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Cálculo De Los Riesgos Y Beneficios De Cálculo de los Riesgos y Beneficios de CBC Historia de la Medición del Rango de Hospederos Definición de “RANGO DE HUÉSPED FUNDAMENTAL” (RHF) PUserobando of ice packs una is lista standard vs. predicción to prevent overheating de RHF Checar una lista ¿Ataca especies A, B, C Predicción Una predicción de si las especies o géneros NO CHECADOS estan en riesgo o no Estrategia de pruebas Prueba Larva – 1 sin opciones Prueba 2 oviposición– con opciones Prueba 3 oviposición – campo, con opciones Paso 1. Compilar las listas de huéspedes basadas en la información de la literatura e insectos en museos Paso 2. Hacer busquedas y estudios de biología en la region nativa de la plaga u otras áreas que sean fuentes potenciales de agentes de CBC Paso 3. Hacer pruebas de rango de huéspedes, en laboratorios de cuarentena o en el campo en la zona nativa Paso 3a. Escogiendo especies para las pruebas La lista de especies para pruebas incluye … 1. Especies de importancia ecológica o económica 2. Especies taxonomicamente cercanas a la plaga a) método centrifugal (Wapshere) b) uso de filogenia Especies de importancia ecológica En HI, hay 1000 drosofilidos nativos, que son una joya de la evolución Paso 3b. Seleccionando lo que hay que medir y con qué diseños de prueba Parámetros Depredadores oviposición de adultos alimentacion de adultos o larvas desarrollo de las larvas Parasitoides oviposición de adultos sobrevivencia y desarrollo larval Deseños de Prueba 1. Sin opciones 2. Preferencia (con opciones o secuencial) (ABA, BACA [A = plaga]) 3. De campo 4. Oogenesis 5. Continuación ¿¿Si los resultados de pruebas de con y sin opciones son diferentes?? Pizza Brócoli ¡Si, los seres humanos comen brócoli! Procesos que pueden afectar las pruebas 1. Efectos de confinamiento 2. Efectos de acondicionamiento 3. Efectos dependientes de tiempo 4. Un buen modelo conceptual Paso 3c. Estandarizar los animales de prueba y las condiciones Parámetros que se necesitan controlar en pruebas de rango de hospederos 1.La especie de huésped de cría 2.Los contactos físicos del parasitoide con huéspedes 3.El nivel de hambre por azucar 4.El nivel de privación de hospederos Paso 3d. Pruebas de rango de hospederos en el campo del lugar nativo: ventajas y limitaciónes UsePrueba of ice de packs campo is standard (opciones to prevent con eliminación overheating) Los circulos negros son la maleza; los blancos son otras especies de plantas en la prueba Paso 3e. Evaluación de la tecnología. ¿Son precisas las pruebas de laboratorio para predecir el rango de hospederos en el campo? Busquedas de impacto no-planeado después del establicimiento de agentes de CBC UseParasitismo of ice packs de picudos is standard nativos to prevent en Nueva overheating Zealanda por Microctonus aethiopoides o M. hyperodae Ejemplo #1: Cotesia parasitodes de larvas de especies de Pieris Larvas de Pieris rapae Field before planting Refuge strip (all visible plants) El parasitoide C. glomerata Field before planting Refuge strip (all visible plants) Larvas de Pieris rapae parasitadas por Cotesia glomerata, y los capullos del mismo El parasitoide Cotesia rubecula Pieris rapae parasitado por Cotesia rubecula (I) Ver el gusano blanco dentro de la larva huésped Capullo de Cotesia rubecula cerca de un larva muerta de Pieris rapae Lista de especies para sus pruebas Cotesia glomerata en pruebas del laboratorio La especie nativa, P. napi, es la preferida Pieris napi Pieris rapae Opción 52 ± 6.9% 24 ± 6.1% 20 P < 0.005 (105/201) (46/189) Sin 32 ± 3.3% 18 ± 3.9% opción 20 P < 0.005 (137/428) (67/370) Cotesia glomerata en pruebas de campo % Parasitismo en larvas expuestas en el campo Pieris napi Pieris rapae 98-MA#1 52 ± 8 (81/156) 7 ± 3 (17/256) 98-MA#2 79 ± 9 (69/87) 13 ± 5 (20/160) 98-VT #1 14 ± 6 (22/156) 0 ± 0 (0/363) 99-MA#1 37 ± 4 (268/725) 11 ± 2 (96/868) 98-MA#3 2.4 ± 1 (12/504) 0.6 ± 1 (6/938) 99-VT#1 9 ± 3 (40/443) 1.5 ± 1 (11/751) Total 24 ± 2 (492/2214) 5 ± 1 (150/3336) Cotesiarubecula en pruebas de laboratorio El invasor, P. rapae, es preferido pero ambos son aceptables Pieris Pieris napi rapae Opción 49 ± 6.8% 67± 6.5% 15 P < 0.005 (4 h) (102/210) (132/198) Sin opción 42 ± 6.9% 48 ± 6.9% 10 P = 0.25 (24 h) (82/196) (97/203) Cotesia rubecula en pruebas de campo % parasitismo en larvas expuestas en campo Pieris napi Pieris rapae 98-MA#1 0 (0/156) 7 (18/256) 98-MA#2 0 (0/87) 2 (3/160) 98-VT #1 0 (0/156) 11 (40/363) 99-MA#1 0 (0/725) 10 (87/868) 98-MA#3 0 (0/504) 0.3 (3/938) 99-VT#1 0 (0/443) 0.9 (0/751) 05-MA 3 (9/291) 21 (52/245) Ejemplo #2 Depredadores de adelgido del abeto falso Adultos de HWA Pseudoscymnus tsugae Pseudoscymnus tsugae • Encontrado en Japon e importado a los EU en 1995 • Multivoltino en el laboratorio • Puede sobrevivir comiendo cualquier estadio de HWA pero necesita comer huevicillos para reproducirse bien Scymnus ningshanensis • Encontrado en Shaanxi, China e importado a los EU en 1998 y liberado en 2007 • Univoltino • Necesita huevecillos para sobrevivir y reproducirse Lista de especies de prueba-¿qué especies? Adelgidos en America de Norte • Invasoras • ¿¿Nativas o ?? • 1. Balsam wooly • 1. Pine bark adelgid adelgid • 2. Pine leaf adelgid • 2. Eastern spruce gall • 3. Cooley spruce gall adelgid adelgid • 3. Hemlock woolly • 4. Spruce gall adelgid adelgid • 5. Red spruce gall adelgid, and 6 more Adelgido de corteza de pino no hace agallas ¿nativa? Balsam woolly adelgido una plaga exótica Cooley spruce gall, una plaga nativa ¿Tiene el agente preferencias por plantas? Ejemplo #3: Laricobius nigrinus (Derodontido), un depredador especializado del adelgido del abeto falso Adulto de Laricobius sp. collectado en Nibagou, Sichuan, China La lista de especies para las pruebas Grupo 1. Otros adelgidos – Adelges piceae, A. abietis, Pineus strobi Grupo 2. Aphidos (una familia cercana a algunas especies que se alimentan de coniferas y otras no)-- Cinara pilicornis y Myzus persicae Grupo 3. Escamas (Homoptera que se alimentan de coniferas pero son similares a los adelgidos ) Oviposición de L. nigrinus (# huevecillos por hembra/3 días) Especie Prueba sin Prueba con Prueba con opciones opciones, # por la opciones, # por la plaga otra especie Plaga (A.t)12.2 A. abietis 0.7 7.6 0.4 A. piceae 3.1 10.1 1.8 P. strobi 7.9 12.3 2.3 C. pilicornis 0.2 12.4 0 M. persicae 0.0 9.8 0 C. pinifoliae 0.1 17.5 0 Sobrevivencia de estadios de vida de L. nigrinus con presas de determinada especie Especie presa % Ln que % Ln que % Ln que llegan llegan a llegan a pupa a adulto estadio 4 La plaga 58% 19% 17% (A.t) A. piceae 11% 0% 0% P. strobi 7% 0% 0% A. abietis 0% 0% 0% C. pilicornis 0% 0% 0% C. pinifoliae 0% 0% 0% Ejemplo #4 Mosca (Phoridae, Psuedacteon) que ataca la importada hormiga de fuego Una mosca de Pseudacteon sp. atacando una hormiga Prueba con opciones, de forma secuencial, con Pseudacteon curvatus contra la hormiga nativa S. geminata y la importada, S. invicta Especie de mosca # moscas atacando hormigas y (# ataques/mosca) Tiempo 1-- Tiempo 2 -- Tiempo 3-- S. invicta S. geminata S. invicta P. litoralis 23/23 2/23 20/21 (2.33) (0.34) (1.11) P. wasmanni 18/18 2/18 8/13 (3.21) (3.1) (3.0) P. tricuspis 25/25 1/25 15/21 (1.91) (0.04) (1.17) P. curvatus 20/20 13/20 -- (1.53) (0.75) Ejemplo #5 Yellow starthistle Centaurea solstitialis Asteraceae (familia de sunflower) Agente -- Ceratapion basicorne Prueba de oviposición sin opciones 1 Hembra de Ceratapion basicorne en frasco por 5 dias American sawwort (Saussurea americana) Subfamilia Tribu Subtribu Senecio vulgaris Senecio cineraria Helianthus annuus (1) pupa (%) Echinacea purpurea Hemizonia minthornii huevos (%) Eriophyllum stoechadifolium Gnaphalium californicum Liatris punctata Brickellia californica Aster chilensis Artemisia californica Stokesia laevis Veronieae Stephanomeria cichoriacea Asteroideae Lactuceae Lactuca sativa (2) Agoseris grandiflora Mutisieae Trixis californica Echinopsidinae Gazania rigens Carlininae Echinops exaltatus Xeranthemum cylindraceum Silybum marianum Saussurea americana Onopordum acanthium Cynara scolymus (3) Cirsium vulgare Ci. vinaceum Ci. occidentale Ci. loncholepis Ci. hydrophilum Carduinae Ci. fontinale Ci. cymosum Ci. ciliolatum Ci. brevistylum Carduus pycnocephalus Crupina vulgaris Cnicus benedictus Carthamus tinctorius (4) Acroptilon repens Cardueae Centaurea americana Ce. rothrockii Cichorioideae Ce. dealbata Ce. cineraria Ce. montana Ce. cyanus ? Ce. squarrosa Ce. x pratensis Ce. maculosa Ce. diffusa Ce. sulphurea Nativa Centaureinae Ce. melitensis Ce. calcitrapa Comercial Centaurea Ce. solstitialis Blanco 0 20 40 60 80 100 Porcentaje de pruebas Subtribu pupa % Crupina vulgaris huevos % Cnicus benedictus Carthamussafflower tinctorius (4) Acroptilon repens Centaurea americana Ce. rothrockii Ce. dealbata Ce. cineraria Ce. montana ? bach.Ce. button cyanus Ce. squarrosa Centaureinae Ce. x pratensis Ce. maculosa Centaurea Ce. diffusa Ce. sulphurea Ce. melitensis Ce. calcitrapa Ce. solstitialisYST Nativa Comercial 0 20 40 60 80 100 Blanco Percentage of trials Prueba de Oviposición con opciones 1 hembra de Ceratapion basicorne en caja por >5 dias Prueba de Oviposicion con opciones © 2002 Molly Elizabeth Bagley Cirsium loncholepis Centaurea cyanus Centaurea sulphurea Centaurea melitensis Centaurea solstitialis 020406080100 Proporción de huevos (%) Saussurea americana Centaurea rothrockii Centaurea americana Centaurea solstitialis 0 20406080100 Proporción de huevos (%) Prueba de Oviposición con opciones S310 S345 S555 S730 CW88 S265 S518 Safflower Variedades de C44 Gila 4440 Ce. solstitialis 0 20406080100 Proporción de huevos (%) Pruebas de campo con Safflower en Turquía a Proporción de plantas infestadas (%) No.
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