and includes the collection. The library is subdivided into a bulletin board for open discussion of museum- content areas such as "NMAA Collection related topics with over 450 postings on more Highlights" or "American Landscapes." Each than 30 topics. There is also a weekly art quiz, image is presented at screen resolution (72 ppi) an area to upload digitized versions of personal 129 130 artwork for review by a curator, and a live chat of NMAA GIFs (image files) and viewers have area is planned for real time interaction with made approximately 40,457 "entries" into the curators, artists, authors, and other experts. NMAA Online area, spending approximately (Figure 6) 2,700 hours there. We are very encouraged by these results and view WANs as an important Results: NMAA Online became available at new way to "publish" information and make it the end of September 1993.In the first three easily available to anyone in the country with months, there have been over 10,000 downloads a computer, a modem, and a phone line. Figure 1 =13 Welcome to NMAR 4 . General Information 4. About Your Hosts 4- Calendar of Events 4. Directions and Hours 4- Collection Highlights The Renwick Gallery of Arm t3 Press Releases 4- Membership Information 4- Queries 8, Comments C3 More About NM Open Figure 2 rj Tour the Galleries CD How to Use HMAA Image Files CI Index of Art GIFs C3 HMAA Art Libraries C3 NM Collection Highlights C3 Renwick Gallery Highlights C3 African-American Zt C] Hispanic Art C3 American Landscapes C] Women Artists Highlights C3 Portraits of American Artists rcf- 130 131 Figure 3 Reference Online Help 0- About Research & Scholars Center 4. Library CD Research Databases CD Slide and Photo Archives CD Research Opportunities 4. Bibliographies CD American ART NETwork 4- Question Box U. Art Lovers' Exchange Openki Figure 4 MARA Publications 4. Information and Rules 4- Free Within Ourselves C3 AMERICAN ART Journal CD Li'l Sis and Uncle Willie C3 American ART NETwork NMAA Calendar -- Free C3 Publications Catalog 4- Ordering Information 0- Comments and Queries CD Go To NMAA Online Open0 Figure 5 National Museum of Amer.an Art . National Museum of American Art Online Welcome to NMA A PWhat's Hew on HMAA Online n Art Quiz.- Win Free Hours Tour The Reference aa Art Reference Questions Galleries & Online Help CI Index of Art GIFs C3Current Exhibitions e3Art Lover's Exchange NMA A With Kids Publications In Mind P71AAIAL Art Key word : NM A A Hosts : SteveNM A A,JoanNM A A Talk crTi Figure 6 ^ firt Lovers' Exchange Welcome, art lovers. Share here your thoughts and ideasexhibits seen, art enjoyed or disliked, recommrded books, etc. Topics: 4 1 Postings: 435 Created Latest C3 Passionate Visions... 1 01/10/94 01/10/94 e3 Parthenon 0 01/10/94 01/10/94 nSymbolist artists 0 01/09/94 01/09/94 E3 Artists On Line 3 01/05/94 01/07/94 C3 The Artistic "Process" 0 01/04/94 01/04/94 C3 antiques 0 01/02/94 01/02/94 n MAXFIELD PARRISH 3 01/01/94 01/03/94 List Read 1 st Find New Find Since...Create TopicBoard Tools Help & Info Messages Message 133 The Hitchhiker's Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court Jerry Goldman Political Science Department Northwestern University The Hitchhiker's Guide to the U.S. Supreme justices, and the constitutional decisions they Court (C) 1993 Jerry Goldman) is a multimedia render.The Hitchhiker's Guide uses text, resource designed to provide novices and experts images, video, and sound to convey this with information about the Supreme Court, the information. (Figure 1) Figure 1 133 The Guide is a set of HyperCard stacks offering traversing the stack via predecessors and users background information on all 107 justices successors. (Figure 2) Many of the justices had (biographies, portraits, decisions, years of an impact on constitutional law. The justice service, etc.).Justice information may be cards link to summaries of their significant accessed through a unique time-driven search constitutional opinions. (Figure 3) At the engine or by a simple alphabetical list.The moment, the Guide contains over 700 such justices may be searched through their "seats," Figure 2 Click on the writ of .a Justice to get more intonnetion Figure 3 Niohntlarshalt Mpg...... ,...... ,...... "...... w.ve.,. Tri,4"-4..:--vast : is Position: v.: Poi . Party: rodirolisi Pow, luvitor leolnnotod lig 1101. it* Snow Vows Servo*: si Viroisstion Gam: *path summaries.These cases represent all the constitutional question presented, the conclusion constitutional opinions found in the leading reached by the Court, and the vote of the constitutional law textbooks used in political justices.It is possible to access case summaries science and law courses.Each summary (or from the justice "cards" and it is possible to brief) provides a statement of the facts, the access the justice "cards" from the case 134 1 35 BEST COPY AVAILABLE summaries. The cases are grouped by subject chronologically or alphabetically. (Figure 4) matter, but they canalso be viewed Figure 4 91-744 mat) II Planned Parenthood v Casey To get more Information on the facts, Constitutional question, conclusion of the Court, or the breakdown in the voting, 1 Privec RI hts I am now working on some enhancements to Ginsburg and plan to do do the same for Justices make the Guide more useful. Each case will be Rehnquist, Scalia, Souter, and Kennedy. linked to the full text of the Court's Dpinions. As users delve deeper into the stack, they will This summer, I added a QuickTime movie of the come to the actual words and arguments of the exterior and interior of the Supreme Court justices to illuminate the meaning of the Building. With the cooperation of the Constitution. I have started to include Curator's Office, I have made a video of the selections from oral argument in key cases courtroom and the conference room, as well as decided in the last 30 years. These sound clips other locations inside and outside the building. give users a sense of the personalities and issues I shall continue to edit and digitize these of constitutional adjudication (see, e.g., Ward images to make the tour user-friendly and v. RockAgainstRacism, Griswold v. comprehensive. Connecticut).I have enhanced the justice biographies with video clips of recent The Guide is built on a baseball metaphor. confirmation hearings for Justices Thomas and (Figure 5) Although it is not central to its use, Figure 5 Sandra Day. O'Connor k Willie Stargell 1/4,41:4.1;.. Jackie Robinson Stan Musial , Willie Mays s'f£ , 411011 4.0 135 136 the stack contains something called the "Law- Baseball Quiz." The Quiz originated with the late Robert Cover of Yale Law School.I have extended his vision to a large subset of the justices. The user might well find that"Play ball!" and "May it please the Court" have much in common. In its full version, The Guide will be distributed on CD-ROM, which is a cheap and stable medium.At the moment, the most likely targetsforthisworkarelibraries, departments, and media centers. However, the market for CD-ROM is expanding quickly. This year, there should be 4 million individuals with CD-ROM drives. By 1995, the number should surge to 15 million. Students enrolled in constitutional law (about 75,000 a year) would find The Guide helpful. Faculty would also find it handy for reference purposes and for classroom use. For more information on The Hitchhiker's Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court, contact: Jerry Goldman Political Science Department Northwestern University Evansto.1 IL 60208 708-491-2637 or 708-491-3525 email: [email protected] Project Muse Susan Lewis Journals Administrative Manager The Johns Hopkins University Press In September 1993,the Johns Hopkins the Unix, Windows, and Macintosh operating University Press, the Milton S. Eisenhower environments, allowing networked users to Library, and Homewood Academic Computing access the journals with a variety of operating joined forces to launch Project Muse, an effort systems. that will enable networked electronic access to the Press's scholarly journals. Mosaic software is designed to display text that has been tagged or coded, in HTML The goals of Project Muse are to make the (Hyper Text Markup Language).These codes journals of the Johns Hopkins University Press enable the creator to embedhidden commands in available to students and researchers from the text for both display and "links" to other their networked-desktop computers; create an e- parts of the document, as well as to outside text, journal environment that is powerful, elegant, graphics, sound, video, etc., regardless of where and easy to use; and determine amount and these items are located on the network. To save types of usage for an access and costing model. time and labor, the team is using a unique process for text markup. This process entails The first phase of the project will be a pilot runningaprogramthatautomatically demonstration consisting of current issues of translates PostScript files to HTML-tagged Configurations, MLN (ModernLanguage files. Notes), and ELH (English Literary History). In February of 1994, the fully formatted text of For further information, contact Todd Kelley, these journals will be available to the JHU Eisenhower Library community via online access to the library's ([email protected]), or Susan Lewis, server.Features include subject, title, and TheJohnsHopkinsUniversityPress author indexes, as well as instant links to ([email protected]). tables of contents and endnotes. Users will also be able to add voice and textual annotations [ED. Note: the Project Muse presentation at the and download PostScript files for printing. Symposium was made by Scott Bennett, R. Champlain and Debbie Sheridan Director, A public unveiling of Project Muse will be held Milton S. Eisenhower Library, The Johns on February 15, 1994, in the electronic classroom Hopkins University.] of the Milton S. Eisenhower Library.After sufficient data have been gathered from the demonstration project, the JHU team will mount all forty-two of the Press's journals in math, the humanities, and the social sciences. These issues will appear on a prepublication basis and will be available electronically a few weeks in advance of the printed version. Project Muse is being created with Mosaic client/server software developed by the NationalCenterforSupercomputing Applications.Client software is available for 137 13 Welcome to Project JANUS The Columbia Law School Digital Library Kent McKeever Associate Law Librarian Columbia University Law Library What is Project JANUS? Surveillance Archive) and the Nuremburg Trial Papers. Project JANUS is a five-year prototype digital library which utilizes the power of a ColumbiaispartneredwithFuture massively parallel supercomputer to provide Info Systems,Inc.,a new research and users with access to texts, images, sound and development company started by Willem video from remote and local workstations, Scholten, the former Director of Computer through advanced, user-friendly search and Systems and Research for the Law School, to retrieval software,Project JANUS began in continue work on expanding and developing 1990 in response to a request by the Columbia Project JANUS.In the future, the JANUS Board of Trustees for the Law Library to digital library will offer access for thousands evaluate alternative modes of library access of concurrent users, searching terabytes of data, which utilized new technologies in lieu of using both Boolean and natural language physical expansion of library space. Research searching, and retrieving sound, image and full by Law Librarian James Hoover and then motion video. Director of Computer Systems and Research Willem Scholten led them to the ideas of History coupling massively parallel supercomputing, state of the art imaging, WAIS (Wide Area Future Info Systems, Inc. grew out of a Information Servers) and free text searching to collaboration between Thinking Machines build a"virtual library" -- the library of the Corporation, of Cambridge, MA, and Columbia future. Law School, in New York City, to develop a digital library utilizing massively parallel In November of 1992, a Connection Machine 2 supercomputer power.The digital library, supercomputer, on loan from Thinking entitled Project JANUS, incorporates image, Machines, was installed in the Columbia Law sound and full text retrieval. A prototype of Library for Project JANUS, making Columbia the system is currently running on a locally Law Library the first library to install a installedThinkingMachinesCM-2 supercomputer. supercomputer in the Columbia Law Library. JANUS allows users to search for words, FIS is partnered with Thinking Machines phrases or whole paragraphs in multi-gigabyte Corporation to develop next-generation text databases. Integration of new imaging retrieval software, which builds upon years of technology offers a valuable tool for archival Thinking Machines Corp. research in text preservation, and the powerful search engine retrievalutilizingMassivelyParallel offers users full access to text contained in Processor machines. images. As the JANUS project is developed users will be able to have access to tens of Product Descripfions thousands of books, both archival and current copyrighted editions. In addition, JANUS is a FIS is developing a scalable full text retrieval means of preservation and enhanced access to system to run on platforms such as the Thinking significant archival collections such as the Machine Corporation Connection Machine Perlin Papers (the Rosenberg/Sobell FBI massively parallel supercomputers, other MPP 138 139 supercomputers, and which is also scalable Archives, for which there is no finding aid to down to single processor Unix SPARC-10 the collection, providing full text searching is workstations. The FIS retrieval engine an invaluable tool for researchers. incorporates retrieval with both Boolean and natural language queries, with a special A Short History of the Perlin Papers feature, called "best-chunk" return, which positions the document viewer at the section of The Perlin Papers were given to Columbia Law the document which most closely fits the query. Library in 1990, by Marshall Perlin, Law '42, The engine also supports fullrelevance the lawyer for the sons of Julius and Ethel feedback. Rosenberg, Roger and Michael Meeropol. The papers, which required years of work for Perlin A unique aspect of FIS's new retrieval engine is to obtain, were given to Columbia to assure its use of imaging technology.The server their continued accessibility.The collection provides full text searching of bit-mapped contains approximately 250,000 pages, many of images of documents, using Optical Character which are FBI surveillance records of the Recognition technology, which offers a Rosenbergs and others under government revolutionary means of storing and accessing investigation at the time. Many of the pages large numbers of documents only available in are sixth generation photocopies. paper format. The Perlin papers represent the second JAMUS FIS also offers a new retrieval client featuring experimental imaging project, and one with the communications interoperability, with full most exciting results so far.The pages are Z39.50 1993 compliance. The client will also saved as digital images, using a scanner. Then provide options for gateways to other services, a process which "recognizes" the text in the full image manipulation options, Boolean and image, called "Optical Character Recognition" natural language support, and relevance is performed on the pages. the database is built feedback on digital images of text. using both the ASCII text file created in recognition and the high-quality page image. Interoperability and Sca lability The advantage of the JANUS system for collections like the Perlin Papers is apparent FutureInfo Systems,Inc.realizesthe immediately.Because the system displays importance of flexibility in communication high quality images rather than only the text, across networks, and therefore is working to censor marks and marginal notes are preserved. broaden choices for cross-system communication In addition, when the Perlin Papers are and data sharing. Use of the Z39.50 available fully on-line, they will by accessible communications protocol assures backward by far more people than when they were solely compatibility with existinginformation in paper form. servers like WAIS, as well as future systems. JANUS will first serve scholars on Columbia's Another important aspect of the FIS system is campus. Later, when it is fully operational, it its scalability and its ability to grow as will be accessible from any remote computer database sizes increase.Utilization of the using a WAIS server, and via Internet it will be Thinking Machine's CM-5 supercomputers abletoserveusersnationallyand assures a virtually unlimited growth potential. internationally.Development of a large bandwidth network channel, such as proposed Imaging Valuable Archives for the NREN and Nn, would allow a large number of users to browse and work in the The revolutionary use of pairing imaging Columbia Law Library from any connection. technology with full text searching, allows a JANUS is working to establish relations with library to preserve access to the document in its publishers to allow for use of copyrighted original format, with censor marks and all materials in electronic form and plans to accompanying notations, while providing a develop programs to track and verify use of much more flexible means of access for users. In licensedmaterialselectronically. The the case of the Rosenberg/Sobell Trial 139 140 Columbia Law Library contains the nation's third largest collection of legal materials. For more information, contact: Willem Scholten Director of Computer Systems and Research Columbia University School of Law 435 West 116th Street New York, NY 10027 Voice: 212-854-7938 Fax: 212-854-7946 Email: [email protected] 140 141 Britannica Instant Research System - BIRS Douglas Paul Vice President Planning & Educational Services Encyclopaedia Britannica The Britannica Instant Research System is the learn any new command language or protocols. first electronic product based on the complete The software coupled with access directly from text of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. Designed a hard disk (as opposed to a much slower CD- for use by professional researchers, fact ROM drive) result in search speeds that are checkers and librarians, it combines the long- close to instantaneous.Researchers, fact trustedauthorityandscopeofthe checkers and librarians who have previewed Encyclopaedia Britannicawithnatural the system are unanimous in their relief that language, high speed search and retrieval. the "great EBB" now provides a means by Not presented as a multimedia encyclopedia (it which searches may be performed.speedily and is a text-only system), we believe it is more with little training required.Intended to usefully compared to online databases. provide significant productivity savings to publishers, BIRS has proved in beta test sites to How it Works improve productivity by as much as 75%. The main screen, called Idea Search, has a Other Features series of windows. The user inputs a query into the Query Window. The query may be a word, The Britannica Instant Research System several words, a phrase, or an actual question includes a Merriam Webster dictionary and (Why is the sky blue?).Another window thesaurus; double-clicking on any word in the shows the three databases that can be article text takes the user immediately to the searched: The Macropaedia, Micropaedia and dictionary definition or thesaurus entry, Britannica Book of the Year (current edition). depending on which the user has selected as These can be selected singly or in any the default. combination by clicking on each one. In addition to the Idea Search screen, a user After typing in a query, the user presses Enter or may go directly to title list screens for each clicks on "Go." The window at the bottom of database and select titles directly for text the screen then returns a list of article titles, display. ranked by relevance to the query (with the most relevant presumed to be at or near the top A new tool called People, Places and Things of the list).The first title is automatically allows users to retrieve title lists sorted in highlighted by the system, and the beginning various ways. text of that article, or segment of an article, appears in the top right-hand window. With a An electronic desktop feature allows quick click on "Zoom" the text window may be opened navigation between screens and also permits so that the textfillsthe entire screen. the user to save articles on the desktop for Throughout the texts, the key words of the future reference. query are highlighted in red so that the user may quickly scan through the text and identify The System supports the usual Windows those portions relevant to the query. features, including the ability to save articles to a notebook (or to disk) and to print out texts. Developed by Britannica's technical group, the propriety searchsoftware uses natural What types of questions might be asked? language querying; users are not required to During the demonstration at the Symposium, 141 142 we asked, "What is the origin of the library?" BIRS runs under Windows 3.1; the recommended We were pleased to have the first title on the hardware configurationisa 486 PC or relevance-ranked list direct us to an article compatible, 4 MB RAM, 25 Mhz or better, with referencing the ancient library at Alexandria. a VGA or SVGA monitor and a 1.0 GB hard disk We asked, "What is Chaucer's date of birth?" (internal or external), a CD-ROM drive, and a and the box in the upper right portion of the mouse. The system is delivered on two CD- screen displayed the type of authoritative ROMs that are then downloaded by the user to informationwe wouldexpectfrom the large hard disk. One disk remains in the Encyclopaedia Britannica.Testing the ability CD-ROM player during the system's operation of the search engine to deal with searches that as a copy-protection device. would be impossible in a traditional index, we typed in "Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin" and Even the most serious of researchers cannot help found articles mentioning all three individuals. but smile at the instantaneous response to very Scrolling the list of relevance-ranked articles, pedantic questions. we saw the words Yalta Conference as one of the titles, and clicked on that to instantly retrieve thetext of thatarticle. (The accompanying sample screen, using the query, "Why do leaves change color in autumn?" depicts the interface used in the Instant Research System.) Someone could well ask if the Britannica Instant Research System is an electronic replacement of the print set of Encyclopaedia Britannica.. The answer,is NO!!It does not contain the graphics.It does not lend itself to browsing or reading in an easy chair.It is literally a different product with a distinct purpose and set of features. Its advantage is in its instant research capacity. Why was it developed and for whom? Several years ago, a number of textbook publishers were taken to court and heavily fined over the number of errors identified in some of their textbooks.It became obvious to our editorial staff that nearly all of the errors could have been prevented had Encyclopaedia Britannica been used to check the facts in advance of publishing.It was also obvious that the electronicformatprovidedpowerful advantages in this regard. The product was tested for a year with a company that provides fact checking services to publishing companies and was evaluated as quadrupling the productivity over existing services. Thus the product was designed for the professional marketplace. As academic and public librarians became aware of the product in its beta stage, they expressed interest in it and we began to see broader applicability for the research system. 1 4 2 1 4 3 File Edit View Window Fact Checking System - [Search]Help < David Perry, Project Coordinator University of North Carolina Press As_ part of the American South Multimedia William S. Powell, NorthCarolina Database Project at the University of North Handbook (forthcoming, a sort -of Carolina, Chapel Hill, the University of Encyclopediaof North Carolina North Carolina Press is proposing to construct a history and culture), topical essays on multimedia database of material from some of cultural features (book in manuscript our reference works on North Carolina. The form currently, not yet edited, but pilot project is a database entitled North Powell has offered to allow inclusion of CarolinabetweentheWarsthat would appropriate essays where desirable). incorporate material from the period between the two world wars. North Carolina between The WPA Guide to North Carolina the Wars will draw on a rich collection of (published in 1939 and still regarded as material from our list and elsewhere, including: one of the best guides to the state), supplementalmaterialwhere H. G. Jones, North Carolina Illustrated appropriate and other material from (an illustrated history of the state, the WPA Writers Project. with some 1100 images in all), approx. 17 pages of text and as many as 150-75 Sound--music and spoken work from images and captions, supplemented by Southern Historical Collection and other images from the North Carolina North Carolina Archives (Charlie CollectionandNorthCarolina Poole, blues, mountain music, worker Archive. and History. songs, chanties, jazz, speeches, plays, prose readings, sermons, etc.). Tom Parrarnore, Express Lanes and Country Roads (a volume in the series Through the efforts of such agencies as The Way We Lived in North Carolina, the Farm Service Administration and published in association with the the Writers Program of the WPA, the North Carolina Division of Archives interwar period is one of the best- and History), useful for its focus on documented in our history.North social history and its links to state Carolina between the Wars will draw historic sites. on an extraordinary selectionof photographs, life histories, and other William S. Powel:, NorthCarolina documentary materials to supplement Through Four Centuries (the standard the historical narratives. college-level history text), approx. 65 text pages. In the multimedia environment, users will be able to browse through the database using William S.Powell, Dictionaryof severaldifferentsearching and linking NorthCarolinaBiography (a six- strategies and read, see and hear related items. volume work withbiographical The database will be networked and made sketchesofsome4,000North available through remote hookups to schools, Carolinians), 75-100 selected sketches. colleges, libraries and individuals throughout the state (and elsewhere).Teachers and 144 146 instructors could use the database to prepare Carolina biographies of persons named in the class presentations, and advanced students narrative or the "essays" could be called up for could use it to explore topics and create research additional information.Special icons would reports or their own presentations. notifyusersoftheavailabilityof .accompanying audio pieces. The Press will receive the necessary hardware (as well as the requisite training and guidance) The Press's hope is that the pilot project can to compile the database and support for become part of a larger electronic project that is digitizing and cataloging text, images, and currently under discussion. This larger sound from a university agency interested in database, initially named the North Carolina developing classroom applications of electronic Bookshelf, would incorporate complete versions materials.The Press will be involved in of several of the works being tapped for the identifying and editing the materials to be initial project: notably the Dictionary of North included in the database and building some of Carolina Biography, North Carolina the links. The database will be mounted on a Illustrated, NorthCarolinaThrough Four univesity computer, and the responsibility for Centuries, and the forthcoming Handbook, as user testing, maintenance, and technical support well as other works now being written (e.g., new will be shared between the press and histories of women and African Americans in university. the state).Information gathered during the development of the pilot project will help Permission will be sought for the use of all anticipate the problems and project the materials the Press does not control. At least resources needed for the larger effort. during this pilot phase we plan to make the database freely, available through network access, while retaining the protections of copyright in the works used. To help identify material to be included and to advise us on content, we are establishing an advisory committee of historians, archivists, and potential users. Simple WAIS searches through the data will yield lists of all the places a given word or name appears, and the material identified could then be displayed. The capabilities of the World Wide Web (Mosaic) technology offer other possibilities for accessing the data. For example, the H. G. Jones text (from North Carolina Illustrated), which provides a concise running narrative of the state's history, could be read as a "base text."It is already keyed to many of the images that would be included, which the user could display as he or she encounters related topics in the text. Following hypertext links, the user could call up topical essays drawn from the Powell history (North Carolina Through Four Centuries), tl'e WP A guide, or the Parramore book (Express Lanes to Country Roads) which take up in greater depth the subjects introduced by Jones in Biographies from the Dictionary of North. 145 147 Ei Reference Desk TM The Electronic Library John J. Regazzi, President Engineering Information Inc. At Engineering Information Inc. (Ei), we taskingcapabilitiesofthe Windows heard a clear new market need for the environment enables the Reference Desk to delivery of information and documents, and run the remote network application in the saw a variety of new technologies which background.Thus, while awaiting the would allow us to respond to those market delivery of a document, a user has the needs. Such is the genesis of the Ei Reference advantage of simultaneously running other Desk. applications.Particularly significant is the ease with which any bibliographic record Currently the need has been for a single, may be captured and passed to the order comprehensive yet flexible means of accessing module should the user require the full-text a broad range of information resource -- an of the cited document. electronic library.Ei has responded by developing a solution simple enough for the The versatility of the Windows environment average library patron to use while at the allows a table of contents service called Ei same time sophisticated enough to meet the Page One to be run in conjunction with the demands of the professional researcher. other Windows-based components of the Ei Reference Desk. It's called the Ei Reference Desk, and is an integrated software package designed to take Ei is introducing the valuable new Table of full advantage of the powerful capabilities Contents service under EiDisc, initially to be of today's desktop computers. Running under availableexclusively throughtheE i the Microsoft Windows environment, the Ei Reference Desk. This truly unique service is Reference Desk provides online access, offline begin developed both to provide more timely CD-ROM searching, access to Ei's own Table access to the articles indexed and to extend of Contents service and the ability to capture the scope of material available to users. orders for full-text documents from any of these three sources. Ei is then able to receive The tables of contents from a significant and fulfill those orders in a variety of ways. portion of the approximately 5,000 journals and conferences abstracted at Ei each year The Ei Reference Desk currently support 386 will be reconstructed in an ASCII-based and 486 processor based IBM and compatible format.Ei will further augment the total personal computers.Each function of the number of titles available by scanning the Reference Desk has been implemented as a contents pages from additional journals and separate Windows application. This conferences. Regardless of whether the table arrangement, together with the extensive of contents for a particular title be displayed application management features built into in ASCII or as a bit-mapped image, the user the Windows environment, gives the end-user may order the full-text of any article on the a great deal of flexibility in choosing how to page. The system will automatically run the Reference Desk so as to best meet generate an order record and pass it to the individual needs or preferences. order module for any articles the user selects. Provided the user's personal computer is The order module is an integral component of equipped with an internal network connection the Ei Reference Desk and provides several to the Internet, Ei's databases and document important functions.This application delivery services may be remotely accessed enables the user to review any orders that using a Windows-based system. The multi- have been captured from online and CD-ROM 146 searches or generated by the Tableof possible using any monitors or printers Contents service.In addition a user has the supported by Windows. option of entering a manual order by filling out an electronic order form displayed on the Enhancements planned screen.Options to delete specific order records or to clear the entire file are also With the Ei Reference Desk now completing provided. After the items selected have been beta-testing sites, a number of enhancements verified, the user need simple release the are already being planned. These include order file for transmission to Ei, at which optionalpasswords onthevarious point the system will automatically dial Ei's applications, particularly the EiDDS order Document Delivery Service (EiDDS) and module and access to online; detailed online upload the order file via the modem. help (beyond that already built into Windows); and computability with local and Alternatively, the user may print out the wide area networks. order file and either fax, mail or even phone in the order to Ei, or to an interlibrary loan The broad functionality of this new concept network. A customer profileisalso turns a personal computer into a personal maintained in the order module.Such information workstation.As each of the important data as ship-to addresses, bill-to major components is a separate Windows addresses, payment and delivery options are application, the user may tailor its use to entered and easily modified by the user in meet specific needs. The results from a local this profile. CD-ROM search may be automatically uploaded to a new order file while viewing Delivery Options documents received from a previous day's order.Pages from the Table of Contents Delivery options are as varied as are the service can be printed out for later perusal ordering options. At the user's request, Ei can while the results of an online search are being mail documents, send them via Federal passed to the order module. The number of Express, fax them or even optically scan them scenarios is limited only by the number of and transmit the resulting bit-mapping image potential users. files directly back to the user's computer via theInternet. Thislastoptionis With general release of the EiReference accomplished through proprietary software Desk planned for 1994, anyone with a which compresses and converts the image personal computer can soon put an electronic files so as to make them compatible with library on his or her desktop. current transmission standards. Included in the Reference Desk is a special document display module which is designedto decompress and convert back the file so that the user may view it on the screen or print out a hard copy. The articles are scanned at 300 dpi and retain that resolution when printed by a laser printer. The use of images by both the Table of Contents service and the document display components of the Ei Reference Deski s particularly well suited to the graphic nature of the Windows environment.As Windows applications, they make complete use of many sophisticated features such as zooming, re-sizing, or inverting images. The printing of whole or partial images is "also supported. These advanced capabilities are 147 149 Stanford Computer Science Technical Reports Electronic Library Project Vicky Reich Chief, Serials & Acquisitions Department Stanford University Library Stanford University is participating in a Technical reports have multiple authors; consortial, ARPA funded ($1.5 million), 3 year Stanford's legal council advised that one project (1992 to 1995) to mount Computer Science author can give permission for multiple Technical Reports on electronic networks. The authors. project is coordinated by the Corporation for Technical reports sometimes subsequently NationalResearchInitiatives;other appear as journal articles; the project devised a consortium members are:Massachusetts form that authors can attach to publisher Institute of Technology; Carnegie Mellon copyright agreements. University;UniversityofCaliforniaat Technical reports sometimes have previously Berkeley; and Cornell University. Within appeared as doctoral thesis and UMI holds Stanford, this research project is a joint effort exclusive distribution rights; the project is not between theLibraries and Information mounting these thesis. However beginning Resources andtheComputer Science 1/1/94, UMI has a new agreement for Doctoral Department. Thesis which gives UMI non-exclusive distribution rights for electronic editions. Goals The project needed a working definition of a derivative works; investigators chose a The Consortium's goals can be summarized: conservative approach.If the title is similar build a networked electronic library of and the authors are the same the works are Computer Science literature; research technical considered to be derivative. issues; experiment with intellectual property Faculty have mixed understandings of systems; and document impact on scholarly copyright implications; a Computer Science community. faculty technical report committee was formed. Stanford's research emphasis is to explore the Subsequent Publication Study problems of large distributed information systems; to experiment with issues of scale An attempt was made to study subsequent particularlyasrelatedto:selective publication patterns. The data below are not dissemination of information; parallel text scientifically valid, but just hints at some retrieval;distributedsearching;and patterns.In 114 of the returned permission distributed indexes. forms authors indicated subsequent publication of their technical reports.The publisher In addition, Stanford has spent the last year distribution was: addressing some of the social and political aspects of intellectual property. IEEE 21.0% Intellectual Property (issues; solutions) Springer 10.5% Elsevier 18.4% Stanford needs author permissions to mount SIAM 5.3% technical reports dated after 3/89; the project ACM 18.4% devised a form which allows non-exclusive, Academic Press 4.4% revocable rights to distribute the technical Wiley 4.4% reports. 148 150 Equipment and Database Size 'Scanning station- DEC PC 466; 32 :nbytes memory; HP scanjet 2C *Servers- RS6000, alpha 'Patron access station- MAC Centras 650; 500 mbytes Developer station- Mac Quadra 800;1 gigabyte The investigators have permission to mount approximately1,500technicalreports; expected growth is up to 200 technical reports/year. Further Information Principle Investigator: Hector Garcia-Molina Computer Science Dept. [email protected] Project Manager: Rebecca Lasher Libraries & Information Resources [email protected] 149 151 SCAN: Scholarship from Californiaon the Net Rebecca R. Simon Assistant journals Manager University of California Press Over the past year,the University of electronic journals free in exchange for feedback California Press has created a five-year plan from user and Library groups. to guide new electronic publishing efforts, focused on the development of both networked Currently, we have mounted Nineteenth- and stand-alone scholarly products for research Century Literature on the UC Berkeley Library and teaching purposes. gopher server in ASCII and RTF (Rich Text Format) files along with a readme document. In line with this Plan, we have already begun a We decided to use ASCII as source files for pilotnetworkedprojectcalled SCAN indexed searches because the lack of formatting (Scholarship from California on the Net) in allows for easier on-line viewing. However, we which we are mounting two journals on the UC also wanted to offer future subscribers RTF files Berkeley Library's gopher server. This will be which would preserve formatting that the followed over the next two years by electronic greatest number of users could download. dissemination of monographs in the same fields (19th century studies and classics) and by the We have learned a great deal in the process of addition of other monographs and journals. We creating this first stage product, experimenting have also begun work on several promising in the process with file-naming, searchability stand-alone projects, including two floppy disk and downloading.In the next phase of our and three potential CD-ROM projects. project we will also explore, collaboratively with the Library, other platforms that will The SCAN project is an institutionally-based support our goal of cost-recovery publishing and partnership bringing together the Press, UC image transmission on the Net.We will systemwide administration andthe UC continue to maintain a presence in gopherspace, Berkeley library in a collaborative effort to including mounting our Books in Print and publish humanities journals and potentially Catalog there. monographs on the Internet. In the pilot phase of this project, we are offering two journals, which we already publish in paper form -- Nineteenth Century Literature and Classical Antiquity -- in enhanced, electronic versions. Our goals in this pilot project are to provide an easy to use, easily accessible, value-added electronic journal which we would be able to offer eventually on a cost recovery basis. We chose to work with the Library because this partnership would help us understand the needs of one of our primary customer bases better and provide the opportunity to work with them in exploring access, cost reduction and cost- recovery issues. Working with the Library also provides a valuable opportunity for alpha testing during which we will offer the 150 1 5 2 Third AAUP/ARL Symposium Explores Gateways, Gatekeepers, and Roles (A Synopsis of the Conference) Jinnie Y. Davis Assistant University Librarian for Planning & Research North Carolina State University In the autumn of the year when the mass media posture at the current one, with presses ready to discovered the information revolution, the assume responsibility as full-fledged partners third Association of Research in the electronic world.Leadership is, she Libraries/Association of American University believes,the most importantrolethe Presses'joint symposium on Scholarly university presses can play in scholarly Publishing on the Electronic Networks was communication. Both libraries and university held in Washington, DC, from November 13 to presses have arole in the current phase of 15, 1993. The meeting was also made possible refiningand not redefiningthe issues. through the collaboration of the University of Virginia Library and the National Science The Library As Mind Foundation. Symposium Co-chairs were Ann Okerson of ARL and Lisa Freeman, 'University Kaye Gapen (Library Director, Case Western of Minnesota Press.Karen Marshall of the Reserve University) demonstrated that the University of Virginia Library was chair for electronic learning environment is already a the Charlottesville session held on November reality and her campus community is thinking, 16th(see separate report on a "Day in the communicating, teaching, and researching Village").One-hundred sixty symposiasts, differently.Digitization is the first necessary representing university presses, academic stepforthe electronic interchangeof libraries, scholarly societies, and faculty, information; at CWRU it has been put to use as eagerly followed reports of new R&D and the beginning of a "knowledge management" considered the significance and prospects of the environment.With a far-seeing university growing cooperation between libraries and president and multi-million-dollar support, university press publishers. Excellent questions CWRU has installed a fiber-optic network were raised, and some were even answered. throughout the campus.The library has Librarians and publishers found themselves in applied Robert Taylor's "value-added model" agreement on the need to understand the as a planning and evaluation tool toidentify positions of both sides and to work together to where to shift budgetary support to provide resolve common problems. more quality, adaptability, and savingsin time and cost.It also interviewed 1,400 campus Refining, Not Redefining personnel to design a new system and develop the "virtual library" in which libraries are not In her opening remarks, Lisa Freeman (Director, information centers; rather, they bring people University ofMinnesota Press) highlighted together with information in an integrated the leadership of ARL and AAUP for their system of textual and image databasesand visionary roles in seeking cooperation between provide them with online tools to build, academic libraries and university presses. She maintain, and share databases. Infrastructures described the transition made by the university are changing to respond flexibly toshifting press directors from apprehension andconfusion patterns of teaching and learning. New control at the first Symposium in 1991, to their bolder mechanisms are also being sought: CWRU is 151 153 working with IBM to develop Royalty Manager know where to put things, where they make software that helps track intellectual property sense; or universities, which have a, set of rights. With two electronic classrooms and two values. After all, he mused, the academy was centersfor digitization, the library has once Plato's user's group under an olive tree. expanded its role as information provider. No Sterling concluded by observing that every longer only "the library as place," Gapen ancient Greek text can now fit on a CD-ROM. visualizes "the library as mind." Our civilization is fragile, but, with little effort, we can make sure that the human race The Virtual Library As Fantasy never loses another word of the ancient Greeks. Such enterprise deserves the name of greatness, James O'Donnell (Professor of Classics, provided we have the vision. University of Pennsylvania) traced origins of the term "virtual library" -- the fantasy of What's To Be Done? totality and readiness of access in existence since the days of the Alexandrian Library. In a session devoted to the scholarly uses of While that ideal has never been realized, its technology, Eugene Vance (Professor of utility lies in offering compass bearings for a Humanities, Universityof Washington) short time. For centuries, it has been assumed compared today's world with the medieval that an author's works are fixed artifacts, the one: a revival of fundamentalism in religions, same wherever they may be found, and that holy wars, re-negotiation of gender models, and the author can dictate worldwide use.In the the culture of the book. Despite the continuing networked, electronic environment, a variety of validity of medieval studies, funding cuts at points of view exist on a single topic, producing university presses have led to their rejection of not a single truth, but a complex, nuanced sense meritorious specialized works that do not sell of what the truth may be. In the long term, a well.For scholars, the crucial question is "book" cannot remain fixed but will live and be "What's to be done?" modified-- an idea unsettling to social institutions.O'Donnell likened the current Electronic Beowulf situation to that of Western society in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, when the use A panel of medievalists then explored this of printing was denounced by critics concerned question, beginning with Kevin Kiernan about the disappearance of the existing social (Professor of English, University of Kentucky), order.He urged participants to strike a with the first public announcement of the balance, to know when to use the "virtual "Electronic Beowulf' project. By digitizing its model" as a guide and when to let go, and to be manuscripts and applying special recovery resourceful and creative to develop new kinds of techniques, the British Library will provide cyberspace. electronic access to priceless manuscripts in its collection. Through special lighting and Do We Have the Vision? enhancements, manuscripts that were damaged or erased in the original now come to view with Science-fiction author Bruce Sterling keynoted startling clarity, opening up the way for new the Symposium with a speech in which he identifications and interpretations of text, as termed the electronic environment the "fastest well as insight into the psychology of scribes. technologicaltransformationinhuman Kiernan warned, however, that these new history." He citedProdigy,withits techniques also easily lead to the possibility of proprietary, revenue-generating philosophy, electronic forgery. as a prime example of how not to do networking.The network is a living thing Electronic Chaucer which, like language, encourages people to communicate. Sterling conjured the specter of Mary Wack (Professor of English, Washington "Disney Bells" -- the alarming intrusion of the State University) demonstrated her exciting telecommunicationsandentertainment prototype of an "Electronic Chaucer," which industries into the network. As for who should links a wide array of color image archives run the networks, his choice is librarians, who with associated text files.Spurred by the 152 1.54 inadequaciesof traditional methods of described the Library's Electronic Text Center. teaching Chaucer, Wack linkedatext It offers not only the text themselves, but also searching and concordance program with the scanners and software that compares text and resources ofthe Oxford English Dictionafy, generates word lists.The electronic library MLA Bibliography, and ArtIndex to engage contains thousands of full-text documents in the her students with a tool used interactively. humanities, arranged by language and type of Moreover, student assignments can result in resource (electronic or not).Although most portfolios of information that can then be commercial databases in the humanities are added to the database.Despite its rousing already encoded with SGML, library staff has success as a pedagogical tool, the project cannot also encoded many additional, commercially be made publicly available because of unavailable texts in the public domain, to copyright restrictions and software licensing expand holdings.Seaman described UVA's issues.Wack believes, however, that the philosophy as one of "if you build it, they will 'pressure of rising expectations will create come": humanists have been involved in the changes -- the market is there. project since its inception and are finding far more teaching uses for the system than they No Way Around the Need to Choose had imagined.It has also drawn library staff into new collaborative roles with the faculty. Michael Fuller (Associate Professor of Chinese Thought,University of California at Irvine) The Gods Walk the Earth drew an analogy between the current situation and that of China in 1200 A.D. With block Joseph J. Esposito (President, Encyclopaedia printing supported by both the government and BritannicaPublishing Group) updated the a thriving commercial printing and distribution status of the electronic version of the industry, China had access to almost all of its Encyclopeadia,inan environment he textual legacy and faced similar problems of characterizes as "entirely destabilized, ... the the organization of "infoglut." The meritocracy gods walk the earth, and mere mortals must arising in the Song Dynasty led to a time of stay out of the way or be crushed underfoot." heady intellectual egalitarianism based on the By next fall, EB Onlinewill be available on ready availability of all texts.It also led, campus terminals, in text form only. Survey however, to partisanwrangling based on results showed that academics were prepared different interpretations of the past: the to wait for graphics but wanted to have online faction with the most compelling version of the text immediately; the level of sophistication past could claim it, and claim understanding of in academia was far beyond what EB imagined. the present and ofthe future. The turmoil Although Espositosaidatlastyear's ended with the establishment by Zhu Xi of a symposium that he did not see a role for the coherent orthodoxy out Of the previous Internet in this project, the prohibitive cost of cacophony.Indoing so, however, Zhu Xi installing the database at individual local elevated some texts and suppressed others, sites led EB to the Internet, which allows them forming a new framework within which to develop the product once, then sell Chinese literature evolved for the next 700 subscriptions to colleges with access. LB sees years; only now are scholars realizingwhat this as an opportunity to drive the prices for has been lost.In the electronic age, we are information down and pass the savings along to similarly faced with the need to select texts clients.Another fundamental change is tnat, with some priority because of the constraints of for the first time, the EB will no longer be a time and resources. There is no way around the literary artifact but a knowledge base taking need to choose -- but by selecting, we are also anactualform whenever aparticular suppressing.We must, therefore, reject a marketing applicationarises,anotion process that hides the selections beingmade. unsettling to some board members and sales personnel. EB is also working on the Gatekeeper to a Garden of Earthly Delights applicationofartificialintelligenceto experiment with neural netwprk software, David Seaman (Coordinator, Electronic Text leading to questions of what these changes in Center,University of VirginiaLibrary) the medium mean for knowledge itself. 153 15° Lasting Investment in Content term "information" distorts the subject and leads to unhelpful models; he suggested the use Michael Ester (President, Luna Imaging, Inc.) of the word "wisdom" instead.He urged described the Getty Art History Project, which participants never to lose sight of the major is studying how art historians, curators, issue -- the freedom of ideas, and the sustenance catalogers, and other professionals use images and transmission of our culture. in their work today to ensure the development of a usable product that can transform manual Creating a Culture of Lifelong Learners activities inthe electronic environment. Survey and interview results revealed a range Despite thetitleof histalk,"Security, of issues, including the need to display works of Authoritative Versions & Privacy", Michael art in physical juxtaposition in a way that Jensen (Electronic Media Manager, University makes it possible to compare their actual scale; of Nebraska Press) took the stance that heavy- the unexpected finding that colors accurate in a duty protection in the electronic network may smaller size seem wrong when magnified on a be unnecessary. Limitations by user or machine large monitor; the desire to place a work of art make it difficult to obtain information and can in its actual context or location; and changing lead to the view that educational information needs in terms of reproduction quantity and is a commodity to be consumed and jealously quality, depending on the particular phase of guarded.Rather, those in the not-for-profit research.Ester considers much of today's sector should shift assumptions and view the multimedia still "uni-media," that is, the user interconnectivity of the network as its strength, is not searching through more resources, just allowing a mixture of people and ideas that through a database to which video or audio fosters curiosity, discovery, and investigation. clips have been attached.Despite rich The new mediuM offers the possibility to navigational aids in the online environment, rethink the traditional process of publishing, the user has no intuitive sense, as with a with its ideas of exclusive ownership and sales physical volume, of how much information is of a "unit." A potential model might be like a available in a database.In his new position web in which renting transactions are more with Luna Imaging, Ester is committed to the prevalent than sales.If service comes first, the productionofarchival-qualityimages; role of university presses is to provide the best although the technology will change, the information in the most integrated fashion. A content needs lasting investment. consortial effort on the part ofuniversity presses is needed to begin serious discussion of Wisdom, Not Information models of free interconnectivity that still retain peer-reviewed quality and allow cost- Colin Day (Director, University of Michigan recovery via other means such as multiple Press and current President of the AAUP) repackaging for users. The focus must be on the focused on appropriateness of market solutions primary goal of service to the community. to the problems of academic publishing. Day sees librarians and university press publishers A Northwest Passage to the Intellectual World as intermediaries whose work saves the time of the reader and adds value to public goods. David Blair (Associate Professor of Computer These public goods, however, are inadequately and InformationSystems, University of supplied. They are non-exhaustible and non- Michigan) addressed the issue of intellectual excludable, leading to a situation in which access on the networks.Sheer size poses some documents that should be published are enormous difficulties in both physical and not. As an alternative organizational structure, intellectual access, given the coarseness of the Day proposes "mutualization."That is,if tools now available. He suggests that effective university presses, librarians, and faculty searching tools must be able to describe recognize that they are part of the same accurately the intellectual content of the organization, they can work together to address information they represent, to distinguish current problems such as publishers' worries content from that of similar but different items, about cost recovery and librarians' concerns and to retrieve a small enough number of items about increasing prices. Day observed that the that the user can examine them without 154 156 reaching a "futility point."The key to restriction that runs counter to the ideal of intellectual access on a large text-retrieval university life in which scholars are dedicated systemisthroughthedescriptionof to a search for truth.Moreover, it pits the intellectual content and the precise delineation rights of publishers and authors against the of a partition, or a definable region in search rights of libraries and users.It is, however, space. Publishers should help by describing the still the law of the land and grants a monopoly kinds of materials they publish and defining on information to copyright-holders. As the clearly their publishing policies.It will not be cost of information has risen more quickly than easy to improve intellectual access, but it is inflation or library budgets, librarians and necessary; a "Northwest Passage," like the patrons have become locked in a struggle to free geographical one, may be a vision, but it will themselves from this monopoly. Givler places improve our lives. the blame not on the copyright law itself, but on those who abuse it. He considers copyright a Getting through the Fire Walls law that recognizes ownership by creative people of work they create, while providing a John Regazzi (President, EI Inc.) demonstrated flexible legal framework for dissemination of the Engineering Information Reference Desk the work.The system works because, by project. EI produces indexing and abstracting establishing ownership, copyright permits the works such as Engineering Index and Cornpendex publisher a reasonable chance of recovering Plus.Although El produces CD-ROMs, costs of publication. Givler warne...i that, with research libraries had been asking for broader unregulated dissemination, university presses accessibility particularly to EI's vast collection will be out of the business of scholarly of journal and conference literature whose communication.The university community richness And value is currently unavailable to should explore promising avenues for resolution users because of the prohibitive cost of -- for example, bydesigning special licenses for attempting to abstract it.The EI Reference specific purposes -- such as blanket licenses for Desk attempts to organize this previously a group of electronic journals -- that balancethe unindexed literature and make it accessible rights of publishers, users, and libraries. through the Internet.Its threeapplications Givler called for university presses and are: EI Page One (a tool to browse throughthe libraries to work together to find solutions to table of contents of EI reference works), EI Order this intractable problem. We are all part of (an electronic ordering tool), and EIView (to the same institutions and share the same goals; receive data over the Internet and print it). For our future is interlocked. libraries, a feature to be added next year is the ability to link local holdings to this database. Non-Profit Publishers Are Suffering Problems encountered include the need to get through "fire walls" (built-in protection for Janet Fisher (Associate Director for Journals data moving in and out of an organization via Publishing, MITPress) warned that the the Internet) and the need to accommodate in movement led by libraries to encourage authors system design the vagaries of the actual work to limit rights to commercial publishers is habits of their users. hurting the non-profit publishers as well and has the potential todestroy the system of Our Future is Interlocked scholarly communication built up over the years.In the electronic environment, serious Peter Givler's (Director, Ohio State University problems arise with regard to the loss of access Press) fundamental premise is that copyright toinformation. Fisher focused on an issues affect everyone and the best hope of explanation of how the licensing of subsidiary solving the problems is for librarians, scholars, rights in a journal environment works and and publishers to work together.Givler outlined the responsibilities of the press in this explained that copyright protects forms of area.When authors transfer rights to the expression -- not ideas or facts themselves, but publisher, the publisher gives authors the ways to communicate something whosereality right to reuse their own materials and, in is independent of form. To many academics, addition, handles copyright registration, copyright seems to be a morally questionable depository copies, questions from photocopy 155 157 shops, reprints, translations, audio versions, house to facilitate the exchange of rights and and publications by secondary publishers, royalties.Legally, it serves as an agent for including the increasingly important arenas of about 8,600 publishers worldwide. The CCC CD-ROMs and online databases. Fisher ensures the end user access to a large body of believes that it is critical for publishers to be material, and distributes millions of dollars in able to handle all these matters coherently. royalties each year.It has experimented with Without such centralization of ownership and collective licenses at six universities, whereby the permissions process, the negotiation of they pay an annual fee for the CCC to offer a contracts for each work would be an extremely repertoire of publications for their use. Hinds time-consuming process that authors will not believes that collective licensing can give both wish to handle for themselves. Publishers also the institution and the end user access to a fulfill an important role as a focal point for constantly expanding body of literature, while determining the content of a journal; without ensuring the protection of copyright interests of publishers, the availability of products to authors and publishers. The electronic future secondary publishers would be time-delayed will outpace our ability to define and measure and more expensive because of the need to ways of use; collective licenses hedge against consider each article individually and to these bets; a good collective license will also negotiate rights for each with the author or cover fair use. Hinds warned against setting up institution.There is, however, room for an overly complicated process that costs more compromise.When authors wish to retain than it is worth and will not prevent abuses. copyright, the publisher should have other She urged all sides to get their acts together options available to license subsidiary rights and to agree on a statement of their concerns, that would not deter dissemination.Other before negotiating with other stakeholder possibilities include allowing authors to copy groups. A consensus is needed on how to solve articles for use in their own classrooms or to existing problems, and Hinds concluded, "Don't shorten the length of time needed for exclusive let the lawyers solve it for us." rights,particularlyintheelectronic environment. Publishers should also do a better Why Are There Still Lines at the Teller job of explaining to authors what the purpose of Windows? subsidiary rights, including the benefits for authors and the scholarly community. Fisher David Hoekema (Dean, Calvin College) warned that current calls by librarians for a reviewed the needs of scholars and what the more aggressive stance on fair use will affect computer can provide for According to librarians in the end, as well as hurting Hoekema, scholars are a very traditional group nonprofit publishers more than commercial of people who just want to do more effectively publishers. She called for university presses what they are doing now; the computer allows and libraries to work together to develop them to discover new working methods that can desperately needed guidelines for fair use in save their time.A possible change in the the rapidly developing electronic environment. patterns of scholarship may result. For example, browsing among the bookshelves may Getting Our Acts Together be replaced by browsing among agopher's electronic shelves, leading to different paths of Isabella Hinds (Manager of Professional discovery. As for librarians, Hoekema believes Relations, Copyright Clearance Center) noted that, while routine help may be handled by that the copyright law has tolerated changes machines, there will still be a need for the over the years; the question is not whether interpretive, evaluative, guidance skills of copyright is reasonable, but whether those library professionals; patrons will still line up charged with carrying it out are reasonable. at the teller windows because not every Her talk focused on blanket collective licenses transaction can be handled by the machine. and how theycanfurtherscholarly communication.The Copyright Clearance A final panel of reactors shared their insights Center (CCC) is a non-profitorganization with symposium participants. Georgia Harper established fifteen years ago by a consortium of (Counsel, University of Texas System) publishers, authors, and users as a clearing- encouraged attendees to free their minds from 156 158 old constructs and think in new ways to resolve 1ED. Note: Notes from Lisa Bayer, Penn State problems by working together. We have the University Press and Ann Okerson, ARL, were possibility, she noted, to make an evolutionary incorporated into this summary.] jump.Duane Webster (Executive Director, ARL) described two recent events that attest to current commitment to resolve problems: the creation of the Telecommunications Policy Roundtable to ensure a public voice in the emerging national information infrastructure, and the establishment ofthe National Information Infrastructure Working Group on IntellectualProperty. ARL and other organizations will have an opportunity to present the library point of view at a public hearing.Mary Coleman (Yale University Press) noted the resistance to technology felt by many university press representatives at the first symposium. Now, she feels a greater level of comfort with the lingo, a great deal of progress on gopher-based projects, and a willingness to find ways to make information available to people. Bruce Barton (University of Chicago Press) also contrasted the first symposium and the current one: at the former, university presses were overwhelmed by large- scale projects such as OCLC's journal Online ClinicalTrials and unsure if they could enter the electronic marketplace.Now, electronic publishing is being integrated intothe mainstream; there are sophisticated products within the grasp of university presses. The challenge in the next ten years is to guarantee access to electronic products. The topical panels were spiced by a number of brief project demonstrations including an interactive Supreme Court demo (Jeff Goldman, Northwestern University), Encyclopaedia Britannica Fact Checker (Doug Paul, EB), electronic journals projects (Scott Bennett, Johns Hopkins University and Rebecca Simon, University of California Press), Project Janus (KentMcKeever, Columbia University Law Library), National Museum of American Art Online (Steve Dietz), the North Carolina Reference Collection (David Perry, UNC Press), Stanford's participation in the DARPA technical reports project (Vicky Reich), and Chuck Creesy of Princeton University Press on the development of university press Internet catalogs via gopher access. 157 University of Virginia A Day in the Electronic Academical Village: All in a Day's Work in the Digital Library Karen Marshall, Reference Librarian Alderman Library, University of Virginia A special excursion after the recent AAUP/ARL to students in art and architecture history Symposium brought 40 participants to the survey courses. In addition, participants saw an University of Virginia Library to see electronic electronic exhibit catalog she createdto publications conveyed to faculty and students document a recent exhibition of African Art at and to focus on the emergent digital library and UVA's Bay ly Museum.The Catalog was new forms of scholarly publication.After presented using the NCSA Mosaic client for the addresses by Karin Wittenborg, University World Wide Web. Librarian, and Edward Ayers, Professor of History, who is currently creating an electronic Electronic Classroom archive of the life of two American towns in the Civil War era, participants visited the James Campbell, Chair, Electronic Information Library's electronic resource centers to examine Committee, Michael Plunkett, Curator of different types of information routinely Manuscripts, and John Price-Wilkin, Systems delivered over the local and global networks. Librarian for Information Services, presented the possibilities and problems of supplying Electronic Text Center information over the University networks. VIRGO,theLibrary'scatalogand David Seaman, Center Coordinator, showed bibliographic database system, and the CD- the on-line SGML text collections and the ROM databases were discussed in terms of search software through which they are funding and staffing.The Library's most accessed, as well as the text-analysis programs, ambitious Gopher project -- mounting its scanning technology, and digital image Special Collections guides -- was described and manipulation software available to library demonstrated.WAIS technology searched users. manuscript collections dealing with slavery. GIS (Geographic Information Systems) Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities Paul Bergen, Social Sciences Data Center Coordinator,introducedgeographic John Unsworth, Director, and Thornton Staples, information systems and drew on some research Associate Director, described the IBM grant projects performed in the GIS Lab. Participants that initiated it, and the fellowship program saw satellite imagery of Charlottesville that brings UVA humanities scholars into the linked to 1990 Census maps, and analyzed Civil Institute.John Dobbins, Art Department War battle strategy. using a three-dimensional faculty and current Institute Fellow, discussed digital elevation model of the mountains his reconstruction of the forum at Pompeii. around Stokesville, Virginia. Another Fellow, Hoyt Duggan, English Department, presented his project to build an Images electronic archive of the manuscripts of Piers Plowman. Some hypertext projects using the Christie Stephenson, Digital Image Center orld Wide Web were demonstrated, including Coordinator, showed off the Digital Image former Fellow Jerome McGann's Rossetti Study Project, a pilot project to provide images Archive. 158 160 Politics and Financing of Electronic Centers Kendon Stubbs, Associate University Librarian, presented a session on the evolution of the Electronic Text Center at the University of Virginia. Cataloging and Organization of Electronic Materials Edward Gaynor, Head of Original Cataloging, discussed the use of TEl P(2)- conformant SGML to createfullbibliographic headers for electronic texts.He outlined the decision- making process involved in selecting elements to be included in the file description and organization. He also demonstrated the online workform for the bibliographic headers, the fully parsed text, and the text plus headers. The need for a MARC record to represent the text both in the Library's catalog, and the national utilities was discussed.Visitors viewed the manual conversion of the header to MARC format and heard about plans for an automated translation program. The session concluded with a general discussion on the need for "super- catalogs" and multi-level catalogs that could incorporate full-texts, standardized access points, and a bibliographic place holder (a.k.a. the MARC record). [ED. Note: This report was assembled from notes by the presenters of the sessions described above. 159 Association of ResearchLibraries Association of American UniversityPresses In Collaboration With: The University of Virginia Library The National Science Foundation SCHOLARLYPU3LIS5-1TING OND-rE ELECTRONIC NVIWORK5 gateways,gatekeepers, and Rotes in the InformationOmniverse EfectronkPublishing Issues Demonstrations Everiments Copyright November 13-15, 1993 The Washington Vista Hotel Washington, DC November 16, 1993 University of Virginia Library Charlottesville, VA 1 62 161 Schotarty Publishingon the Electronic Networks: Gateways, Gatekeepers,art ci Roles in the Information Omniverse This three-day symposium is specif ically aimed at universitypresses, learned and professional society publishers, librarians, and academic faculty and researchersinterested in beginning electronic publications. The Symposium's objective is topromote information-sharing and discussion among people interested in developing the potential ofthe networks, particularly for formal scholarly electronic publishing, with particularemphasis on not-for-profit models. Presenters will discuss some of the latest research and development fromthe not-for-profit sector, including faculty, societies, publishers, and libraries. E-mall address for Inquiries: [email protected] Co-chairs: Lisa Freeman, University of Minnesota Press ([email protected]) Karen Marshall, University of Virginia ([email protected]) Ann Okerson, Association of Research Libraries ([email protected]) Association of American University Presses Planning Committee Daily Schedule ofEvents Day 1 Day 2 Saturday, Npvember 13th Sunday, November 14th 4:00 - 6:30 p.m. OPENING SESSION 8:45 a.m. - 12:00 noon MORNING SESSION Opening Remarks and Welcome Electronic Library Issues and Strategies' Lisa Freeman, Director, University of David Seaman, Coordinator, Electronic Text Minnesota Press Center, University of Virginia Library "Scholarly Communications: Gatekeepers and Roles" PANEL: Historical Visions and Modern Revisions of Virtual D. Kaye Gapen, Library Director, Case Knowledge Western Reserve University Convener: Eugene Vance, Lockwood Professor "The Virtual Library: An Idea Whose Time Has Passed" in the Humanities, University of Washington Jame J. O'Donnell, Classics Department, "Digital Preservation, Restoration, and Dissemination of Medieval University of Pennsylvania (includes Alain Manuscripts" Resnais' film, "Toute La Memoire du Monde") Kevin Kiernan, Professor of English, University of Kentucky KEYNOTE ADDRESS: 'We're All in This Together 'Chaucer in 2001' Aren't We?" Mary Wack, Chairman of the English . Bruce Sterling, Science Fiction Writer and Department, Washington State University Journalist ' Gatekeepers of Memory: Issues in the Chinese Efforts to Organize Their Textual Legacy' 6:30 - 7:30 p.m. Opening Reception Michael A. Fuller, Chiang Chin-kuo Associate Professor of Chinese Thought, University of California, Irvine 12:00 - 1:30 p.m. Buffet Lunch Provided PANEL: Copyright, Ownership, and Intellectual Property 2:00 500 p.m. AFTERNOON SESSION 'Role of Subsidiary Licenses in the Dissemination of Scholarly Research' Issues in Publishing and Economics: Serving the Electronic Janet Fisher, Associate Director for Journals Academic Market Publishing, MIT Press 'Image Representations, Issues, and Strategies' 'Licensing Issues in the University Environment' Michael Ester, Director, Getty Art History Project Isabella Hinds, Manager of Professional Relations, Copyright Clearance Center 'Economic Considerations' Cain Day, Director, University of Michigan 'Copyright: Some Theoretical and Practical Considerations' Press P eter Givier, Director, The Ohio State University Press 'Security, Authoritative Versions, Privacy' Michael Jensen, Electronic Media Manager, 12:00 - 1:30 p.m. Group Lunch Provided University of Nebraska Press 1:30 - 3:00 p.m. CLOSING AND SUMMARY SESSION ' But Will It Scale UP?' David Blair, Associate Professor of Computer "A Moveable Feast? Campus Information Roles and Issues" and Information Systems, University of Michigan . David Hoekema, Dean,Calvin College (Dinner your own, organized into groups and topics) 'Frontiers of Inspiration' Bettie Alexander Steiger, Principal, Technology Day 3 and Market Development, Xerox Parc, Palo Alto Monday, Vvember 15th 3:30 p.m. Bus leaves the Vista foi Charlottesville ' Engineering Information Issues & Strategies' John Regazzi, President, Engineering Information, Inc. Day 4 'Universityof Virginia Electronic Academical. Village Monday, Ncvember 15th 6:00 p.m. Arrive Charlottesville (Howard Johnson Lodge) and 12:151:15 p.m. Box lunch provided check in 1:30 - 3:15 p.m. Choose two out of four options: 7:00 - 9:00 p.m. Dinner provided, with welcome from University (1) Institute for Advanced Technology (2) Cataloging and Organization of Electonic Materials Librarian; overview by Village Staff (3) Politics and Financing of Electronic Centers Tuesday, Ngvember 16th (4) Free Time 8:30 a.m. - 12:15 p.m. Four concurrent 45-minute sessions, 3:30 p.m. Board bus for return trip to Washington, DC with groups of 10 participants (1) Electronic Text Center (2) GIS (geographic information systems) (3) Images (4) Classroom Applications 1 64 REGISTRANT LIST Scholarly Publishing on the Electronic Networks, 1993 Helen Aguera Stephen Bahre National Endowment for the Humanities Director Room 318, Division of Research McQuade Library, Merrimack College 1100 Pennsylvania Ave Turnpike Blvd Washington, DC 20506 North Andover, MA 01843 508-837-5211 James Alexander Journals Manager Pat) icia Bandy Cambridge University Press Director, Publications and Marketing 40 West 20th Street United States Institute of Peace New York, NY 10011-4211 #700, 1550 M St NW 212-924-3900, ext. 348 Washington, DC 20005 [email protected] 202-429-3810 Mary Anderson David Bartlett Advertising Manager Director University of Washington Press Temple University Press P. O. Box 50096 Broad & Oxford Streets 'eattle, WA 98145 Philadelphia, PA 19122 206-5434050 215-787-8787 [email protected] [email protected] Anthony Angiletta Bruce Barton Director of Collections MIS Manager Stanford University Libraries University of Chicago Press 6004 Green Library 5901 S. Ellis Avenue Stanford, CA 94305 Chicago, IL 60637 415-725-1011 312-702-7651 [email protected] ford .edu [email protected] Douglas Arnold Lisa Bayer National Endowment for the Humanities Assistant Marketing Manager Room 318, Division of Research Pennsylvania State University Press 1100 Pennsylvania Ave Barbara Building, Suite C Washington, DC 20506 University Park, PA 16802-1003 814-865-1327 Bob Audley [email protected] Vice-Provost University College, London Scott Bennett Gower Street Director London, WC1E 6BT United Kingdom Milton S.Eisenhower Library 011-44-71-380-7090 Johns Hopkins University [email protected] Baltimore, MD 21218 410-516-8328 Margot Backas [email protected] National Endowment for the Humanities Room 318, Division of Research Chris Biemesderfer 1100 Pennsylvania Ave Electronic Publishing Consultant Washington, DC 20506 American Astronomical Society 1630 Connecticut Ave, NW Washington, DC 20009 202-328-2010 [email protected] 165 David Blair Nancy Couto Associate Professor Computer & Info Systems Subsidiary Rights Manager University of Michigan Cornell University Press School of Business Sage House, 512 E. State Street Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1234 Ithaca, NY 14850 [email protected] 607-277-2338 x231 Joseph Brinley Lucinda Covert-Vail Acting Director for Publishing Director, Reference & Information Services The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Bobst Library-New York University Scholars 70 Washington Square So. 370 L'Enfant Promenade, SW, Ste. 704 New YorK, NY 10012 Washington, DC 20024 212-998-2497 202-287-3000 x304 [email protected] Fred Bullock Charles L. Creesy Vice-Provost Computer Administrator University College, London Princeton University Press Gower Street 41 William Street London, WC1E 6BT United Kingdom Princeton, NJ 08540 011-44-71-380-7090 609-258-5745 [email protected] [email protected] Elizabeth S. Burr Heather Dalterio Electronic Studio Humanities Librarian Director of Publishing Fondren Library, Rice University American Astronomical Society P.O. Box 1892 1630 Connecticut Ave NW, Suite 200 Houston, TX 77251 Washington, DC 20009 713-527-8750 x3634 202-328-2010 [email protected] [email protected] Mary Cadwallader Nicola Daval Staff Assistant Program Officer for Statistics University of Nebraska Press Association of Research Libraries 901 N. 17th Street 21 Dupont Circle, NW Lincoln, NE 68588-0520 Washington, DC 20036 402-472-9658 202-296-2296 [email protected] [email protected] Jim Coleman Jinnie Davis Asst. Director, Information Delivery Service Asst Director for Planning & Research RLG North Carolina State University Libraries 1200 Villa Street Campus Box 7111 Mountain View, CA 94041-1100 Raleigh, NC 27695-7111 415-691-2228 919-515-2843 BL.JWC%[email protected] [email protected] Mary Coleman Colin Day Special Projects Coordinator Director Yale University Press University of Michigan Press 92A Yale Station 839 Greene Street Iew Haven, CT 06520 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1104 203-432-0912 313-764-4388 [email protected] [email protected] 166 Raphael De Soignie Harrison Eiteljorg II Journal Promotions Manager Director Allen Press Center for the Study of Architecture 1041 New Hampshire St P. 0. Box 60 Lawrence, KS 66054 Bryn Mawr, PA 19010-0060 913-843-1234 nei [email protected] Thomas DeLoughry Joseph J. Esposito Senior Editor, Information Technology President Chronicle of Higher Education Encyclopaedia Britannica Publishing Group 1255 Twenty-Third Street, NW 310 South Michigan Avenue Washington, DC 20037 Chicago, IL 60604 delough@pagel .com 312-347-7250 Rosanna Demps Michael Ester Journals Production Coordinator President Johns Hopkins University Press Luna Imaging, Inc. 2715 N. Charles St 1315 Innes Place Baltimore, MD 21218 Venice, CA 90291-3617 410-516-6929 310-452-3370 [email protected] [email protected] Carol Dickerson Joanne Euster Director, Walker Management Library University Librarian Vanderbilt University University of California, Irvine 401 21st Avenue S P. O. Box 19557 Nashville, TN 37203 Irvine, CA 92713 615-322-3635 714-856-5213 [email protected] tnet [email protected] Steve Dietz Joanne Eustis Project Director, New Media Initiati ves Interim University Librarian National Museum of American Art Virginia Tech University Smithsonian Institution P. O. Box 90001 Washington, DC 20560 Blacksburg, VA 24062-9001 202-633-8063 703-231-5593 [email protected] [email protected] Bill Eastman Arthur B. Evans Director Director SUNY Press Wayne State University Press State University Plaza 5959 Woodward Albany, NY 12246 Detroit, MI 48202 518-472-5000 313-577-4606 [email protected] Maggie Exon Senior Lecturer Daniel Efron Curtin University of Technology Electronic Publishing Manager PO Box U1987 University of Minnesota Press Perth, Western Australia 6001Australia 2037 University Avenue, SE Minneapolis, MN 55455-3092 (09) 351 7255 [email protected] 612-626-9414 [email protected] 167 Robert Faherty Leslie Frank-Hass Director of Publications Assistant to the Director Brookings Institute SUNY Press 1775 Massachusetts Avenue State University Plaza Washington, DC 20036 Albany, NY 12246 202-797-6250 518-472-5020 [email protected] RLFH@SNYCENVM Christopher Fell Lisa Freeman Journals Editor Director Cambridge University Press University of Minnesota Press 40 West 20th Street 2037 University Avenue, SE New York, NY 10011-4211 Minneapolis, MN 55414-3092 212-924-3900 612-624-2516 [email protected] [email protected] Janet Fisher Sandria B. Freitag Associate Director for Journals Publishing Strategic Planning Manager MIT Press University of California Press 55 Hayward Street 2120 Berkeley Way Cambridge, MA 02142 Berkeley, CA 94720 617-253-5646 510-642-4247 [email protected] [email protected] Michael Fitzgerald Fred Friend Research Librarian Librarian Harvard College Lio-ary University College, London Widener 100 Gower Street Cambridge, MA 02138 London, WC1E 6BT United Kingdom 617-495-4548 011-44-71-380-7090 [email protected] [email protected] Anita Flanzbaum Michael A. Fuller Journals Productions Manager Associate Professor of Ch;nese Thought MIT Press University of California, Irvine Building E-39, 55 Hayward St. Department of East Asian Lang & Lit Cambridge, MA 02142 Irvine, CA 92717-6000 617-253-2805 714-856-6312 [email protected] [email protected] Carol Fleishauer David L. Gants Assoc. Director for Collection Services Research Associate MIT Libraries Electronic Text Center 145-312 University of Virginia Library Cambridge, MA 02129 Charlottesville, VA 617-253-5962 [email protected] [email protected] D. Kaye Gapen Marjorie Fowler Director, Freiberger Library Composition Manager Case Western Reserve University University of North Carolina Press 10900 Euclid Avenue 116 S. Boundary Street Cleveland, OH 44106-7151 Chapel Hill, NC 27514-2288 216-368-2992 919-966-3561 [email protected] [email protected] 168 Harry W. Gilmer Evelyn Graybeal Director Interim Head, Science Reference Scholars Press Virginia Tech University P. 0. Box 15399 P. O. Box 90001 Atlanta, GA 30333 Blacksburg, VA 24062-9001 404-727-2320 703-231-6354 [email protected] [email protected] Peter Givler Peter Grenquist Director Executive Director Ohio State University Press AAUP 180 Pressey Hall, 1070 Carmack Road 584"Broadway, Suite 410 Colpmbus, OH 43210-1002 New York, NY 10012 614-292-6930 212-941-6610 [email protected] [email protected] Jerry Goldman Robert Griffith Charles Deering McCormick Professor Dean, College of Arts & Humanities Northwestern University Univeisity of Maryland University Hall 25 1102 Francis Scott Key Hall Evanston, IL 60208 College Park, MD 20742 708-491-3525 301-405-2097 [email protected] [email protected] Daniel H. Goodwin Frances Groen Director, University Press Division Associate Director of Libraries Smithsonian Institution Press McGill University 470 L'Enfant Plaza East, Suite 7100 3459 McTavish St Washington, DC 20560 Montreal, Quebec H3A 1Y1 CANADA 202-287--3738 514-398-4722 [email protected] James Gormley Director, Electronic Publishing Nancy Gwinn National Academy Press Assistant Director, Collections Management 2101 Constitution Ave, NW Smithsonian Institution Libraries Washington, DC 20418 NHB 24 MRC 154 202-334-3325 Washington, DC 20560 [email protected] 202-357-1850 [email protected] Linda J. Gould Associate Director, Library Collections Carol Hamblen University of Washington Journals Production Coordinator Allen Library, FM-25 Johns Hopkins University Press Seattle, WA 98195 2715 N. Charles St 206-685-2622 Baltimore, MD 21218 [email protected] 410-516-6986 James Graber David Hamilton Technology Assessment Manager Director Library of Congress AAAI Press 101 Independence Ave. SE c/o Live Oak Press, 2620 Emerson St. Washington, DC 20540 Palo Alto, CA 94306 202-707-9628 415-853-0197 [email protected] [email protected] 169 Marie Hansen Sylvia Hecimovich Associate Director, Journals Division Assistant Production Manager Johns Hopkins University Press University of Chicago Press 2715 N. Charles St 5801 S. Ellis Baltimore, MD 21218 Chicago, IL 60617 410-516-6781 312-702-7924 [email protected] [email protected] Viva Hardigg Jeni Henrickson U.S. News and World Report Exhibits and Promotions Manager Washington, DC University of Minnesota Press 2037 University Ave SE Georgia Harper Minneapolis, MN 55455 Attorney 612-626-1007 University of Texas System [email protected] 201 W. 7th Austin, TX 78701 Margaret Hill 512-499-4462 Editorial Manager [email protected] University of South Carolina Press 1716 College St H. Joanne Harrar Columbia, SC ,29208 Director of Libraries 803-777-5877 University of Maryland 5806 Chestnut Hill Road Isabella Hinds College Park, MD 20740 Manager of Professional Relations 301-405-9127 Copyright Clearance Center [email protected] 27 Congress Street Salem, MA 01970 Kate Harrie 508-750-8400 Senior Editor / EM Manager Rutgers University Press Joanna Hitchcock 109 Church Street Director New Brunswick, NJ 08901 University of Texas Press 908-932-7365 P.O. Box 7819 [email protected] tgers.ed u Austin, TX 78713-7819 512-471-5708 Diane Harvey [email protected] Program Associate Association of Research Libraries David Hoekema 21 Dupont Circle, NW Academic Dean Washington, DC 20036 Calvin College 202-296-2296 Grand Rapids, MI 49546 [email protected] 616-957-6442 [email protected] Lillian Hastie Electronic Coordinator Ewa Jankowska Oxford University Press Librarian 200 Madison Avenue New York Public Library New York, NY 10016 Fifth Avenue & 42nd Street, Room 315 212-679-7300 x7367 New York, NY 10018 212-930-0826 [email protected] Michael Jensen Kevin Kiernan Electronic Media Manager Professor of English University of Nebraska Press University of Kentucky 901 North 17th Street English Department Lincoln, NE 68588-0520 Lexington, KY 40506-0027 402-472-3541 606-257-6989 [email protected] [email protected] Colin Jones Lisabeth King Director Research Assistant New York University Press Association of Research Libraries 70 Washington Square South 21 Dupont Circle, NW New York, NY 10012 Washington, DC 20036 212-998-2575 202-296-2296 [email protected] Penelope Kaiserlian Associate Director Barbara Kline University of Chicago Press Marketing Director 5801 S. Ellis Avenue National Academy Press Chicago, IL 60637 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW 312-702-7906 Washington, DC 20418 [email protected] 202-334-3328 [email protected] Carol Kasper Direct Marketing Manager John Kupersmith University of Chicago Press Asst. for Networked Information Services 5801 S. Ellis, Room 301 University of Texas, General Libraries Chicago, IL 60632 PCL 3200 312-702-7733 Austin, TX 78713 [email protected] 512-495-4350 [email protected] Todd Kelley Coordinator of Electronic Information Timothy Lance Johns Hopkins University Library Associate VP Information Systems & Tech 3400 N. Charles Street SUNY Albany Baltimore, MD 21218 1400 Washington Avenue 410-516-4930 Albany, NY 12222 [email protected] 518-442-3535 [email protected] Bob Kelly American Physical Society Judy Lerner 500 Sunnyside Blvd. Journals Production Supervisor Woodbury, NY 11797-2999 Johns Hopkins University Press 516-576-2365 2715 N. Charles St [email protected] Baltimore, MD 21218 410-516-6985 Kathleen Ketterman Assistant Director David Levy Indiana University Press Member, Research Staff 601 N. Morton Street Xerox PARC Bloomington, IN 47404 3333 Coyote Hill Road 812-855-5429 Palo Alto, CA 94314 [email protected] 415-812-4376 [email protected] 171 Susan Lewis Connie McLindon Journals Administrative Manager Director, Office of Info & Resource Mgrnt Johns Hopkins University Press National Science Foundation 2715 N. Charles St 1800 G Street, NW, Room 537 Baltimore, MD 21218 Washington, DC 20550 410-516-3875 202-357-9482 [email protected] ' [email protected] Ann Lowry Paul.Miers Journals Manager and Senior Editor Assistant Professor, English Dept. University of Illinois Press Towson State University 54 E. Gregory Drive College of Liberal Arts Champaign, IL 61821 Towson, MD 21204-7097 217-244-6856 410-8302871 [email protected] [email protected] Scott Lubeck R. Bruce Miller Director AUL-Technical Services National Academy Press UC-San Diego 2101 Constitution Ave, NW, HA 384 THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Washington, DC 20418 La Jolla, CA 92093-0175 202-334-3324 619-534-1235 [email protected] [email protected] Julie Mangin R. Peter Milroy Head, Collections Managethent Section Director National Agricultural Library University of British Columbia Press 10301 Baltimore Boulevard 6344 Memorial Road Beltsville, MD 20705 Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2 CANADA 301-504-6503 604-822-3807 [email protected] [email protected] Karen Marshall Olga Mindrul Instructional Services Librarian Moscow State University Alderman Library University of Virginia Carole Moore Charlottesville, VA 22903-2498 Chief Librarian 804-982-2677 University of Toronto [email protected] 130 St. George St Toronto, Ontario M5S IA5 CANADA Stephen M. Mautner 416-978-2292 Executive Editor [email protected] National Academy Press 2101 Constitution Ave, NW William S. 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